Things I should know

SQ1
Notes 11th Circuit SQ1 Court
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C.R v. Eugene School District

Facts
o Off campus speech
o Verbally sexually harrasing
o Suspended
o Speech between students
o Near School
o Kids felt unsafe with the language
Opinion
o School Policy reasonable
Sexual harassment includes verbal conduct in a sexual
nature
o Could Regulate speech
Schools must achieve a balance between safety and
speech
Karp v. Becken
Types of speech allowed
Vulgar language
o Fraser
School sponsored speech
o Hazelwood
Illegal drug use
o Morse v. Fredrick
Speech in none of these categories
o Tinker
Sided with could regulate speech before
Wynar
o Threatening to commit a school shooting on
Myspace, at home
LaVine
o Wrote poem from perspective of school
shooter, expelled student out of caution
Other Courts regulation of speech
Kowalski v. Berkeley County Schools- 4th Circuit
o See if students off campus speech is close
enough to school to permit regulation

S.J.W v. Lees Summit R-7 School District- 8th Circuit

o See if it was reasonably foreseeable that off
campus speech would reach the school
Bell v. Itawamba City School Bd. 5th Circuit
o Student uploaded a rap video with vulgar and
threatening lyrics at home
o Said school can regulate, because when
student intentionally directs speech understood
to harass and threaten a teacher can be
applied
Tinker standard
Schools can restrict speech that might reasonably
lead to substantial disruption with school activities
Or that it collides with the rights of other students to
be secure and left alone
Why school can under other Circuit rulings
Nexus standard in Kowalski
o People were students
o Took place on a path that begins at the
schoolhouse door
o Unclear if even left school property, for no clear
markings
o School just let out so all students together
because of school
o Regulation holds up with first amendment/Tinker
The harassment would have caused a substantial
disruption to school
The harassment threatens the safety of the students
Holding
o The discipline is allowed because it was close enough to the
school to be restricted under the Tinker standard, and it met
both planks of Tinker to be regulated, even though only one is
sufficient.

Prior Restraint
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Charged with making a terroristic threat and using a computer to

commit a crime about killing white police officers
Packinghan v. North Caroling
City of Ladue v. Gilleo
What type of information can be subject to prior restraint by the
government?
o Definition
Prior censorship is censorship before the expression takes
place

Prevents censored material from being heard or distributed

at all
o Movies and TV
Can require a license before published, government can
deny license
Board of censors held up in Mutual Film Corporation v.
Industrial Commission of Ohio
o Publication of information affecting national security during
wartime
Alien and Sedition Act
Espionage Act
o Publication of information on legal cases in progress can be
restricted by injunction
What kind of information should be subject to prior restraint?
o None
Government should not regulate speech before it is said,
only punish it if said after. Very difficult to
Blackstones Commentaries say freedom of press is
the right to be free from prior restraints, and person
should not be punished for speaking or writing the
truth
Prior restraint is the most extreme form of censorship
Nebraska Press Assn v. Stuart
o National Security
Keeps people safe! Ruled unconstitutional in Near v.
Minnesota except in national security circumstances
Disagree
New York Times v. Sullivan
Revolts like in Shenck v. United States
Should school officials or law enforcement deal with problematic
student speech?

Early Speech regulations

-

Blackstones commentaries defined freedom of speech as lack of prior

restraint, for the government could only punish for speech after it was
said, not stop it before it was said
Three restrictions of speech (libels)
o Sedition- criticism of the government
o Defamation- criticism of individuals
o Blasphemy- criticism of religion
Any speech against the government, even if true, was bad for public
order

Drafting of First Amendment

-

Created to safeguard majorities (republicans of 1790s) against a selfinterested Congress

Protecting the people from self interest of government Federalist 51
Was another amendment that stopped state governments from
restricting speech and press, created by Madison, died in the Senate

House Un-American Activities

The HUAC was created to investigate alleged disloyalty of private citizens.
The committee focused investigation on real and suspected communists in
United States society. One large investigation was of with Alger Hiss in 1948,
convincing many the usefulness of the committee for uncovering
communists. After the decline of the McCarthy era in the 1950s, former
president Harry Truman denounced the committee and called it the most
un-American thing in the country today.

