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Culture Documents
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Bellingham, WA 98227-0010
ISBN: 9780819489715
SPIE Vol. No.: PM216
Ryabukho
SPIE PRESS
Problems and
Answers in
Wave
Optics
Preface
This collection presents problems related to a wide scope of
wave phenomena in optics, studied within the framework of
the university course of general physics. The problems cover
the basic topics of wave optics, i.e., electromagnetic waves and
oscillations of optical range, spectral properties of electromagnetic
waves, polarization of oscillations and waves, reflection and
refraction of light, total internal reflection, optics of anisotropic
media and crystal optics, interference of monochromatic
and mutually coherent waves, temporal and spatial light
coherence, interference of partially coherent light, multiple-beam
interference, diffraction of light, diffraction gratings, diffraction of
light by volume gratings and acoustic waves, and optics of moving
media.
This book is written as a supplement for students studying
physics, mathematics, and engineering, including medical physics
and engineering, biomedical optics, and biophotonics. The problems are chosen such that their solution supports the study and
understanding of the basic concepts of wave optics. This is why
the collection contains a sufficient number of relatively simple
problems for each topic. Paired with any popular optics textbook,
these problems illustrate the principles learned from lectures and
lab work. The content of some problems allows them to be used
for self-training. Many problems are accompanied by schematic
illustrations for clarification, since the study of optical problems is
largely associated with visualspatial perception.
What follows is the result of more than 20 years of experience
teaching optics to students at Saratov State University. I greatly
appreciate the cooperation, contribution, and support of all of
v
vi
Preface
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Chapter 4
4.1
21
23
26
28
30
viii
Contents
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Chapter 6
6.1
6.2
41
44
47
47
50
52
54
60
63
67
69
73
77
Answers ................................................................................... 89
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
92
ix
Contents
2.2
92
93
94
94
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
99
100
100
100
101
101
102
103
103
Contents
6.2
Chapter 1
Electromagnetic Waves
in the Optical Range
1.1 Equations and parameters of electromagnetic
waves
1.1 Estimate the phase velocity v of light propagation in a
medium with refractive index n = 1.5. Determine the wavelength of the light in this medium if the frequency of the
light oscillations is = 5 1014 Hz.
1.2 Determine the change v of the phase velocity of light
propagation due to refraction at the interface between glass
(n1 = 1.5) and water (n2 = 1.33), and the ratio of wavelengths 1 /2 .
1.3 Determine the phase velocity v of light propagation in a
medium with relative permittivity = 2.5 and permeability
= 1.
1.4 Show that the plane-wave expression E(z, t) = E0 cos(tkz)
is a solution of the wave equation and express the phase velocity of the wave v in terms of the wave parameters, namely,
circular frequency and spatial circular frequency (wave
number) k.
1.5 Using the complex form of the expression for a plane harmonic wave propagating along the z axis, show that this
expression satisfies the wave equation.
1.6 Using the complex expression for the plane harmonic electromagnetic wave and Maxwells equations in the differential
~ H
~ and ~k of the wave form the
form, show that the vectors E,
1
Chapter 1
1.11 A plane wave with free-space wavelength 0 is normally incident on a plane-parallel glass plate of stepped thickness d1
and d2 and refractive index n. The plate is submerged in a
liquid with refractive index n0 . Determine the phase difference 12 between the wave oscillations at points P1 and P2 ,
lying in the plane of the back surface of the plate with greater
thickness d1 .
Chapter 1
1.14 Determine the phase difference 12 of the oscillations excited by the monochromatic plane wave with wavelength
at points P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) in the (x, y) plane, at which
the wave is incident, forming the angles and with axes x
and y.
1.15 A monochromatic plane wave propagates in the plane (x, z)
in a direction forming the angle = 30 deg with the z axis.
Determine the phase velocity v x of the wave in the x-axis
direction, provided that the refractive index of the medium
n = 1.
1.16 A spherical wave from the point source S, located at the point
z0 and belonging to the z axis, is incident on the (x, y) plane.
Using the paraxial (parabolic) approximation, write the expression for the spatial distribution of the wave phase (x, y)
in the (x, y) plane if the initial phase of the wave at point z0
is (0, 0, z0 ) = .
Chapter 1
Determine the spatial periods x , y , z and the spatial frequencies f x , fy , fz of the wave along axes x, y, z, respectively.
1.20 Determine spatial frequency fz along the z axis for the plane
wave with circular temporal frequency , forming angle
with the direction of wave propagation.
(
E(t) =
c /2 t c /2,
1.28 Derive the expression for the intensity of the frequency spectrum I() = |E()|2 of the wave train of damped oscillations:
E(t) = E0 exp(t/c ) cos(20 t), where c is the damping
time. Determine the width of the spectral contour at the
half-maximum depending on c .
Chapter 1
1.35 Determine the polarization state of the electromagnetic oscillations arising as a result of superposition of two linearly polarized monochromatic oscillations E x (z, t) = E0x cos(0x t +
0x ) and Ey (z, t) = E0y cos(0y t + 0y ) with orthogonal directions of oscillations and different frequencies 0x and 0y .
1.36 Determine the polarization state of the plane electromagnetic
wave that appears as a result of superposition of two linearly
polarized plane waves E x (z, t) = E0x cos[0 t kz + 0x (t)]
and Ey (z, t) = E0y cos[0 t kz + 0y (t)] with orthogonal
directions of oscillations and the initial phases 0x (t) and
0y (t) randomly varying with time.
10
Chapter 1
11
1.42 Determine the spatial period x of photographic-plateblackening fringes in the Wiener experiment on photographic detection of standing electromagnetic waves; the
light used in the experiment has wavelength 0 = 560 nm,
and the photosensitive layer PP forms the angle = 1 deg
with the plane of the metallic mirror M.
12
Chapter 1
tion of the incident beam and that reflected from the mirror
surface.
