Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Technical Manual
Volume A: DESIGN
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
Trail Bridge SectionLong Span Trail Bridge Standard
Technical Manual
VolumeA: DESIGN
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
Trail Bridge SectionPublished by
Technical Editing by
Copyright
Distributors
Edition
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local
Development, Department of Local infrastructure Development
and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR), Trail Bridge Section with the
support of the Swiss Government (SDC) through Helvetas Nepal,
: SKAT Consulting, Consulting Services for Development
Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
: Material from this publication may be freely quoted, translated, or
otherwise used. Acknowledgment is requested.
In Nepal
Trail Bridge Section, DoLIDAR, Lalitpur, Nepal
Outside Nepal!
‘SKAT Foundation, Resource Center for Development
Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
First edition - 1983
Second revised edition - 1992
Third revised edition - 2004
(LSTB Technical Manual)
ISBN 3 - 908156 - 08 - 4
‘The views, interpretations, and calculations in this paper are the author’s and are not
attributable to TBS/DOLIDAR and Helvetas. Anyone using this manual should verify the
calculations according to the specific conditions of the site on which the bridges are to be
constructed.Foreword
His Majesty's Government of Nepal has decided to decentralize all local level infrastructures including
trail bridge. In order to realize this goal and make it operational, the Government is in the process of
bringing a national policy called Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS). This forthcoming NTBPS
is to assist Districts in the planning and implementation of trail bridges. Furthermore, the NTBPS is to be
based on seven core Handbooks and Manuals providing comprehensive information on any aspect
related to trail bridge building.
This Manual is devoted to Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB) and contains all the norms, standards and
specifications that must be observed by bridge builders. The application of the NTBPS and its subsidiary
Handbooks and Manuals are mandatory. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) of DoLIDAR has been assigned
to supervise that both will be enforced
S.S. Shrestha
Director General
DoLIDAR July 2004ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) was preceded by 2 HMG project known as the Suspension Bridge
Division (SBD). SBD was established in 1964 when HMG decided to make the construction of trail
bridges a national priority. SBD received extensive support from Helvetas and SDC. Initial efforts focused
a lot on providing safe crossings along major trade routes resulting in what became known as the “Main
Trails” and for which a technology was developed using sound engineering practices and that were later
‘on incorporated in what became known as the “SBD-Manuals”,
The 1990-ties were marked by developing another bridge type using indigenous technologies and local
resources but also based on sound engineering practices in order to make shorter bridges more
economical. The development of this bridge type was spearheaded by Helvetas and became then known
as the "Bridge Building at the Local Level (BBLL)" project. This project received extensive support from
HMGIN and SDC.
AAs the technology of both bridge types matured, TBS initiated to review the developed technologies to
make the two compatible. This resulted in the development of the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy
(NTBPS), which in tum is based amongst others on a so called demarcation convention. This convention
basically states that the more solid and more expensive SBD approach must be reserved for bridges of a
Jong span, and the more elegant BBLL approach with considerable economic benefits to bridges of a
short span,
Henceforth TBS revised the two technologies resulting in various Handbooks and Manuals, including the
LSTB-Technical Manual and SSTB-Technical Handbook.
| am proud to present here the Long Span Trail Bridge Manual which has been made user friendly and
which is also accessible on our website www.nepaltrailbridaes.ora.
Furthermore, | on behalf of TBS, acknowledge the valuable efforts put in by the project team and extend
my sincere thanks to all those who were involved in the preparation of this Technical Manual.
Neeraj Shah
Section Chief, Senior Divisional Engineer
DoLIDAR/TES July 2004Despite the rugged topography of the Himalayan State of Nepal, the people established and maintained a
traditional trail network for centuries. Footpaths and mule trails are the lifelines for the exchange of goods,
the sick going to health posts and the children going to school. Despite great efforts in road construction,
a large part of the hill population will continue to depend on the traditional trail network for decades to
come.
The Himalayan drainage system consists of countless rivers, which divide the hill areas into many micro
economic areas. River crossings are the critical links for roads as well as for trails. For bridging shorter
spans, the Nepalese have developed in numerous Regions simple, yet remarkable local techniques.
This LSTB-Technical Manual is the successor of the "SBD-Manual’ which represent the outcome of over
30 years experience of pedestrian trail bridge building in Nepal. in fact it even encompasses early
practices made at the beginning of the 20th century, when some 30 suspension bridges were built by
Scottish engineers arranged by the Rana rulers of that time. In the course of all these years, countless
recommendations, suggestions and findings of innumerable engineers, overseers, sub-overseers, site
supervisors and consultants of the joint Trail Bridge Programs between SDC/Helvetas and HMG's
‘Suspension Bridge Division have been utilized.
We acknowledge with thanks the efforts provided by the project teams of HMG's Trail Bridge Section,
‘Suspension Bridge Division and Helvetas under the leadership of Gyanendra Rajbhandari of Helvetas
and the relentless encouragement of Neeraj Shah from TBS to upgrade the Manual from “SBD” to
“LSTB". We also gratefully appreciate the contribution of Mr. Kamal Jaisi, Suspension Bridge Division,
Dr. N.L. Joshi, Bridge Consultancy Nepal, for their careful statical anelysis and Prof. A.B. Singh, Institute
of Engineering, Tribhuvan University and the external support of SKAT Consulting, Switzerland, for their
final technical editing of this Manual. Many thanks go also to Om B. Khadka and L. D. Sherpa who
converted all the standard drawings, sketches and photos onto the computer and also did all the desktop
publishing.
ur sincere thanks go further to all persons who have been involved in the preparation of this Manual and
who forwarded their valuable comments and suggestions. We hope that this Manual will be widely used
by technicians appointed to construct a pedestrian trail bridge of long span of more than 120 meters.
HELVETAS Nepal, Swiss Association for International Cooperation
P.O, Box 688 Kathmandu, Nepel July 2004Long span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A,
Contents
Volume A: Design
Foreword
Contents
1. Introduction...
2. Standard Design of LSTB
3. Basic Design Concept...
4. Material Specification:
5. General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design............ 44
6. Design of Bridge Foundation
7. Design of Standard Suspended Bridge....
8. Design of Standard Suspension Bridge...
9. Design of Windguy Arrangement...
10. Special Design.....
11. Adjacent Works
12. Appendix.....Volume A
Long span Trail Bridge Standard
Summary of Contents of the Four Volumes
Volume A: Design
Introduction
Standard Design of [STB
Basic Design Concept
Material Specifications
General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design
Design of Bridge Foundation
Design of Standard Suspended Bridge
Design of Standard Suspension Bridge
Design of Windguy Arrangement
Special Design
Adjacent Works
‘Appendix
Note: SBD Manual, Volume A: Design, 1992 is superseded by
Design Software on Volume
LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design, 2004.