Teacher Speech Rights

Hazelwood and Bethel Grant school administrators with broad

discretion on what is educationally suitable
Lacks v. Ferguson
Johnson v. Poway
o San Diego Teacher who was ordered to remove banners with
religious ideals on it
o Job related speech
o Argued viewpoint discrimination- made to take down specific
banners but other are allowed to leave up theirs
Garcetti v. Ceballos
o When public officials engage in job-duty speech they have no
First Amendment Protection
C.F v. Capistrano
o Dismissed a suit that a teacher was accused by a student of
making derogatory comments about religious faith

College speech Rights

SQ2
Excise Act of 1758
The Excise Act of 1754 allowed tax collectors to interrogate any citizen under
oath concerning his annual consumption of alcohol. It exposed the entire
community to compulsory self-incrimination, as it expanded the many laws
allowing general searches in the colonies. Colonists argued the act violated
the Magna Carta, natural rights, and the security of ones privacy at home.
Grievances over search and seizure had been accumulating in colonies for

over 25 years, and this was seen as the last straw. The Act inspired
legislation requiring specific warrants for custom searches.

Privacy- Intellectual
Intellectual privacy is having protections from being watched/interfered when
making our mind up about the world; surfing the Web, talking on the phone.
Intellectual privacy is important because without it (when we are being
knowingly surveilled) our beliefs and thoughts become mainstream, and live
in fear of learning and discussing controversial topics.

Klayman v. Obama
I agree with the holding. The bulk data collection violates peoples right to
privacy. It also held that Smith v. Maryland did not apply to the NSA because
pen registers are short term forward looking capture, while NSAs
surveillance is long term historical retrospective analysis.
I disagree with the outcome of the case, for I do not believe that the plaintiffs
had substantial standing in the case. The court did not find any evidence that
the plaintiffs data was being analyzed, so I believe that the case should not
have gone forward.

Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement

Act (CALEA)
The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act is a United States
wiretapping law in 1994 that enhances the ability of law enforcement to
conduct electronic surveillance by requiring telecommunications carriers and
manufactures to ensure they have built in surveillance capabilities. Some
argue that it covers monitoring communications rather than just tapping
specific and not all access requires a warrant.

Stellar Wind
Stellar Wind is the code name for the information collected under the
Presidents Surveillance Program, approved by president G.W Bush after
9/11. The program involved data minding of commutations of American
citizens, such as email, telephone conversations, and financial transactions.
According to the FBI director at the time, 99% of cases lead nowhere. In 2004
it was discovered that the NSA was collecting purely domestic data along
with foreign communications. Bush reauthorized the program to include the
ability to collect domestic data in May of 2004.

Facts of USA Freedom Act

The USA Freedom Act, passed on June 2nd, restored and modified from
several provisions of the Patriot Act, reauthorizing wiretaps and tracking lone
wolf terrorists, as well as imposing some new limits on bulk data collection.

According to Representative Jim Sensenbrenner, who introduced the bill, the

Freedom Act was created to Rein in the NSAs collection of data, increase
transparency of FISC, and create a constitutional advocate to argue cases
before the FISC. It amend Section 215 of the Patriot Act to ensure that any
data phone records collected by the government involved terrorism, ending
bulk collection while still allowing the intelligence communities ability to
gather info. The first draft of the Freedom Act in 2014 was defeated in the
senate. The Freedom Act was reintroduced in 2015, with amendments to
decrease the amount of transparency that was required by the previous bill,
outraging civil rights groups. This bill passed in the House and the Senate
with an overwhelming majority.

