CPL SYLLABUS FOR AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

APPENDIX 2.
0 A TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL STANDARDS (SA-CATS)
SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

FOR THE COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE
(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER).
IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:

1.
2.
This appendix specifies the theoretical aspects required to be known for the CPL theoretical knowledge examinations.
Candidates may be examined on any of the elements included in this appendix that are applicable to the aircraft category
licence sought and should be aware especially of the requirements of SA-CATS 61.01.10 (11)(d) and (e).
3. All compulsory aspects applicable to the respective aircraft category are marked with an X.
A mark in the category column A represents an aspect applicable to the aeroplane examination and a mark in the category
column H represents an aspect applicable to the helicopter examination.
4. The column marked REFERENCE refers to the applicable section or part in the Regulations (CAR) or source document,
when applicable. When a Technical Standard is referred to, this is indicated by the use of the acronym CATS or TS. When
a source document other than the Regulations is referred to in this column, this is indicated in plain words as a heading.
5. Candidates are expected to be familiar with all acronyms and abbreviations contained in Subpart 1.01.2 of the Regulations
prior to attempting any of the subjects listed in this appendix, but will not be directly evaluated on this aspect in the
examinations.
6. Candidates are to ensure that they use the most recent amendments to the Regulations, Technical Standards and other
technical documentation when preparing for the examinations.
7. The suggested study material to use for preparation for this examination is communicated by Aeronautical Information Circular
(AIC) and also posted on the Authoritys website where deemed appropriate. This study material is assumed to be the default
source material used by candidates and is therefore not referred to in this syllabus. Where reference material clarity is
required or additional source material is to be used for specific syllabus aspects, this is stipulated in the relevant portion of the
syllabus. Candidates are nevertheless free to use any material they wish in order to ensure their comprehension of the
mandated subject matter and to comply with the prescribed theoretical knowledge requirements.
8. Candidates should note that some of the suggested study material might refer to foreign operational, certification and
legislative requirements e.g. EU-OPS, JAA-OPS, CS 23 and CS 25. Except where specifically indicated, candidates will not be
assessed on such aspects during this examination. The underlying theory, however (which in most cases is identical in South
African and other international legislation), should be known and understood. In this regard, candidates are expected to
differentiate between the underlying theoretical concepts which need to be known and the foreign requirements themselves,
which need not be known. Such non-compulsory information might nevertheless still be interesting to a candidate for the
purposes of personal enrichment and as an aid to general knowledge of aviation developments.
9. Refer to Appendix 2.0 C for the Syllabus of Theoretical Knowledge for the Instrument Rating.
SUBJECT:
AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL (AEROPLANE)
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
Aeroplane
A.1.1
AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS
a. Valves
check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves, restrictors, thermal relief valves
b. Bearings
plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings, roller bearings
c. Pumps
gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type, centrifugal type
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.2
- pump drives
d. Filters
strainers, sediment traps
AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS

a. Fuselage
types of construction
structural components and materials
stress
b. Cockpit and cabin windows
construction (laminated glass)
structural limitations
c. Wings and stabilising surfaces
types of construction and materials
stress
vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces
d. Landing gear
types
construction
locking devices and emergency extension systems
accidental retraction prevention devices
position, movement lights and indicators
nosewheel steering
wheels and tyres (construction, markings, limitations)
braking systems
construction
parking brake
- Anti-skid system
e. Hydraulics
Basic principles of hydromechanics
hydraulic fluids
components and operation of basic hydraulic system
Hydraulic systems
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CPL SYLLABUS
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main, standby and emergency systems
operation, indicators and warning systems
ancillary systems
f. Air driven systems
Pneumatic systems
power sources
components, construction and operation of basic system
potential failures, warning devices, indicators
Air conditioning system
heating and cooling
construction, functioning and controls
warning devices
Pressurisation
cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude
differential pressure
pressurised zones in the aircraft
operation and indicators
safety devices and warning systems
rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning
emergency procedures
Deice systems
pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings/control surfaces
components, construction and operation
use and operational limitations
Anti-ice systems
aerofoil, control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield
components, construction and operation
use and operational limitations
ice warning system
g. Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems
Components, construction and operation of:
air intake
propeller
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.3
pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices
windshield
h. Fuel system
Fuel tanks
structural components and types
venting and drains: purpose
unusable fuel
Fuel feed
gravity feed
pressure feed, type of pumps
primer system, manual/electric
crossfeed
Fuel system monitoring
operation, indicators, warning systems
fuel management
Fuel jettison
ELECTRICS
a. Direct current
General
electric circuits and the electrical field
voltage, current, resistance
Ohms law
resistive circuits
resistance as a function of temperature
electrical power and electrical work
protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches
function, type and operation
the capacitor: function
Batteries
theory, types and characteristics
capacity
hazards
Magnetism
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.4
permanent magnetism
electromagnetism
relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function and applications
electromagnetic power
electromagnetic induction
Generators
principle, function and applications
monitoring devices
starter generator
Current distribution
buses
ammeter and voltmeter
annunciators
inverter
b. Alternating current
single and multi-phase AC
frequency
phase shift
AC components
Alternators
- principle, function and applications
- starter generator
AC power distribution
construction, operation and monitoring
protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators
Transformers
function
types and applications
POWERPLANT Piston engine

General
principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine
components, design types and cylinder numbering
definitions
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CPL SYLLABUS
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bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio
cylinder construction:
barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating mechanism
valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap
pistons, piston rings, connecting rods
crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts
crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems
supercharging and turbo-charging
detonation and pre-ignition
contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition, stopping and prevention
a. Engine power
indicated horsepower (IHP)
friction horsepower (FHP)
brake horsepower (BHP)
b. Lubrication system
wet sump and dry sump principles and components
oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief valve
oil cooling system, temperature regulation
oil grades
c. Air cooling
fins, baffles and cowl flaps
cylinder head temperature
d. Ignition system
Components, construction and operation
HT magnetos, LT magnetos
impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator
spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding
magneto serviceability checks
e. Engine fuel supply
fuel, types, grades
detonation characteristics, octane rating
colour coding
carburettor components, construction and operation
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.5
fuel injection system components, construction, operation
priming system, manual and electric
icing, carburettor heat and alternate air
air/fuel ratio, mixture control
maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings
f. Engine handling
Limitations
power and mixture settings, use of EGT
correct use of throttle (MAP), propeller control (RPM) and
mixture
Faults
identification of engine problems
rough running
vibration
loss of power
POWERPLANT Turbine engine

a. Principle of operation
b. Types of construction
centrifugal
axial flow
c. Engine construction
Air inlet
function
Compressor
function
construction and mode of operation
effects of damage
compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition, avoidance)
compressor characteristics
Combustion chamber
function
mixing ratios
fuel injectors
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CPL SYLLABUS
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Turbine
function, construction and working principles
thermal and mechanical stress
effects of damage
monitoring of exhaust gas temperature
Jet pipe
function
different types
noise silencing devices
d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine
e. Reverse thrust
function, type and principles of operation
use and monitoring
- failure
f. Turbine engine systems
Ignition
function, types, components, operation, safety aspects
Starter
function, type, construction and mode of operation
control and monitoring
self-sustaining and idle speeds
Engine start malfunctions
types, cause and avoidance
Fuel system
construction and components
operation and monitoring
malfunctions
Lubrication
malfunctions
Fuel
effects of temperature
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.6
A.1.7
impurities and additives
Engine operating and monitoring
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
a. Smoke detection
location, indicators, function test
b. Fire detection and fire fighting
location, warning mode, function test
c. Oxygen systems
types of systems, principles of operation
use and safety measures
SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS

a.
Bird strike risk and avoidance
b.
Fire/Smoke
carburettor fire
engine fire
fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment
selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with respect to fire classification
actions in case of over-heated brakes after aborted take-off and landing
smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)
c.
Windshear, microburst
effects and recognition during approach/departure
actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter
d.
Wake turbulence
cause
influence of speed and mass, wind
actions taken during approach, landing, take-off, crossing behind
e.
Contaminated runways:
SA CAR Part 1.01.1 Definitions:
damp runway
dry runway
wet runway
contaminated runway
Types of contamination
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.1.8
Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning
types
critical speed formula
reducing the effects of hydroplaning
SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
a. Laws and definitions
units of measurement
Newtons Laws of Motion
mass and weight
inertia
velocity
temperature and density
static and dynamic pressure
momentum
acceleration
equilibrium
motion on a curved path
work, power and energy
b. Airspeeds
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)
True Airspeed (TAS)
Mach number
c. Lift
equation of continuity
Bernoullis theorem and the venturi effect
Aerofoil definitions
relative airflow
camber and mean camber line
chord line
angle of attack
centre of pressure
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pressure distribution around an aerofoil
lift formula and lift curve
lift/drag ratio
Shape of an aerofoil
symmetrical aerofoils
thickness to chord ratio
root chord, tip chord and mean aerodynamic chord
aspect ratio, angle of sweepback
d. Drag
Profile drag
form drag
skin friction
causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising
Induced drag
causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack
design methods used to minimise
Drag formula
Drag curves, total drag curve and factors affecting
e. Thrust
thrust curve
thrust horse power (THP)
f. Ground effect
definition
effect during take-off
effect during landing
g. Flying controls
Elevator, ailerons, rudder
primary effects
secondary effects
stabilator
combined primary control surfaces
Control balancing
aerodynamic balance
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tabs
mass balancing
Trimming control systems
fixed tabs, balance tab, anti-balance tab, servo tab
spring tab
variable incidence tailplane
Adverse aileron yaw
cause
principle of operation of differential and frise ailerons
h. Lift augmentation
Trailing edge flaps, types and method of operation
effect on stalling angle
effect on stalling speed
use during take-off, approach and landing
Leading edge flaps, types and method of operation
effect on stalling angle
Slats and slots
i. Stalling
Boundary layer definitions
laminar flow layer
turbulent flow layer
transition point
separation point
Influence of angle of attack
on pressure distribution
on centre of pressure
Symptoms of the stall
power off
power on
with and without flaps
stall warning indications
typical aural or visual indication
Method of recovery
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use of controls and engine power or thrust
The stall speed
Influence of:
the centre of gravity
power setting
wing loading
Wing tip stalling
design methods to minimise
washout
boundary layer fences
vortex generators
sawtooth leading edge
j. Spinning
The incipient spin (autorotation)
development, recognition and recovery
The full developed spin
forces, development, recognition and recovery
k. Forces acting on an aeroplane
Straight and level flight
balance of couples
relationship between power available and power required
range and endurance and factors affecting
Climbing
steady straight climb
balance of forces
maximum rate of climb
best angle of climb
factors affecting
use of power curves
- cruise climb
Descending
without power
balance of forces
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CPL SYLLABUS
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effect of weight, wind, configuration
gliding for range
gliding for endurance
effect of power
Turning
balance of forces
centrifugal and centripetal forces
load factor
turn rate and turn radius
effect of weight, power and speed
climbing and descending turns
steep turns
l. Stability
axes and planes of rotation
static stability
EXPAND ON STABILITY (e.g. neutral point)
SUBJECT:
AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL (HELICOPTER)
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
H
A.2.1
A.2.2
AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS
a. Valves
check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves, restrictors, thermal relief
valves
b. Bearings
plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings, roller bearings
c. Pumps
gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type, centrifugal type
- pump drives
d. Filters
strainers, sediment traps
AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS
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a. Fuselage
types of construction
stress
b. Cockpit and cabin windows
construction
structural limitations
c. Landing gear (helicopter)
types: floats, skids, wheels
construction
d. Helicopter configurations
single rotor
e. Helicopter controls and rotors
Control systems
types, components, adjustments
primary controls (cyclic, collective, directional)
f. Rotorheads
types, components, operation
g. Tail rotors
types, components, operation
- NOTARS
h. Helicopter blades
types, construction, material, adjustment, balancing
i. Helicopter control surfaces
vertical and horizontal stabilisers, construction, material
j. Transmission systems
Drive shafts
types, components, materials
Gearboxes
types, construction, material, lubrication, indications
- limitations
- chip detector
Clutches
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types, components
Freewheeling
types, components
k. Rotor brake
components, construction
l. Inspection
vibration, balancing, tracking
m. Hydraulics
Basic principles of hydromechanics
hydraulic fluids
components and operation of basic hydraulic system
Hydraulic systems
main, standby and emergency systems
operation, indicators and warning systems
n. Air driven systems
Air conditioning system
heating and cooling
construction, functioning and controls
warning devices
- ram air ventilation
o. Deice and antiice systems (helicopter)
components, construction and operation of:
air intake, rotors (main and tail rotor)
pitot, static pressure sensor
windshield
p. Fuel system
Fuel tanks
structural components and types
venting and drains: purpose
Fuel feed
gravity feed
pressure feed, type of pumps
primer system, manual/electric
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.2.3
crossfeed
Fuel system monitoring
operation, indicators, warning systems
fuel management
ELECTRICS
a. Direct current
General
electric circuits and the electrical field
voltage, current, resistance
Ohms law
resistive circuits
resistance as a function of temperature
electrical power and electrical work
protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches
function, type and operation
the capacitor: function
Batteries
theory, types and characteristics
capacity
- uses
hazards
Magnetism
permanent magnetism
electromagnetism
relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function and applications
electromagnetic power
electromagnetic induction
Generators
principle, function and applications
monitoring devices
starter generator
Current distribution
buses
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CPL SYLLABUS
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A.2.4
ammeter and voltmeter
annunciators
inverter
Alternators
- principle, function and applications
- starter generator
b. Alternating current
single and multi-phase AC
frequency
phase shift
AC components
AC power distribution
construction, operation and monitoring
protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators
Transformers
function
types and applications
Transformer/rectifier units
POWERPLANT Piston engine

a. General
principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine
components, design types and cylinder numbering
b. Definitions:
bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio
c. Engine and cylinder construction and operation:
barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating mechanism
valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap
pistons, piston rings, connecting rods
crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts
crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems
supercharging and turbo-charging
d. Detonation and pre-ignition:
contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition, stopping and prevention
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e. Engine power
indicated horsepower (IHP)
friction horsepower (FHP)
brake horsepower (BHP)
f. Lubrication system
wet sump and dry sump principles and components
oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief valve
oil cooling system, temperature regulation
oil grades
G. Air cooling
fins, baffles
cylinder head temperature
H. Ignition system
Components, construction and operation
HT magnetos, LT magnetos
impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator
spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding
magneto serviceability checks
i. Engine fuel supply
fuel, types, grades
detonation characteristics, octane rating
colour coding
carburettor components, construction and operation
fuel injection system components, construction, operation
priming system, manual and electric
icing, carburettor heat and alternate air
air/fuel ratio, mixture control
maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings
j. Engine handling
Limitations
power and mixture settings, use of EGT
operational limitations
Faults
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A.2.5
identification of engine problems
rough running
vibration
loss of power
POWERPLANT Turbine engine

a. Principle of operation
b. Types of construction
centrifugal
axial flow
c. Engine construction
Air inlet
function
Compressor
function
construction and mode of operation
effects of damage
compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition, avoidance)
compressor characteristics
Combustion chamber
function
mixing ratios
fuel injectors
Turbine
function, construction and working principles
thermal and mechanical stress
effects of damage
monitoring of exhaust gas temperature
d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine
e. Turbine engine systems
Ignition
function, types, components, operation, safety aspects
Starter
function, type, construction and mode of operation
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A.2.6
A.2.7
control and monitoring
self-sustaining and idle speeds
Engine start malfunctions
types, cause and avoidance
Fuel system
malfunctions
Lubrication
malfunctions
Fuel
effects of temperature
impurities and additives
Engine operating and monitoring
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
a. Fire detection and fire fighting
location, warning mode, function test
SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS

a. Ground de-icing
icing conditions
de-icing, anti-icing, types of fluids
b. Bird strike risk and avoidance
c. Noise abatement
influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise or approach)
influence by the pilot (power setting, track of helicopter)
d. Fire/Smoke
carburettor fire
engine fire
fire in the cabin or cockpit
selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with respect to fire classification
smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)
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A.2.8
e. Windshear, microburst
effects and recognition during approach/departure
actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter
f. Wake turbulence
cause
influence of speed, mass and wind
actions taken during approach, landing, take-off, crossing behind
g. Rotor downwash
h. Emergency procedures
Influence by technical problems:
engine failure
tail rotor/directional control failure
ground/resonance
blade/stall
settling with power
overpitch
overspeed
sudden stoppage
dynamic rollover/mast bumping
SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
a. Laws and definitions
units of measurement
Newtons Laws of Motion
mass and weight
inertia
velocity
temperature and density
static and dynamic pressure
momentum
acceleration
equilibrium
motion on a curved path
work, power and energy
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b. Airspeeds
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
True Airspeed (TAS)
c. Lift
equation of continuity
Bernoullis theorem and the venturi effect
relative airflow
camber and mean camber line
chord line
angle of attack
centre of pressure
pressure distribution around an aerofoil
lift formula and lift curve
lift/drag ratio
A.2.9
Aerofoil definitions
Shape of an aerofoil
- types of aerofoils
aspect ratio
d. Drag
Profile drag
form drag
skin friction
causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising
Induced drag
causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack
design methods used to minimise
Drag formulas
Drag curves, total drag curve and factors affecting drag
Rotor drag
e. Distribution of forces balance of couples
lift/weight and thrust/drag couples
HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS
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a. Definitions:
axis of rotation
rotor shaft axis
tip path
tip path plane
rotor disc
disc loading
blade loading
b. The forces diagram and associated terminology
pitch angle (blade angle)
rotational airflow
induced airflow
lift blade
drag blade
total reaction blade
rotor thrust
rotor drag
torque
c. Uniformity of rotor thrust along the blade
blade twist
taper
coning angle
centrifugal force
limits of rotor RPM
centrifugal turning moments
d. Helicopter controls
Collective lever
collective pitch changes
relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag
Cyclic stick
cyclic pitch changes
rotor disc attitude
rotor thrust tilt
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Yaw pedals
fuselage torque
tail rotor drift
tail rotor roll
fenestron tail
- Tail rotor failures
- Other methods of anti-torque
e. Rotor blade freedom of movement
the feathering axis
pitch angle
f. Flapping
the flapping hinge
flapping to equality
g. Dragging
the drag hinge
drag dampers
leading/lagging
periodic drag changes
blade CG (conservation of angular momentum)
hookes joint effect
h. Phase lag and advance angle
the control orbit
pitch operating arm movement
rate of pitch change
rate of blade flapping
resulting disc attitude
phase lag definition
advantage angle definition
i. Vertical flight
take-off
vertical climb
vertical descent
hover outside ground effect
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ground effect
factors affecting ground cushion
- limitations on vertical flight
avoidance of dynamic roll-over
j. Force in balance
at the hover
in forward flight
influence of CG
influence of rotor shaft tilt
k. Translational lift
effect of horizontal airflow on induce flow
variation of total flow through the disc with forward flight
the relationship between pitch angle and angle of attack
l. Power requirements
rotor profile power
power absorption tail rotor and ancillary equipment
rotor profile power variation with forward speed
induced drag
parasite drag
total power required
power available
m. Further aerodynamics of forward flight
transition to and from the hover
symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust
main rotor flapback
tail rotor flapback and methods of removal
factor affecting maximum forward speed
design limits of cyclic stick
airflow reversal
retreating blade stall
symptoms and recovery actions
compressibility
flow separation
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inflow roll
n. Factors affecting cyclic stick limits
density altitude
CG position
o. The flare power flight
thrust reversal
effect on helicopter attitude
increase in rotor thrust
decrease in rotor drag
increase in rotor RPM
effect of deceleration
p. Settling with power (vortex ring)
tip vortices
comparison between induced flow and external flow
development
change in relative airflow along blade span
root stall and turbulence
q. Blade sailing
rotor RPM and blade rigidity
effect of adverse wind
minimising the danger
r. Autorotation vertical
rate of descent airflow
effective airflow
relative airflow
inflow and outflow angle
autorotative force
rotor drag
effect of mass and altitude
control of rotor RPM
rotor RPM stability
s. Autorotation forward flight
factors affecting inflow angle
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effect of forward speed on rate of descent
asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight
turning
the flare
rotor RPM increase from movement of autorotative section
increase in rotor thrust
reduction in rate of descent
range and endurance
autorotative landing
height/velocity avoidance graph
t. Stability
hover
forward flight
rearward flight
stability aids
stabilisers and effects of CG
gyro controlled stabiliser system
stabiliser bars
delta hinge effect
effect of lever application on attitude in translational flight
u. Control power
the teetering head
fully articulated head
the rigid rotor
effect on stability
effect on dynamic/static rollover
v. Power requirements graphs
power required/power available graph
maximum rate of climb speed
operating with limited power
best angle of climb speed
maximum speed
range and endurance
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overpitch
overtorque
turning
w. Stability
helicopter axes and planes of rotation
static stability
dynamic stability
static and dynamic longitudinal stability
lateral directional stability
static and dynamic directional stability
effects of design features on stability
- Helicopter stability augmentation systems
x. Blade stall
stalling angle of attack
boundary layer flow
variation of lift and drag at the stall
y. Transonic effects on blades
shock waves
formation and effect on helicopter handling
SUBJECT:
AIR LAW
ASPECT
NUMBER
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
REGULATION
REFERENCE
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A
SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS &

TECHNICAL STANDARDS
A.3.1
CAR Part 1.01.1
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Definitions and abbreviations

-
Accident
Active flight deck duty
Acts of unlawful interference
Advisory airspace
Aerial work
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 29 of 78
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Aerobatic flight
Aerodrome
Aerodrome operating minima
Aerodrome traffic zone
Aeronautical information circular (AIC)
Aeronautical information publication
Aeroplane
AIP Supplement
Airborne collision avoidance system
Aircraft
Aircraft category
Aircraft certificated for single-pilot operation
Aircraft flight manual
Aircraft operating manual
Aircraft type
Aircraft variant
Airmanship
Air operator certificate
Air side
Air-taxiing
Air traffic advisory service
Air traffic control service
Air traffic service
Air traffic service unit
Airworthy
Alerting service
Alternate aerodrome/ heliport
Altitude
Approach and landing phase helicopters
Approved training
Apron
ATS surveillance service
Authority to fly
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 30 of 78
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast
Ceiling / Cloud ceiling
Certificate of airworthiness
Child
Communication failure procedure
Competency
Configuration
Contaminated runway
Control area
Controlled flight
Control zone
Co-pilot
Corporate aviation operation
Crew member
Cargo
Carry-on baggage
Congested area
Congested hostile environment
Critical phase of flight
Cross country flight
Current flight plan
Danger area
Date of application
Day
Defined point
Designated flight examiner
Electronic flight bag
En-route alternate aerodrome
En-route safe altitude
Estimated time of arrival (VFR)
Extended range operations
First aid
Flight
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 31 of 78
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Flight crew member
Flight duty period
Flight information region
Flight information service
Flight level
Flight plan
Flight simulator training device
Flight time
General aviation operation
Full flight simulator
GNSS
Hazard
Helicopter
Helicopter load combination
Incident
Infant
Integrated aeronautical information package
Instrument meteorological conditions
International flight
Landing distance available
Large aircraft
Maneuvering area
Master minimum equipment list
Minimum equipment list
Maximum certificated mass
Meteorological service
Night
Operator
Passenger
Pilot
Pilot in command
Pilot in command under supervision
Psychoactive substances
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 32 of 78
A.3.2
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima
Rejected take-off distance required
Release to service
Restricted area
Runway-holding position
Safety pilot
Serious injury
Skills test
Special rules areas
Student pilot in command
Suitable aerodrome
Take-off and initial climb phase
Take-off distance available
Take-off run available
Taxi
Terminal control area
Threat
Threat management
Threshold
Transition altitude
Transition level
Tug
Tow
Visual approach
Visibility
Visual meteorological conditions
Wet runway
CAR PART 12
AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
Subpart 1:
General
12.01.1
Applicability
12.01.9
Powers of the Investigator in Charge or an Investigator
Subpart 2:
Accident or incident notification procedures
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 33 of 78
A.3.3
A.3.4
12.02.1
Notification of accidents
12.02.2
Notification of incidents
12.02.3
Notification of accidents or incidents outside the Republic
12.02.4
Particulars of notification
12.02.5
Notification of hazards
Subpart 4:
Scene of an accident
12.04.1
Guarding of aircraft involved in accident
12.04.2
Access to the scene of accident
12.04.3
Control of evidence
12.04.4
Interference with objects and marks at scene of accident
12.04.5
Removal of damaged or disabled aircraft
CAR PART 43
GENERAL MAINTENANCE RULES
43.01.1
Applicability
43.01.2
Falsification, reproduction or alteration of maintenance

documents
43.01.3
Logbooks
43.01.5
Entries in logbooks
43.02.2 (2)
Persons to carry out maintenance
CATS 43.02.2
Persons to carry out maintenance
43.02.7 (1)
Mass and balance
43.02.18
Aircraft compass requirements
CATS 43.02.18
Aircraft compass requirements
43.04.1
Persons to certify release to service
CAR PART 61
PILOT LICENSING
61.01.1
Applicability
61.01.2
Pilot licences
61.01.3
Ratings for pilots
61.01.5
Maintenance of competency and Skills Test
61.01.6
Medical requirements and fitness
61.01.7
Language
61.01.8
Logging of flight time

(excl (13) (16))
61.01.9
Crediting of flight time and theoretical knowledge

(excl (9) (27))
61.01.11
Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or

more
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 34 of 78
61.01.12
Flight simulation training device
61.01.14
Register of licences
61.01.15
Training for acquiring licence, rating or validation
61.01.16
Payment of currency fee
61.01.18
Endorsements and record keeping
61.05.1
Requirements for Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)
61.05.3
Theoretical knowledge examination for Commercial Pilot

Licence (Aeroplane)
61.05.4
Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)
61.05.5
Privileges and limitations of Commercial Pilot Licence

(Aeroplane)
61.05.6
Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)
61.05.7
61.05.8
X
X
61.06.1
Requirements for Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter)
61.06.3
Theoretical knowledge examination for Commercial Pilot

Licence (Helicopter)
61.06.4
Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter)
61.06.5
Privileges and limitations of Commercial Pilot Licence

(Helicopter)
61.06.6
Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter)
61.06.7
61.06.8
61.09.1
61.09.1
A.3.5
Maintenance of Competency for a Commercial Pilot Licence

(Aeroplane)
Ratings for special purposes for a Commercial Pilot Licence
(Aeroplane)
Maintenance of Competency for Commercial Pilot Licence