Design Software as per LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design produced by
TBS/DOLIDAR is available. This software will supersede the old “DEQUA” design program.
Volume B: Survey
Introduction
Survey preparation
Feasibility survey
Bridge site selection
Detailed geological study
Topographic survey
Construction materials and labour
Miscellaneous data collection
Soil tests and their evaluation
Preparation of the survey report
AppendixLong span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
Volume C: Standard Design Drawings
Part | and I
‘A. Standard working and assembly drawings
B. Standard structural drawings
C. Special design drawings
D. Design examples
Two general arrangements (suspended bridge, suspension bridge) related to the
design examples of VOLUME A: DESIGN.
Note: SBD Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, is superseded by
LSTB Technical Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, 2004.
Volume D: Execution of Construction Works
1. Schedule of construction operations and sits, camp
Machines and Instruments
Setting out of the bridge
Excavation
Masonry
2,
3,
4.
5,
6. Form work
7. Reinforcement and steel parts
8 Concrete
9. Rendering and surface mortar
10. Rock anchors
11. Cables
12. Bridge erection
13. Stabilization of slopes
14. River bank protection
15. Drainage
16. Bridge access
17. Traits
18. Bridge maintenance
19. Inspection formsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
1. Introduction
His Majesty's Government of Nepal has elaborated the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy
(NTBPS). This Policy lays down the norms, standards, technologies, modalities and
approaches amongst the trail bridge builders and other organizations engaged in, or
supporting trail bridge building either directly or indirectly. The NTBPS promotes the
decentralized process of bridge building in practical terms in accordance with the Local Seif
Governance Act (LSGA) 2055. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS), of the Department of Local
Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DOLIDAR) within the Ministry of Local
Development (MOLD) has been entrusted to enforce the NTBPS. TBS enforces the NTBPS
by means of various Manuals. This Manual provides all technical details pertinent to Long
Span Trail Bridges (LSTB), hence its corresponding name LSTB -Technical Manual, and
supercedes what used to be known as the SBD-Standard design’.
In addition to the technical Manuals, TBS has also issued a Manual on
LSTB-Consultants and Contractors which also forms an integral part of the NTBPS.
LSTB bridges have especially been developed for the Main Trails but can also be applied at
strategic crossings provided that they comply with a set of predefined socio-economic
criteria. The LSTB technology has especially proven to be suitable and cost effective for
spans exceeding 120 meters. Technical details for bridges of a shorter span are provided in
another Manual notably the SSTB*Manual. The latter was developed under, what used to
be known as the Bridge Building at Local Level Program sponsored by HNGIN, SDC and
Helvetas. SSTB has proven to be more economic and more environmental friendly for
spans less than 120 meters and allow substantial contribution from the local communities
In summary, the technical Manuals are based on the following demarcation:
Span <120m SSTB-Manual
Span > 120m —_LSTB-Manual
‘This LSTB-Manual is valid for both types of cable-supported: the suspended- and the
suspension bridge.
The LSTB-Manual covers four Volumes: “A’ covering Design;
covering Standard Design Drawings; and "D” covering Execution
" covering Survey; “C”
‘The cost of a SSTB standard bridge is about 60% or 50% of a LSTB standard bridge for the
suspended and suspension type respectively. The main variant of total-cost results from the
portering distance and its corresponding costs.
All Manuals reflect the vast experience gained in bridge building. Conservative engineering
practice has been combined with empirical data collected over decades to result in the most
carefully tuned design,
This LSTB Technical Manual is basically identical to what used to be known as the SBD
Manual but has been adapted to match the above demarcation and some
modificationimprovement, inducing bridge builders to build SSTB bridges for short spans.
+ $80 stands for Suspension Bridge Division.
# SSTB stands for Short Span Trail BridgeLong Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.
Standard Design of LSTB
Table of Contents
2.1 General
21.1 — Standard Design
21.2 — Standard Drawings
24.3 Other Terms
2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge
2.21 Description
222 Layout and Sections
22.3 Standard Drawings
22.4 — Completed Suspended Bridge
2.3 Standard Suspension Bridge
23.41 Description
2.3.2 Layout and Sections
2.3.3 ‘Standard Drawings
23.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation
235 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase
23.6 Completed Suspension Bridge
2.4 Windguy Arrangement
24.1 Description
242 Layout
24.3. Standard Drawings
2.5 Walkway Deck
251 Steel Deck
252 — Wooden Deck
2.6 Special Design
26.1 Description
262 Special Suspended Bridge
263 Special Suspension Bridge
264 ‘Special Windguy Arrangements
26.5 Stee! Truss Bridge
Volume A
Owe
eroanVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.1 General
2.1.1 Standard Design
Nowadays almost all construction projects take advantage of standardization, e.g.,
standardized steel profiles, standardized cement quality, standardized bricks, etc.
Standardization facilitates reduction in working load throughout the design and execution
process, e.g., the use of standardized drawings reduces the working load and ensures the
achieverent of a set quality of drawings, Because of variable site conditions it is impossible
to produce @ 100% standardized bridge design. The degree of standardization chosen for
the standard design of suspended and suspension bridges allows the design engineer to
adjust the individual design to specific site conditions. Accessibility and the availability of
Labor and materials as well as the geological, geotechnical, and hydrological conditions of
the site are among the specific conditions that should be considered.
Steel parts as well as the towers for suspension bridges are 100% standardized. These
parts may be chosen according to a number of parameters (e.g., bridge span, cable
diameter, calculated forces, etc.) by using a specific set of tables, no further design work is,
necessary. The analysis of the cable structure has to be scrutinized by the design engineer,
following a standardized procedure leading to the number and diameter of cables required
2s well as to the forces to be considered for foundation design. Foundations have to be
designed according to the specific site conditions, although basic layout and min./max.
dimensions for a number of foundation types are given in the manual. The specific site
conditions are determined by following a standardized site investigation procedure (Volume
B: Survey).
Standard design offers many possibilities, e.g., reduced design work and uniform quality of
different projects, etc. Although some reduction in flexibility has to be accepted and
although the standard design does not result in the most economic design for all the sites,
the advantages should be assessed by looking at the number and quality of projects
realized,
2.1.2 Standard Drawings
The planning, design, and structural analysis of the bridges are besed upon the survey
results. The execution of this work is described in the following chapters. Design work
results in the General Arrangement, showing the bridge in plan and section.