National Security Letters

o Allows for the NSA to demand data on citizens from private
companies without judicial review
From judge of Southern District of New York: Justifies for
government finding data about who supports a political
campaign, or a list of people who are a part of the blog
against the government
o Recipients are subject to Gag orders so cannot reveal the letters
existence
o ACLU v. Ashcroft- believed gag orders were unconstitutional
Telephone companies had no legal process to stop this
data collection from NSA
Cannot disclose that a person even received a subpoena
Only a district court decision, waiting on the government to
appeal
o Violates Freedman v. Maryland about gag orders
Must go to court to receive a gag order
Gag orders must be limited in time
o Also does not live up to the strict scrutiny standard necessary for
curtailing speech on content

Section 215- Used to collect phone data

information about Americans
o 2013 NSA released documents that showed that NSA collected
cell sites without letting FISC or Congress know

No Fly lists
o Over 81,000 peoples on it, less than 1,000 are Americans
o Democrats think that no fly lists are good because it is used to
deny suspected-terrorist access to guns
o Republicans think the list is too broad

Section 802 of the Patriot Act re-defines what is

domestic terrorism

A person engages in domestic terrorism if they do an act ""dangerous

to human life"" that is a violation of the criminal laws of a state or the
United States,
if the act appears to be intended to:
o Intimidate or coerce a civilian population;
o Influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion;
o To affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction,
assassination or kidnapping acts
o Have to occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the
United States and if they do not, may be regarded as
international terrorism.

Aptheker v. Secretary of State

FIND DATA

Automobile searches:
Automobile searches do not always require a warrant, however, probably
cause is necessary to search the car, passenger compartments, and closed
containers within the car. If the driver is in custody at the stationhouse or the
car is about to be impounded the police is allowed to search the car. The
police are also allowed to search the car if there is probable cause that there
is more evidence of the crime the driver was arrested for in the car,
something as simple as a traffic violation does not warrant a full search of
the car. Passenger compartments are slightly different, as held in Arizona v.
Gant, police can only search the passenger compartment if the arrestee has
access to the compartment at the moment of the search or the police
reasonably believe the compartment would have evidence of the offense of
the arrest. However, if the police have objective reason to believe that the
car is carrying contraband they are permitted to search the car and closed
containers, even if its the passengers belongings.

Routine Traffic Stops:

During routine traffic stops police can stop cars for regulatory purposes, but
it must because of suspicion of wrongdoing based on objective standard. As
held in Delaware v. Prouse, totally random stops are unconstitutional. Police
can also have checkpoints for eyewitness to crimes but not for intentions for
general crime-fighting.

11th Circuit court Notes

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11th Circuit Court

Background

o Quartavius Davis convicted on Hobbs Act robbery, conspiracy,

and possession of a firearm
o Committed 7 robberies in 2 months
o Lots of evidence of crime
Eyewitness, testimony from people involved, surveillance
camera, telephone records
Court must decide whether the court-order by the Stored
Communications Act that compelled the production from a third party
telephone company business containing telephone information violated
4th amendment right
o Was not violation of 4th amendment
United States v. Davis
Court Order about MetroPCS (phone company)
o Court order directing phone companies to disclose information
about phone numbers ending in 5642,
Telephone subscriber records
Phone toll records
Geographic location data of phones
Only records from august 1 2010-October 6 2010
o What MetroPCS gave up
Telephone numbers made by and to Davis
If the calls were outgoing or incoming
Date, time and duration of the call
Number assigned to the cell tower that was connected to
the class
Sector number of tower
Last two are collectively called historical cell tower
location information
o What MetroPCS records did not show
Contents of the call
Contents of cell phone
Data from text messages
Cell tower info when cell phone wasnt making a call
No GPS information
o Clearly narrowly tailored records that were closely related to the
crimes under investigation
o Under the Stored Communications Act
States government may require a telephone service
provider to disclose a record pertaining to a subscriber (not
content) if court finds specific facts that there are
reasonable grounds to believe the records sought are
relevant to an ongoing investigation
Does not need to show probable Cause
o Other Constitutional challenges to the Statue