(Helicopter)
Ratings for special purposes for Commercial Pilot Licence
(Helicopter)
Requirements for issue of class and type ratings (excl (11),
(12))
Requirements for issue of class and type ratings (excl (8)
(10))
X
X
X
61.09.2
Training (excl (5))
61.09.3
Skills test
61.09.4
Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required
61.09.7
Type and class ratings: Privileges and variants
61.09.8
Type and class ratings
CAR PART 67
MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
67.00.2
Classes of medical certificates
67.00.3 (2)
Functions of Director regarding medical examinations
67.00.6
Period of validity of medical certificates (excl (4))
67.00.8
Issuing of medical certificate
67.00.9
Duties of holder of medical certificate
67.00.13
Substance abuse
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 35 of 78
A.3.6
Applicability
91.01.2
Authority of PIC and crew members
91.01.3
Authorisation of personnel to taxi aeroplanes
91.01.6
Method of carriage of persons
91.01.7
Admission to flight deck
91.01.9
Portable electronic devices
91.01.10
Endangering safety
91.01.12
Use of time
91.01.13
Additional flight crew member equipment
91.01.14
Carriage of dangerous goods
91.01.15
Passenger intoxication and unruly behaviour
91.01.16
Psychoactive substances
91.02.1
Crew composition and qualifications
91.02.3
Crew member responsibilities
91.02.4
Recency
91.02.5
Crew members at duty stations
91.02.6
Laws, regulations and procedures
91.02.7
Duties of pilot-in-command regarding flight preparation
91.02.8
Duties of pilot-in-command regarding flight operations
91.03.1
Documents to be carried on board
91.03.2
Aircraft flight manual
91.03.3
Aircraft checklists
91.03.4
Air traffic service flight plan and associated procedures
91.03.5
Flight folio
SACATS 91.03.5
Flight folio
91.03.6
Fuel record
91.03.7
Certificate of release to service
91.03.9
Logbooks
91.04.1
Use and installation of instruments and equipment
91.04.2
Circuit protection devices
91.04.3
Aircraft operating lights
67.00.14
Suspension or cancellation of medical certificate
CAR PART 91
GENERAL AVIATION AND OPERATING FLIGHT RULES
91.01.1
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 36 of 78
91.04.4
91.04.6
Flight, navigation and associated equipment for aircraft

operated under VFR
Additional equipment for single-pilot operation under IMC or at
night
91.04.8
Radio altimeter
91.04.11
Seats, seat safety belts, harnesses and child restraint devices
91.04.13
First aid and universal precaution kits
91.04.16
Supplemental oxygen in case of non-pressurised aircraft
91.04.18
Hand-held fire extinguishers
91.04.23
Emergency locator transmitters
91.04.24(1)(a)
Life jackets and other flotation devices
91.04.24(1)(c)
91.04.25
91.04.28
Airborne collision avoidance system
91.04.30
Terrain awareness and warning systems (TAWS)
91.04.31 (1)
RVSM operations
91.05.1
Communication equipment
91.05.2
Navigation equipment
CATS 91.05.3
Use of global navigation satellite system
91.06.1
Landing on roads
91.06.2
Dropping objects, spraying or dusting
91.06.3
Picking up objects
91.06.6
Proximity and formation flights
91.06.7
Right of way
91.06.8
Following line features
91.06.9
Aircraft speed
91.06.10
Lights to be displayed by aircraft
91.06.11
Taxi rules
91.06.12
Operation on and in vicinity of aerodrome
91.06.13
Signals
SACATS 91.06.13
Signals
91.06.15
Reporting position
91.06.16
Mandatory radio communication in controlled airspace
SA-CATS 91.06.16
Mandatory radio communications in controlled airspace
- Radio communication failure (RCF) procedures General
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 37 of 78
- RCF procedures VFR
- Appendix 1 Standard Radio Communications Failure

Procedure VFR Arrivals
91.06.17
Mandatory radio communication in advisory airspace
91.06.18
Compliance with rules of air and air traffic control clearances

and instructions
91.06.19
Prohibited areas
91.06.20
Restricted areas
91.06.21(1)(a), (2)
Visibility and distance from cloud
91.06.21(1)(b), (2)
Visibility and distance from cloud
91.06.22(1)
Special VFR weather minima
91.06.22(2)
Special VFR weather minima
91.06.23
VFR flight determination and weather deterioration
91.06.24
Compliance with IFR
91.06.25
Aircraft equipment
91.06.29
Identification and interception of aircraft
SACATS 91.06.29
Identification and interception of aircraft
91.06.30
Air traffic service procedures
91.06.31
Priority
91.06.32 (excl (2)
Minimum heights
91.06.32
Minimum heights
91.06.33
Semi-circular rule
SACATS 91.06.33
Semi-circular rule
91.06.34
Aerodrome approach and departure procedures
91.07.1
Routes and areas of operation
91.07.2
Minimum flight altitudes
SACATS 91.07.2
Minimum flight altitudes
91.07.3
Use of aerodromes
91.07.4
Helicopter landings and take-offs
91.07.10
VFR operating minima
91.07.10
VFR operating minima
91.07.12
Fuel supply
SACATS
91.07.12(1)
Fuel supply
SACATS
91.07.12(2)
Fuel supply
91.07.13
Refuelling or defuelling with passengers on board
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
X
X
X
X
X
Page 38 of 78
91.07.18
Seats, safety belts and harnesses
91.07.19
Passenger seating
91.07.20
Passenger movements and briefing
91.07.21
Passenger health and safety
91.07.24
Use of supplemental oxygen
91.07.25
Approach and landing conditions
91.07.28
Turning helicopter rotors
91.07.29
Starting and running of engines
91.07.30
Acrobatic flights
91.07.31
Simulated instrument flight in aircraft
91.07.32
Aeroplane operating procedures
91.07.33
Heads up displays
91.07.34
Electronic flight bags
91.07.35
Extended twin engine operations
CAR Part 92
Conveyance of dangerous goods
92.00.1
Applicability
92.00.8
Training
92.00.18
Loading restrictions in cabin or on flight deck
92.00.21
Loading in cargo aircraft
92.00.27
Dangerous goods carried by passengers or flight crew

members
A.3.8
CAR Part 93
Corporate operations
A.3.9
93.01.1
Applicability
93.02.2
Extended twin engine operations
93.02.10
Fatigue management program
CAR Part 121
Air transport operations carriage on aeroplanes of more

than 19 passengers or cargo
121.01.1
Applicability
CAR Part 127
Commercial air transport and general aviation operations:

helicopters
127.01.1
Applicability
127.02.1(8)(9)(6)
Composition of flight crew
127.03.6
Pilot-in-command holding commercial pilot licence
127.07.8
Offshore operations
127.07.15
Carriage of passengers with disability
127.07.16
Limitations on carriage of infants, children and passengers with

disability
A.3.7
A.3.10
A.3.11
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 39 of 78
A.3.12
A.3.13
A.3.14
A.3.15
A.3.16
CAR Part 135
Air transport operations carriage of less than 20

passengers or cargo
135.01.1
Applicability
135.01.2
Admission to flight deck
135.02.2
Minimum requirements for assignment as pilot-in-command
SACATS 135.02.2
Minimum requirements for assignment as pilot-in-command
135.07.1
Routes and areas of operation and aerodrome facilities
SACATS 135.07.1
Routes and areas of operation and aerodrome facilities
135.07.5
Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night operations
SACATS 135.07.5
Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night operations
135.07.8
IFR or night flight without second-in-command
SACATS 135.07.8
IFR or night flight without second-in-command
135.08.4
En route limitations with single-engine aeroplanes
135.08.7
Dispatch limitations: landing at destination and alternate

aerodromes
CAR Part 139
Aerodromes and heliports
139.01.1(2)
Applicability
139.04.1
Approval and operation of non-licensed helicopter sites
SA-CATS 172
Airspace and Air Traffic Services
SA-CATS 172.02.2
Classification of airspace and level of service provision
CAR Part 185
Enforcement
185.00.1
Offences
X
X
RSA Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

ENROUTE
ENR 1.4.1
Classification of airspace
ENR 1.5.1
General
ENR 1.5.2
Arriving flights
ENR 1.5.11
Departing flights General
ENR 1.5.11.1
Noise abatement procedures
ENR 1.6.1
Primary radar
ENR 1.6.2
Secondary surveillance radar
ENR 1.7
Altimeter setting procedures (excluding 1.7.3b)
ENR 1.9
Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)

X
ENR 1.9.1
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Part 1. Airport slot allocation procedures

(except 1.8 to 1.13)
Part 2 Air Traffic Flow Management Procedures
(Paragraph 1)
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 40 of 78
AERODROMES
X
a. Recognition and knowledge of:
Air route structure
airspace structure and classification
communication frequencies
chart symbols
danger, restricted and prohibited airspace
aerodrome information
radio navigation facilities and frequencies
AD section
A.3.17
A.3.18
Interpretation of aerodrome information on AIP charts
JEPPESEN HIGH / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS
ICAO ANNEX 14 AERODROMES Vol 1

a.
Definitions
-
Aerodrome beacon
Aerodrome elevation
Barrette
Clearway
Declared distances
(Take-off run available (TORA); Take-off distance available (TODA); Accelerate-stop
distance available (ASDA); Landing distance available (LDA))
X
X
Displaced threshold
Holding bay
Instrument runway (All types are to be known)
Landing area
Manoeuvring area
Marking
Movement area
Primary runway(s)
Runway
Runway-holding position
Runway strip
Runway turn pad
Shoulder
Sign
Stopway
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 41 of 78
b.
Taxiway
Threshold
Touchdown zone
Chapter 2 Aerodrome data