Chapter 2
Reflection and
Refraction of Light
2.1 Fresnel formulae
2.1 Using Fresnel formulae, plot the coefficients of light reflection
from the boundary between two dielectric media versus
the angle of incidence 0 for linearly polarized light with
oscillations in the plane of incidence p (0 ) and perpendicular
to it s (0 ), provided that the refractive indices of the media
are n1 = 1.0 and n2 = 1.5.
2.2 A collimated beam of natural (randomly polarized) light is
incident on the boundary between two dielectric media with
refractive indices n1 = 1.3 and n2 = 1.8. Determine the angle
of incidence 0 for which the reflected beam becomes linearly
polarized. Determine the direction of electric field oscillations
in the reflected beam of light.
2.3 Determine the angle of incidence of a light beam 0 onto the
boundary between two dielectrics with refractive indices n1
and n2 , and the state of its polarization if the reflected beam
is practically absent and the intensity of refracted beam I2 is
equal to that of incident wave I1 .
13
14
Chapter 2
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
15
16
Chapter 2
2.18 Determine the power loss of a laser beam P = P0 P passing through a reflective, right-angle isosceles prism with refractive index n2 = 1.5, immersed in air at normal incidence
of light on the leg face. The power of the incident beam is
P0 = 5 mW.
17
2.20 Solve the previous problem under the conditions that all
lenses have surfaces coated with a thin-film coating whose
reflection coefficient is R = 0.01.
18
Chapter 2
2.25 Using Frenel formulae, derive the expression for the phase
difference (0 ) of p- and s-component oscillations of the
reflected wave under the conditions of total internal reflection, dependent on incidence angle 0 given the refractive
indices of the media, n1 and n2 .
2.26 Plot the phase shifts p (0 ), s (0 ) and the phase difference (0 ) for the p- and s-components of the reflected
wave under the conditions of total internal reflection versus the incidence angle 0 in the interval of incidence angles
(c , c 90 deg) at n1 = 1.6, n2 = 1, where c is the critical
angle of incidence providing total internal reflection.
2.27 Determine the phase shifts p and s for the p- and s-components of a light wave reflected from the boundary between
two dielectric media if the incidence angle is 0 = 60 deg,
n1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.
2.28 Derive the expression for the incidence angle 0 of a light
beam at which the difference of phases for the p- and
s-components of the reflected wave under the conditions of
total internal reflection from a boundary between two dielectric media with refractive indices n1 and n2 attains the maximal value max .
2.29 Determine the maximal phase difference max between the pand s-components and the corresponding angle of incidence
0 that may appear due to the reflection from the boundary
between two dielectric media with refractive indices n1 = 1.7
and n2 = 1.0.
2.30 Determine the phase difference between the p- and
s-components in a laser beam reflected by the hypotenuse
face of a right-angle prism at incidence angle 0 = 45 deg,
where the refractive indices of the prism and surrounding
19
2.32 Determine the depth l of penetration of the refracted (evanescent) wave into a second medium under the conditions of
total internal reflection at the boundary separating the dielectric media with n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.0 for the incidence angle
0 = 60 deg and the wavelength 0 = 630 nm. Penetration
depth l is defined as the distance at which the amplitude of
the refracted wave decreases by the factor of e1 .
Chapter 3
Optics of Anisotropic
Media: Crystal Optics
3.1 Light refraction at the boundary of an
anisotropic medium
3.1 Determine the phase velocities of the ordinary (vo ) and extraordinary (ve ) waves propagating in a cross-sectional plane
of a uniaxial quartz crystal perpendicular to its optical axis
0
OO . The principal values of the permittivity of quartz at the
considered wavelength are 2.384 and k 2.412.
O-O
vo
ve
ve
vo
3.2 Determine the ray velocities for the ordinary (uo ) and extraordinary (ue ) waves propagating through a uniaxial anisotropic
0
medium at the angle = 30 deg to the optical axis OO if
the principal values of the permittivity of the medium are
= 2.749 and k = 2.208.
uo
O
ue
21
22
Chapter 3
3.3 A linearly polarized plane wave of light is normally incident from air on the boundary of an Iceland spar crystal
0
(no = 1.658, ne = 1.486). The optical axis of the crystal OO
forms an angle with the normal to the crystal surface. The
polarization azimuth of the incident wave is = 60 deg. Determine the ratio of ordinary-to-extraordinary wave intensities
Io /Ie at the output of the crystal plate.
o
e
o
e
O-O
n1
n2o
n2e
O-O
23
e
o
o
O
3.6 Solve the previous problem under the condition that the opti0
cal axis of the crystal OO is perpendicular to the prism leg
face at which the light is incident.
3.7 A beam of natural (randomly polarized) light with aperture diameter D = 4 mm is incident at the angle 0 = 45 deg onto
the face of a plane-parallel plate of Iceland spar (no = 1.658,
ne = 1.486) in air (n1 1.0). The optical axis of the crystal
0
OO is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Determine
the minimal thickness d of the plate for which the ordinary
and extraordinary light beams output from the plate would not
overlap.
0
O-O
3.8 If in the previous problem the beams of the ordinary and extraordinary waves overlap, what is the state of polarization
of light oscillations in the domain where the beams superimpose?
24
Chapter 3
is linearly polarized, and the direction of oscillations (polarization azimuth) of the incident light forms the angle =
30 deg with the transmission axis of the first linear polarizer.
Ignore the reflection of light by the linear polarizer faces.
Ei
P1
Ei
P1
P2
P2
Ii
I2
25
Ei
Ei
d
O
26
Chapter 3
with the optical axis parallel to the plate faces, with thickness d = 250 m. Determine the polarization state of light
emerging from the plate.