{All other designs and drawings required for manufacturing bridge components and for the
execution of construction works have been prepared already and compiled into a set of
standard design drawings (Volume C). For each particular bridge project they are arranged
into @ UNIT COMPONENT SYSTEM.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A.
2.1.3
‘There are two different groups of standard design drawing,
1. The standard design drawings necessary for the design, manufacture, and
construction of the standard program for suspended and suspension bridges. This
group contains a standardization (all possible loads, number of cables, dimensions)
of all the components of the two standard bridge types,
2. The special design drawings are used for cases in which a deviation from the
standard bridge type is necessary. Usually, this group contains design examples to
be used as bases for the preparation of new designs according to the requirements.
of a particular project.
Within the two groups of drawings, there are three different drawing types.
1. Working and assembly drawings having a related structural drawing
(e.g., anchorages)
2. Working and assembly drawings without related structural drawings
(eg., windties)
3. Structural drawings (e.g., foundations)
Working and assembly drawings contain all the information needed for manufacturing stee!
structures, including steel-part lists with working drawings for each part, weights and
surfaces to be painted or galvanized, and welding details and assembly drawings.
‘Assembly drawings are also for use during construction of the bridge.
Structural drawings contain necessary information for the execution of construction works.
These drawings have open dimensions and levels which are determined according to the
requirements of the particular bridge project.
For a complete list of standard drawings refer to the Appendix.
Other Terms
‘Anchorage Steel parts which anchor any tension member (cables,
towers)
(Anchorage) Foundation : Concrete structures (in which the anchorage steel parts
are embedded) which transfer the load of the structure
(anchorage) to the soil or rock on which it rest.
Gravity Foundation The media for transmitting the load applied to the structure
by its own weight to the soil or rock on which it rests.
Deadman Foundation Predominately passive earth pressure has to be
taken into consideration to achieve equilibrium with
the load from the structure,Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge
2.2.1 Description
The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is,
frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway
system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their
anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level
bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore
called an inclined bridge
The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage fourseuon using
only small pillars for handrail cable support.
For LSTB standard suspended bridges, ie. @ bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two
types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where
the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around
them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the
drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For
greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and
bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable tumbuckles. This type of anchor is known
{as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the tumbuckle is
outside of the foundation block.
The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable
anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soil or on
rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be
necessary to stabilize the rock itself
Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements
connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods
are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are
bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in
width. For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5, Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the
walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable.
‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing
measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6.
‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be
achieved'along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
2.2.2 Layout and Sections
Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation.
A) Plan
LEFT BANK FIGHT BANK
ees Urchorage rect
ct | =
OUR tale | 2
60 ee | wioagey cable
vindgny cable
ni S a
foundation on rons toxin \
win cble
Tee or double)
vndtien
B) Side Elevation
rain enenroge
noo incinaa bridge LL mon cobies
Fats | Linens cate
Lente eatiae
inaguy cabte-
C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck
Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck
handrlt cable
hhonger rod
wicemesh netting
‘steel walkway deck
xction cable
‘ross-beam
‘moin cobsVolume A ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge
2.2.1 Description
The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is
frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway
system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their
anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level
bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore
called an inclined bridge
The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage foursucton using
only small pillars for handrail cable support
For LSTB standard suspended bridges, i.e. a bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two
types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where
the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around
them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the
drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For
greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and
bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable turmbuckles. This type of anchor is known
‘as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the turnbuckle is
outside of the foundation block.
The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable
anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soll or on
rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be
necessary to stabilize the rock itself
Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements
connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods
are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are
bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in
width, For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5. Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the
walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable.
‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing
measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6.
‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be
achieved along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction,Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
2.2.2 Layout and Sections
Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation.
A) Plan
60 Eee | wings
hr I =
OE —— 1 | —
to | eer
— eS
a2
a (=n
B) Side Elevation
mon ctor
e
Poandstion on soit
: ‘mon, cables
Pare ean | Lange rods
foundation on rock
indguy
C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck
Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck
handoit cable
hanger rod
viremesh nating
steel wotkwoy deck
fixation cable
cross- beam
smoin cablesVolume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not
recommended to use)
hnondroi! coble
hanger rod
smiremesh netting
‘wooden planks (longitudinal)
wooden noiling strip
‘ixation cable
2.2.3. Standard Drawings
A) _Drum-type Anchorage Foundation
unit of 1 nit of tunis of
andra cobe cthwoy for... Hee! weikwoy deck
Cnchoroge ewpaciy!2N_orchorage main cables
fermen bis
ane ANDY
iassemeur DRAWINGS
main foundation
fee. main cables
STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
8) Open-type Anchorage Foundation
frm onnaroge capacity. 8..AN alin cent way fot. sie wahwey ck
eee nl "ano
(Gimceraaar cranes]Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
2.2.4 Completed Suspended Bridge
For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the Appendix.Volume A
2.3
2.3.1
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Standard Suspension Bridge
Description
The standard suspension bridge can be distinguished by its towers and upwardly cambered
walkway. The sagging, load-bearing main cables (steel wire ropes) are not under the
walkway system. They are supported by the towers and secured with thimbles and bulldog
rips (hinged) to adjustable cross-beams on the anchorage rods of the main foundations.
‘An inclined arrangement of this bridge type (walkway / tower foundation on right and left
bank at different elevations) is not recommended. This type of bridge will have
non-symmetric geometry and complex stability analysis. Further, there is no practical
experience of the behavior of such type of the bridge.
‘The main foundations might be designed as gravity foundations on soil or rock, as
deadman anchorage foundations on soil, or as tunnel anchorage foundations on rock.
Anchorage rods might be necessary to stabilize the rock.
The towers are hinged at the base and the main cables are clamped at the top. They are
connected to the walkway / tower foundation with anchorage rods to take up possible
tensile forces. For long-span bridges, side stay cables, fixed on top of the tower, are
necessary to reduce lateral deflections. Towers are constructed with two tower legs
connected by the main bracing for lateral stability. Tower legs are constructed with four mild
steel angles and tower leg bracing of angles or rods.
The main cables are the only (vertical) load-bearing cables. The suspension of the walkway
is brought about-by the means of suspender rods which are unequal in length but
adjustable to a fine degree. The suspenders are fixed at distances of 1.20 m and are joined
at the top to the main cables and to the bottom giving support to the cross-beams. The
span length must be chosen to provide intervals of 2.40 m because of the different lengths
of the suspenders, up to 280m. Two spanning cables are attached underneath the
cross-beams and anchored to the walkway / tower foundation.
