You are on page 1of 259
Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Technical Manual Volume A: DESIGN His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads Trail Bridge Section Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Technical Manual VolumeA: DESIGN His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads Trail Bridge Section Published by Technical Editing by Copyright Distributors Edition His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development, Department of Local infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR), Trail Bridge Section with the support of the Swiss Government (SDC) through Helvetas Nepal, : SKAT Consulting, Consulting Services for Development Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland : Material from this publication may be freely quoted, translated, or otherwise used. Acknowledgment is requested. In Nepal Trail Bridge Section, DoLIDAR, Lalitpur, Nepal Outside Nepal! ‘SKAT Foundation, Resource Center for Development Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland First edition - 1983 Second revised edition - 1992 Third revised edition - 2004 (LSTB Technical Manual) ISBN 3 - 908156 - 08 - 4 ‘The views, interpretations, and calculations in this paper are the author’s and are not attributable to TBS/DOLIDAR and Helvetas. Anyone using this manual should verify the calculations according to the specific conditions of the site on which the bridges are to be constructed. Foreword His Majesty's Government of Nepal has decided to decentralize all local level infrastructures including trail bridge. In order to realize this goal and make it operational, the Government is in the process of bringing a national policy called Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS). This forthcoming NTBPS is to assist Districts in the planning and implementation of trail bridges. Furthermore, the NTBPS is to be based on seven core Handbooks and Manuals providing comprehensive information on any aspect related to trail bridge building. This Manual is devoted to Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB) and contains all the norms, standards and specifications that must be observed by bridge builders. The application of the NTBPS and its subsidiary Handbooks and Manuals are mandatory. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) of DoLIDAR has been assigned to supervise that both will be enforced S.S. Shrestha Director General DoLIDAR July 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Trail Bridge Section (TBS) was preceded by 2 HMG project known as the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD). SBD was established in 1964 when HMG decided to make the construction of trail bridges a national priority. SBD received extensive support from Helvetas and SDC. Initial efforts focused a lot on providing safe crossings along major trade routes resulting in what became known as the “Main Trails” and for which a technology was developed using sound engineering practices and that were later ‘on incorporated in what became known as the “SBD-Manuals”, The 1990-ties were marked by developing another bridge type using indigenous technologies and local resources but also based on sound engineering practices in order to make shorter bridges more economical. The development of this bridge type was spearheaded by Helvetas and became then known as the "Bridge Building at the Local Level (BBLL)" project. This project received extensive support from HMGIN and SDC. AAs the technology of both bridge types matured, TBS initiated to review the developed technologies to make the two compatible. This resulted in the development of the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS), which in tum is based amongst others on a so called demarcation convention. This convention basically states that the more solid and more expensive SBD approach must be reserved for bridges of a Jong span, and the more elegant BBLL approach with considerable economic benefits to bridges of a short span, Henceforth TBS revised the two technologies resulting in various Handbooks and Manuals, including the LSTB-Technical Manual and SSTB-Technical Handbook. | am proud to present here the Long Span Trail Bridge Manual which has been made user friendly and which is also accessible on our website www.nepaltrailbridaes.ora. Furthermore, | on behalf of TBS, acknowledge the valuable efforts put in by the project team and extend my sincere thanks to all those who were involved in the preparation of this Technical Manual. Neeraj Shah Section Chief, Senior Divisional Engineer DoLIDAR/TES July 2004 Despite the rugged topography of the Himalayan State of Nepal, the people established and maintained a traditional trail network for centuries. Footpaths and mule trails are the lifelines for the exchange of goods, the sick going to health posts and the children going to school. Despite great efforts in road construction, a large part of the hill population will continue to depend on the traditional trail network for decades to come. The Himalayan drainage system consists of countless rivers, which divide the hill areas into many micro economic areas. River crossings are the critical links for roads as well as for trails. For bridging shorter spans, the Nepalese have developed in numerous Regions simple, yet remarkable local techniques. This LSTB-Technical Manual is the successor of the "SBD-Manual’ which represent the outcome of over 30 years experience of pedestrian trail bridge building in Nepal. in fact it even encompasses early practices made at the beginning of the 20th century, when some 30 suspension bridges were built by Scottish engineers arranged by the Rana rulers of that time. In the course of all these years, countless recommendations, suggestions and findings of innumerable engineers, overseers, sub-overseers, site supervisors and consultants of the joint Trail Bridge Programs between SDC/Helvetas and HMG's ‘Suspension Bridge Division have been utilized. We acknowledge with thanks the efforts provided by the project teams of HMG's Trail Bridge Section, ‘Suspension Bridge Division and Helvetas under the leadership of Gyanendra Rajbhandari of Helvetas and the relentless encouragement of Neeraj Shah from TBS to upgrade the Manual from “SBD” to “LSTB". We also gratefully appreciate the contribution of Mr. Kamal Jaisi, Suspension Bridge Division, Dr. N.L. Joshi, Bridge Consultancy Nepal, for their careful statical anelysis and Prof. A.B. Singh, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University and the external support of SKAT Consulting, Switzerland, for their final technical editing of this Manual. Many thanks go also to Om B. Khadka and L. D. Sherpa who converted all the standard drawings, sketches and photos onto the computer and also did all the desktop publishing. ur sincere thanks go further to all persons who have been involved in the preparation of this Manual and who forwarded their valuable comments and suggestions. We hope that this Manual will be widely used by technicians appointed to construct a pedestrian trail bridge of long span of more than 120 meters. HELVETAS Nepal, Swiss Association for International Cooperation P.O, Box 688 Kathmandu, Nepel July 2004 Long span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A, Contents Volume A: Design Foreword Contents 1. Introduction... 