-
2.2 Aerodrome reference point
2.6 Strength of pavements
2.8 Declared distances
c.
Chapter 3 Physical characteristics

-
3.6 Clearways
3.7 Stopways
3.14 Isolated aircraft parking position
d.
Chapter 5 Visual aids for navigation
5.2 Markings
-
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Runway designation marking
5.2.3 Runway centre line marking
5.2.4 Threshold marking (including displaced threshold marking)
5.2.5 Aiming point marking
5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking
5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking
5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking
5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking
5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking
5.2.16 Mandatory instruction marking
5.2.17 Information marking
5.3 Lights
-
5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems
5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights
5.3.9 Runway edge lights
5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar
5.3.11 Runway end lights
5.3.12 Runway centre line
5.3.15 Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 42 of 78
5.3.16 Stopway lights
5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights
5.3.20 Stop bars
5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights
5.3.23 Runway guard lights
5.4.2 Mandatory instruction
5.4.3 Information signs
5.4 Signs
e.
A.3.19
Declared Distances
-
Runway length
Landing distance available (LDA)
Clearways and stopways
Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA)
Take-off run available (TORA)
Take-off distance available (TODA)
ICAO ANNEX 14 AERODROMES Vol ll Heliports

a.
Chapter 1 - 1.1 Definitions
Declared distances heliports

(Take-off distance available (TODAH); Rejected take-off distance available (RTODAH);
Landing distance available (LDAH).
X
X
Dynamic load-bearing surface.
Elevated heliport.
Final approach and take-off area (FATO).
Helicopter air taxiway.
Helicopter clearway
Helicopter ground taxiway
Helicopter stand.
Helideck
Heliport
Protection area.
Rejected take-off area
Safety area
Shipboard heliport
Static load-bearing surface
Surface-level heliport
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 43 of 78
b.
Taxi-route.
Touchdown and lift-off area (TLOF)
Winching area
Chapter 2 Heliport data
2.2 Heliport reference point
2.3 Heliport elevation
2.5 Declared distances
c.
Chapter 3 Physical characteristics
3.1 Surface-level heliports
Final approach and take-off areas
Helicopter Clearways
Touchdown and lift-off areas
Safety areas
Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-routes
Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes
Air transit route
Aprons
Location of a final approach and take-off area in relation to a runway or taxiway
X
X
3.2 Elevated heliports

-
Final approach and take-off areas and touchdown and lift-off areas
Helicopter clearways
Touchdown and lift-off areas
Safety areas
Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-routes
Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes
Aprons
SUBJECT:
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING (AEROPLANE)
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A
A.4.1
AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 44 of 78
South African Civil Aviation Regulations

a.
b.
Part 91.08 Performance Operating Limitations:

-
Part 91.08.1 General provisions
Part 91.08.4 Aeroplane performance classification
Part 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A and Class C aeroplanes
SACATS 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A and Class C aeroplanes
Part 135.08 Aeroplane Performance Operating Limitations
Part 135.08.1 General requirements
Part 135.08.2 Take-off mass limitations
Part 135.08.3 Net take-off flight path
Part 135.08.7 Dispatch limitations: landing at destination and alternate

aerodromes
Part 135.08.8 Dispatch limitations: wet runway turbojet- or turbofanpowered aeroplanes
A.4.2
X
X
CERTIFICATION
a.
Part 1.01.1 Definitions
Type certificate
Type of aircraft
Part 21: Certification procedures for products and parts
Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability
Part 21.01.2 (1)(c) - (d) & (2) Types of aircraft
Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design standards
b.
South African Civil Aviation Technical Standards
SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design standards
c.
SA-CATS 21.02.3 (3) Aeroplanes: Normal, utility, acrobatic and commuter

category
SA-CATS 21.02.3 (4) Aeroplanes: Transport category
Code of Federal Regulations Part 23
Subpart A - General
23.1 Applicability
23.3 Airplane categories
Subpart B - Flight
A.4.3
23.45 General
STAGES OF FLIGHT
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 45 of 78
A.4.4
A.4.5
A.4.6
A.4.7
Take-off
Climb
Level Flight
Descending
Approach and landing
AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS

a.
IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS
b.
VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY, VS, VSO, VFO, VFE, VLO, VLE, VMO
c.
VMCG, VMCA, VMC, V1, VR, V2, VREF, VLOF, VMBE
METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
a.
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
b.
OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT
c.
Temperature deviation from ISA
d.
Pressure altitude, Density altitude
e.
QNH, QFE, QNE
AERODROME TERMINOLOGY
-
Runway length
Take-off run available (TORA)
Take-off run required (TORR)
Take-off distance available (TODA)
Take-off distance required (TODR)
Landing distance available (LDA)
Landing distance required (LDR)
Clearway, stopway
Displaced thresholds (permanent/temporary)
Accelerate-stop and accelerate-go
Runway slope
Runway strength (ACN/PCN)
Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths
WAT limits
PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY
a.
Define steady flight
b.
The forces during steady climbing and descending flight
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 46 of 78
A.4.8
A.4.9
c.
The opposing forces during horizontal steady flight
d.
The thrust/power required and thrust/power available curves
e.
The effect of excess thrust and power on speed and/or climb performance
f.
Climb angle and climb gradient
g.
Flight path angle and flight path gradient
h.
Descent angle and descent gradient
i.
Service and absolute ceiling
j.
Range and Endurance
k.
Specific fuel consumption (SFC)
l.
Specific range (SR)
FACTORS AFFECTING AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE

-
Temperature
Air density
Aeroplane mass
Aeroplane configuration
Aeroplane antiskid system status
Aeroplane centre of gravity
Aerodrome runway surface
Aerodrome runway slope
The effect of flap settings
The effects of different recommended power settings on range and endurance
The effect of wind and altitude on range and endurance
USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP 697&698 - PERFORMANCE SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES

ALLE GRAFIEKE HIER GEDEK?
a.
Variables on single-engine aeroplane performance
The effect of the wind component on take-off and landing performance
The effect of temperature, wind and altitude on climb performance
The effects of altitude and temperature on cruise performance
The effect of mass, wind and speed on descent performance
b.
Use of aeroplane performance data SEP
Take-off
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Find the minimum or maximum wind component
Find the take of distance and ground roll distance
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 47 of 78
A.4.10
Find the maximum allowed take-off mass
Find the take-off speed
X
X
Climb
-
Find the maximum rate of climb speed
Find the time, distance and fuel to climb
Find the rate of climb
X
X
Cruise
-
Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS) and fuel consumption
Find range and endurance
Find the difference between still air distance (NAM) and ground distance
(NM)
X
X
Landing
-
Find the minimum or maximum wind component
Find the landing distance and ground roll distance
USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP 697&698 - PERFORMANCE MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANES

a.
Define and explain the following terms:
Critical engine
The effect of the critical engine inoperative on the power required and the
total drag
The effect of engine failure on controllability under given conditions
Effect of Variables on Multi-Engine Aeroplane Performance
b.
Take-off and landing
The effect of flap setting on the ground roll distance
For both fixed and constant speed propellers, explain the effect of airspeed
on thrust during the take-off run
The effect of pressure altitude on performance limited take-off mass
The effect of runway conditions on the take-off distance
The percentage of accountability for head and tailwind components during

take-off and landing calculations
Interpret obstacle clearance at take-off
The effect of selected power settings, flap settings and aeroplane mass on
the rate of climb
The effect of engine failure on take-off climb performance
c.
Climb, cruise and descent
The effect of mass on the speed for best angle and best rate of climb
The effect of temperature and altitude on the fuel flow
The effect of wind on the maximum range speed and speed for maximum
climb angle
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CPL SYLLABUS
Page 48 of 78
A.4.11
The effect of mass, altitude, wind, speed and configuration on the glide
descent
Describe various cruise techniques
The effect of loss of engine power on climb and cruise performance
d.
Landing
The effect of runway conditions on the landing distance
USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA MEP

a.
b.
c.
d.
A.4.12
Take-off
-
Find take off field length data
Calculate the field length limited take off mass
Find the accelerate go distance as well the accelerate-stop distance data
Find the ground roll and take off distance
Calculate maximum effort take off data
Calculate all engine and critical engine out take-off climb data
Calculate obstacle clearance take off climb data
X
X
Climb
-
Find rate of climb and climb gradient
Calculate single engine service ceiling
Calculate obstacle clearance climb data
Find the time, distance and fuel to climb
X
X
cruise and descent

