IMPORTANT FACTS

Cost Price:
The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price:
The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.
Profit or Gain:
If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss:
If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1.

Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)

2.

Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)

3.

Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.

4.

Gain Percentage: (Gain %)

Gain x 100

Gain % =

5.

C.P.

Loss Percentage: (Loss %)

Loss x 100

Loss % =

6.

Selling Price: (S.P.)

SP =

7.

C.P.

(100 + Gain %)
100

x C.P

Selling Price: (S.P.)

SP =

(100 - Loss %)
100

x C.P.

8.

Cost Price: (C.P.)

100

C.P. =

9.

x S.P.

(100 + Gain %)

Cost Price: (C.P.)

100

C.P. =

x S.P.

(100 - Loss %)

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a
loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:
Common Loss and Gain %

Loss % =

10

x
10

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Error

Gain % =

(True Value) - (Error)

x 100

The Platonic Solids

For each solid we have two printable nets (with and without tabs).
You can makemodels with them!
Print them on a piece of card, cut them out, tape the edges, and you
will have your own platonic solids.
Tetrahedron

3 triangles meet at each vertex

4 Faces

4 Vertices

6 Edges

Tetrahedron Net

Tetrahedron Net (with tabs)

Spin a Tetrahedron

Cube

3 squares meet at each vertex

6 Faces

8 Vertices

12 Edges

Cube Net

Cube Net (with tabs)

Spin a Cube

Octahedron

4 triangles meet at each vertex

8 Faces

6 Vertices

12 Edges

Octahedron Net

Octahedron Net (with tabs)

Spin an Octahedron

Dodecahedron

3 pentagons meet at each vertex

12 Faces

20 Vertices

30 Edges

Dodecahedron Net

Dodecahedron Net (with tabs)

Spin a Dodecahedron

Icosahedron

5 triangles meet at each vertex

20 Faces

12 Vertices

30 Edges

Icosahedron Net

Icosahedron Net (with tabs)

Spin an Icosahedron

1.

Odd Days:
We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date.
For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.
In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.

2.

Leap Year:
(i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.
(ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.
Note: A leap year has 366 days.
Examples:

3.

i.

Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.

ii.

Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.

iii.

None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.

Ordinary Year:
The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days.

4.

Counting of Odd Days:

i.

1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

ii.

1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

iii.

100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.
= (17 weeks + days)

5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2)

3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3)

1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)

0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd
days.
2.

Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days:

Day:

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thurs.

Fri.

Sat.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
1.

Results on Triangles:
i.

Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.

ii.

The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

iii.

Pythagoras Theorem:
In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Height)2.

iv.

The line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is called
the median.

v.

The point where the three medians of a triangle meet, is called centroid. The centroid
divided each of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1.

vi.

In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base.

vii.

The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of the same area.

viii.

The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a given
triangle is one-fourth of the area of the given triangle.

2.

Results on Quadrilaterals:
i.

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

ii.

Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into triangles of the same area.

iii.

The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.

iv.

The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

v.

The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles.

vi.

A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.

vii.

Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle has the
greatest area.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
I.

1.

Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth).

Area

Length =

II.

III.
IV.

V.

2.

Breadth

Length

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth).

Area of a square = (side)2 =

(diagonal)2.

Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) x Height.

1.

Area of a triangle =

x Base x Height.

2.

Area of a triangle = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s =

6.

1.

(a + b + c).
3

3.

Area of an equilateral triangle =

4.

Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =

5.

VI.

Area

and Breadth =

Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =

Radius of incircle of a triangle of area

Area of parallelogram = (Base x Height).

and semi-perimeter s =

x (side)2.
a
23
a
3
s

.
.

VII.

2.

Area of a rhombus =

3.

Area of a trapezium =

1.

Area of a circle =

2.

Circumference of a circle = 2 R.
3.

1.

x (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them.

R2, where R is the radius.

, where

360
1

Area of a sector =

Circumference of a semi-circle =
2.

1.

2 R

Length of an arc =
4.

VIII.

x (Product of diagonals).

is the central angle.

(arc x R)

R2

360

R.
R2

Area of semi-circle =

Inlet:
A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as an inlet.
Outlet:
A pipe connected with a tank or cistern or reservoir, emptying it, is known as an outlet.

2.

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

1

part filled in 1 hour =

3.

If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

1

part emptied in 1 hour =

4.

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours
(where y > x), then on opening both the pipes, then

the net part filled in 1 hour =

5.

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours
(where x > y), then on opening both the pipes, then
the net part emptied in 1 hour =

1.

Downstream/Upstream:
In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the
stream is called upstream.

2.

If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then:
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.
Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.

3.

If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then:
1

Speed in still water =

Rate of stream =

1.

2
1
2

(a + b) km/hr.
(a - b) km/hr.

Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
Examples:

2.

i.

We define 0! = 1.

ii.

4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.

iii.

