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Saminathan

NGR&NGTR

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05/23/20124:17AM

JoinDate:Apr2012
Posts:9

WhatisthedifferencebetweenusingNGRorNGTRinGeneratorNeutralSide?

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#2"Re:NGR&NGTR"byelectricalexpert65on05/23/20129:46AM(score2)

PWSlack

Re:NGR&NGTR
05/23/20124:47AM

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electricalexpert65

Re:NGR&NGTR

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05/23/20129:46AM

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Posts:2019
GoodAnswers:165

ResistanceEarthing:Theneutraloftransformerorgeneratoraregroundedthroughan
impedance,theprincipalelementofwhichisresistance.Thismethodisusedwhentheearth
faultcurrentwouldbetoolargeifnotrestricted(e.g.)MVGenerators.
Here,aresistorisconnectedintentionallybetweentheneutralandearth.Thisistolimitthe
earthfaultcurrent.Thereasonstolimittheearthfaultcurrentare:
Inrotatingelectricalmachineslikemotorsandgenerators,iftheearthfaultcurrentishigh,as
inthecaseofsolidearthing,thecoredamagewouldbehigh.Tolimitthedamagetothecore,
machinemanufacturersallowonlyalimitedgroundfaultcurrent.Thisisgivenintheformofa
coredamagecurve.Atypicalvaluewouldbe25Afor1second.Thisvalueisusedasaguidein
selectingNGRandsettingstatorearthfaultrelaysingeneratorprotection.
Windingdamageinrotatingelectricalmachinesisnotofseriousconcern.Therepairstowinding
damagescanbedonebythelocalrewinder.But,incaseofcoredamage,repairscannotbe
carriedoutatsite.Themachinehastobesentbacktothemanufacturer'sworksforrepairsthus
resultinginprolongedperiodsoflossofproduction.
Sincerotatingelectricalmachinesarenotpresentinvoltagelevelsfrom22kVonwards,these
systemsareusuallysolidlygrounded.AtEHVleveltoo,solidgroundingisuniversallyadopted
fortworeasons:
CostofinsulationatEHVlevelissignificant.
Primaryprotectioninsuchsystemswouldclearthefaultwithin5cycles.
Ifrotatingmachinesarepresentin3.3kV,6.6kV&11kVlevels,thesystemsaregrounded
throughresistororreactortolimittheearthfaultcurrent.Ifrotatingmachinesarenotpresent
atthesevoltagelevels,thenthesesystemscanbesolidlygrounded.

IncaseofLVSystems,thoughrotatingelectricalmachinesarepresent,thesystemissolidly
groundedtoconfirmtoIERules.[Rule61(1)e].SinceLVSystemisalsohandledbygeneral
public,forsafetyreasons,solidgroundingismandated.Sufficientgroundfaultcurrentis
allowedtoflowsothatprotectivedevicescanoperateandclearthefaultsattheearliest.Of
course,thecoredamageatthepointoffaultinrotatingmachineswillbehigh.
SincealargenumberofrotatingmachinesarepresentattheLVlevel,itmaybeworth
consideringresistancegroundedsystem,evenatthisleveltolimittheearthfaultcurrent.The
LVBuscanbesegregatedintothosesupplyingrotatingmachines(thisshouldbearesistance
groundedsystem)andthosesupplyingstaticloadslikelightingandheaters(withsolid
grounding).
Otherreasonsforgoinginforresistanceearthingsystemsare:
Reduceburningandmeltinginelectricalequipment(whicharecausedbythehighfault
currentsinasolidlyearthedsystem).
Reducemechanicalstresses(Fi 2)comparedtosolidlyearthedsystems.
Reducerestriking/arcingfaultswhencomparedtounearthedsystems.
Dependinguponthevalueofthelimitingcurrent,thisisfurtherclassifiedas:
HighResistanceGroundingandLowResistanceGrounding
Inhighresistancegroundedsystems,thegroundfaultcurrentislimitedtoabout10to15A.The
valueofresistorisselectedsuchthatforagroundfault,currentthroughtheresistor'INR'is
equaltothetotalsystemcapacitivecurrent'IC'.Considera11kVsystem.Letthegroundfault
currentbelimitedto10A.ThevalueoftheNGRisapproximatelygivenby:
RG=(11000/3)/10=635
Onemethodforachievingtheaboveistoconnecta635resistordirectlyintheneutralcircuit.
ButamoreeconomicalsolutionistoconnecttheresistoracrossanNGT(NeutralGrounding
Transformer).Thisusestheelementaryfactthatanimpedance'Z'connectedtothesecondary
sideofthetransformergetsreflectedasT2RZontheprimaryside,where'TR'istheturnsratio
ofthetransformer.
ThevoltageratioofNGTis:(11000/3)V/240VTurnsratioofNGT:26.5
ValueofResistorR'GontheLVside:635/(26.5)2=0.90
Theuseofalowvoltage,lowvalueresistanceiseconomical.
Avoltagerelay(64ND)alsoknownasNeutralDisplacementRelayisconnectedacrossthe
resistortodetectgroundfaults.
NomoreGoodAnswers.

wareagle

Re:NGR&NGTR
05/23/201211:27AM

Guru

EE65
Thatisagoodanswer.YoumaywanttoincludetheNGTRandwhyitisnotusuallyusedwiththegenerator.
JoinDate:Jun2008
Location:Alabama
Posts:1647
GoodAnswers:64

amnakhan1245

Re:NGR&NGTR
06/07/20121:37PM

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#2"Re:NGR&NGTR"byelectricalexpert65on05/23/20129:46AM(score2)

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