The walkway steel deck supported by the cross-beams is 1.20 m in width. For details of the
deck systems refer to 2.5. The walkway is cambered to allow sufficient pre-tension between
main cables and spanning cables thus increasing the stability of the bridge. Stabilizing
cables, for bridges with spans above 160 m, and also diagonal stabilizers, are provided to
damp longitudinal oscilations. Chain-link wire mesh netting fences the walkway and is fixed
at the top to a handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable.
‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspension bridge as a stabilizing
measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.3.2 Layout and Sections
Bridge with gravity foundations
A)
B)
Plan
Volume A.
y cables (if tower height 225.23 m)
side toy cabte anchorage foundation on rock
cross-beam CJ
“ tower
I velnway/ tower main cable
Ed wndation
W : SRY Shae)
on windguy cable
siedgay cable comp ‘Sichrage foundation
Gr cole winguy cle! cnet
‘Side Elevation
s
watway / tower
oundation
(without Foo!)
stabilizing cables
Gt spon 2 84.40m)
.g0nat stabilizers
Gt span 2 444.40m)
{— sponning cables
{notion cables
L_— windguy cablesVolume A.
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck
Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck
eo cate
serene netg
steel wolkwoy deck
teenbucle
fiction cable
ots-beom
soorning cable
Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not
recommended to use)
4.20 m
|
hondrot_coble
wiremesh netting
wooden planks
wooden noilng strip
turnbuckle
spanning cableLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
D) Tower
Basic types of tower design for LSTB suspension bridge:
Length of Tower Leg Tower Leg Used for Tower
Type | Intermediate Distance Cross Section Heights
Element (m) ele, (mn) x{mm)_[_y (mmy (my
1 2X1.85 3.50 300 400 12.90 |
2 2x 1.85 3.50 400 550 12.92 to 18.47
soddle —
sidestoy __
cable
tower leg angles,
top
‘element
to
main brocings
tower leg bracings,
fonchorage ods eit
Cle, : center distance of tower legs.
lez : center distance of anchorage rods.
Tower height
intermediate
ee
ee |
PAA AA
ZVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.3.3 Standard Drawings
2.3.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation
A) Tunnel Anchorage Foundation
medium to
weothered rockLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
B) Deadman Anchorage Foundation
1) Use standard working and assembly drawing, Cable Anchorage’, with
extended anchorage length and structural drawing, Main Cable Deadman
Foundation’. For design example see Main cable Deadman Anchorage design
drawing No, 49/2,
2.3.5 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase
‘Two types of staircase are standardized, both with a range for H between 1.50 m and 5.50
m:
~ in good soil conditions (rock, gravel, sandy gravel etc.)
vwolkwoy /tower
foundationVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.3.6 Completed Suspension Bridge
For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the appendix.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.4
2.41
2.4.2
Windguy Arrangement
Description
Volume A.
‘Awindguy system is required for bridges with span of more than 120m.
‘The walkways of LSTB standard suspended and suspension bridges are laterally supported
by the windtie cables which are fixed to the parabolically aligned windguy cables. The
windties are fixed to the cross-beams at intervals of 4.80 m. for suspension bridges and
6.00 m. for suspended bridges (with less exposed area).
Layout
Parabolic windguy arrangement
yy cables (if tower height = 25.23)
LL siaestay cooie anchorage combines
erage foundation
mein cobles
{7 | )
LP | ee Fl NL | otway/tower man cobie
i { ‘ cncnorage
. eee seen
K LL Ege Mees
windties windguy coble
Se Sretrege oundtin
Ui gece mingy ete)Volume A
2.4.3. Standard Drawings
4 unit of windguy coble
direct onchorage in rock
6mm
capacity ....KN
4 unit of windguy cable
clamp for cable a... mm
(only if double windguy cable)
4 unit of windtie fo
windguy cable(s), #
windguy cable anchorage
foundotion for.....cable(s)
#....mm on rock / 86
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
WORKING AND ASSEMBLY
DRAWING _|
1 unit of windguy coble
anchorage for ...cable(s)
6....mm, capacity ...kN
STRUCTURAL DRAWINGSLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A.
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
Walkway Deck
There are two options for walkway deck, ie., steel deck and wooden deck. Wood are
becoming more and more scars, expensive and difficult to find the good quality
Deforestation is the common causes of environmental degradation. Further, wooden planks
needs to be frequently replaced.
Therefore, a galvanized steel deck, which will be almost maintenance free, reducing the
burden of routine maintenance, is recommended.
Steel Deck
One unit of steel walkway deck of a 1.20 m. bridge span consists of two elements (approx.
0.50 m. for a suspended bridge and approx. 0.60 m. for a suspension bridge) which are
directly bolted to the cross-beams. The elements are constructed of steel angles arranged
longitudinally with a small gap in between and reinforcement bars arranged crosswise
welded on top at a distance of about 0.20 m.
Wooden Deck
(Only optional and in general not recommended to use)
Longitudinal planks (2.39/1.98/0.05m) are nailed in a staggered arrangement on to wooden
nailing strips which are bolted to the cross beams.
Note: In case longitudinal planks are not available, the planks may be arranged crosswise
and nailed on to longitudinal stringers which are bolted to the cross beams.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.6 Special De:
2.6.1 Description
When the standard design would obviously resuit in an unfavorable solution, the design
engineer is free to follow a special design. Some recommendations for special designs are
given in the manual. Other special designs may be developed according to the specific site
Conditions encountered. Special designs always require the careful attention of the design
engineer and, in some cases, additional control activities are even needed during execution
in the workshop and on site. The design engineer has to decide for each specific case if an
independent check by a consulting engineer is required or not. Special designs entail a
higher degree of responsibility on the part of the project team, especially the design
engineer. Special designs are strongly recommended wherever a significant reduction in
costs can be achieved.
If some of the standard drawings are used in a special des
be checked carefully.
Jn, the structural analysis has to
Note: Any bridge in which the anchorage (Windguy) is combined with another anchorage
foundation has to be treated as a special design as more load combination might
occur.
2.6.2 Special Suspended Bridge
A) Combined Main Foundation with Staircase
fet river bona,
net flooded
1) Use the standard design "Main Cable Anchorage”
For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/4Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
2.6.3 Special Suspension Bridge
A) With One Tower Only
medium to
‘Sound rock
1)
2)
3)
Spacing clamp for main cable.