 United States v. Campbell

United States v. Jordan
United States v. Gibson
o Appeal found that the data collection did violate the 1st
amendment, but was still admitted under the good faith doctrine
Davis argued that the Fourth Amendment precludes the
government from obtaining a third partys records without
a search warrant (aka probable cause)
o Stored Communications Act with Appeal
Protects privacy
Imposes neutral magistrate (United States v. Karo)
Telephone records are only made available if the
police have a factual basis for why the records are
important for an ongoing criminal investigation
Telephone companies cannot voluntarily disclose
info, must be served with court order
No improper disclosure
Penalties for violating the act
o Money damages
o Disciplinary proceedings
o Fourth Amendment Claims
Search
United States v. Jones
o Held the GPS tracking was a Fourth
Amendment violation
o Does not apply to Davis because it was not a
physical intrusion, like Jones was
Originally in Kyllo v. United States, search involved
some trespassory intrusion on property
Reasonable expectation of privacy (Katz. V. United
States)
o Subjective Expectation of Privacy
o Society willing to recognize that expectation
was reasonable
o AKA must be both subjective and objective
intent
United States v. Robinson
Third Party Business Records
o No reasonable expectation of privacy
maintained by a third-party business
o United States v. Miller
Federal agents subpoenaed banks while
investigating tax fraud

Question was did Miller have a legitimate

expectation of privacy in his documents
contents
SCOTUS held that no protected privacy
Documents were business records
which the bank were parties
Miller voluntarily conveyed
information to the banks
o Smith v. Maryland
Telephone users have no reasonable
expectation of privacy dialed in
telephone numbers by pen registers
No subjective or objective expectation of
privacy
o Fifth Circuit concluded that a legislative body
can make more privacy-leaning statues if they
so chose
o Not Davis records to withhold, just like cannot
withhold surveillance footage from a store
Concurring William Pryor
o Court order compelling a telephone company to disclose cell
tower location information would not violate cell phone users
Fourth Amendment rights even without the SCA
Smith is closer to the case because voluntary gave up
information rather than Jones
If user doesnt want to disclose information, should not
place the call
Did not want collection of location could have turned off
the phone, cell towers can only collect data if its in the car
Concurring Jordan and Wilson
o No passive taking of data with cell phone companies
Concurring- Rosenbaum
o [I]t may be necessary to reconsider the premise that an
individual has no reasonable expectation of privacy in
information voluntarily disclosed to third parties. Said by Justice
Sotomayor
o Hotel room can be object of Fourth Amendment protection Hoffa
v. United States
o Storage in the Cloud has reasonable expectation of privacy
Dissent Martin and Jill Pryor
o Smith does not apply- it had voluntary numerical information,
while cell phone users dont voluntarily give up their location
when they make a call
o Not all third party allowance dissolve reasonable expectation of
privacy United States v. Jacobsen

Held that letters and sealed packages still have reasonable

expectation of privacy in the hands of third party mail
carriers
o Sought to preserve something private Bond v. United States
o All officers should be required to get a warrant
o Steps lead to irretrievable impairment of substantial liberties
Glasser v. United States

Google Privacy
Google has changed their terms of service to now allow for them to analyze
content of search and email data, to allow for more personally relevant
features. As Google admits, when you upload, submit, store, send, or
receive content you give Google a license to use that content. Many have
sued for breaches of their Fourth Amendment rights,

UK data
UK data collection laws have just been passed, giving more control to
consumers on how their data is used by the businesses. Ad companies are
expected to take the hardest hit, but it Is also suspected to hurt innovation
and growth. After the law goes into effect in 2018, companies will be
required to prove legal grounds for using consumer data, obtained by getting
consumer consent. The maximum fine on businesses will depend on the size
of the offense, but the maximum penalty will be 4% global sales revenue.