-
Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS) and fuel consumption,
normal and one engine inoperative
Calculate range and endurance data
Find the time, distance and fuel to descent
X
X
landing
-
Find landing field length data
Find landing climb data in the event of balked landing.
Find landing distance and ground roll distance
Find short field landing distance and ground roll distance
MASS AND BALANCE

a.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Terminology
-
Define and explain the meaning of centre of gravity
CG limits forward and aft
Define datum (reference point), arm and moment
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 49 of 78
b.
c.
A.4.13
Conditions of equilibrium (Balance of Forces and Balance of Moments)
Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC), (LEMAC)
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass
Maximum Ramp/Taxi Mass
Maximum Take-off Mass
Empty Operating Mass
Maximum Landing Mass
Use of cargo pallets
Maximum floor load
Define the following load terms: Payload, Taxi Fuel, Take off
Fuel, Trip Fuel/ Burn off, Reserve Fuel (Contingency,
Alternate, Final Reserve and Additional Fuel) and Extra Fuel.
Calculating payload without exceeding mass limitations
X
X
Mass limitations
-
The relationship between aircraft mass and structural stress
The relationship between aircraft mass and performance
Centre of gravity (CG) limitations
The relationship between CG position and stability/controllability of aircraft
The effects if CG is in front of the forward limit and if CG is behind the aft limit
Describe the relationship between CG position and aircraft performance
Calculate maximum allowed payload and fuel load not to exceed given
Allowed Mass for Take-off, Zero Fuel and Landing.
X
X
Calculation of CG
-
The principle of calculating the aircrafts CG position
Calculating CG for SEP CAP 696
Calculating CG MEP CAP 696
The principle of using % MAC for the description of the CG position
Calculate the CG position as % MAC
Loading of aircraft not exceeding CG limitation
Maximum load at station not exceeding CG limitation
Movement of CG in flight
Influence of weight shift on CG
Influence of weight loss on CG
FLIGHT PLANNING GENERAL
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 50 of 78
a.
b.
PET and PNR

-
PET (point of equal time)
CP (critical point)
PNR (point of no return)
PSR (point of safe return)
X
X
Specific performance
-
Fuel weight and Performance
Specific weight
Specific gravity
Fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow, endurance
ANM/fuel ratio
GNM/fuel ratio
SUBJECT:
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING (HELICOPTER)
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
H
A.4.1
HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION

a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations
Operations in performance Class 1
Part 91: General Aviation and Operating Flight Rules
Part 91.08.1 General provisions
Part 91.08.2 Helicopter operating limitations
Part 91.08.3 Helicopter performance classification
A.4.2
Part 127.08 Helicopter Performance Operating Limitations
Part 127.08.1 Classification
Part 127.08.2 General provisions for all classes of helicopters
CERTIFICATION
a.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 51 of 78
Type certificate
Type of aircraft
Part 21: Certification procedures for products and parts

-
Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability
Part 21.01.2 (1)(e) - (f) & (2) Types of aircraft
Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design standards
b.
South African Civil Aviation Technical Standards
SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design standards
SA-CATS 21.02.3 (5) Rotorcraft: Normal category

(maximum certificated mass 2 700 kg or less)
A.4.3
A.4.4
A.4.5
A.4.6
A.4.7
SA-CATS 21.02.3 (6) Rotorcraft: Transport category
X
X
AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS

a.
IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS
b.
VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY,
METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
-
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT
Temperature deviation from ISA
Pressure altitude, Density altitude
QNH, QFE, QNE
AERODROME TERMINOLOGY
-
Runway length
Helipads
HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS

a.
Take-off, take-off flight path
b.
En route with one or more engines inoperative
c.
Approach and landing
USE OF BELL 206L HELICOPTER MANUAL:
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Operating limitations
Basic Power Check Chart
Airspeed Correction Table
Height Velocity Diagram
Altitude Vs Gross Weight Limits
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 52 of 78
A.4.7
Hovering IGE Take-off Power
Hovering IGE Maximum Continuous Power
Hovering OGE Take-off Power
Hovering OGE Maximum Continuous Power
Maximum Rate of Climb Take-off Power
Maximum Rate of Climb Maximum Continuous Power
Density Altitude Chart
Fuel Loading Table 1 ASTM TYPE JET B (JP-4)
Fuel Loading Table 2 ASTM TYPE JET A & A-1 (JP-5)
Cabin and Baggage Compartment Table of Moments
MASS AND BALANCE

a.
A.4.8
Terminology:
-
Arm, moment, reference datum, station, centre of gravity (CG)
CG limits forward and aft
CG limits lateral
Maximum ramp mass
Maximum zero fuel mass
Empty operating mass
Maximum floor load
b.
Calculation of CG
c.
Movement of CG in flight
d.
Maximum load at station
e.
Ballast
PET AND PNR

a.
PET (point of equal time)
b.
PNR (point of no return)
with/without fuel reserve
c.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
Fuel weight and Performance
X
X
specific weight
specific gravity
fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow, endurance
ANM/fuel ratio
GNM/fuel ratio
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 53 of 78
SUBJECT:
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER)
CATEGORY APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
C.6.1
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A
a. The atmosphere
composition and structure
the gas laws
oxygen requirement of tissues
b. The Circulation System
composition and function of the blood
the heart and circulation system
blood pressure
pulse rate
blood donation
ailments, recognition and treatment
c. The lungs
basic anatomy
breathing drive, gas transfer
ailments, recognition and treatment
partial pressure and effects of increasing altitude
hypoxia, types, symptoms and prevention
time of useful consciousness
effects of rapid decompression and decompression sickness
entrapped gases, barotrauma
hyperventilation, symptoms and treatment
d. High altitude environment
ozone
radiation
humidity
BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 54 of 78
- effects of pressurisation
- oxygen masks and regulators
e. Vision
basic physiology of the eye
visual field, foveal and peripheral vision, the blind spot
monocular and binocular vision
visual defects and methods of correction
night vision
optical illusions
ailments and treatment
f. Hearing
basic physiology
measurement of and effect sound, noise and hearing loss
g. Equilibrium
vestibular system, function
detection of rotary, angular and linear acceleration
motion sickness, causes, symptoms and prevention
entrapped gases, barotrauma, valsalva
h. Integration of sensory inputs
spatial disorientation
types of illusions
prevention
- the senses
i. Acceleration
a. Personal hygiene
colds
influenza
gastro-intestinal upset
b. Problem areas for pilots
hearing loss
defective vision
effects of positive and negative acceleration on: cardio-vascular

system, vision, limbs and lungs
C.6.2
HEALTH AND HYGIENE
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 55 of 78
hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease
obesity
nutrition
tropical climates, epidemic diseases
diabetes, hypoglycaemia
c. Intoxication
tobacco
alcohol
drugs and selfmedication
various toxic materials
d. Incapacitation
symptoms and causes
gastro-intestinal
cardio-vascular
side effects of drugs and medication
epilepsy, faints
carbon monoxide poisoning
e. Stress
categories: acute , chronic
stages
causes, stressors
anxiety
identification and management
defence mechanisms
f. Fatigue
definition
types: acute, chronic
causes
symptoms
prevention and treatment
- tiredness
g. Body rhythm and sleep
circadian rhythms, disturbances
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 56 of 78
C.6.3
causes
symptoms
treatment
h. Sleep
types and functions
patterns
disturbances and treatment
a. The central and peripheral nervous system
- General adaptation syndrome
sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation
habituation
reflexes and biological control systems
b. Human information processing
selective attention
divided attention
perception
confirmation bias
b. Memory
sensory memory
working (short term) memory
- general
- methods of increasing short term memory

(chunking, association, mnemonics)
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory
environment capture
factors affecting memorization and long term memory
amnesia
motor skills
action slips
BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
Attention and vigilance
long-term memory
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 57 of 78
- learning and learning styles
- motivation and perception
- insight
- arousal
- cognition
c. Human behaviour
Personality
characteristics
individual differences in personality
self concept
attitude development
identification of hazardous attitudes
categories:, skill based, rule based, knowledge based
errors
situational awareness
- human behaviour
- SHELL model
human error model
types of errors
- error chains
prevention and counter-measures
decision making process
making and taking decisions
group versus individual decision making
influences on decision making
pilot judgement
perceptual judgement
cognitive judgement
Behaviour and skills
Human factors, errors and reliability
Judgement and decision making
Cockpit management
crew co-ordination
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 58 of 78
C.6.4
crew co-operation
- Automation
- complacency
-ergonomics
- cockpit lighting
- checklists (use and design philosophy)
leadership style
democratic versus autocratic style
cockpit gradient
verbal communication
non-verbal communication
one-way and two-way communication
conflict management and resolution
- feedback
a. First Aid
- First aid
- Fainting
- Nose bleeds
- Food poisoning
- Dehydration
- Head injuries
- Bleeding
- Fractures
- Burns
- Shock
b. Survival
- Body temperature
- Survival equipment
- Survival at sea or in water
- Survival in very cold climates
Leadership
Communication
First aid and survival
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 59 of 78
- Survival in very hot, arid climates
- Survival in a jungle
SUBJECT:
INSTRUMENTS (AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER)
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
ASPECT
NUMBER
C.7.1
C.7.2
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A
a. Pitot and static system
pitot tube, construction and principles of operation
static source
malfunction
heating
alternate static source
b. Altimeter
construction and principles of operation
simple, sensitive and servo assisted altimeters
errors and tolerances
settings, QNH, QFE, QNE
pressure, true and absolute altitude
altitude alert
c. Airspeed indicator (ASI)
meaning of coloured sectors
maximum speed indicator
errors, blockages and leaks
d. Vertical speed indicator (VSI)
aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)
errors
AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS
GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 60 of 78
a. Gyroscopic fundamentals
theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)
types, construction and principles of operation:
vertical gyro
rate gyro
tied gyro
apparent wander/drift
real wander/drift
mountings, gimbals
drive types: electrical, vacuum system
b. Directional gyro (DG)
construction
principle of operation
limitations
calculation of drift
c. Remote indicating compass
construction and principle of operation
components
modes of operation
mountings, gimbals
drive types: electrical, vacuum system
application, uses of output data
d. Artificial horizon (AH)
turn and acceleration errors
application, uses of output data
e. Turn and slip indicator
errors
Turn Co-ordinator
rate of turn and angle of bank
f. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
- construction and principle of operation
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
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Page 61 of 78
- design and operation
- Flight Management Systems (FMS)
- Primary Flight Display (PFD) and information displayed
- Navigation Display (ND) / Multi-function Display (MFD) and information displayed
- Mode Control Panel (MCP)
information display types and colours
data input
typical aircraft installation
- propulsion system displays
- crew alerting display
- Advanced Technology Systems
- information displayed
C.7.3
C.7.4
C.7.5
C.7.6
C.7.7
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM (EFIS)
FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM

input sources
operation of attitude director indicator (ADI)
operation of horizontal situation indicator (HSI)
AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATORS

sensors
ram rise, recovery factor
SAT, RAT AND TAT
AUTOPILOT
general principles of operation
types: single axis, two axis, three axis
lateral modes (pitch)
longitudinal modes (roll)
combined modes (roll and pitch)
a. Terrestrial magnetism
resolution of the earths magnetic field into vertical and
horizontal components
the effects of change of latitude on these components
MAGNETISM
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 62 of 78
C.7.8
C.7.9
directive force, isodynes
magnetic dip, isoclinals
variation, isogonals, agonic line
changes of the earths magnetic field, secular, periodic
b. Aircraft magnetism
horizontal hard iron, components P and Q
compass swing, calculation of coefficients A, B and C
correction of coefficients A, B and C
deviation on any heading
change of deviation with change of latitude and aircraft
heading
turning and acceleration errors
c. Magnetic compass
components and principle of operation
serviceability tests
adjustment and compensation of direct reading compass
STALL WARNING
a. types of basic stall warning devices
- basic (pneumatic)
- electric
b. Advanced stall warning systems and stall protection
- components and principle of operation
- protection provided
POWERPLANT AND SYSTEM MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

a. Principles, presentation and operational use of:
pressure and temperature sensors
pressure and temperature indicators
RPM indicator, piston and turbine engines
fuel gauge and fuel flow indicators
Torque meter
Vibration monitors
Chip detection
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 63 of 78
SUBJECT 8:
METEOROLOGY
(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER)
ASPECT
NUMBER
A.8.1
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A
- Properties, composition and structure.
ICAO International standard atmosphere (ISA).
ISA deviation.
a. General
- Definition.
- Measurement and units in use:

Pa, hPa/ Mb /inches mercury/ millimetres mercury
- Conversion between units.
Mercury barometer.
Aneroid barometer.
- Pressure altitude.
QNH, QFE, QFF and QNE/1013.25 hPa.
Pressure variation with height and diurnal variation.
Isobars.
- Pressure gradient.
b. Low-pressure systems:
- Characteristics and related terminology.
- Thermal lows.
Troughs.
- Cut-off lows.
- Typical cyclonic weather.
c. High-pressure systems.
- Characteristics and related terminology.
- Thermal highs.
Ridges.
CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY

- Difference and definitions.
A.8.2
A.8.3
THE ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 64 of 78
A.8.4
A.8.5
A.8.5
Typical anti-cyclonic weather.
Cols and associated weather.
Synoptic charts.
a. General:
Measurement and units in use: Celsius

scale, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
- Conversion between units.
b. Heating of the atmosphere and heat transfer processes:
- Insolation.
- Radiation, conduction, convection.
- Advection.
c. Diurnal variation of temperature.
d. Specific heat. Land and sea heating and cooling.
e. Atmospheric greenhouse effect.
a. Atmospheric water and changes of state:
- Latent heat.
Evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting.
- Sublimation and deposition.
b. Saturation, vapour pressure and dew point temperature.
c. Wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. The psychrometer.
d. Atmospheric humidity and measurement of humidity:
Absolute humidity.
Relative humidity.
a. The gas laws and the compressibility of air.
Boyles law.
Charless law.
The ideal gas equation (Boyles and Charless laws).
b. Factors affecting density:
Temperature.
Pressure.
Altitude and latitude.
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
DENSITY
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 65 of 78
A.8.6
A.8.7
Humidity.
c. Density altitude:
- Definition.
- Calculating density altitude.
- Effect of density altitude on aircraft performance.
d. The dangers of flight operations in hot, high and humid

conditions.
a. Variation of atmospheric pressure levels with changing

pressure and temperature.
b. Calculations involving pressure and temperature corrections.
c. Calculating true altitude.
a. Definitions and terminology:
Veering and backing.
Gust, squall, lull, gale, hurricane, gust factor.
b. Measurement of wind:
- Wind direction and speed.
- Wind vane and anemometer.
c. Formation of wind:
Pressure gradient force.
Coriolis effect.
Geostrophic wind and Buys Ballots law.
Gradient wind.
Surface wind.
Diurnal variation of wind.
d. Global circulation patterns:
- General global pressure distribution.
- General surface winds and circulation patterns

(Trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies).
e. Local winds:
Land and Sea breezes.
Katabatic and anabatic winds.
The Fhn wind.
The Berg wind.
- The Sirocco.
ALTIMETRY
WIND
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 66 of 78
A.8.8
A.8.9
A.8.10
- The Khamsin.
- The Simoon.
- The Shamal.
- The Haboob.
- The Harmattan.
a. The theory of adiabatic processes.
b. Lapse rates:
Environmental lapse rate (ELR).
Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR).
Saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR).
c. Atmospheric stability:
Absolute stability.
Absolute instability.
Conditional instability.
Neutral stability.
Inversions.
Isothermal layers.
a. Cloud observations and measurement:
- Cloud amount.
- Definitions of cloud ceiling and cloud base.
- Methods of measuring cloud base and ceiling.
b. Cloud formation:
Convective.
Orographic.
Frontal.
Convergent.
Turbulent.
c. Cloud classification.
d. Cloud types.
LAPSE RATES, ADIABATIC PROCESSES, AND STABILITY
CLOUDS
PRECIPITATION
a. Condensation nuclei.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 67 of 78
A.8.11
A.8.12
b. Precipitation processes:
Bergeron theory (ice particle theory).
Collision and coalescence theory.
c. Types of precipitation.
d. Intensity of precipitation.
e. Continuity of precipitation.
a. Formation:
Conditions for development.
b. Thunderstorm classification:
Convective.
Orographic.
Convergent.
Frontal.
Nocturnal.
c. Additional classifications:
- Ordinary and severe.
- Line storms (squall lines).
d.The three stages of thunderstorm development.
e. The gust front and related phenomena.
f. Hazards:
Windshear and turbulence.
Microbursts.
Hail.
- Icing.
- Lightning
- Tornadoes.
g. Avoidance and penetration.
a. Dangers.
b. Airframe icing:
Conditions for formation.
- Kinetic heating formula.
THUNDERSTORMS
ICE ACCRETION
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 68 of 78
A.8.13
c. Types:
Clear (glaze) ice.
Rime ice.
Mixed ice.
Freezing precipitation and rain ice.
Hoar frost.
d. Engine icing:
e. Piston engine icing.
Impact icing.
Fuel icing.
Carburettor icing: cause, recognition, prevention.
f. Gas turbine engine icing.
g. Factors affecting the severity of icing.
h. ICAO definitions for levels of icing:
- Light, moderate, severe.
i. Ice protection:
- Anti-icing and de-icing.
a. Windshear:
Definition of windshear.
- Causes.
Low-level windshear.
Effect on aircraft in flight.
- Approach techniques.
b. Turbulence:
Definition of turbulence.
Types and causes.
c. Mountain waves and associated turbulence:
- Conditions for formation and dangers.
Visual detection of mountain waves.
d. Wake turbulence:
- Cause.
- Dangers.
WINDSHEAR AND TURBULENCE
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 69 of 78
A.8.14
A.8.15
A.8.16
A.8.17
- Conditions affecting its severity.
- Wake turbulence weight categories.
- Avoidance during crossing traffic, take-off and landing.
a. Visibility:
- Definition and measurement.
- Types of visibility restrictions and their definitions:

mist, fog, haze, glare, smog, dust and sand.
- Slant visibility.
VISIBILITY
b. Runway visual range (RVR):
- Definition and measurement.
c. Fog:
Radiation fog.
Advection fog.
Frontal fog.
Orographic (upslope).
Steam fog.
AIR MASSES
- Definition of an air mass.
- Classification.
Modification.
Air masses affecting South Africa.
a. Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones.
b. Cold fronts:
Formation, characteristics and weather.
Changes with the passage of the front.
Flying conditions and penetration procedures.
c. Warm fronts:
Formation, characteristics and weather.
Changes with the passage of the front.
Flying conditions and penetration procedures.
FRONTS
HURRICANES (TROPICAL CYCLONES)