For a design example see special design drawing No. 28.
Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage”
For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3.
Use the modified standard design, "Main Cable Anchorage", drum type.
For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3.
B) Without Tower
1)
2)
3)
4)
Pion
co
|
‘opomcpny
Spacing clamp for main cable.
For a design example see special design drawing No. 28.
Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage”
For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3,
Use the modified standard design "Cable Drum Anchorage”
For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3.
‘Suspenders, use the standard design drawing "Suspenders'.
Manual calculation of suspender lengths may be required.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
C) With Loaded Side Span
Bridge type not recommended !
additional cables required
sidespan
deep pier foundation require = ‘lot river Bank,
sometimes flooded
Refer 10.2.3 for details.
D) Double Span Bridge
Bridge type not recommended !
= additional cobles required
seep pier foundation
requires
Refer 10.2.3 for details.
2.6.4 Special Windguy Arrangements
‘Wherever the site location does not allow for the provision of a windguy cable foundation on
‘one river bank, it is possible to combine the windguy cable anchorage with the main
foundation of the suspended bridge, the walkway / tower foundation, or the main cable
foundation of the suspension bridge respectively. The anchorage forces have then to be
included in the statical analysis of the respective foundation.
Note: The full wind load has to be considered for each side, because, depending upon
the wind direction, only one side of the windguy arrangement will be activated,
either the up- or the downstream part.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A.
A) Suspended Bridge
Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation
ingguy cable __
‘anchorage foundation |
windties
4
[cin enchorage
foundation
1) Use the standard design, *Main Anchorage Foundation", with integrated stee!
parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable
‘Anchorage Foundation”.
B) Suspension Bridge
Windguy cable anchorage combined with walkway / tower foundation.
unstable river Bank aT |
‘anchorage fesndation
windties
nin220 t |
*
1
67 naneas |
snchrae Toundation
1) Use the standard design, ‘Walkway / Tower Foundation", with integrated steel!
parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable
Anchorage"Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
2.6.5
\Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation and cable support (stay struts) at
walkway / ower foundation.
fiat riverbank windy al
rns
foundation
; = O
—windties
41) Windguy stay struts.
See special design drawings Nos. 175, 175/1 (Windguy cable @ 26 mm) 176, 176/1
(@ 32 mm), 17,1771 (@ 36 mm).
2) Use the modified standard design "Main Cable Anchorage Foundation” and the working
and assembly drawing, "Windguy Cable Anchorage Foundation’, for the appropriate
cable diameter. For a design example for structural design see special design drawing
No. 49/3,
Steel Truss Bridge
For very short spans ( < 32 m) and favorable bank conditions a steel truss bridge can be
designed.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
3.
Basic Design Concept
Table of Contents
3.1 Loadings
3.14 Live Load
3.1.2 Dead Load
3.1.3 Wind Load
314 SnowLoad
3.1.5 Temperature Effects
31.6 Seismic Load
3.2 Design and Statical Analysis, Safety Factors
32.1 General
32.2 Cable Structure
3.2.3. Steel Structure (Tower and Stee! Parts)
324 Walkway Structure
3.2.5 Foundations
Volume A
25
25
26
26
26
ar
28
28
28
28
29
30Volume A
3.1
3.4.41
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Loadings
For designing a bridge structure, a number of different loadings, such as live load, dead
load, wind load, snow load, temperature effects, and seismic loads, etc, may be relevant.
‘Suspended and suspension bridges are typical examples of cable-supported structures.
These structures show statically very good behavior, although their analysis is quite
complicated because of the predominant influence of the deformation of the soft cable
structure. The trail suspended end suspension bridges have low stiffness in all directions,
i.e., stabilizing gauges are required to guarantee serviceability, durability, and, to a minor
degree, the longtime safety of the structure. Under live and Wind load, cable-supported
systems exhibit dynamic behavior. Thus stabilizing measures (windguy cables, stabilizing
cables, etc) are needed to reduce vibrations in the structure as well as to carry loadings in a
lateral direction (e.9., wind).
The standardized procedure, as described in Chapter 2, forms an integral part of the
basic design concept and includes some simplifications in comparison to normal designs.
Besides dead and live loads, only wind loads perpendicular to the bridge axis need to be
considered in the design. Vertical wind loads, snow loads, seismic loads, and temperature
effects may be omitted. This procedure for the standard design has been checked and is
considered to be adequate and safe.
Live Load
The live load for a trail suspended and suspension bridge in Nepal was determined by
undertaking a thorough investigation of a number of international loading codes.
The agreement that LSTB suspended and suspension bridges, designed and executed
according to this standard design, be constructed along the main trails or on strategic
‘crossings throughout Nepal is the basis for this decision. These bridges have to fulfill high
requirements with regard to safety, durability, and serviceability standards, and this leads to
the determination of a live load within the range of international standards. Reductions in
the case of longer span bridges consider the lower possibilty of extreme overloading for
long span compared to short span bridges. Because of the impossibility of assessing the
probability of a crowd loading for @ specific site, a difference between a design with crowd
oad or without crowd load, as allowed, e.g., by the Indian Standard, is omitted. Extreme
loadings for short span bridges, as foreseen, e.g., by British or Canadian Standards, are
considered irrelevant for flexible structures such as suspended and suspension bridges.
For span, / < 50m, live load, p= 4 kNim®
For span, /> 50, liveload, p= 3+ 2 Nim?
Figure 3.1: Live load, p, for suspended and suspension bridges (both SSTB and LSTB)
°
[en sm2]f psa.c—ete— p= (3.4 $2) arm?
40 |
30 t
2.0. + spon|tm)
° 30 100 150 200 250Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
Dead Load
‘The dead load includes the weight of all permanent components of the bridge structure and
is calculated according to a procedure that is in practice worldwide. Care must be taken that
the mass (kg, ton) is properly converted into the force unit (N, kN) according to the
“International System of Units".
For LSTB standard suspended type bridge, dead load without weight of Handrail and
Walkway (main) cables is around 76.6 kg per meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system).
For LSTB standard suspension type bridge, dead load without weight of Main / Walkway
(spanning) cables and excluding pretension in spanning cables is around 111.6 kg per
meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system). The pretension in spanning cable is dependent
of camber and pulling tension in walkway (spanning) cables.
Wind Load
High wind speeds and gorge effects are often encountered in the valleys of Nepal and
bridges of different heights above ground level are common. The design wind load, given
‘88 a uniformly acting linear load or uniformly distributed load respectively, considers these
factors. Although wind loading on to suspended and suspension bridges may have a
horizontal as well as a vertical load component the effect of the latter is considered
irrelevant to the design and is, therefore, neglected in the standard design.
