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INTRODUCTION

ThemeaningofPA
Thepracticeofpublicadministration(PA)
Publicadministrationasasubjectofstudy
DefinitionofPublicadministration
Publicadministration,democracyandrightsofcitizens
TheMeaning
ThewordadministrationhasbeenderivedfromLatinwordsad=toandministiare=serveand
Public=peopleorcitizens
Thusthewordadministrationmeanstoexecutethepolicyofgovernmenttoservepublic.
ManagementisalsodefinedasCooperativehumanendeavourtoachievegivengoals.Traditionally
managementisalsodefinedasManagement=POSDCORBwhichstandsforPlanning,Organizing,
Staffing,Directing,Coordination,Reporting,Budgeting.
Ingeneraladministrationandmanagementareusedinterchangeably.
PublicAdministration
Apublicadministrationasapracticeisasoldasthehumancivilization.Whenhumanbeingsstarted
livinginsocietyinanorganizedwaytheystartedthepracticeofadministration,becausetheystartedto
live
cooperativelyinsociety.Itissaidthatwhenamantriedtoleftastoneandwasunabletodosoaloneand
washelpedbyanotherman,thepracticeofmanagement/administrationbegan.
EgyptianPyramids(1491BC)
YoumusthaveseenEgyptianpyramidsandmusthavethoughthow
suchhugestructurewasbuilt.TheconstructionofEgyptianpyramidsin1491
isanexampleofpracticeofadministration,asitinvolvedcooperativeeffort
ofthousandsofpeople.
MohenjodaroandHarrapa
InPakistanMohenjodaroandHarrapacivilizationsareamagnificentexampleofpracticeof
administration.Thetwocitieshadwellplannedroads,granary,wellsandwallsaroundthecitytoprotect
it.
Suchplanningofcityshowsthattherulersmanagedthecitywell.

SowecansaythatpublicadministrationasapracticeisoldascivilizationButPublic
Administrationasadisciplinetobetaughtinformaleducationalinstitution,startedafterWorldWarI
(1914),inUSAandtheninEurope.TheemergenceofpublicadministrationasdisciplineinUSAand
Europewasduetothechangingroleofgovernment.TheGreatDepressioninUSAandEuropebrought
largescaleunemploymentandlowwages,andfallingdemandforgoods.Itwasfeltthatinthese
circumstancesthegovernmentshouldinvesttoprovidejobs.Thus,theroleofgovernmentwasseenas
primemoverineconomy.
WhyPublicAdministrationReceivedImpetusasASubject?
Followingwerethereasonsfortheemergenceofpublicadministrationasasubject:
1.
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Expandingwelfarerole(distributive)ofthegovernment
2.
Theemergenceofprivatesectorandregulatoryrole,ofgovernment
3.
TheneedforincreasedefficiencyintheOrganization
4.
DevelopmentofScienceandTechnology
5.
BettermanagementofpublicmattersthroughtraininginUSA
DefinitionofPublicAdministration
Nowwewilllookatvariousdefinitionsofpublicadministrationtobettercomprehendtheconcept:
.
Publicadministration.istheactionpartofgovernment,themeansbywhichthepurposesand
goalsofgovernmentarerealized.
.
Publicadministrationasafieldismainlyconcernedwiththemeansforimplementingpolitical
values
.
Theprocessofpublicadministrationconsistsoftheactionsinvolvedineffectingtheintentor
desireofagovernment.Itisthusthecontinuouslyactive,businesspartofgovernment,concerned
withcarryingoutthelaw,asmadebylegislativebodies(orotherauthoritativeagents)and
interpretedbythecourts,throughtheprocessesoforganizationandmanagement.
.
Itisacooperativegroupeffortinapublicsetting
.
Itcoversallthethreebranchesexecutive,legislative,andjudicialand
.
theirinterrelationships