P1
O P2
P2
Ii
I2
O
O
Ii
I2
O
O
27
I2
Ii
O
O P2
Ii
P1
P2
I2
O
28
Chapter 3
29
3.28 Determine the intensity ratio Io /Ie of, and the angle between the orthogonally polarized rays emerging from a Senarmont prism made of Iceland spar (no = 1.658, ne = 1.486)
with angle = 20 deg between the leg and hypotenuse faces
of the prism. The incident ray is linearly polarized with polarization azimuth = 60 deg with respect to the optical axis
of the second half of the prism. Ignore the reflection of light
at the boundaries.
Io(t)
Ii
Ie(t)
30
Chapter 3
3.30 A beam of linearly polarized light with intensity Ii and wavelength 0 is passed through a half-wave retarder plate and
then through a Wollaston prism. The plate rotates in its own
plane with angular velocity . Derive the equations describing the time dependence of the intensity of the ordinary Io (t)
and extraordinary Ie (t) waves at the prism output.
Io(t)
Ei
Ii
Ie(t)
31
P1
P2
y
P1
P2
x
U
P2
P1
I2
Ii
P2
d
32
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Coherence and
Interference of Light
4.1 Interference of monochromatic and mutually
coherent light
4.1 Using the phasor diagram method, derive the expression
for amplitude E0 and intensity I of oscillations resulting
from the superposition of two harmonic oscillations, E1 (t) =
E01 cos(t + 01 ) and E2 (t) = E02 cos(t + 02 ).
4.2 Using the complex expression of optical monochromatic
waves E1 (~r, t) = E01 exp[i1 (~r)] exp(it) and E2 (~r, t) =
E02 exp[i2 (~r)] exp(it), having the same direction of the
electric field oscillation, derive the expression for intensity
I(~r) of the wave resulting from the superposition of these
two waves.
4.3 Solve the previous problems under the condition that the
superposed oscillations E~ 1 (~r, t) and E~ 2 (~r, t) are linearly
polarized along the directions that form angle .
4.4 Solve the previous problems under the condition that the
superposed waves have different frequencies, 1 and 2 ,
and the intensity of the resultant wave is measured using a
photodetector with response time p for the following cases:
(a) p 2/12 and (b) p 2/12 , where 12 =
1 2 .
4.5 Determine the intensity I of light at a certain point P of
the interference pattern arising at the superposition of two
33
34
Chapter 4
L1 n1
S
L3 n
L5 n5
L4 n
S
0
n1
n2 d
n1
35
n1
n3
P
0
n
L
P
36
Chapter 4
L1
n1
n2
n3
L2
E1
E2
37
x,y
E1
x
E2
E1
E2
4.17 Two linearly polarized monochromatic waves with wavelengths 1 = 2 = 0.63 m propagate at an angle = 45 deg
to each other. Photosensitive plate P is placed perpendicular to the propagation direction of one of the waves. Determine the resolution R [lines/mm] of the photosensitive
plate required for recording the pattern of arising interference fringes.
P
E1
E2
38
Chapter 4
E1
4.19 A beam of light with wavelength = 6 104 mm is normally incident on a metallic mirror M and reflected by it. In
the domain of the superposition of the incident and reflected
waves, a standing wave is produced. At what distances z from
the mirror are the nodes and antinodes of the electric field of
the standing wave located?
M
39
E1
0
E2
h
4.21 Determine the period of the interference pattern in an experiment with a Fresnel biprism in air. The refractive index
of the prism is n = 1.5, the wavelength is 0 = 0.6 m, and
the refracting angle of the prism is = 170 deg.
L
S
f
x,y
P
40
Chapter 4
in
p the interference pattern on the screen in the paraxial region
x2 + y2 z1 . The intensities of the light waves from the
sources in the plane of the screen are equal to I1 and I2 .
x,y
S1
S2
x
z
z1
S
BS
GP
F
f
41
x,y
1
2
v
x
42
Chapter 4
M2
BS
43
M1
S
L0
L1
L2
BS
L
L
x,y
M2
4.33 In a Michelson interferometer, one mirror moves with constant velocity v = 2 mm/s along the optical axis. Determine
frequency fS of the periodical variation of the light intensity
I(t) in the interference pattern at the output of the interferometer if the wavelength of the light is 0 = 633 nm.
4.34 One mirror in a Michelson interferometer harmonically
oscillates along the optical axis with amplitude l = 1.5 m
and frequency f = 102 Hz. Plot intensity I(t) in the interference pattern at the interferometer output versus time, provided that the wavelength is 0 = 0.63 m and the intensities
of the interfering waves are I1 = I2 = 0.5 mW/mm2 . The
initial phase difference between the waves is 0 = 0, /2,
or rad. For plotting, take the time interval [0, t] equal to
two periods of the mirror oscillation.
4.35 A mirror in a Michelson interferometer harmonically
oscillates with frequency f0 and amplitude l0 along the
optical axis, z = l0 sin(2 f0 t + 0 ). Derive the expression
for frequency fS of the periodic variation of the light
intensity in the interference pattern I(t) at light wavelength
0 ; determine the maximal fmax and the minimal fmin values
of the frequency fS .
4.36 A cuvette with length L = 100 mm, filled with a liquid
having refractive index n, is installed in one of the arms of a
MachZehnder interferometer. Heating the liquid causes the
shift of interference fringes at the interferometer output by
2.5 pattern periods . Determine the heat-induced increment
of refractive index n if the wavelength is 0 = 0.63 m.
44
Chapter 4
BS1
M2
x,y
M1
BS2
x,y
z
P2
y
x
45
and the observation plane is z = 5 m, and the separation between the centers of the slits is d = 0.5 cm. Determine the
wavelength of the incident monochromatic light 0 .
4.40 Determine the period of Youngs interference fringes observed in the light from a semiconductor laser with 0 =
650 nm at a distance z = 55 cm from a two-slit opaque screen
with narrow slits separated by d = 1 mm.
