12/3/2016

SurgeImpedanceLoadingorSIL|Electrical4u

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SurgeImpedanceLoadingorSIL
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Surge Impedance Loading is a very essential parameter when it comes to the study of power systems as it is used in the prediction of
maximumloadingcapacityoftransmissionlines.HoweverbeforeunderstandingSIL,wefirstneedtohaveanideaofwhatisSurge Impedance
(Zs ).Itcanbedefinedintwowaysoneasimpleroneandotherabitrigorous.
Method1
Itisawellknownfactthatalongtransmissionlines(>250km)havedistributedinductanceandcapacitanceasitsinherentproperty.Whenthe
lineischarged,thecapacitancecomponentfeedsreactivepowertothelinewhiletheinductancecomponentabsorbsthereactivepower.Nowifwe
takethebalanceofthetworeactivepowerswearriveatthefollowingequation

CapacitiveVAR=InductiveVAR

Where,
V=Phasevoltage
I=LineCurrent
Xc =Capacitivereactanceperphase
XL=Inductivereactanceperphase
Uponsimplifying

Where,
f=Frequencyofthesystem
L=Inductanceperunitlengthoftheline
l=Lengthoftheline
Henceweget,

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ThisquantityhavingthedimensionsofresistanceistheSurgeImpedance.Itcanbeconsideredasapurelyresistiveloadwhichwhenconnectedat
thereceivingendoftheline,thereactivepowergeneratedbycapacitivereactancewillbecompletelyabsorbedbyinductivereactanceoftheline.
ItisnothingbuttheCharacteristicImpedance(Zc )ofalosslessline.
Method2
Fromtherigoroussolutionofalongtransmissionlinewegetthefollowingequationforvoltageandcurrentatanypointonthelineatadistancex
fromthereceivingend

Where,
VxandIx=VoltageandCurrentatpointx
VRandIR=VoltageandCurrentatreceivingend
Zc =CharacteristicImpedance
=PropagationConstant

Z=Seriesimpedanceperunitlengthperphase
Y=Shuntadmittanceperunitlengthperphase
Puttingthevalueofinaboveequationofvoltageweget

Where,

We observe that the instantaneous voltage consists of two terms each of which is a function of time and distance. Thus they represent two
travellingwaves.Thefirstoneisthepositiveexponentialpartrepresentingawavetravellingtowardsreceivingendandishencecalledtheincident
wave.Whiletheotherpartwithnegativeexponentialrepresentsthereflectedwave.Atanypointalongtheline,thevoltageisthesumofboththe
waves.Thesameistrueforcurrentwavesalso.

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Now,ifsupposetheloadimpedance(ZL)ischosensuchthatZL=Zc ,andweknow

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Thus

andhencethereflectedwavevanishes.Suchalineistermedasinfiniteline.Itappearstothesourcethatthelinehasnoendbecauseitreceives
noreflectedwave.
Hence,suchanimpedancewhichrendersthelineasinfinitelineisknownassurgeimpedance.Ithasavalueofabout400ohmsandphaseangle
varyingfrom0to15degreeforoverheadlinesandaround40ohmsforundergroundcables.
Thetermsurgeimpedanceishoweverusedinconnectionwithsurgesonthetransmissionlinewhichmaybeduetolightningorswitching,where
thelinelossescanbeneglectedsuchthat

NowthatwehaveunderstoodSurgeImpedance,wecaneasilydefineSurgeImpedanceLoading.
SILisdefinedasthepowerdeliveredbyalinetoapurelyresistiveloadequalinvaluetothesurgeimpedanceofthatline.Hencewecanwrite

TheunitofSILisWattorMW.
Whenthelineisterminatedbysurgeimpedancethereceivingendvoltageisequaltothesendingendvoltageandthiscaseiscalledflatvoltage
profile.Thefollowingfigureshowsthevoltageprofilefordifferentloadingcases.

ItshouldalsobenotedthatsurgeimpedanceandhenceSILisindependentofthelengthoftheline.Thevalueofsurgeimpedancewillbethesame
atallthepointsonthelineandhencethevoltage.
IncaseofaCompensatedLine,thevalueofsurgeimpedancewillbemodifiedaccordinglyas

Where,Kse=%ofseriescapacitivecompensationbyCse

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SurgeImpedanceLoadingorSIL|Electrical4u

KCsh=%ofShuntcapacitivecompensationbyCsh

Klsh=%ofshuntinductivecompensationbyLsh

TheequationforSILwillnowusethemodifiedZs .

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