2. Standard Design of LSTB 3. Basic Design Concept... 4. Material Specification: 5. General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design............ 44 6. Design of Bridge Foundation 7. Design of Standard Suspended Bridge.... 8. Design of Standard Suspension Bridge... 9. Design of Windguy Arrangement... 10. Special Design..... 11. Adjacent Works 12. Appendix..... Volume A Long span Trail Bridge Standard Summary of Contents of the Four Volumes Volume A: Design Introduction Standard Design of [STB Basic Design Concept Material Specifications General Principles for Bridge Planning and Design Design of Bridge Foundation Design of Standard Suspended Bridge Design of Standard Suspension Bridge Design of Windguy Arrangement Special Design Adjacent Works ‘Appendix Note: SBD Manual, Volume A: Design, 1992 is superseded by Design Software on Volume LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design, 2004. Design Software as per LSTB Technical Manual, Volume A: Design produced by TBS/DOLIDAR is available. This software will supersede the old “DEQUA” design program. Volume B: Survey Introduction Survey preparation Feasibility survey Bridge site selection Detailed geological study Topographic survey Construction materials and labour Miscellaneous data collection Soil tests and their evaluation Preparation of the survey report Appendix Long span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A Volume C: Standard Design Drawings Part | and I ‘A. Standard working and assembly drawings B. Standard structural drawings C. Special design drawings D. Design examples Two general arrangements (suspended bridge, suspension bridge) related to the design examples of VOLUME A: DESIGN. Note: SBD Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, is superseded by LSTB Technical Manual, Volume C: Standard Design Drawings, 2004. Volume D: Execution of Construction Works 1. Schedule of construction operations and sits, camp Machines and Instruments Setting out of the bridge Excavation Masonry 2, 3, 4. 5, 6. Form work 7. Reinforcement and steel parts 8 Concrete 9. Rendering and surface mortar 10. Rock anchors 11. Cables 12. Bridge erection 13. Stabilization of slopes 14. River bank protection 15. Drainage 16. Bridge access 17. Traits 18. Bridge maintenance 19. Inspection forms Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 1. Introduction His Majesty's Government of Nepal has elaborated the Nepal Trail Bridge Policy & Strategy (NTBPS). This Policy lays down the norms, standards, technologies, modalities and approaches amongst the trail bridge builders and other organizations engaged in, or supporting trail bridge building either directly or indirectly. The NTBPS promotes the decentralized process of bridge building in practical terms in accordance with the Local Seif Governance Act (LSGA) 2055. The Trail Bridge Section (TBS), of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DOLIDAR) within the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) has been entrusted to enforce the NTBPS. TBS enforces the NTBPS by means of various Manuals. This Manual provides all technical details pertinent to Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB), hence its corresponding name LSTB -Technical Manual, and supercedes what used to be known as the SBD-Standard design’. In addition to the technical Manuals, TBS has also issued a Manual on LSTB-Consultants and Contractors which also forms an integral part of the NTBPS. LSTB bridges have especially been developed for the Main Trails but can also be applied at strategic crossings provided that they comply with a set of predefined socio-economic criteria. The LSTB technology has especially proven to be suitable and cost effective for spans exceeding 120 meters. Technical details for bridges of a shorter span are provided in another Manual notably the SSTB*Manual. The latter was developed under, what used to be known as the Bridge Building at Local Level Program sponsored by HNGIN, SDC and Helvetas. SSTB has proven to be more economic and more environmental friendly for spans less than 120 meters and allow substantial contribution from the local communities In summary, the technical Manuals are based on the following demarcation: Span <120m SSTB-Manual Span > 120m —_LSTB-Manual ‘This LSTB-Manual is valid for both types of cable-supported: the suspended- and the suspension bridge. The LSTB-Manual covers four Volumes: “A’ covering Design; covering Standard Design Drawings; and "D” covering Execution " covering Survey; “C” ‘The cost of a SSTB standard bridge is about 60% or 50% of a LSTB standard bridge for the suspended and suspension type respectively. The main variant of total-cost results from the portering distance and its corresponding costs. All Manuals reflect the vast experience gained in bridge building. Conservative engineering practice has been combined with empirical data collected over decades to result in the most carefully tuned design, This LSTB Technical Manual is basically identical to what used to be known as the SBD Manual but has been adapted to match the above demarcation and some modificationimprovement, inducing bridge builders to build SSTB bridges for short spans. + $80 stands for Suspension Bridge Division. # SSTB stands for Short Span Trail Bridge Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2. Standard Design of LSTB Table of Contents 2.1 General 21.1 — Standard Design 21.2 — Standard Drawings 24.3 Other Terms 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.21 Description 222 Layout and Sections 22.3 Standard Drawings 22.4 — Completed Suspended Bridge 2.3 Standard Suspension Bridge 23.41 Description 2.3.2 Layout and Sections 2.3.3 ‘Standard Drawings 23.