‘The design wind load is taken 0.50 kN per meter span, corresponding to 160 kmihr wind
‘speed. This wind speed of 160 km/hr exerts 1.3 kNim* wind pressure. The blunt area of the
walkway system is calculated 0.3 m* per meter span and with a coefficient of 1.3, the wind
stagnated on the area gives 0.5 kN/m lateral load to the bridge (refer to Report on Windguy
‘Arrangement for Suspended and Suspension Standard Bridges,
Dr. Heinrich Schnetzer, WGG Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure AG, Switzerland, 2002).
Snow Load
‘Snow doesn't appear in large quantities in the mic-hils of Nepal, where most of the bridges
are located. Because of the high live load and the low probablity of full live load occurring
on a bridge loaded by snow, itis taken for granted that the snow load is already covered
satisfactorily by the live load *. However, for bridges located at an altitude above about
3500m (outside Nepal it may even be below), investigations on snow loads must be carried
out during the survey.
Temperature Effects
A difference in temperature causes a change in the cable length. Changes in cable length
‘cause changes in the sag and therefore of cable forces also. This effect is omitted in the
standard design because itis not considered to be relevant.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
3.1.6 Seismic Load
Earthquakes are common in the seismically active zone of the Himalayan Mountains. The
effect of earthquakes of the kind of magnitude occurring in Nepal on suspended and
suspension bridge structures was checked for the revision. Because of the high live load
and the low probability of a full live load occurring simultaneously with an earthquake, itis
taken for granted that the seismic load is already covered satisfactorily by the live load.
Therefore @ seperate loading combination with seismic loads need not be taken into
consideration. Nevertheless, it has to be emphasized that the stability of the slopes may be
affected by seismic effects and subsequently cause damage to the bridge structure.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
3.2.4 Walkway Structure
Steel parts: The walkway structure (walkway deck, cross-beams) Is designed to meet
the safety requirements given in paragraph 3.2.3.
‘The dominant local loadings are shown in figures 3.2 and 3.3 below with the concentrated
load
5 kN on an area of 0.01 m? at the most unfavorable position on any member.
Figure 32: Two porters passing each other (P
.5 KN)
ww
(eww | hanger / suspender
walkway deck
cross-beam
Figure 3.3: Porters standing in a row (P = 1.5 kN)
e P Pe e
0.6mLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
3.2.5 Foundations
Foundation design follows the traditional procedure of soll mechanics. Locally relevant soil
parameters are determined by @ survey campaign and following soil testing in the
laboratory. For all foundations, the safety factor has to be shown against the well-known
failure modes such as sliding (Fs, 2 1.5), ground shear failure (Fac 2 2.0), Bearing Capacity
of soilfRock (Gut $ Gperm), and toppling (Fy 2 1.5). To meet serviceability requirements the
eccentricity of the resultant force in the foundation base is restricted. Additionally the
stability of slopes affected by the bridge foundation should be checked. The relevant safety
factor should be chosen according to the method used for slope stability calculation (Fsiere
2 1.30 1.5, depending upon the method used for analysis).
To improve the sliding safety of the main foundation of suspended bridges on rock, rock
anchorage may be used. In such cases @ reduced safety factor against sliding
(Fi 2 1.3) and toppling (Fr 2 1.2), neglecting these rock anchorages, should be shown in
addition to the normal procedure.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Material Specifications
Table of Contents
41
42
43
44
45
General
41.4 Standards
4.1.2 Intemational System of Units
Cable Structures
4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes
422 Cable Terminals
423 — Cable Connections
Steel Structures
4.3.1 Structural Stee!
432 Fasteners
4.3.3 Reinforcement Stee!
4.3.4 Increase of Permissible Stresses
4.3.5 — Rust Prevention
Civil Structures
441 Concrete
44.2. Masonry
443 Gabion
44.4 Timber
Unit Weight of Construction Material
Volume A.
32
32
33
33
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
40
a
42Volume A
41
414
4.1.2
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
General
Standards
The material specifications and permissible stresses for construction materials used for
standard trail bridges are based on the latest Indian Standards (|S) available. Where IS
were not available, other standards, such as DIN (German) Standards, British Standards, or
SIA (Swiss) Standards, were considered.
International System of Units
The Intemational System of Units (SI Units) has been introduced in this revised version
according to IS 10005 - 1986.
‘Quar ‘S1Unit
Angle” — deg (degree, 364 degree, minutes, seconds
a — grade (or gon 400°) decimals
Length m (meter) (em), mm
Area (om?), mm?
Volume
Mass kg (kilogram) t (tonne)
Force N (Newton) KN (Kilo Newton)
Moment of Force Nm kNm
Note: "The angle mode for the design analysis has been chosen to the degree unit (360°).
Whereas for the survey, and the inclination of anchorage rods, it depends on the
instruments used.
Table 4.1.1: Selection of Common SI Ui
Conversion of mass into force:
(
Force is the offen of gravitation | ¢ = 9.81 "Jon mass, therefore,
3
Ko 9g N=10N,
Force =1kg-g=1kg 9.81
5
For practical use, | kg is considered to be equal to 10 N (1 tone = 10000 N = 10 kN).Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
4.2 Cable Structures
4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes
A) Specifications
Steel wire ropes should comply with all the requirements for:
I$ 1835-1977 Steel Wire for Ropes
Volume A.
I$ 6594-1977 Technical Supply Conditions for Wire Ropes and Strands
I$. 9282-1979 Specification for Wire Ropes and Strands for Suspension Bridges’
1$ 9182-1979 Specification for Lubrications for Wire Strands and Ropes
B) Rope Particulars
Nominal diameters: 26, 32, 36, 40 mm
= Construction: 7x 19 (12/6/1)
~ Lay: RHO, Right Hand Ordinary lay
= Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core
— Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm*
~~ Preforming Preformed
— Coating! Galvanized “A” Heavy
= impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituminous type
= Elongation: Pre-stretched
Nominal diameter: 13 mm
= Construction: 7x7(6/1)
~ Lay: RHO
= Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core
= Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm?
= Preforming None
= Coating: Galvanized "A” Heavy
= Impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituinous type
C) Compiled Data
Table 4.