4.41 In Youngs interferometer with two slits S1 and S2 in an
opaque screen, the point light source S with 0 = 0.6 m
is separated by z0 = 1 m from the screen and by x0 = 1 mm
from the optical axis, crossing the segment d = 2 mm between the slits. Determine the positions xm of the centers
of bright fringes in the interference pattern observed on the
screen at distance z = 2 m from the slits.
S1
S
x0
xm
z
z0
S2
L
S1
S2
f
z
46
Chapter 4
S
z0
x,y
S1
y
x
S2
x,y
S1
S2
y
x
47
48
Chapter 4
r
S
P1
P2
z
4.49 Determine the temporal coherence length lc of a quasicollimated beam of light in a medium with refractive index
n = 1.5, having the spectral bandwidth in the oscillation
frequency scale are 4 1012 Hz.
4.50 The frequency-scale spectral contour of optical radiation has
Gaussian shape G() = G0 exp[( 0 )2 /2 ], where
0 = 2 5 1014 Hz and = 2 0.01 1014 Hz. Estimate
the coherence time c and the temporal coherence length lc of
a quasi-collimated beam of this radiation in a medium with
refractive index n = 1.33.
4.51 Estimate the temporal coherence length lc of quasicollimated beams of light in air: (a) white light in the visible
range of wavelengths; (b) radiation from a high-pressure
mercury lamp with the spectral line at 0 = 546.1 nm with
width 0 10 nm; and (c) radiation from a low-pressure
mercury lamp with the spectral line at 0 = 546.1 nm with
width 0 4 104 nm.
4.52 The bandwidth of radiation spectrum G() from a gas
He-Ne laser in a single-frequency mode of oscillation is
determined by the spectral line width of the laser cavity
2 106 Hz. Estimate the length of a wave train (the
temporal coherence length lc ) for a quasi-collimated beam
from such a laser propagating in air.
49
G()
G()
1
01
BPF
01 02
L2
S2 x
S1
L3
f2
50
Chapter 4
y
z
x
cy
cx
z
4.57 A quasi-monochromatic beam of light with mean wavelength 0 628 nm is produced by an extended spatially
incoherent source S having the shape of a round disc with
diameter D = 4 mm. Determine the maximal spacing c
between the points P1 and P2 in the plane (x, y) in which
the beam of light excites partially mutually coherent oscillations. The plane (x, y) is perpendicular to the direction of the
51
y
z
P2
P1
c
S
z
52
Chapter 4
L
S
S
f
f
z2
z1
z3
4.61 Determine the diameter D of a star if the transverse coherence length c of infrared light (with effective wavelength
0 2.1 m) from this star at the surface of the Earth, measured using the interference method, is c 135 m, and the
distance z from the star, measured using the annual parallax,
appears to be z = 25.3 light years.
4.4.3 Longitudinal spatial coherence of light
4.62 For a quasi-monochromatic optical field with sufficiently
narrow frequency spectrum and relatively wide angular
spectrum, the longitudinal coherence length of the field
(along the direction of propagation) is mainly determined by
the width of the angular spectrum 2 rather than by the width
of the frequency spectrum , as for a quasi-collimated light
beam. Determine the temporal coherence length lc and the
longitudinal coherence length Lc of such a field with mean
wavelength 0 0.65 m and spectral width 0.001 m
at distance z = 80 mm from a round spatially incoherent light
source with diameter D = 20 mm.
y
x
2
y
z
P1
x
P2
Lc
53
z
S
Lc
F
S
z
z1
z2
54
Chapter 4
55
n
d
4.69 A Michelson interferometer makes use of a non-monochromatic point source of light with spectral contour width =
10 nm and central wavelength 0 = 600 nm. Evaluate the
total number 2m of periods of variation of the light intensity
at the output of the interferometer, observed under the
longitudinal displacement L of one of the interferometer
mirrors.
M1
M2
S
BS
L
56
Chapter 4
57
M2
z2
2l0
M1
PD
BS
I(z2)
z2
S
D
z0
P2
x,y
z
y
x
58
Chapter 4
P1 screen P2 is placed, having two narrow parallel slits separated by d = 0.8 mm. At what minimal distance z0 between
screen P1 and double-slit screen P2 can one observe Young
interference fringes on screen P3 ? The angular diameter of
the Sun is 0.01 radian, and the central wavelength of
sunlight 0 = 0.55 m.
L
S
P2
P1
P3
z0
S1 S2
L1 cuvette 1 L1
interference pattern
S2
ocular
eye of observer
cuvette 2
interference pattern
59
z0
4.79 In a Michelson interferometer with an extended quasi-monochromatic light source S with mean wavelength 0 = 0.6 m,
one of the plane mirrors is tilted at a small angle = 5
104 rad. The mirrors are located at equal distances z1 = z2
from the beam splitter BS. The interference fringe pattern is
observed in the plane of mirror images x, y, obtained with
unit magnification = 1 using a focusing lens L with focal
length f = 80 mm. Determine the period of the interference fringes in the plane of the interferometer mirror images
and the extension (depth) z of the domain of localization of
fringes if the diameter of the aperture diaphragm of the lens
is D = 10 mm. Assume that the aperture diaphragm of lens
L serves as a secondary extended light source for the whole
domain where the fringes are localized.
M2
M1
x,y
z2
BS
z1
S
Da
4.80 Determine the angular size of the Betelgeuse star ( Orionis) as seen from Earth if, using a stellar Michelson interferometer, it is found that the radius (length) of the transverse
spatial coherence of the red light (0 = 0.66 m) from this
star is approximately c = 3 m.
60
Chapter 4
P
n
f
h
I(h)
61
4.84 Determine the radius Rm of the interference ring with the interference order m = 48 and wavelength = 600 nm in the
interference pattern observed in the FabryProt interferometer if the focal length of the focusing lens is f = 100 mm
and the thickness of the air gap between the mirrors of the
interferometer is h = 16 m.