FISA

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 1978

o Background
Cointelpro- Nixon had groups he didnt like, so they would surveil
to try to undermine their administrations
NY Police departments with Muslims
o Need different warrant process for surveillance in the United States
from foreign powers
o Creates FISC
11 Judges, federal district court judges, serve 7 years term

To get a warrant
o Go to judges
o If denied, go to FISC of review, with three judges
o Both courts top secret

Who trying to get warrants

o NSA
Part of DOD
Collect and analyze foreign communications
o FBI

DOJ
Enforce criminal laws in the US and counterterrorism
responsibilities
Surveillance ok in two scenarios
o Court order
Gov must show person is foreign power or an agent of foreign
power
AND significant purpose of the warrant is to gather foreign
intelligence
Dont have to show crime has been, is, or will be committed
o Without a Court Order
President can authorize through attorney general if
No substantial likelihood that surveillance will acquire
communications to which a US person is a party
US Person- citizen, resident?

Attorney General must certify these conditions have been met to

the FISA court and report compliance to congressional
intelligence committee
Only allows surveillance of foreign powers

FISA for oversight

o Judicial and congressional oversight
o Enforcement
If government surveillance people outside scope or not
permitted are punishable by criminal or civil sanctions
Statue in 1994- Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act- CALEA
o Telecommunication company and equipment makers must modify
products so they have built in surveillance capabilities for the
government
o Was expanded to cover internet providers and internet makers
9/11
o

After Congress passed Authorization of Use of Military Force- AUMF

Blank check to the president to do anything they need to do to
hunt down bad people from 9/11
GW Bush executive order authorizing wireless phone tapping of
both phone calls and texts/emails, when
One party is outside the united states and
One party is a member is working in support of Al Qaeda
Commander in Chief powers in Article Two to allow for wartime
surveillance
Lack of Checks and balances/separation powers- from the NYT
Bush administration said that they reported to congress, notifies
13 members who had committee roles on 12 occasions that the
warrantless wiretapping order was happening

o
o

Fourth Amendment
Warrantless wiretapping of one person in the Us
2005 NYT articles about surveillance program
Attorney general confirms the program exists
Good job reporting it
No checks and balances, great show of press checking the
government
Treason/not good
Violation of espionage act of 1917
Once they published, terrorists changed their tactics
NSA

o
o

2006 USA today

database
7 months after 9/11,
collected 1.9 trillion calls through 4 largest telephone carriers
Who caller was
Who recipient was
Date and time of call
Length of Call
Metadata important for predictive analytics
Bush admin never confirmed or denied the metadata database
Program never approved by Fisa
Smith v. Maryland justification

Statue of Protect America Act of 2007

Congress goes and approves executive order allowing wireless data
tapping
Communications that begin or end abroad may be wiretapped without
FISC supervision
Attorney General must make a certificate and file it with the FISC

o
o

2008 Fisa amendment Act

Gives legal immunity to telecommunications activities
Hepting v. AT&T
Minimized reporting requirements to FISC
Before Warrantless surveillance could only be done 48 hours, FISA
increased to a week
Foreign or Abroad is a year warrantless surveillance
President can't use war powers to get around surveillance rules

2009 Newspapers
Overcollection of purely domestic of email and phone collections

o
o
o

Stored communications act

SQ3
Assembly Facts
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39% of adults have recently contacted a government official or spoke

out in a government forum
2/3rds of all 18-24 year engaged in some social network political
activities
43% of social networking users said they learned about social or
political issues because of something they read online

William Penn assembling- colonial history

William Penn was charged for assembling when him and 5 other people
assembled against the Conventicle Act of 1670 that forbade assembling for a
religious purpose. The jury on their trial would not agree to add unlawful
assembly to their sentence, angering the English judge. This trial is thought
to have spilled over when argued to prod the people who were creating the
bill of rights to stop them from striking the right to assembly, because it was
shown that not all assembly is to petition the government, therefor a
separate guarantee was necessary.