(including Safety Factor Ys = 3.0 for all cables and cable ending terminals)
‘Nominal Minimum | Permissible
Diameter Breaking Load
(mm) (kN)
13 0.64
26 251 0.0251 292 386 129
32 3.80 0.0380 442 585 195
36 48t 0.0481 560 740 247
0.0594
40 5.94 691 914 305
Mean Value of Modulus of Elastic E = 110'000 Nimm2 = 140 kN/mi
Compiled Data of Stee! Wire Ropes and Modulus of Elasticity
+ Now IS 2282 - 2000 has reduced the breaking load. Nevertheless, fr tral bridges, the IS 9282 ~ 1978 shal be effective
? re-stretching should be done by cyic loading ofthe rope to 5% to 40% ofthe minimum breaking load in sequence of 5% to
410%, 5% to 20% and 8% to 40% loading il elongation stabilizes.Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
4.2.2 Cable Terminals
A) Terminals with Drums in Concrete
Cables may be anchored directly into the foundations with the help of bollards (drums made
out of steel) and secured with cable clamps. The cables should be wound 3 times around
the drum in order to reduce the tensile force to be secured. The minimum diameter of the
drums should be 0.95 m.
‘The friction factor between the cable and steel is taken to be jl = 0.1
B) Terminals with Sockets
Sockets should be manufactured from steel conforming to IS 226-1975, specifications for
Structural Steel (Standard Quality) with a tensile strength of Oy = 420 to 540 Nimm’,
normalized after the completion of machining operations and hot-dip galvanized.
Socketing should be made with pure zinc according to IS 3937-1974 (Part 1),
Recommendations for Socketing of Wire Ropes.
Sockets can be used as an alternative to thimbles and bulldog grips for all cable
anchorages except for those having diameters of 13 mm.
At present socketing is not used in Nepal.
a |
J — 6| 4
safe
+
ll nee
Nom. Diameter a 1 L D, Dy | r
of Rope (mm) | (mm) eum) | (emmy | (mm) | (mm) _|_ (mm)
26 30 24 105 63 82 60
2 37 30 130 78 102 75
36 42 4 148 88 115 85
40 46 37 162 7 127 20
Table 4.2.2: Dimensions for Sockets
me = i
socket cote
pote 240/220/46-——+
mELong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
C) Terminals with Thimble and Bulldog Grips
Bulldog grips should conform to IS 2361-1970, Specifications for Bulldog Grips. The bridges
must be drop-forged and suitably scored to grip a round strand rope of right-hand lay having
six strands. Bridges, U-bolts, and nuts should be hotdip galvanized with minimum zine
Coating of 40 ym,
Nom Diameter of A B c D E F G6 H | |Approximate|
Rope (mm) |(rmm)|(mm)|(rmm)|(mam)| mm) (em) (mm) (mmn)| (mm) | Weight (ka)
13 m12| 64 | 27 | 32 | 15 | 51 | 12 | 28] 22] 028
26 M20] 118| st | 57 | 31 | 91 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.10
32 M2o| 124| 54 | 50 | 34 | 94 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.30
36 M22| 142| 63 | 67 | 41 | 107| 22 | 51] 40 | 1.85
40 m2] 157| 69 | 75 | 44 [119 | 25 | 58 | 45 | 2.40
Table 4.2.3: Dimensions and Weights for Bulldog Grips.
Bulldog grips, when properly applied,
afford @ simple and effective mechanical
means of securing the ends of wire
ropes, but have to be inspected after
some loadings.
bles are of open type, conforming to IS 2315 - 1978, Specifications for Thimbles for
Wire Ropes. They must be forged and hot-dip galvanized with minimum zinc coating of 40
um.
[ Nom. Diameter of | A] C | D | F | G[K] r | R JApproximate] P
Rope (mm) _|(mm)| (mm) |(mm) (mm) |(mm) (mm)|(mm) (mm)| Weight (kg) |(mm)
34) | at | 19 | op | 15 | 9 | 12 [75io5| 012 | 38
__26 (29) [ez | 30 | 135] 31 | 17 | 23 [asolios| 075 79
32.(32) | 92 | a3 | 152 | 34 | 19 | 26 [170/215] 1.85 | 80
36(38) | 110 | 52 | 185 | 41 | 23 | 32 |205|260| 2.75 | 107
4o(41) | 124 | 47 | 208 | 44 | 26 [ 36 [230/285] 3.20 | 121
Table 4.2.4; Dimensions and Weights for Thimbles (Nominal size of thimbles in b rackets)
rH
Thimbles are necessary to give lateral
support to the strands of the cable at
the bend, and the pin must support the
thimble.
P=A-3mmVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
Method and Specifications for Applying Bulldog Grips to Wire Ropes
Nominal Diameter of | Required Number, n, | Gap* ‘Overlapping Length
Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm)
I 13 3 80 560
26 : 5 155 1250
32 6 190 1700
36 7 215 2100
40 8 240 2550 |
Table 4.2.5: Terminals: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length
The bridge of the grip must be
fitted on to the working part of the
rope and the U-bolt on to the rope
tail. The first grip must be fitted as
close as possible to the thimble.
Grips should be spaced at a
distance of approximately six
times the rope diameter. The
cable end should be protected
from fraying with binding wire and,
if the cable is too long, it should
be fixed to the working part of the
cable.
4.2.3. Cable Connections
Cable connections may be required because of a change in design or during erection of the
bridge. If possible, the connection should be made with the same cable diameter or with the
cable diameter that is next in sequence.
‘A) Cables of Different Diameters
Cable connections of different diameters (or equal) must be made with the correct cable
terminals (refer to 4.2.2 C) and a double pin intersection,
B) Cables of Equal Diameter.
Nominal Diameter of | Required Number,n, | Gap"G | Overlapping Length "L’
Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm)
13 6 80 700
26 10 155. 1700
32, 42 190. 2400
36 14 215 3100
40, 16 240 3900
‘Table 4.2.6: Cable Connections: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length
foe Connections of cables equal in
| tet et ee diameter can be made (refer to
| #4 | | 4.22 C) without thimbles but with
et SS SSS ——— twice the number of bulldog grips.Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
4.3
4.3.1
Steel Structures
Structural Steel
A) Specifications
Structural stee! should comply with all the requirements for:
1S 226-1975 Structural Stee!
1S 800-1984 General Construction in Steel
The tower design is based on the Swiss Standard SIA 161 (1979) for Steel Structures.