Chapter 5
Diffraction of Light
5.1 Fresnel zone theory of diffraction
5.1 An opaque screen with a circular aperture of D = 2 mm is
placed at a distance a = 1 m from a point light source S
with wavelength 0 = 550 nm. Determine the number m of
Fresnel zones within the limits of the aperture for observation point P, located on optical axis z at a distance b = 1.5 m
from the screen R at the opposite side.
5.2 Determine the number m of Fresnel zones that fit into the
circular aperture in an opaque screen for point P (see the figure), in which a minimum of intensity I(z) is observed in the
diffraction pattern on optical axis z.
63
64
Chapter 5
5.4 A collimated laser beam of monochromatic light with wavelength 0 = 0.63 m is normally incident on an opaque
screen with a circular aperture of diameter D = 2 mm. At
a distance b 198.4 mm behind the screen on the axis of
the aperture, a dark diffraction spot is observed. What is the
minimal shift b of the observation point along the axis of
the aperture that replaces the dark spot in the center of the
diffraction pattern with a bright spot?
5.5 Determine width r of the second Fresnel zone at plane x, y,
separated by distance a = 1.5 m from light source S, for
observation point P located on the optical axis at distance
b = 1 m from the plane x, y. The wavelength of the light is
0 = 600 nm.
Diffraction of Light
65
5.7 Derive a formula for calculating the radii rm of the boundaries between the zones on a Fresnel zone plate with focal
length f = 2 m for the monochromatic light of a laser diode
with wavelength 0 = 0.65 m. Using the derived formula
and computer graphics, create a tenfold-magnified image of
the Fresnel zone plate with opaque even zones and transparent odd zones, providing the above-mentioned focal length f .
5.8 Determine the radius of boundary r4 and width r34 of the
fourth zone in a Fresnel zone plate with focal length f =
80 cm for light with wavelength 0 = 0.56 m.
5.9 A Fresnel phase zone plate is made of a plane-parallel glass
plate with refractive index n by cutting grooves with depth
h at even Fresnel zones. A magnified fragment of the central
part of such a plate is shown in the figure. Derive the formula
for calculating groove depth h if the Fresnel plane is to operate at wavelength 0 in an environment with refractive index
n0 .
66
Chapter 5
5.11 The image of a point light source S is obtained using a Fresnel zone plate placed at a distance a = 1 m from the source.
0
The image of source S1 appears at a distance b = 2.5 m from
the plate surface. Determine the distance f between the plate
0
and the image S2 if the source S is moved to infinity.
5.12 Determine the focal length f of a Fresnel zone plate for light
with wavelength 0 = 0.55 m if the radius of the boundary
of the third ring of the plate is 1.6 mm. Determine the radius
of the boundary of the first zone of this plate.
5.13 Determine light intensity I in the focus of the Fresnel zone
plate with all zones shut except the first one. Without the
plate, the intensity is I0 . Ignore the losses caused by reflection from the faces of the plate.
5.14 Using the phasor diagram method, determine intensity I in
the center of the diffraction pattern from a circular opaque
screen (in the Poisson spot) that removes the whole first Fresnel zone if in the absence of the screen, the intensity at the
same point is I0 .
Diffraction of Light
67
68
Chapter 5
Diffraction of Light
69
70
Chapter 5
Diffraction of Light
71
5.29 A diffraction-limited optical system of image formation includes an aperture diaphragm with diameter D = 30 mm,
0
coinciding with the back principal plane H of the system.
Evaluate the resolution R (in lines/mm) of this optical system in the paraxial domain for the surface of an object P,
placed at distance z0 = 20 cm from the front principal plane
H of the optical system. The illuminating source of light S
has a mean wavelength of 0 = 0.55 m.
72
Chapter 5
5.30 A telescopic optical system (collimator) that increases the diameter of a laser beam and reduces its diffraction divergence
comprises two aberration-free objectives L1 and L2 with focal lengths f1 < f2 and superposed focal planes. Determine
the angle of diffractive divergence of the collimated laser
beam emerging from objective L2 if the diameter of its aperture is D2 = 100 mm and a laser beam with wavelength
0 0.85 m almost uniformly fills the entire aperture of
this objective.
73
Diffraction of Light
ignoring the aberrations of the lens and the eye cornea. Assume that the refractive index of the vitreous body of the
eye is n = 1.336. Determine the minimal separation x0 between the bars drawn on a sheet of paper placed at a distance
z0 = 30 cm from the eye.
x
x0
z0
5.34 Determine the linear resolution x of a special aberrationfree photographic objective producing the image of a distant
object in green light if the maximal relative aperture of the
objective is Da / f = 1/2, where Da is the diameter of the
aperture diaphragm of the objective and f is the focal length.
74
Chapter 5
Diffraction of Light
75
76
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
Chapter 5
f = 300 mm. Determine the separation x between the principal maxima of diffraction of the second order, m = 2, with
wavelengths 1 and 2 .
What linear separation l between the components of the
yellow doublet of sodium (1 = 589.0 nm, 2 = 589.6 nm)
will be measured by means of a matrix photoelectric detector (CCD array) in a spectrograph using a diffraction grating
with 1000 grooves/mm and a focusing objective with focus
length f = 500 mm? The spectral lines are observed in the
first diffraction order.
Determine the total number N of diffraction grating grooves
providing the resolution of components of the sodium doublet (1 = 589.0 nm, 2 = 589.6 nm) in the first diffraction
order.
Determine the resolution R of a grating with period d =
0.5 m and total width 2.5 cm in the second diffraction order,
m = 2.
A light beam with wavelength = 532 m is incident at the
angle 0 on a profiled reflective grating with the groove period d = 1 m. Determine the value of angle 0 at which the
first-order diffracted beam (m = 1) propagates perpendicularly to the grating plane.