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation 235 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase 23.6 Completed Suspension Bridge 2.4 Windguy Arrangement 24.1 Description 242 Layout 24.3. Standard Drawings 2.5 Walkway Deck 251 Steel Deck 252 — Wooden Deck 2.6 Special Design 26.1 Description 262 Special Suspended Bridge 263 Special Suspension Bridge 264 ‘Special Windguy Arrangements 26.5 Stee! Truss Bridge Volume A Owe eroan Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.1 General 2.1.1 Standard Design Nowadays almost all construction projects take advantage of standardization, e.g., standardized steel profiles, standardized cement quality, standardized bricks, etc. Standardization facilitates reduction in working load throughout the design and execution process, e.g., the use of standardized drawings reduces the working load and ensures the achieverent of a set quality of drawings, Because of variable site conditions it is impossible to produce @ 100% standardized bridge design. The degree of standardization chosen for the standard design of suspended and suspension bridges allows the design engineer to adjust the individual design to specific site conditions. Accessibility and the availability of Labor and materials as well as the geological, geotechnical, and hydrological conditions of the site are among the specific conditions that should be considered. Steel parts as well as the towers for suspension bridges are 100% standardized. These parts may be chosen according to a number of parameters (e.g., bridge span, cable diameter, calculated forces, etc.) by using a specific set of tables, no further design work is, necessary. The analysis of the cable structure has to be scrutinized by the design engineer, following a standardized procedure leading to the number and diameter of cables required 2s well as to the forces to be considered for foundation design. Foundations have to be designed according to the specific site conditions, although basic layout and min./max. dimensions for a number of foundation types are given in the manual. The specific site conditions are determined by following a standardized site investigation procedure (Volume B: Survey). Standard design offers many possibilities, e.g., reduced design work and uniform quality of different projects, etc. Although some reduction in flexibility has to be accepted and although the standard design does not result in the most economic design for all the sites, the advantages should be assessed by looking at the number and quality of projects realized, 2.1.2 Standard Drawings The planning, design, and structural analysis of the bridges are besed upon the survey results. The execution of this work is described in the following chapters. Design work results in the General Arrangement, showing the bridge in plan and section. {All other designs and drawings required for manufacturing bridge components and for the execution of construction works have been prepared already and compiled into a set of standard design drawings (Volume C). For each particular bridge project they are arranged into @ UNIT COMPONENT SYSTEM. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 2.1.3 ‘There are two different groups of standard design drawing, 1. The standard design drawings necessary for the design, manufacture, and construction of the standard program for suspended and suspension bridges. This group contains a standardization (all possible loads, number of cables, dimensions) of all the components of the two standard bridge types, 2. The special design drawings are used for cases in which a deviation from the standard bridge type is necessary. Usually, this group contains design examples to be used as bases for the preparation of new designs according to the requirements. of a particular project. Within the two groups of drawings, there are three different drawing types. 1. Working and assembly drawings having a related structural drawing (e.g., anchorages) 2. Working and assembly drawings without related structural drawings (eg., windties) 3. Structural drawings (e.g., foundations) Working and assembly drawings contain all the information needed for manufacturing stee! structures, including steel-part lists with working drawings for each part, weights and surfaces to be painted or galvanized, and welding details and assembly drawings. ‘Assembly drawings are also for use during construction of the bridge. Structural drawings contain necessary information for the execution of construction works. These drawings have open dimensions and levels which are determined according to the requirements of the particular bridge project. For a complete list of standard drawings refer to the Appendix. Other Terms ‘Anchorage Steel parts which anchor any tension member (cables, towers) (Anchorage) Foundation : Concrete structures (in which the anchorage steel parts are embedded) which transfer the load of the structure (anchorage) to the soil or rock on which it rest. Gravity Foundation The media for transmitting the load applied to the structure by its own weight to the soil or rock on which it rests. Deadman Foundation Predominately passive earth pressure has to be taken into consideration to achieve equilibrium with the load from the structure, Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.2.1 Description The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is, frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore called an inclined bridge The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage fourseuon using only small pillars for handrail cable support. For LSTB standard suspended bridges, ie. @ bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable tumbuckles. This type of anchor is known {as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the tumbuckle is outside of the foundation block. The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soil or on rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be necessary to stabilize the rock itself Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in width. For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5, Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6. ‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be achieved'along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.2 Layout and Sections Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation. A) Plan LEFT BANK FIGHT BANK ees Urchorage rect ct | = OUR tale | 2 60 ee | wioagey cable vindgny cable ni S a foundation on rons toxin \ win cble Tee or double) vndtien B) Side Elevation rain enenroge noo incinaa bridge LL mon cobies Fats | Linens cate Lente eatiae inaguy cabte- C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck handrlt cable hhonger rod wicemesh netting ‘steel walkway deck xction cable ‘ross-beam ‘moin cobs Volume A ‘Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.2. Standard Suspended Bridge 2.2.1 Description The standard suspended bridge is a modern version of the traditional chain bridge which is frequently seen in Nepal. The load bearing cables (main cables) are below the walkway system in suspended type bridge. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below their anchorages. A bridge with the main foundations on the same elevation is called a level bridge. The main foundations might not have the same elevation and the bridge is therefore called an inclined bridge The cables (steel wire ropes) are directly anchored to the main anchorage foursucton using only small pillars for handrail cable support For LSTB standard suspended bridges, i.e. a bridge with a span over 120 m, there are two types of cable anchoring systems. For span up to 210 m drum type anchor is used where the main cables (4 or 6 numbers) are anchored to the concrete drums by rounding around them and end part of the cable is clamped. The cable length is not adjustable after the drums are covered by the concrete. The anchor drum is inside the foundation structure. For greater spans over 210 m (8 to 12 main cables), the cables are secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to hinged anchors with adjustable turmbuckles. This type of anchor is known ‘as open type anchor. The cable length in such anchor is adjustable as the turnbuckle is outside of the foundation block. The handrail cables are always secured with thimbles and bulldog grips to adjustable anchorages. The main foundations are usually designed as gravity foundations on soll or on rock. Anchorage rods may be provided to stabilize the foundation on rock and might be necessary to stabilize the rock itself Both the handrail and the (lower) main cables are the (vertical) load-bearing elements connected throughout the bridge with hanger rods at distances of 1.20 m. The hanger rods are fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to the cross-beams which are bolted to the main cables. The cross-beams support the walkway deck which is 1.00 m in width, For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5. Chain-link wiremesh netting fences the walkway. Itis fixed at the top to the handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspended bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6. ‘The suspended bridge is an economical design whenever the required freeboard can be achieved along with the geological site conditions allowing its construction, Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.2 Layout and Sections Inclined bridge with gravity anchorage foundation. A) Plan 60 Eee | wings hr I = OE —— 1 | — to | eer — eS a2 a (=n B) Side Elevation mon ctor e Poandstion on soit : ‘mon, cables Pare ean | Lange rods foundation on rock indguy C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck handoit cable hanger rod viremesh nating steel wotkwoy deck fixation cable cross- beam smoin cables Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not recommended to use) hnondroi! coble hanger rod smiremesh netting ‘wooden planks (longitudinal) wooden noiling strip ‘ixation cable 2.2.3. Standard Drawings A) _Drum-type Anchorage Foundation unit of 1 nit of tunis of andra cobe cthwoy for... Hee! weikwoy deck Cnchoroge ewpaciy!2N_orchorage main cables fermen bis ane ANDY iassemeur DRAWINGS main foundation fee. main cables STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS 8) Open-type Anchorage Foundation frm onnaroge capacity. 8..AN alin cent way fot. sie wahwey ck eee nl "ano (Gimceraaar cranes] Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.2.4 Completed Suspended Bridge For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the Appendix. Volume A 2.3 2.3.1 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Standard Suspension Bridge Description The standard suspension bridge can be distinguished by its towers and upwardly cambered walkway. The sagging, load-bearing main cables (steel wire ropes) are not under the walkway system. They are supported by the towers and secured with thimbles and bulldog rips (hinged) to adjustable cross-beams on the anchorage rods of the main foundations. ‘An inclined arrangement of this bridge type (walkway / tower foundation on right and left bank at different elevations) is not recommended. This type of bridge will have non-symmetric geometry and complex stability analysis. Further, there is no practical experience of the behavior of such type of the bridge. ‘The main foundations might be designed as gravity foundations on soil or rock, as deadman anchorage foundations on soil, or as tunnel anchorage foundations on rock. Anchorage rods might be necessary to stabilize the rock. The towers are hinged at the base and the main cables are clamped at the top. They are connected to the walkway / tower foundation with anchorage rods to take up possible tensile forces. For long-span bridges, side stay cables, fixed on top of the tower, are necessary to reduce lateral deflections. Towers are constructed with two tower legs connected by the main bracing for lateral stability. Tower legs are constructed with four mild steel angles and tower leg bracing of angles or rods. The main cables are the only (vertical) load-bearing cables. The suspension of the walkway is brought about-by the means of suspender rods which are unequal in length but adjustable to a fine degree. The suspenders are fixed at distances of 1.20 m and are joined at the top to the main cables and to the bottom giving support to the cross-beams. The span length must be chosen to provide intervals of 2.40 m because of the different lengths of the suspenders, up to 280m. Two spanning cables are attached underneath the cross-beams and anchored to the walkway / tower foundation. The walkway steel deck supported by the cross-beams is 1.20 m in width. For details of the deck systems refer to 2.5. The walkway is cambered to allow sufficient pre-tension between main cables and spanning cables thus increasing the stability of the bridge. Stabilizing cables, for bridges with spans above 160 m, and also diagonal stabilizers, are provided to damp longitudinal oscilations. Chain-link wire mesh netting fences the walkway and is fixed at the top to a handrail cable and at the bottom to a fixation cable. ‘The wind-guy arrangement is required for LSTB standard suspension bridge as a stabilizing measure and to safe guard the bridge from wind load. For details refer to 2.6. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.2 Layout and Sections Bridge with gravity foundations A) B) Plan Volume A. y cables (if tower height 225.23 m) side toy cabte anchorage foundation on rock cross-beam CJ “ tower I velnway/ tower main cable Ed wndation W : SRY Shae) on windguy cable siedgay cable comp ‘Sichrage foundation Gr cole winguy cle! cnet ‘Side Elevation s watway / tower oundation (without Foo!) stabilizing cables Gt spon 2 84.40m) .g0nat stabilizers Gt span 2 444.40m) {— sponning cables {notion cables L_— windguy cables Volume A. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) Section of Walkway Support and Deck Section of walkway support with steel walkway deck eo cate serene netg steel wolkwoy deck teenbucle fiction cable ots-beom soorning cable Section of walkway support with wooden planking (only optional and in general not recommended to use) 4.20 m | hondrot_coble wiremesh netting wooden planks wooden noilng strip turnbuckle spanning cable Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A D) Tower Basic types of tower design for LSTB suspension bridge: Length of Tower Leg Tower Leg Used for Tower Type | Intermediate Distance Cross Section Heights Element (m) ele, (mn) x{mm)_[_y (mmy (my 1 2X1.85 3.50 300 400 12.90 | 2 2x 1.85 3.50 400 550 12.92 to 18.47 soddle — sidestoy __ cable tower leg angles, top ‘element to main brocings tower leg bracings, fonchorage ods eit Cle, : center distance of tower legs. lez : center distance of anchorage rods. Tower height intermediate ee ee | PAA AA Z Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.3 Standard Drawings 2.3.4 Variation of Anchorage Foundation A) Tunnel Anchorage Foundation medium to weothered rock Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A B) Deadman Anchorage Foundation 1) Use standard working and assembly drawing, Cable Anchorage’, with extended anchorage length and structural drawing, Main Cable Deadman Foundation’. For design example see Main cable Deadman Anchorage design drawing No, 49/2, 2.3.5 Combined Walkway / Tower Foundation with Staircase ‘Two types of staircase are standardized, both with a range for H between 1.50 m and 5.50 m: ~ in good soil conditions (rock, gravel, sandy gravel etc.) vwolkwoy /tower foundation Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.3.6 Completed Suspension Bridge For an example of a General Arrangement Drawing refer to the appendix. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.4 2.41 2.4.2 Windguy Arrangement Description Volume A. ‘Awindguy system is required for bridges with span of more than 120m. ‘The walkways of LSTB standard suspended and suspension bridges are laterally supported by the windtie cables which are fixed to the parabolically aligned windguy cables. The windties are fixed to the cross-beams at intervals of 4.80 m. for suspension bridges and 6.00 m. for suspended bridges (with less exposed area). Layout Parabolic windguy arrangement yy cables (if tower height = 25.23) LL siaestay cooie anchorage combines erage foundation mein cobles {7 | ) LP | ee Fl NL | otway/tower man cobie i { ‘ cncnorage . eee seen K LL Ege Mees windties windguy coble Se Sretrege oundtin Ui gece mingy ete) Volume A 2.4.3. Standard Drawings 4 unit of windguy coble direct onchorage in rock 6mm capacity ....KN 4 unit of windguy cable clamp for cable a... mm (only if double windguy cable) 4 unit of windtie fo windguy cable(s), # windguy cable anchorage foundotion for.....cable(s) #....mm on rock / 86 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard WORKING AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING _| 1 unit of windguy coble anchorage for ...cable(s) 6....mm, capacity ...kN STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Walkway Deck There are two options for walkway deck, ie., steel deck and wooden deck. Wood are becoming more and more scars, expensive and difficult to find the good quality Deforestation is the common causes of environmental degradation. Further, wooden planks needs to be frequently replaced. Therefore, a galvanized steel deck, which will be almost maintenance free, reducing the burden of routine maintenance, is recommended. Steel Deck One unit of steel walkway deck of a 1.20 m. bridge span consists of two elements (approx. 0.50 m. for a suspended bridge and approx. 0.60 m. for a suspension bridge) which are directly bolted to the cross-beams. The elements are constructed of steel angles arranged longitudinally with a small gap in between and reinforcement bars arranged crosswise welded on top at a distance of about 0.20 m. Wooden Deck (Only optional and in general not recommended to use) Longitudinal planks (2.39/1.98/0.05m) are nailed in a staggered arrangement on to wooden nailing strips which are bolted to the cross beams. Note: In case longitudinal planks are not available, the planks may be arranged crosswise and nailed on to longitudinal stringers which are bolted to the cross beams. Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.6 Special De: 2.6.1 Description When the standard design would obviously resuit in an unfavorable solution, the design engineer is free to follow a special design. Some recommendations for special designs are given in the manual. Other special designs may be developed according to the specific site Conditions encountered. Special designs always require the careful attention of the design engineer and, in some cases, additional control activities are even needed during execution in the workshop and on site. The design engineer has to decide for each specific case if an independent check by a consulting engineer is required or not. Special designs entail a higher degree of responsibility on the part of the project team, especially the design engineer. Special designs are strongly recommended wherever a significant reduction in costs can be achieved. If some of the standard drawings are used in a special des be checked carefully. Jn, the structural analysis has to Note: Any bridge in which the anchorage (Windguy) is combined with another anchorage foundation has to be treated as a special design as more load combination might occur. 2.6.2 Special Suspended Bridge A) Combined Main Foundation with Staircase fet river bona, net flooded 1) Use the standard design "Main Cable Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/4 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 2.6.3 Special Suspension Bridge A) With One Tower Only medium to ‘Sound rock 1) 2) 3) Spacing clamp for main cable. For a design example see special design drawing No. 28. Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3. Use the modified standard design, "Main Cable Anchorage", drum type. For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3. B) Without Tower 1) 2) 3) 4) Pion co | ‘opomcpny Spacing clamp for main cable. For a design example see special design drawing No. 28. Use the modified standard design "Walkway / Tower Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 91/3, Use the modified standard design "Cable Drum Anchorage” For a design example see special design drawing No. 60/3. ‘Suspenders, use the standard design drawing "Suspenders'. Manual calculation of suspender lengths may be required. Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard C) With Loaded Side Span Bridge type not recommended ! additional cables required sidespan deep pier foundation require = ‘lot river Bank, sometimes flooded Refer 10.2.3 for details. D) Double Span Bridge Bridge type not recommended ! = additional cobles required seep pier foundation requires Refer 10.2.3 for details. 2.6.4 Special Windguy Arrangements ‘Wherever the site location does not allow for the provision of a windguy cable foundation on ‘one river bank, it is possible to combine the windguy cable anchorage with the main foundation of the suspended bridge, the walkway / tower foundation, or the main cable foundation of the suspension bridge respectively. The anchorage forces have then to be included in the statical analysis of the respective foundation. Note: The full wind load has to be considered for each side, because, depending upon the wind direction, only one side of the windguy arrangement will be activated, either the up- or the downstream part. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A. A) Suspended Bridge Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation ingguy cable __ ‘anchorage foundation | windties 4 [cin enchorage foundation 1) Use the standard design, *Main Anchorage Foundation", with integrated stee! parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable ‘Anchorage Foundation”. B) Suspension Bridge Windguy cable anchorage combined with walkway / tower foundation. unstable river Bank aT | ‘anchorage fesndation windties nin220 t | * 1 67 naneas | snchrae Toundation 1) Use the standard design, ‘Walkway / Tower Foundation", with integrated steel! parts from the standard working and assembly drawing "Windguy Cable Anchorage" Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 2.6.5 \Windguy cable anchorage combined with main foundation and cable support (stay struts) at walkway / ower foundation. fiat riverbank windy al rns foundation ; = O —windties 41) Windguy stay struts. See special design drawings Nos. 175, 175/1 (Windguy cable @ 26 mm) 176, 176/1 (@ 32 mm), 17,1771 (@ 36 mm). 2) Use the modified standard design "Main Cable Anchorage Foundation” and the working and assembly drawing, "Windguy Cable Anchorage Foundation’, for the appropriate cable diameter. For a design example for structural design see special design drawing No. 49/3, Steel Truss Bridge For very short spans ( < 32 m) and favorable bank conditions a steel truss bridge can be designed. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3. Basic Design Concept Table of Contents 3.1 Loadings 3.14 Live Load 3.1.2 Dead Load 3.1.3 Wind Load 314 SnowLoad 3.1.5 Temperature Effects 31.6 Seismic Load 3.2 Design and Statical Analysis, Safety Factors 32.1 General 32.2 Cable Structure 3.2.3. Steel Structure (Tower and Stee! Parts) 324 Walkway Structure 3.2.5 Foundations Volume A 25 25 26 26 26 ar 28 28 28 28 29 30 Volume A 3.1 3.4.41 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Loadings For designing a bridge structure, a number of different loadings, such as live load, dead load, wind load, snow load, temperature effects, and seismic loads, etc, may be relevant. ‘Suspended and suspension bridges are typical examples of cable-supported structures. These structures show statically very good behavior, although their analysis is quite complicated because of the predominant influence of the deformation of the soft cable structure. The trail suspended end suspension bridges have low stiffness in all directions, i.e., stabilizing gauges are required to guarantee serviceability, durability, and, to a minor degree, the longtime safety of the structure. Under live and Wind load, cable-supported systems exhibit dynamic behavior. Thus stabilizing measures (windguy cables, stabilizing cables, etc) are needed to reduce vibrations in the structure as well as to carry loadings in a lateral direction (e.9., wind). The standardized procedure, as described in Chapter 2, forms an integral part of the basic design concept and includes some simplifications in comparison to normal designs. Besides dead and live loads, only wind loads perpendicular to the bridge axis need to be considered in the design. Vertical wind loads, snow loads, seismic loads, and temperature effects may be omitted. This procedure for the standard design has been checked and is considered to be adequate and safe. Live Load The live load for a trail suspended and suspension bridge in Nepal was determined by undertaking a thorough investigation of a number of international loading codes. The agreement that LSTB suspended and suspension bridges, designed and executed according to this standard design, be constructed along the main trails or on strategic ‘crossings throughout Nepal is the basis for this decision. These bridges have to fulfill high requirements with regard to safety, durability, and serviceability standards, and this leads to the determination of a live load within the range of international standards. Reductions in the case of longer span bridges consider the lower possibilty of extreme overloading for long span compared to short span bridges. Because of the impossibility of assessing the probability of a crowd loading for @ specific site, a difference between a design with crowd oad or without crowd load, as allowed, e.g., by the Indian Standard, is omitted. Extreme loadings for short span bridges, as foreseen, e.g., by British or Canadian Standards, are considered irrelevant for flexible structures such as suspended and suspension bridges. For span, / < 50m, live load, p= 4 kNim® For span, /> 50, liveload, p= 3+ 2 Nim? Figure 3.1: Live load, p, for suspended and suspension bridges (both SSTB and LSTB) ° [en sm2]f psa.c—ete— p= (3.4 $2) arm? 40 | 30 t 2.0. + spon|tm) ° 30 100 150 200 250 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Dead Load ‘The dead load includes the weight of all permanent components of the bridge structure and is calculated according to a procedure that is in practice worldwide. Care must be taken that the mass (kg, ton) is properly converted into the force unit (N, kN) according to the “International System of Units". For