Federal Buildings and Grounds Improvement Act of

2011
President Obama signed H.R 347: Federal Restricted Buildings and Grounds
Improvement Act of 2011. This law allows the Secret Service more
jurisdiction to make arrests and move protests during an intentional
disruption of government functions. The law defines restricted buildings and
grounds as the White House, the Vice Presidents official residence, buildings
or grounds where the President or someone protected by the Secret Service
is at, or a building or grounds restricted because of an event of national
significance. The law also gave more power to Secret Service, for they could
arrest someone who who knew they were in a restriced area but not that
they knew they were committing a crime. This is a revision from previous
laws that required a person to knowingly and willingly act to commit a
trespassing crime. There is much controversy surrounding this Act because it
regulates the location of the speech and who can hear it, which are
fundamental necessities of assembly.

Membership and Association

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Membership in a group cannot be made illegal unless

o the group is actively engaged in unlawful activity or incites
others to imminent lawless actions, and
o the individuals knows of the groups illegal activity and intends to
further the illegal goals

Government cannot deny job/benefit bc of a persons associations

Must use strict scrutiny test (compelling interest, narrowly drawn to
achieve end) if want to regulate speech based on content restrictions
If regulating based on content neutral, use time, place and manner
Spence v. Washington set standard to whether conduct gets first
amendment protection
o Must have intent to convey a particularized message
o Likelihood message would be understood by someone who reads
it
Unprotected speech categories
o Incitement of imminent lawless behavior and fighting words
o Obscenity
o Misleading speech (aka fraud)
o Speech integral to criminal conduct, aka part of a conspiracy to
commit a crime
o Defamation
Speech that SCOTUS decided will be protected
o Animal Crush Videos (U.S v. Stevens)
o False statements (U.S v. Alvarez)
Brandenburg test
o Clear and present danger
o Schenck v. United States
1917 Espionage Act illegal to attempt to cause disloyalty
for the military
defendants charged conspiracy to violate the draft
court found they could be convicted bc could be a clear
and present evil that would bring about the substantive
evils, jury would decide if guilty or not
o Abrams v. United States
Marketplace of ideas (Holmes dissent)

Million Woman March/Womens March on

Washington
On January 21st, one day after Trumps inauguration, there is a planned
Million Mom march to commence on the Washington DC mall. This is mirrored
after the 1997 Million Mom march to protest Gun rights. The purpose of this
march is not to preach Anti-trump rhetoric, but to come together and send a
message that the next four years will not change the historic actions that
have been won for womens rights. While it is in its early stages of creation,
there is a Facebook page that has over 70,000 already pledging to go, as well
as smaller local Facebook pages that have thousands of people signed up.
The group has recently changed the name to Womens March on Washington,
after cultural appreciation concerns have surfaced. The group is also working
to get a permit for their march.

Boston Draft Riots of 1863

In 1863, Bostonians rioted against the draft for the Civil War. For $300 people
could get out of the draft, so those were drafted were poor and many times
minorities. When two government officials went to homes to hand out draft
riot tickets, and were met with furious protesters who beat the two men.
They were able to get away, and the Boston police had to barricade
themselves in the station house for safety. Rioters tore bricks from the
sidewalk and throwing at local businesses. A majority of the protesters were
women. Soldiers fired cannons into the crowd, killing many including a 12
year old boy. Protests dispersed the same night, and soon after commenced
the New York Draft Riots.

NAACP Sit Ins

The Greensboro sit ins were the most well-known sit ins of the Civil Rights
Movements. The took place predominantly at the Woolworth store in North
Carolina. The first sit ins were organized in the Alexandria library in Virginia.
The protest began on February 1st, 1960 at 4:30 pm. Four students requested
to be served in the white section, and when waitresses refused to serve
them, they stayed at the counter until closing. Protests were spurred after
this sit in all across North Carolina, and then then Virginia and Tennessee.
Students then began to boycott all racially-segregated schools, leading to
most desegregating in order to save their business. Specifically, Nashville
students who started their sit ins a few days after Greensboro, attained
desegregation of their downtown department store.