Diffraction of Light
77
78
Chapter 5
Diffraction of Light
79
80
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
PD
82
Chapter 6
vs
vp
PD
v
S
PD
6.5 A particle moves with velocity ~v in the domain of superposition of two mutually coherent plane waves. Owing to the
Doppler effect, the wavesscattered by the particlehave
frequencies 1 and 2 , different from the frequency 0 of
the plane waves incident on it. Considering the moving particle, first, as a receiver of the incident light and, second, as
a moving source of secondary radiation, determine the frequency f s of the signal on photodetector PD produced by the
interference of the waves scattered by the particle, depend~ 1 and N
~ 2 of the waves, the
ing on the propagation directions N
magnitude and the direction of velocity ~v of the particle, and
the wavelength 0 of the plane waves incident on the particle.
The particle velocity |~v| is small compared to the velocity of
light c.
83
N1
v
0
1
2
PD
N2
+1
-1
DG
-2
84
Chapter 6
ties of the grating and the mirror to be much smaller than the
velocity of light.
M1
v1
BS
M2
v2
DG
PD
u~P (t)
1
~
U
fa
PET
85
PET
86
Chapter 6
BS
S
M3
M2
S BS
(t)
PD
uP(t)
87
Answers
1 Electromagnetic Waves in the Optical Range
1.1 Equations and parameters of electromagnetic
waves
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1 2 E(z,t)
v2 2 t
k2 =
2
v2
v12 E(z,t)
= 0 k2
1.5 E(z, t) = E0 exp i(t kz) E(z,t)
2z
2t
2
= v2
~ t) = E~ 0 exp i(t ~k~r) and H(z,
~ t) = H
~ 0 exp i(t ~k~r +0 )
1.6 E(z,
~
~
D(z,t)
~ t) = B(z,t)
~ =
~ t) =
and rot E(z,
i~k H
rot H(z,
t
t
~ i~k E~ = i0 H
~ E
~ H
~ ~k
i0 E,
2
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
90
Answers
1 1
02
02
1.18 (x0 , y0 ) 2
0 nd 0 f (x + y ), f (n 1) R1 + R2
1.19 x = / cos , y = / cos , z = / cos ; f x = cos /,
fy = cos /, fz = cos /
1.20 fz = cos()/2C
1.2 Spectral properties of electromagnetic waves
1.21 lc = 36 m, c = 12 1014 s
1.22 c 1013 s, lc = 20 m
1.23 m1 33, m2 15750
1.24 14 times
1.25 12 nm, 1013 Hz
1.26 lc 36 m
1.27 I() E02 2c sin2 (( 0 )c )/(( 0 )c )2 , 1/c
1
1.28 I() E02 2c 1+42 (
2 2 , = 1/c
0 ) c
2
2
2 2
1.29 I() E0 c exp[ c ( 0 )2 ], = 2 ln 2/c
1.30 I() E02 2c
sin2 [(0 )c ]
[(0 )c ]2
m2
4
sin2 [(0 f0 )c ]
[(0 f0 )c ]2
sin2 [(0 + f0 )c ]
[(0 + f0 )c ]2
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
91
Answers
w20
2
4.7 [mW]
= 0.226 m
x 16 m
m = 36
0.239 m
0.234 m
1 = 650 nm, 2 = 550 nm, 3 = 400 nm; red, green, blue.
92
Answers
93
Answers
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
0 59.5 deg; 0 = 0
T 0.932
P = 0.392 mW
T 0.7
T 0.94
n1 cos 0 n2 cos 2
n1 cos 0 +n2 cos 2 ,
2
cos 2 = 1 nn21 sin2 0 .
2.24 NA 0.26, max " 15
deg
cos 0
2.25 (0 ) = 2 arctg
s ( ) n2 sin2 0 n2
p ) n1 n2 sin2 0 n2
0
0
1
2
,
tg
2.26 tg (
=
= n11 cos 0 2 ,
2
2
2
n2 cos 0
cos 0 n2 sin2 0 n2
1
2
tg (2 0 ) =
n1 sin2 0
2.27 p 2.38 rad, s 1.67 rad
2.28 cos2 0 =
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
n21 n22
n21 +n22
n
E2 /E1 = exp z 2
0
1
2 , 0 44.4 deg
0
l 0.12 m
94
Answers
n
)d
, I2 0.903 or
3.19 I2 = 2 1 sin 2 sin 2
o
e
0
2
0.097 mW/mm
3.20 I2 () = I2i cos2 2, I2 max = 21 Ii , I2 min = 0
3.21 = 0.64 m
3.22 n 0.0005
3.23 I2 /Ii = 0.125
Answers
95
7.2 deg
Io /Ie 0.33
Io /Ie = 1
3.62 deg; (a) Io /Ie = 1; (b) Io /Ie = 1; (c) Io /Ie = 3;
(d) Io /Ie = 1/4
Io /Ie = 3, 3.61 deg
Io (t) = 0.5Ii sin2 (t), Ie (t) = 0.5Ii cos2 (t)
2
2
Io (t) = Ii sin
h (2t), Ie (t) = Ii cos
i (2t)
4
4
Io (t) = Ii (cos t) + (sin t) ,
Ie (t) = Ii 0.5 sin2 (2t)
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
96
Answers
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
R2
4.13 rm mn 0 RR11+R
2
4.14 V 0.8
h
4.15 E1 (x, t) = E01 exp i t
h
E2 (x, t) = E02 exp i t
i
x sin 2 ,
i
2
x sin 2 ,
|E1 (x, t)|2 + |E2 (x, t)|2
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
2
+ 2E01 E02 cos
h|E1 (x, t) + Ei2 (x, t)| =
2
= /2 sin(/2)
2x sin 2
= 0.69 m, V = 0.4
R 21 = 2245 [lines/mm], where is the period of
fringes.