Allthesedefinitionsexplainusdifferentdimensionofthesubjects.Thesedefinitionsmightconfuse
usandwemightsaythatthereisreallynosuchsubjectaspublicadministration,butratherthatpublic
administrationmeansdifferentthingstodifferentobserversandlacksasignificantcommontheoreticalor
appliedmeaning,orwemightsaythatpublicadministrationiseverywhere:
Buttwothingsdefinitelyemergefromtheabovedefinition.Theseare:
1.
Thestudyofpublicadministrationoverlapsanumberofotherdisciplines,includingpolitical
science,sociology,economics,psychology,andbusinessadministration.and
2.
Publicadministrationistheuseofmanagerial,political,andlegaltheoriesandprocessesto
fulfillthegoalsofgovernment(welfareofpublic).
(Institutions)
(Government)
(Citizens)

Nowbeforewefurtherproceedtounderstandpublicadministrationweneedtounderstandcertain
conceptslikeandstateandgovernment.Thediagramshowsthatcitizensofanycountryareuserof
services
andproviderofservices.
InstitutionsofState

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Theinstitutionsofstateareasfollows:
.
Legislature:Parliament(NationalandProvincialAssemblies)makeslawsfortheorganization
.
Judiciary:(SupremeCourt&ProvincialCourts)andSessionCourts)interpretlaws
.
Executive(National,Provincial)implementslaws
TheMinistries,Division,Departments/Directoratesaretheorganizationsthatfunctionunderthe
executivetoimplementlaw.Forexamplethepolicedepartmenthastheresponsibilitytomaintainpeace
&
order
Government
Governmentisprocessofgoverning.Itistheuseofpowerderivedfromthelawthatis
made/approvebythelegislature.Itismeans,methods,manner,orsystemofgoverningsocietyand
organization.
ThegovernmentofIslamicRepublicofPakistanderivesitssystemsandmethodsfromthe
Constitution(1973).Article9099oftheConstitutiongivesprovisionforRulesofBusiness.TheRulesof
Business1973provide.Theroles,responsibilitiesandfunctionofgovernmentorganizations(ministries,
departmentsetc)
WhatisDemocracy
Whenwetalkofstateandgovernmentitisimportanttomentionthatwhatformofgovernment
Pakistanhas.PakistanisaparliamentaryDemocracy.TheworddemocracyisaGreekwordwhere
demos
meanpeopleandKratesmeansauthority.
ValuesofDemocracy
Democracieshavecertainvaluesandtheseare:
.
Individualism
.
Equality
.
Liberty
Individualism
Individualismmeansthatthedignityandintegrityofindividualisofsupremeimportance.It
suggeststhatachievingthefullestpotentialofeachindividualisthebestmeasureofthesuccessof
political
systemandgovernment
Equality
Allnormalindividualsareequalintheirtalentsbutalsoeachindividualhasanequalclaimtolife,
libertyandthepursuittohappiness
Liberty
Citizensshouldhavetherighttothemaximumopportunitytoselectownpurposeinlifeand
choosemeanstoaccomplishthese.Thecitizenshouldbefacilitatedratherthanhinderedintheirpursuit
to
ameaningfullife.
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Concepts
Thestudentsmustunderstandthefollowingconcepts:
...
Organization:
Management:
Process:
Thestructureandframeworkcreatedtoperformcertain
functionstoachievegoals.
Cooperativehumanefforttoachievegoals
asystematicmechanismtocompleteanactivity

.
Efficiency:Efficiency=Output:Efficiencyrelatestomaximizationofgoals
Inputexample:10.output=2=efficient
4.input
10=1.66=lessefficient.
6
.
Government:
Agovernmentistheprocessofgoverning,itcomprise
organization,system,rulesetc.
.
State:
AsStatehasterritorialjurisdiction,ithaspeopleandinstitutions.
.
Democracy:
Democracyisaformofgovernmentinwhichpeoplehas
authorityandrighttoelecttheirrepresentative.
.
Democraticvalues:
Democraticvaluesarelife,liberty&individualism.

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