FOR EXCITATION SYSTEM MODELS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES

IEEE
Std 421.5-2005

If T1 = T2, then y = u
If B y A, then x = y
If y > A, then x = A
If y < B, then x = B

Figure E.5Lag-lead with windup limiter

T2 > T1, T1 > 0, T2 > 0

If y > A, then x = A
If y < B, then x = B
If A y B, then x = y

Figure E.6Lag-lead with non-windup limiter

Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.

55

IEEE
Std 421.5-2005

IEEE STANDARD

E.5 Proportional-integral block

The use of proportional plus integral regulator blocks in the models ST4B, ST6B, and AC7B requires some
definition of the non-windup modeling required to implement the computer models (see Figure E.7).
The ST7B model implements a non-windup proportional-integral function as represented on Figure E.8. If a
nonlinearity is acting (that means a saturation is reached or a LV or HV comparator imposes another signal
as the output signal), then the low-pass filter output follows the PI output signal, insuring a non-windup
behavior of the PI function integrator.

y > A, then x = A and dz/dt = 0

y < B, then x = B and dz/dt = 0
Figure E.7Non-windup proportional-integral block

Figure E.8Non-windup proportional-integral block

56

Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.

FOR EXCITATION SYSTEM MODELS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES

IEEE
Std 421.5-2005

Annex F
(informative)

Avoiding computational problems by eliminating fast feedback

loops
F.1 General
The models represented in the body of this report are reduced order models, which do not contain all of the
feedback loops of the physical system.
The models are valid for oscillation frequencies up to about 3 Hz. This annex discusses the elimination of
fast feedback loops. Direct simulation of these loops could result in computational problems for the typical
power system stability program. The computation problems are avoided by simulating the loops indirectly
as limiters.

F.2 Maximum field current limiter loop for the AC2A system
The recommended model for the Type AC2A system is shown in Figure 6-2. The upper limiter on the
exciter voltage (VE) is not a physical limit. The physical system contains a fast feedback loop that limits the
exciter field current. This loop is shown in Figure F.1.
The output of the field current limiter loop, VL, is normally the higher of the two parameters entering the low
value gate. As such, it has no effect on the excitation system output. As the field current, VFE, increases, the
output of the loop decreases. As the field current increases to approximately VLR, the output of the loop
becomes the lower of the two parameters entering the gate and an error signal is produced to decrease the
field current.
The effective time constant for the field current limiter loop is approximately 1.0 ms and direct simulation of
this loop would require time steps smaller than those normally used in stability studies. The recommended
model in Figure 6-2 simulates the loop as an upper limit on the exciter voltage.

Figure F.1Maximum field current limiter loop for the Type AC2A high initial response
alternator-rectifier excitation system with non-controlled rectifiers and feedback
from exciter field current

Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.

57