2003 antiwar protests in Portland

10s of thousands of people across the country protested the Us participation
in the Iraq War. Specifically, in Portland, over 30,000 protesters converged on
the banks of the Willamette
as John Lewis, a key leader during the civil rights leader, gave a passionate
speech against the word. More than 100 people were arrested throughout
the protests.

Dakota Pipeline
The Standing Rock Sioux tribe, along with representatives from over 200
tribes, has been protesting the construction of an oil pipeline. They contend
the pipeline would disturb sacred lands and would harm the Missouri River,
tainting the tribes water. Protesters call to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers
to halt the construction of the pipeline and change the route. Over 400
arrests have taken place since the start of the protests, and the police have
used military force to combat the peaceful protests. The tribe is also suing
the U.S Army Corps to try to get an emergency injunction to stop the tribe
from continuing their building on sacred grounds.

Zionist movement
Zionism is a political movement by Jewish culture supporting the
reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel. Since the first
century most Jews have lived outside the Land of Israel. This movement has
succeeded because over 40% of Jews now live in Israel. Zionism also seeks
to assimilate Jews into the modern world. Before 1948, the primary goal of
Zionism was to re-establish Jewish sovereignty in Israel, however once Israel
was established, Zionism primarily advocates on behalf of Israel and threats
to its existence and security.

Black Lives Matter

The Black Lives Matter movement rose after Michael Brown was shot and
killed by a white police officer in 2014. The movement has spurred reform by
legislators in almost every state to change the way police interacts with the
public. It has also spurred national debate about the racial discrimination
people of color go through on a daily basis. A larger call to regulation of law
enforcement is one of their main messages, for the disproportionate amount
of black people killed by white police officers. Governors have also acted
without waiting for legislators. Ohio Gov. John Kasich created the first ever
standards for police use of deadly force, and New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo
signed an executive order to appoint prosecutors to investigate police killings
of civilians. Another legislative action that is up to debate is forcing police
officers to wear body cameras while on the job.
Against violence and systemic racism
Issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality, body cameras, grand
jury indictments
Hashtag black lives matter after acquittal of police officer in the shooting of Trayvon
Martin
Nationally recognized after deaths of Michael Brown
Deals with intersectionality as well
Group-centered model of leadership
Local organizing international leadership
Big part on social media
Lots of protests
Some violent, some not
-ferguson protests very violent
November 2015, jamar clark protest, clashed with the police, vandalized, ram a
station with an SUV
National protests by athletes
International movement in Australia, Canada, and the UK
Reactions: all lives matter, blue lives matter

White supremacists at rallies, shot 5 protesters

Criticism- doesnt focus on interracial violence
Difference with Civil Rights Movement
More online
No national leadership
More local than national
Protests can go more violent

Tea Party Movement

The Tea Party movement protests began in 2009 to protest against
government spending and national debt. The goals of the protests are
government adherence to the Constitution and reducing taxation, spending,
and waste. Their methods of protest are nonviolent, with picketing,
demonstrations, internet activism, and direct action. Most Tea Party activists
have been working on projects to oppose the Obama administration,
including a petition to Congress to impeach the President. The Tea Party
national convention was held in 2010, with prominent GOP members such as
Sarah Palin speaking.