185 nm
Antinodes: z = (m + 1/2) 0.3 103 mm;
nodes: z = m 0.3 103 mm, where m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
0.23 m, N 43
6.8 m
l 0.41 mm
h
i
1
1
2
2
I(x, y) = I1 + I1 + 2 I1 I1 cos 2
z
+
(x
+
y
)
z1 +z
z1
Answers
97
4.24 D 17mm
4.25 I = 2 I1 I2 ,
E1 (r, t) = E01 exp(i2v1 t + 1 (r)),
E2 (r, t) = E02 exp(i2v2 t + 2 (r)),
I h|E1 + E2 |2 i I1 + I2 + 2E01 E02 cos(2v12 t + 12 (r)),
if 1/v12
4.26 f 7.6 104 MHz, 0.723 mm, v 5.5 107 m/s
4.27 f p 2 0.124 1014 Hz, p 4 1014 s
4.2 Amplitude division interferometers: The Michelson
and MachZehnder interferometers
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
12 = 2(L1 L2 ), 12 = 2d(1 n)
L = d(n2 n)/n2 or L = d(n2 n)/n1
L = 1 m
0 /2
1
1
2
2
L
+
12 (x, y) 2
L0 +2L2 +L
L0 +2L1 +L (x + y )
f s 6.32 kHz
i
h
2l
sin(2
f
t)
+
0 = 0.55 m
0 = 0.6 m
0.36 mm
xm m0 z/d x0 z/z0 (0.6m 2) mm
= 1 /2 = 5
0.059 mm
d 76 m
d 12 m
98
Answers
(t/2)
14
c 20 10 s
r 60 m
lc 100 m
c 1012 s, lc 0.2 mm
(a) lc 1.5 m; (b) lc 30 m; (c) lc 0.75 m
lc 3 102 m
5.6
lc 0.2 mm
4 1012 Hz, 4.8 nm
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
0
83 m,
4.62 lc 0 423 m; L1c l1c + 1cz , cz 2
2
Lc 70 m
0
4.63 lc 15 m, Lc1(z) l1c + cz1(z) , cz 2
15 m, Lc 7.6 m
2
4.64
99
Answers
19.3 mm
4.80 0.045 arcsec
4.6 Multibeam interferometry: The Fabry-Prot
interferometer
4.81 T 0.055, 30 600 nm, 31 581 nm, 32 563 nm,
33 545 nm, 34 529 nm, 35 514 nm, 36 500 nm
(1R)2
4.82 T () = 1+R2 2R
cos( 2
2hn)
4.83 h = 1.5 m
4.84 Rm = 48.4 mm
2
2
(1R)
(1R)
+
4.85 T () = 0.5
1+R2 2R cos
2
1 2hn
1+R2 2R cos
2
2 2hn
100
Answers
5 Diffraction of Light
5.1 Fresnel zone theory of diffraction
5.1 m 3
5.2 m = 4
5.3 z 265 mm
5.4 b1 22 mm, b2 28.3 mm
5.5 r 0.249
mm
p
5.6 rm mab/(a
b)
5.7 rm 1.14 m mm
5.8 r4 1.34 mm, r34 0.18 mm
5.9 h = (2m + 1)0 /2(n n0 ), m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
5.10 The light intensity I(x, y) at the interference fringes is deter
2
2
mined by equation I(x, y) = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos (xR+y ) +
0 . Equations for radii m of dark and bright fringes are
of the form
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
2m
R
101
Answers
sin sin
0
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
x 20.27 mm
20 deg
+1 3.8 deg, 1 35.7 deg
d = 3b
2m + 1 = 9
= arcsin[2 sin(/2)] = 31.2 deg
x 5.2 mm
l 0.57 mm
N 103
R = / mN 105
0 32 deg
1 0.667 m
Not possible
m = d/, d =
D 0.1 grad/nm, DL 0.68 mm/nm
d 2.5 m
102
Answers
2 sin = 0
2 sin = , 2 sin 0 = 0
2 36.5 deg
0.11 deg
f s 1 GHz
12.5 deg, f = 1 GHz
103
Answers
c0 fa 108 m
= f = 40 MHz
20 v/c = 2 1011 m, f 2v/0 16.7 103 Hz
2c1 0 2l0 f0 cos(2 f0 t), f (t) 4l0 f0 cos(2 f0 t)/0
0N
6.13 T = n2 Lc
2 (d/dt)
6.14 1.46 rad
6.15 f 0.145 Hz
References
1. S. A. Akhmanov and S. Yu. Nikitin, Fizicheskaya optika
(Physical Optics), Moscow State Univ. Publishers, Moscow,
1998.
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed., Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
3. E. I. Butikov, Optika (Optics), Nevskiy Dialekt: BHVPeterburg, St. Petersburg, 2003.
4. O. S. Heavens and R. W. Ditchburn, Insight into Optics, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
5. G. Landsberg Optika (Optics), Nauka, Moscow, 1975 (5th ed.),
2006 (6th ed.).
6. A. N. Matveev, Optika (Optics), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow,
1985.
7. S. K. Stafeev, K. K. Boyarskii, and G. L. Bashnina, Osnovy
optiki (Fundamentals of optics), Piter, St. Petersburg, 2006.