B) Steel Grade
Standord quality FE 410
C) Compiled Data
Plate thickness (mm) ts20 | 2040
Stress Case Bars (mm)
Permissible Tensile Stress: o,
Permissible Compressive Stress:
ae in (Nimm?) for slendemess 4=0
50
100
150,
200
250
0.6 f, (Nimm*)
Permissible Bending Stress in Tension
66 f, (Nimm*)
Permissible Bending Stress in Compression:
re in (Nimm) (pe 5 0.66 fy);
Elastic Critical Stress in Bending: F., = 0
1000 Nim?
500
300
200
100
20
Permissible Average Shear Stress:
Tay = 04 f, (Nimo?)
Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress:
Gp = 0.75 f, (Nimm*)
‘Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress:
Ge = 0.9 f, (Nimm’)
Modulus of Elasticity: E = 200000 Nimm’
Unit Weight: 1 =7850 kgim®
Table 4.3. 1: Permissible Stress in Structural SteelVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
D) Cold-formed Steel
Cold-formed steet should comply with all the requirements for:
IS 811-1987 Cold-formed Light Gauge Structural Steel Sections
IS 808-1989 Dimensions for Hot-rolled Stee! Beams, Columns, Channels, and
Angle Sections
4.3.2 Fasteners
A) Specifications
Bolts, nuts, and washers should comply with all the requirements for:
IS 1963 - 1984 (Part 1) Hexagonal Head Bolts and Nuts
iS 1367 - 1983 Threaded Fasteners
B) Grade
Grade C, property Class 4.6
C)_ Compiled Data
Stress Case
‘Stress in Axial Tension on Net Area
Stress in Shear on Gross Area
Stress in Bearing on Gross Area:
Combined Tensile and Sheer Stress
Table 4.3.2: Maximum Permissible Stress in Bolts for Class 4.6
4.3.3 Reinforcement Steel
A) Specifications
Reinforcement steel should comply with all the requirements for:
1S 1786-1986 _ High Strength Deformed Stee! Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Is 456-1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
B) Steel Grade
Fe 415, High Yield Strength Deformed BarsLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
4.3.4
4.3.5
C) Compiled Data
Stress Case Permissible Stress for Fe 415 (Nimm?)
Tension Stress in Steel On 230
Compression Stress in Stee! oye 190
Permissible Bond Stress for Anchorage in
Cement Mortar 1: 1 and nal
concrete > 1:2:4 oe
10'000 (Nimm?)
= 7850 (kg/m*)
Modulus of Elasticity: E
Unit Weight:
Table 4.3.3: Permissible Stress in Steel Reinforcement
Increase of Permissible Stresses
For occasional loadings combined with dead, live, and wind loads, the permissible stresses
can be increased as follows:
Load Material Increase of Stress
Dead load, live load, Structural Stee! 33%
wind load and temperature, Bolts and Tension Rods 25%
or Reinforcement Steel 33%
\d load and seismic load
Erection Structural Stee! 25%
(Secondary Effects) Bolts and Tension Rods 25%
Table 4.3.4: Increase of Permissible Stress
Rust Prevention
To prevent rusting in stee! structures they should be hot-dip galvanized or painted (painting
is optional only but not recommended), and should comply with all the requirements for:
1S 8629-1977 Protection of Iron and Steel Structures from Atmospheric
Corrosion
IS 2629-1966 — Recommended Practice for Hot-Dip Galvanizing of ron and
Steel
1S 4759-1984 Specifications for Hot-Dip Zinc Coatings on Structural SteelVolume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard
4.4 Civil Structures
4.4.1 Concrete
A) Specifications
Concrete should comply with all the requirements for:
Is 456 - 1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
1s 269 -1989 Ordinary Portland Cement
1S 383-1970 Coarse and Fine Aggregates
B) Concrete Grades
(Mixed by volume units; cement: sand: aggregates)
= Lean conerete 1: 4: 8 used as sub-concrete
= Concrete 1:3:6 (M10)
— Concrete 4: 3: 6 mixed with 40% boulders
~ Concrete 4: 3:6 mixed with 60% boulders, used as fil concrete
= Concrete 4:2:4 (M15)
~ Concrete 4: 1% :3 (M20)
Reinforced concrete should always be vibrated
C) Compited Data
Oe
Permissil stress (N/imm’)
Grade of Concrete 1:3:6 14:3:64+ 40% 124 4: 1% 33
twioy | “boucers” | ows) | ‘wr20y
ar
Srorsin [fenton bey” |2° | 2° soueaa Zo
direct oy | 2.5 15 40 5.0
Tear ess, esate 05 Fane
tension Te oe aaa a a
Siass HDS 5} soa
Teri tess Denna
Lolain concrete) ee ez ee o7
Table 4.4.1: Permissible Stresses for Concrete
For occasional loading (wind, erection) combined with dead and live loads, the permissible
stresses can be increased by 33%.
Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete 1: 2: 4 (M 15) and 1: 1% :3 (M 20): E = 21000 Nimm?
In anchorage steel designs, the bond resistance of connection flats and rods and the
bearing resistance of shuttering have generally been neglectedLong Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A
4.4.2: Masonry
A) Specifications
The specifications and permissible stresses given below are based on
IS 1597 ~ 1967 (Part 1) Code of Practice for Construction of Stone Masonry
‘ SIA 178 - 1980 ‘Swiss Standard for Stone Masonry
Is 2250 - 1981 Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars
B) Types of Masonry
(mixed by volume units; cement: sand)
= Rubblemasonry 1:6
= Rubblemasonry 1:4
= Block stone masonry 1:4
C) Compiled Data
SSS SS SS eee
Permissible Stress (Nimm)
Rubble Rubble
oro masonry masonry | Block stone masonry 14
Sratied | Nonstratiied
blocks blocks
Slonderness Ratio hid" os | 20 | os [20] 05] 20] os | 20
‘Stress in bencing
Compression (extreme fiber) ce oa od etatel eon accel nce ou
Gro 1.0 05 14 08 | 16 | 10] 28 15
Tension stress in bending 013 | 007 | 019 | 0.11] 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.20
*h= height of wall, d= thickness of wall
Table 4.4.
Permissible Stress for Masonry
ifmasonry walls are used in combination with concrete and the thickness of the concrete is
greater than the thickness of the masonry, the permissible stresses for the appropriate
concrete grade have to be applied.
4.4.3 Gabion
A) Specifications of Wire
Gabion wire should comply with all the requirements for:
I$ 280-1978 Mild Steel Wire for General Engineering Purposes
1S 4826 - 1979 Hot-dipped Galvanized Coatings on Round Stee! Wire
B) Diameter of Wire
Mesh wire 10 SWG
Selvedge wire 7 SWG
Binding Wire 12 SWG