- Development and characteristics.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 70 of 78
A.8.18
A.8.19
A.8.20
- Associated weather.
- Commonly occurring regions.
a. General world climatic zones.
b. ITCZ: characteristics, weather and seasonal movement.
c. Regional climatology:
- General African climate and significant weather.
- Mediterranean climate, weather. Significant weather.
a. South African climate and climatic regions.
b. South African summer patterns.
c. South African winter patterns.
d. South African weather phenomena:
- Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones (frontal systems).
- Hurricanes (Tropical cyclones).
- Coastal lows.
the South Westerly Buster
- Easterly weather (the Guti).
The Cape Doctor
Cut-off lows and the Black South Easter
a. SAWS aviation website www.aviation.weathersa.co.za:
- Basic layout.
- Information obtainable.
b. Weather analysis and forecasting:
Synoptic weather charts and symbols. Station decode.
Significant (prognostic) weather charts.
Upper winds and temperatures charts.
c. Weather information for flight planning:
d. Interpretation of:
- METAR.
- TAF.
- SPECI.
CLIMATOLOGY AND WORLD WEATHER
SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 71 of 78
- SIGMET/ AIRMET/ SPECIAL AIR REPORT.
e. Meteorological broadcasts for aviation:
- ATIS.
SUBJECT 9:
NAVIGATION (AEROPLANE)
ASPECT
NUMBER
A.9.1
SYLLABUS ASPECT
A.9.3
A.9.4
THE EARTH
a.
A.9.2
Form of the earth

-
polar axis, direction and rate of rotation
great circles, small circles and rhumb lines
meridians of longitude, limits east/west, prime meridian
difference of longitude
convergency and conversion angle
latitude, limits north/south, equator
difference of latitude
use of co-ordinates to fix position
DIRECTION
-
true north
magnetic north
isogonals and variation east and west
compass north
application of compass deviation
radio bearings: QTE, QDR, QDM, QUJ
DISTANCE
-
units of distance: nautical and statute miles, kilometres, metres, feet
conversion from one unit to another
relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude
THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND TIME

-
seasonal and apparent movements of the sun
apparent solar day
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 72 of 78
A.9.5
mean solar day
sidereal day
Equinox, solstice, aphelion, perihelion
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
Local mean time (LMT), zone time and standard time
conversions of arc to time
coordinated universal time (UTC)
time conversions
international date line
determination of sunrise, sunset, civil twilight
variation of time with sunrise, sunset, latitude and altitude
CHARTS
a.
b.
c.
A.9.6
Chart projection theory

-
types of projection: Azimuthal/Plane, cylindrical, conical
orthomorphic/conformal charts
scale, representative fraction, scale factor and calculations
Mercator chart
-
method of construction and properties
representation of great circle, rhumb lines, meridians and
parallels of latitude
plotting radio bearings
scale variation and calculations
measurement or calculation or tracks and distance
Lamberts Conformal Conic

-
method of construction and properties
representation of great circle, rhumb lines, meridians and parallels of

latitude
plotting radio bearings
scale variation and calculations
measurement or calculation or tracks and distance
RELATIVE VELOCITY
-
speed of opening and closing
aircraft separation
controlled time of arrival by changing speed
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 73 of 78
A.9.7
DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION
a.
Use of the navigation computer/calculator
speed, distance, time, EET and ETA
fuel consumption and endurance
RAS, TAS compressibility correction
conversions
b.
A.9.8
Triangle of velocities, determination of:

-
heading, track
TAS, groundspeed
wind velocity
drift
NAVIGATION PLOTTING
a.
Use of South African Plotting chart (1: 5 000 000)
b.
Navigation during climb and descent
c.
constant RAS
constant rate of climb
mean climb wind velocity
groundspeed/distance covered during climb and descent
Navigation in cruising flight

-
d.
e.
heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position
Use of various fixes to revise navigation data

-
plotting of co-ordinates
use of single position lines (QTE) to confirm GS
radial and DME distance
combination of NDB/VOR bearings
determination of track, distance and EET/ETA for destination
Track corrections
-
use of 1 in 60 rule
SUBJECT:
RADIO AID & COMMUNICATION (AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER)
ASPECT
NUMBER
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CPL SYLLABUS
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
Page 74 of 78
C.10.1
C.10.2
a. Electromagnetic waves
frequency, wave length, cycle, phase, amplitude
frequency bands
sidebands, double sideband, single sideband,
band width
carrier wave, modulation, demodulation
amplitude modulation
frequency modulation
pulse modulation
designation of emission
signal/noise ratio
b. Antennas
characteristics
polarisation
polar diagram
types of antennas
c. Wave propagation
ground waves
direct waves
sky waves
ionosphere, critical angle, skip distance
dead space, refraction
fading
factors affecting propagation (reflection,
absorption, attenuation, coastline, mountain, static)
principles
presentation and interpretation
coverage
range
BASIC RADIO THEORY
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)

a.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
ADF loop theory, rotating and fixed loop antennas
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 75 of 78
C.10.3
C.10.4
C.10.5
C.10.6
errors and accuracy
factors affecting range and accuracy
RBI and RMI
principles
coverage
range
errors and accuracy
CDI and RMI
Doppler VOR
principles
coverage
range
errors and accuracy
principles
coverage
range
errors and accuracy
principles
coverage
range
VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES

pulse techniques and associated terms
C.10.7
GROUND RADAR
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 76 of 78
C.10.8
C.10.9
C.10.10
C.10.11
C.10.12
C.10.13
errors and accuracy
errors and accuracy
application for navigation
principles
modes and codes, including mode S
principles
coverage
range
principles
frequency band
errors and accuracy
principles
frequencies
testing
VOR/DME area navigation
advantages and disadvantages
accuracy, reliability and coverage
flight deck equipment
system Components and principle of operation
advantages and disadvantages
- navigation system performance requirements
SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR)
AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
RADIO ALTIMETER
EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)
SATELLITE ASSISTED NAVIGATION: GNSS / NAVSTAR GPS
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 77 of 78
reliability/integrity
- authorisation and documentation
- errors and limitations
- human Factors and GNSS
1.
MOTIVATION
2.1
Part 61.11 was revised and approved by CARCom in January 2014. The revised subpart 11 makes
provision for a single-paper examination towards the Instrument rating examination, due to become
effective on 2015-08-01. This provision necessitates changes to the Technical Standards pertaining
to the examinations, which are included in this revised document. The major implication is that the
Instrument Rating (IR) syllabus has to be divorced from the Commercial Pilots Licence (CPL)
syllabus.
1.2
Appendix 2.0A currently contains the theoretical knowledge requirements (syllabus) for both the
CPL as well as the IR. This is not reconcilable with the proposed single-paper IR examination,
because of the following factors:
a. The single-paper IR examination follows a different philosophy to the present format in its
division into topics instead of subjects;
b. The emphasis will be on a more complete evaluation (i.e. testing operational insight as well
as theoretical knowledge) and the syllabus has to be adjusted to accommodate this, where
necessary;
c. It is necessary to reinforce point that the IR has been separated from the CPL to avoid
confusion and ambiguity in the industry by separating the respective syllabi;
d. Although the perusal of the IR syllabus will require more effort from candidates that require a
professional licence and an IR, it is deemed to be more user-friendly towards PPL
candidates requiring only an IR. The accessibility of an IR for such candidates was a major
consideration in the implementation of the new IR concept.
APPENDIX 2.0A CPL
CPL SYLLABUS
Page 78 of 78

CPL SYLLABUS FOR AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

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CPL SYLLABUS FOR AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

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APPENDIX 2.

0 A TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:

plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings, roller bearings

APPENDIX 2.0A CPL

strainers, sediment traps

AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS

structural components and materials

b. Cockpit and cabin windows

construction (laminated glass)

c. Wings and stabilising surfaces

types of construction and materials

structural components and materials

vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces

locking devices and emergency extension systems

accidental retraction prevention devices

position, movement lights and indicators

wheels and tyres (construction, markings, limitations)

Basic principles of hydromechanics

components and operation of basic hydraulic system

APPENDIX 2.0A CPL

main, standby and emergency systems

operation, indicators and warning systems

f. Air driven systems

components, construction and operation of basic system

potential failures, warning devices, indicators

Air conditioning system

heating and cooling

construction, functioning and controls

cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude

pressurised zones in the aircraft

operation and indicators

safety devices and warning systems

rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning

pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings/control surfaces

components, construction and operation

use and operational limitations

aerofoil, control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield

components, construction and operation

use and operational limitations

ice warning system

g. Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems

Components, construction and operation of:

APPENDIX 2.0A CPL

pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices

structural components and types

venting and drains: purpose

pressure feed, type of pumps

primer system, manual/electric

Fuel system monitoring

operation, indicators, warning systems

electric circuits and the electrical field

voltage, current, resistance

resistance as a function of temperature

electrical power and electrical work

protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches

function, type and operation

the capacitor: function

theory, types and characteristics

APPENDIX 2.0A CPL

relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function and applications

principle, function and applications