Aim: To study the melting point and freezing point of naphthalene

Materials: naphthalene and tap water

Apparatus: boiling tube, 250cm beaker, thermometer, tripod stand, retort
stand and clamp, Bunsen burner, stopwatch, conical flask and wire gauze.
Procedure:
A. Heating of naphthalene

B. Cooling of naphthalene

1. A boiling tube is filled with naphthalene to a depth of 3cm and a

thermometer is put into it.
2. The boiling tube is suspended in a beaker half-filled with water using a
retort stand and a clamp as shown in figure 2.2. The level of
naphthalene in the boiling tube is ensured to be below the water in the
beaker.
3. Heat the water slowly until the temperature reaches 60’c. The
naphthalene was stirred slowly with the thermometer.
4. The temperature and state of the naphthalene was recorded at half-
minute intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90’c.
5. The boiling tube was removed from the water bath. The outer surface
of the boiling tube was dried and quickly putted into a conical flask.
The naphthalene was stirred continuously.
6. The temperature and state of the naphthalene recorded at half-minute
intervals until the temperature of naphthalene drops to 60’c.
7. The result was record in the table 2.2.
Results
Heating of naphthalene Cooling of naphthalene
Tim Temperature State Tim Temperature State
e e
0.o 60’c solid 0.0 90’c liquid
0.5 64’c solid 0.5 82’c liquid
1.0 67’c solid 1.0 80’c Solid +
liquid
1.5 71’c solid 1.5 80’c Solid +
liquid
2.0 74’c solid 2.0 80’c Solid +
liquid
2.5 77’c solid 2.5 80’c Solid +
liquid
3.0 80’c Solid + 3.0 80’c Solid +
liquid liquid
3.5 80’c Solid + 3.5 80’c Solid +
liquid liquid
4.0 80’c Solid + 4.0 80’c Solid +
liquid liquid
4.5 80’c Solid + 4.5 80’c Solid +
liquid liquid
5.0 81’c liquid 5.0 80’c Solid +
liquid
5.5 82’c liquid 5.5 80’c Solid +
liquid
6.0 87’c Liquid 6.0 80’c Solid +
liquid
6.5 90’c liquid 6.5 80’c Solid +
liquid
7.0 80’c Solid +
liquid
7.5 80’c Solid +
liquid
8.0 79’c Solid
8.5 79’c Solid
9.0 79’c Solid
9.5 79’c Solid
10.0 78’c Solid
10.5 77’c Solid
11.0 76’c Solid
11.5 75’c Solid
12.0 73’c Solid
12.5 70’c Solid
13.0 67’c Solid
13.5 65’c Solid
 14.0 64’c Solid
14.5 63’c Solid
15.0 60’c Solid

Discussion
1. Why is the naphthalene not heat directly with Bunsen burner?
The naphthalene is flammable.
2. Why is a water bath used to heat the naphthalene?
Melting of naphthalene is below 100’c.
3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why
a) The boiling tube must be placed in a conical flask.
Ensure even cooling. The air trapped in the conical flask is a poor
conduction of heat and help to minimize that heat loss to surrounding.
b) The naphthalene must be stirred continuously.
Avoid super cooling temperature of cooling liquids drops below its normal
freezing point.
4. What happens to the temperature of during
a) Melting
No change in temperature. Heat energy absorbed by the particles to used
to overcome the forces between the particles.
b) Freezing
No change in temperature. Heat loss to surrounding balanced by the heat
energy liberated in farming the attractive forces.

Conclusion
The melting and freezing points of naphthalene are the same that is 80’ c.

Aim: To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

Materials: 10cm magnesium ribbon, sandpaper.
Apparatus: Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, pipe-
clay triangle, chemical balance.
Procedure
1. A crucible is weighed together with its lid.
2. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper.
3. The ribbon is coiled and placed it’s in the crucible. The crucible is
weighed with its lid and the content.
4. The apparatus is set up as shown in figure above.
5. The crucible is heated with a strong flame without its lid.
6. When the magnesium ribbon starts to burn, the crucible is covered
with its lid.
7. By using a pair of tongs, the lid is raised a little carefully at interval.
8. When the burning is completed, the lid is removed and the crucible
is heat strongly for 1 and 2 minutes.
9. The crucible is allowed to cool to room temperature with its lid still
on.
10.The crucible is weighed with its lid and the content again.
11.The process of heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until a
constant mass is obtained. The constant mass obtained is recorded.

Result
Description Mass/g

Crucible + lid X(37.90)

Crucible + lid + Y(38.02)

magnesium
Crucible + lid + Z(38.07)
magnesium oxide

Calculation
Mass of magnesium=Y-X
Mass of oxygen reacts with the magnesium=Z-Y
Element Mg O
Mass/g 0.12 0.05
Number of 0.005÷0.003125 0.003125÷0.003125
mole
Simplest ratio 2 1
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is Mg2O.

Inferences
-The white fumes or fine white solids are magnesium oxide.
-The increase of the mass of crucible together with the lid and the
content in it after heating shows the magnesium ribbon has reacted
with oxygen gas.
Discussion