105
Index
FabryProt
interferometer, 4.81,
4.82, 4.85
coherence, 4.464.64
function
spatial transverse, 4.56
temporal, 4.46
length
longitudinal, 1.241.26,
4.46, 4.484.55,
4.624.64
transverse, 4.564.61
mutual, 4.48
spatial longitudinal,
4.624.64
spatial transverse,
4.564.61
temporal, 4.464.55
length, 1.21, 1.22,
1.241.26, 4.46,
4.484.55, 4.62, 4.63
time, 1.21, 1.22, 4.46, 4.47,
4.50
transverse spatial domain,
4.56
color of light, 3.21
108
complex expression of a
wave, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
critical angle for total internal
reflection, 2.212.23
crystal
lattice, 5.52
lithium niobate, (LiNbO3 )
5.55
paratellurite, (TeO2 ) 5.57
silica (SiO2 ), 5.56
crystal plate, 3.123.23,
3.293.31
Denisyuk hologram, 1.44,
1.45
depth of penetration, 2.32
diameter of beam spot,
5.265.28
diffraction
beam order, 5.37, 5.38,
5.41, 5.465.49, 5.51
by moving grating,
6.66.10
by volume grating,
5.525.57
divergence, 5.225.25, 5.30
angle, 5.22, 5.24, 5.25
beam of semiconductor
laser, 5.24
far-field, 5.155.21
Fraunhofer, 5.155.21, 5.35
gratings, 5.355.57
moving, 6.66.10
moving in interferometer,
6.7
on photographic plate,
5.41, 5.54
reflective, 5.46
Index
thin and
one-dimensional,
5.355.51
volume, 5.525.57
limit of resolution,
5.265.29, 5.315.34
angular, 5.31, 5.32
diffraction-limited
optical system, 5.29
human eye, 5.32
linear, 5.315.33
microscope, 5.33
photographic objective,
5.34
spectral by grating, 5.44,
5.45
telescope, 5.31
minima and maxima, 5.15,
5.21, 5.36, 5.42, 5.43
pattern
Fraunhoffer, 5.155.21
Fresnel, 5.25.4, 5.13
separation between
spectral lines, 5.42, 5.43
principal maxima, 5.36,
5.39, 5.40, 5.42
dispersion of light
angular, 5.50
linear, 5.50
Doppler effect, 6.16.11
elliptically polarized wave
at refraction, 2.4, 2.7
passed through polarizers,
3.27
evanescent wave, 2.31, 2.32
eye, 5.32
far-field diffraction,
5.155.21
Index
Fraunhofer diffraction,
5.155.21, 5.35
frequency
circular, 1.7
spatial, 1.19, 1.20
Fresnel biprism, 4.21
Fresnel formulae, 2.1,
2.92.11, 2.22, 2.23
Fresnel zone plate, 5.75.11
focal length, 5.105.13
Fresnel zones
number, 5.1, 5.2
on concave wavefront, 5.6
radius, 5.6, 5.7, 5.12
theory of diffraction,
5.15.14
width, 5.5, 5.8
FresnelKirchhoff integral,
5.19
Gaussian function, 1.26, 1.29,
1.39, 1.40, 4.50, 4.71
gyroscope, 6.136.15
half-wave retarder plate, 3.30
Iceland spar, 3.17, 3.24
induced anisotropy, 3.323.37
Brewster photoelasticity
law, 3.32, 3.33
Kerr effect, 3.343.37
intensity
angular distribution, 5.35,
5.37
distribution in far-field
(Fraunhofer) diffraction,
5.155.21, 5.35
Fresnel diffraction pattern,
5.25.4, 5.13
light beam, passed through
linear polarizers and a
109
110
Index
Index
111
superimposed waves,
4.64.8
in output of
MachZehnder
interferometer, 4.37
in output of Michelson
interferometer, 4.32
waves at reflection, 2.8,
2.25, 2.282.30
phase shift, 1.9
at reflection, 2.26, 2.27
phase spatial distribution,
1.12, 1.13, 1.161.18
phase velocity, 1.11.4, 1.7,
1.15
in anisotropic medium, 3.1
phasor diagram method, 4.1,
5.14
photodetector response time,
4.4, 4.7
photographic plate, 1.42,
1.44, 1.45, 4.20, 5.41, 5.54
photosensitive layer (plate),
1.44, 1.46, 4.17, 4.20
plane wave expression,
1.41.7, 1.37, 4.15
Pointing vector, 1.37
Poisson spot, 5.14
polarization
azimuth, 2.5, 2.6, 2.10,
2.16, 2.17
circular, 1.33, 1.34
ellipse, 2.7
elliptical, 1.31, 1.34
linear, 1.311.35
at output of the prism,
3.243.31
random, 1.36
112
wave, 1.311.36
polarized light
circular, 1.33, 1.34
at reflection, 2.7
passed though polarizer
devices, 3.11, 3.15, 3.16,
3.19, 3.26, 3.27
elliptical, 1.31, 1.34
linearly
passed through polarizer
devices, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14,
3.17, 3.273.29
reflection, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5,
2.6, 2.10, 2.14
refraction, 2.5, 2.10,
2.14, 2.16, 2.17
refraction in anisotropic
media, 3.3
randomly
reflection, 2.2, 2.10, 2.13,
2.14
refraction in anisotropic
medium, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8
position of diffraction minima
and maxima, 5.15, 5.21,
5.36, 5.42, 5.43
principal maxima in
diffraction pattern, 5.39,
5.40
prism
Fresnel biprism, 4.21
right-angle, 2.18, 2.30, 3.5,
3.6
polarization, 3.243.31
Rochon, 3.27
Senarmont, 3.28
Wollaston, 3.243.26,
3.293.31
Index
Index
113
at interference of partial
coherent light, 4.73, 4.74,
4.77
transverse spatial coherence,
4.564.61
domain, 4.56
function, 4.56
length, 4.564.61
at interference of partial
coherent light, 4.734.80
Van CittertZernike theorem,
4.56
wave equation, 1.4, 1.6
wave train, 1.221.24, 1.26,
1.28, 4.52
wavelength, 1.1, 1.7
white light, 1.24, 3.21, 3.22,
3.32, 4.51, 4.53
interference, 4.53, 4.58,
4.59, 4.76
coherence, 4.51
Wiener experiment, 1.42
WienerKhinchin theorem,
4.46
x-ray radiation, 5.52
yellow doublet of sodium,
5.43, 5.44
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