5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.

Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are
called permutations.
Examples:
i.

All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a
time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).

ii.

All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)

3.

Number of Permutations:
Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
n

Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =

n!
(n - r)!

Examples:
i.

ii.

iii.
4.

P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.

Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.

An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind;p3 are
alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =

5.

n!
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects is called a combination.
Examples:
i.

Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are
AB, BC and CA.
Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.

ii.

All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.

iii.

The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time
is abc.

iv.

Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

v.

Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same
combination.

2.

Number of Combinations:
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:

n!

Cr =

n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors

(r!)(n - r)!

r!

Note:
i.

Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1.

ii.

Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples:
i.
ii.

1.

(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)

C4 =

11

C13 =

16

C(16 - 13) =

16

C3 =

16

(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16 x 15 x 14
3!

= 330.
=

16 x 15 x 14
3x2x1

Experiment:
An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.

2.

Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be
predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
Examples:
i.

Rolling an unbiased dice.

ii.

Tossing a fair coin.

iii.

Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.

iv.

Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.

Details:
v.

When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.

vi.

A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we

throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.

vii.

A pack of cards has 52 cards.

= 560.

It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each unit.
There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.
3.

Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called thesample
space.
Examples:

2.

i.

In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}

ii.

If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.

iii.

In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Event:
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

3.

Probability of Occurrence of an Event:

Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
Then, E

S.
n(E)

P(E) =

4.

n(S)

Results on Probability:
i.

P(S) = 1

ii.

iii.

P( ) = 0

iv.

For any events A and B we have : P(A

v.

If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

P (E)

B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A

B)

ii.

CUBOID
Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then

iii.

i.

Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units.

ii.

Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units.

iii.

Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units.

CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,

iv.

i.

Volume = a3 cubic units.

ii.

Surface area = 6a2 sq. units.

iii.

Diagonal = 3a units.

CYLINDER
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then,

v.

i.

Volume = ( r2h) cubic units.

ii.

Curved surface area = (2 rh) sq. units.

iii.

Total surface area = 2 r(h + r) sq. units.

CONE
Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,

vi.

i.

Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units.

ii.

Volume =

iii.

Curved surface area = ( rl) sq. units.

iv.

Total surface area = ( rl +

r2h

cubic units.

r2) sq. units.

SPHERE
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

vii.

i.

Volume =

r3

cubic units.

ii.

Surface area = (4 r2) sq. units.

HEMISPHERE
Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,

i.

Volume =

r3

cubic units.

ii.

Curved surface area = (2 r2) sq. units.

iii.

Total surface area = (3 r2) sq. units.

Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

1.

Partnership:
When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partnersand the
deal is known as partnership.

2.

Ratio of Divisions of Gains:

I.

When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is
distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments.
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at
the end of the year:
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y.

II.

When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are
calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or
loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq.

3.

Working and Sleeping Partners:

1.

A partner who manages the the business is known as a working partner and the one who
simplConcept of Percentage:
By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths.

Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.

x

To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% =

20

Thus, 20% =
To express

a
b
1

Thus,

2.

as a percent: We have,

1
4

100
=

x 100

=
a
b

100
1

x 100

%.

= 25%.

Percentage Increase/Decrease:
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is:
R
(100 + R)

x 100

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to
decrease the expenditure is:
R
(100 - R)
3.

x 100

Results on Population:
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum,
then:

1. Population after n years = P

1+

100
P

2. Population n years ago =

4.

1+

100

Results on Depreciation:
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum.
Then:

1. Value of the machine after n years = P

1-

100
P

2. Value of the machine n years ago =

R
100

3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by

4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by

R
(100 + R)
R
(100 - R)

x 100
x 100

y invests the money is a sleeping partner.

1.

Races: A contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing or rowing is called a race.

2.

Race Course: The ground or path on which contests are made is called a race course.

3.

Starting Point: The point from which a race begins is known as a starting point.

4.

Winning Point or Goal: The point set to bound a race is called a winning point or a goal.

5.

Winner: The person who first reaches the winning point is called a winner.

6.

Dead Heat Race: If all the persons contesting a race reach the goal exactly at the same time,
the race is said to be dead heat race.

7.

Start: Suppose A and B are two contestants in a race. If before the start of the race, A is at
the starting point and B is ahead of A by 12 metres, then we say that 'A gives B, a start of 12
metres'.
To cover a race of 100 metres in this case, A will have to cover 100 metres while B will have to
cover only (100 - 12) = 88 metres.
In a 100 race, 'A can give B 12 m' or 'A can give B a start of 12 m' or 'A beats B by 12 m'
means that while A runs 100 m, B runs (100 - 12) = 88 m.

8.

Games: 'A game of 100, means that the person among the contestants who scores 100 points
first is the winner'.
If A scores 100 points while B scores only 80 points, then we say that 'A can give B 20 points'.

%.
%.