Bonus Army Protest of 1932

The Bonus Army Protest in 1932 was a gathering of over 40,00

marchers in Washington DC to demand payment for their service
certificates after World War One, supposed to be payed in 1945
In answer to the protest, The US House of Representatives passed the
Wright Patman Bonus Bill to move forward the date for veterans to
receive their cash bonus, but it was defeated in the Senate
Marchers were shot when the Attorney General ordered police to
remove the protesters from their camp across from the federal core of
Washington, two died
Army forcefully entered the camps with tanks, bayonets, and tear gas,
forcing the veterans to flee the camp,
Evictions was one of the worst violations of freedom of assembly in
America
After Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Roosevelt, sweeping reforms
were passed to include and raise veterans payment.

Velvet Revolution

The Velvet Revolution was a non-violent transition of power in

Czechoslovakia from November 17th to December 29th, 1989. Students and
older dissidents banded together to protest the Stalinist rule by the
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Protesters assembled to an estimated
500,000, and a general strike by all citizens commenced on November 27th.
In response to the protests, all top officials from the party resigned, and the
one party-system was dismantled. The legislature also removed the clause in
the Constitution that allowed for a monopoly of power by the communist
government.

2011 London Riots

Thousands of London residents protested the death of Mark Duggan, a
local man who was shot by police officers. A protest was held after the
shooting, and was initially peaceful during the march to the police station to
demand justice, however rioting occurred shortly after. Police vehicles,
homes, and a double decker bus were destroyed by the riots, gaining media
attention. A few days after the start of the riots, over 3,000 arrests had been
made across England, and a total of 3,443 crimes committed. Police mostly
stayed out of the way of the rioters, unless to make lawful arrests. No
substantial legislation or change resulted from the riots.

Million Mom March

The Million Mom March was held on Mothers Day, 2000, in Washington
DC to promote tighter gun control. Over 750,000 people participated in the
march, but about 200,000 people held satellite marches across the country.
The movement started by Donna Dees-Thomases after viewing a Jewish
Community Center Shooting on the news. The movement quotes many
statistics about gun deaths, such as the 31,000 people who have been killed
by guns, even though many of their statistics have been disputed by pro-gun
organizations. While they have increased awareness of their cause, no direct
legislation has been enacted due to the protests.

Second wave feminism reproductive rights

Second Wave Feminism was a period of feminist activity from 1960s1980s. It focused less on womens suffrage and more on broader issues such
as reproductive rights, including right to abortion, birth control, quality
reproductive health care, protection from female genital mutilation, and
education about sexually transmitted infections. NOW, The National
Organization for Women was formed in 1966, and pushed for womens rights
by lobbying, public demonstrations, and most famously, their push for the
Equal Rights Amendment. This was designed to guarantee equal rights for
women, and was passed in both houses of Congress, however there was not
enough states to ratify it in time. NOW also organized large protests, such as

the 1970 Womens Strike for Equality, which covered the right to have an
abortion and free child care. Another large protest was the 1989 March for
Womens Lives, which had record breaking crowds attending in Washington,
bringing the debate about abortion onto the national stage.

Civil Rights- March on Selma

The three marches from Selma, Alabama to the capital, Montgomery,
were critical to the Civil Rights Movement, and contributed to the passage of
the Voting Rights Act. The marches were to highlight the racial injustice
African Americans faced in the South, especially with their inability to vote
due to southern laws. The first march in 1965 was led by C. T . Vivian, and
was quickly dispersed by State Troopers attacking the crowd. There was also
a march out of Selma on Highway 80, lead by John Lewis. The events from
this march are commonly known as Bloody Sunday, where troopers stormed
demonstrators, beating them, gassing them, and chasing them on
horseback. The Second March, known as Turnaround Tuesday, commenced in
response to the first, but was quickly ended by MLK to comply with the court
ordered injunction prohibiting them to march. The Third and Final march to
Montgomery was ruled constitutional by Judge Johnson, siting the protesters
first amendment right to assembly and petition the government. The march
commenced at the steps of the Alabama State Capitol Building, where MLK
delivered the speech How Long, Not Long. The marches received national
and international coverage, and lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act
as well as publicity for the Civil Rights Movement.

2015 Greenpeace protests

Disability rights movement