LSTB standard suspended type bridge, dead load without weight of Handrail and Walkway (main) cables is around 76.6 kg per meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system). For LSTB standard suspension type bridge, dead load without weight of Main / Walkway (spanning) cables and excluding pretension in spanning cables is around 111.6 kg per meter span (inclusive of wind-guy system). The pretension in spanning cable is dependent of camber and pulling tension in walkway (spanning) cables. Wind Load High wind speeds and gorge effects are often encountered in the valleys of Nepal and bridges of different heights above ground level are common. The design wind load, given ‘88 a uniformly acting linear load or uniformly distributed load respectively, considers these factors. Although wind loading on to suspended and suspension bridges may have a horizontal as well as a vertical load component the effect of the latter is considered irrelevant to the design and is, therefore, neglected in the standard design. ‘The design wind load is taken 0.50 kN per meter span, corresponding to 160 kmihr wind ‘speed. This wind speed of 160 km/hr exerts 1.3 kNim* wind pressure. The blunt area of the walkway system is calculated 0.3 m* per meter span and with a coefficient of 1.3, the wind stagnated on the area gives 0.5 kN/m lateral load to the bridge (refer to Report on Windguy ‘Arrangement for Suspended and Suspension Standard Bridges, Dr. Heinrich Schnetzer, WGG Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure AG, Switzerland, 2002). Snow Load ‘Snow doesn't appear in large quantities in the mic-hils of Nepal, where most of the bridges are located. Because of the high live load and the low probablity of full live load occurring on a bridge loaded by snow, itis taken for granted that the snow load is already covered satisfactorily by the live load *. However, for bridges located at an altitude above about 3500m (outside Nepal it may even be below), investigations on snow loads must be carried out during the survey. Temperature Effects A difference in temperature causes a change in the cable length. Changes in cable length ‘cause changes in the sag and therefore of cable forces also. This effect is omitted in the standard design because itis not considered to be relevant. Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3.1.6 Seismic Load Earthquakes are common in the seismically active zone of the Himalayan Mountains. The effect of earthquakes of the kind of magnitude occurring in Nepal on suspended and suspension bridge structures was checked for the revision. Because of the high live load and the low probability of a full live load occurring simultaneously with an earthquake, itis taken for granted that the seismic load is already covered satisfactorily by the live load. Therefore @ seperate loading combination with seismic loads need not be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, it has to be emphasized that the stability of the slopes may be affected by seismic effects and subsequently cause damage to the bridge structure. Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 3.2.4 Walkway Structure Steel parts: The walkway structure (walkway deck, cross-beams) Is designed to meet the safety requirements given in paragraph 3.2.3. ‘The dominant local loadings are shown in figures 3.2 and 3.3 below with the concentrated load 5 kN on an area of 0.01 m? at the most unfavorable position on any member. Figure 32: Two porters passing each other (P .5 KN) ww (eww | hanger / suspender walkway deck cross-beam Figure 3.3: Porters standing in a row (P = 1.5 kN) e P Pe e 0.6m Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 3.2.5 Foundations Foundation design follows the traditional procedure of soll mechanics. Locally relevant soil parameters are determined by @ survey campaign and following soil testing in the laboratory. For all foundations, the safety factor has to be shown against the well-known failure modes such as sliding (Fs, 2 1.5), ground shear failure (Fac 2 2.0), Bearing Capacity of soilfRock (Gut $ Gperm), and toppling (Fy 2 1.5). To meet serviceability requirements the eccentricity of the resultant force in the foundation base is restricted. Additionally the stability of slopes affected by the bridge foundation should be checked. The relevant safety factor should be chosen according to the method used for slope stability calculation (Fsiere 2 1.30 1.5, depending upon the method used for analysis). To improve the sliding safety of the main foundation of suspended bridges on rock, rock anchorage may be used. In such cases @ reduced safety factor against sliding (Fi 2 1.3) and toppling (Fr 2 1.2), neglecting these rock anchorages, should be shown in addition to the normal procedure. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Material Specifications Table of Contents 41 42 43 44 45 General 41.4 Standards 4.1.2 Intemational System of Units Cable Structures 4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes 422 Cable Terminals 423 — Cable Connections Steel Structures 4.3.1 Structural Stee! 432 Fasteners 4.3.3 Reinforcement Stee! 4.3.4 Increase of Permissible Stresses 4.3.5 — Rust Prevention Civil Structures 441 Concrete 44.2. Masonry 443 Gabion 44.4 Timber Unit Weight of Construction Material Volume A. 32 32 33 33 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 a 42 Volume A 41 414 4.1.2 Long Span Trail Bridge Standard General Standards The material specifications and permissible stresses for construction materials used for standard trail bridges are based on the latest Indian Standards (|S) available. Where IS were not available, other standards, such as DIN (German) Standards, British Standards, or SIA (Swiss) Standards, were considered. International System of Units The Intemational System of Units (SI Units) has been introduced in this revised version according to IS 10005 - 1986. ‘Quar ‘S1Unit Angle” — deg (degree, 364 degree, minutes, seconds a — grade (or gon 400°) decimals Length m (meter) (em), mm Area (om?), mm? Volume Mass kg (kilogram) t (tonne) Force N (Newton) KN (Kilo Newton) Moment of Force Nm kNm Note: "The angle mode for the design analysis has been chosen to the degree unit (360°). Whereas for the survey, and the inclination of anchorage rods, it depends on the instruments used. Table 4.1.1: Selection of Common SI Ui Conversion of mass into force: ( Force is the offen of gravitation | ¢ = 9.81 "Jon mass, therefore, 3 Ko 9g N=10N, Force =1kg-g=1kg 9.81 5 For practical use, | kg is considered to be equal to 10 N (1 tone = 10000 N = 10 kN). Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.2 Cable Structures 4.2.1 Steel Wire Ropes A) Specifications Steel wire ropes should comply with all the requirements for: I$ 1835-1977 Steel Wire for Ropes Volume A. I$ 6594-1977 Technical Supply Conditions for Wire Ropes and Strands I$. 9282-1979 Specification for Wire Ropes and Strands for Suspension Bridges’ 1$ 9182-1979 Specification for Lubrications for Wire Strands and Ropes B) Rope Particulars Nominal diameters: 26, 32, 36, 40 mm = Construction: 7x 19 (12/6/1) ~ Lay: RHO, Right Hand Ordinary lay = Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core — Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm* ~~ Preforming Preformed — Coating! Galvanized “A” Heavy = impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituminous type = Elongation: Pre-stretched Nominal diameter: 13 mm = Construction: 7x7(6/1) ~ Lay: RHO = Core: WSC, Wire Strand Core = Tensile strength of wire: 1570 Nimm? = Preforming None = Coating: Galvanized "A” Heavy = Impregnation: Non-drying and non-bituinous type C) Compiled Data Table 4. (including Safety Factor Ys = 3.0 for all cables and cable ending terminals) ‘Nominal Minimum | Permissible Diameter Breaking Load (mm) (kN) 13 0.64 26 251 0.0251 292 386 129 32 3.80 0.0380 442 585 195 36 48t 0.0481 560 740 247 0.0594 40 5.94 691 914 305 Mean Value of Modulus of Elastic E = 110'000 Nimm2 = 140 kN/mi Compiled Data of Stee! Wire Ropes and Modulus of Elasticity + Now IS 2282 - 2000 has reduced the breaking load. Nevertheless, fr tral bridges, the IS 9282 ~ 1978 shal be effective ? re-stretching should be done by cyic loading ofthe rope to 5% to 40% ofthe minimum breaking load in sequence of 5% to 410%, 5% to 20% and 8% to 40% loading il elongation stabilizes. Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.2.2 Cable Terminals A) Terminals with Drums in Concrete Cables may be anchored directly into the foundations with the help of bollards (drums made out of steel) and secured with cable clamps. The cables should be wound 3 times around the drum in order to reduce the tensile force to be secured. The minimum diameter of the drums should be 0.95 m. ‘The friction factor between the cable and steel is taken to be jl = 0.1 B) Terminals with Sockets Sockets should be manufactured from steel conforming to IS 226-1975, specifications for Structural Steel (Standard Quality) with a tensile strength of Oy = 420 to 540 Nimm’, normalized after the completion of machining operations and hot-dip galvanized. Socketing should be made with pure zinc according to IS 3937-1974 (Part 1), Recommendations for Socketing of Wire Ropes. Sockets can be used as an alternative to thimbles and bulldog grips for all cable anchorages except for those having diameters of 13 mm. At present socketing is not used in Nepal. a | J — 6| 4 safe + ll nee Nom. Diameter a 1 L D, Dy | r of Rope (mm) | (mm) eum) | (emmy | (mm) | (mm) _|_ (mm) 26 30 24 105 63 82 60 2 37 30 130 78 102 75 36 42 4 148 88 115 85 40 46 37 162 7 127 20 Table 4.2.2: Dimensions for Sockets me = i socket cote pote 240/220/46-——+ mE Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A C) Terminals with Thimble and Bulldog Grips Bulldog grips should conform to IS 2361-1970, Specifications for Bulldog Grips. The bridges must be drop-forged and suitably scored to grip a round strand rope of right-hand lay having six strands. Bridges, U-bolts, and nuts should be hotdip galvanized with minimum zine Coating of 40 ym, Nom Diameter of A B c D E F G6 H | |Approximate| Rope (mm) |(rmm)|(mm)|(rmm)|(mam)| mm) (em) (mm) (mmn)| (mm) | Weight (ka) 13 m12| 64 | 27 | 32 | 15 | 51 | 12 | 28] 22] 028 26 M20] 118| st | 57 | 31 | 91 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.10 32 M2o| 124| 54 | 50 | 34 | 94 | 20 | 46] 36 | 1.30 36 M22| 142| 63 | 67 | 41 | 107| 22 | 51] 40 | 1.85 40 m2] 157| 69 | 75 | 44 [119 | 25 | 58 | 45 | 2.40 Table 4.2.3: Dimensions and Weights for Bulldog Grips. Bulldog grips, when properly applied, afford @ simple and effective mechanical means of securing the ends of wire ropes, but have to be inspected after some loadings. bles are of open type, conforming to IS 2315 - 1978, Specifications for Thimbles for Wire Ropes. They must be forged and hot-dip galvanized with minimum zinc coating of 40 um. [ Nom. Diameter of | A] C | D | F | G[K] r | R JApproximate] P Rope (mm) _|(mm)| (mm) |(mm) (mm) |(mm) (mm)|(mm) (mm)| Weight (kg) |(mm) 34) | at | 19 | op | 15 | 9 | 12 [75io5| 012 | 38 __26 (29) [ez | 30 | 135] 31 | 17 | 23 [asolios| 075 79 32.(32) | 92 | a3 | 152 | 34 | 19 | 26 [170/215] 1.85 | 80 36(38) | 110 | 52 | 185 | 41 | 23 | 32 |205|260| 2.75 | 107 4o(41) | 124 | 47 | 208 | 44 | 26 [ 36 [230/285] 3.20 | 121 Table 4.2.4; Dimensions and Weights for Thimbles (Nominal size of thimbles in b rackets) rH Thimbles are necessary to give lateral support to the strands of the cable at the bend, and the pin must support the thimble. P=A-3mm Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Method and Specifications for Applying Bulldog Grips to Wire Ropes Nominal Diameter of | Required Number, n, | Gap* ‘Overlapping Length Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm) I 13 3 80 560 26 : 5 155 1250 32 6 190 1700 36 7 215 2100 40 8 240 2550 | Table 4.2.5: Terminals: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length The bridge of the grip must be fitted on to the working part of the rope and the U-bolt on to the rope tail. The first grip must be fitted as close as possible to the thimble. Grips should be spaced at a distance of approximately six times the rope diameter. The cable end should be protected from fraying with binding wire and, if the cable is too long, it should be fixed to the working part of the cable. 4.2.3. Cable Connections Cable connections may be required because of a change in design or during erection of the bridge. If possible, the connection should be made with the same cable diameter or with the cable diameter that is next in sequence. ‘A) Cables of Different Diameters Cable connections of different diameters (or equal) must be made with the correct cable terminals (refer to 4.2.2 C) and a double pin intersection, B) Cables of Equal Diameter. Nominal Diameter of | Required Number,n, | Gap"G | Overlapping Length "L’ Rope (mm) of Bulldog Grips (mm) (mm) 13 6 80 700 26 10 155. 1700 32, 42 190. 2400 36 14 215 3100 40, 16 240 3900 ‘Table 4.2.6: Cable Connections: Number of Bulldog Grips, Gap, Overlapping Length foe Connections of cables equal in | tet et ee diameter can be made (refer to | #4 | | 4.22 C) without thimbles but with et SS SSS ——— twice the number of bulldog grips. Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.3 4.3.1 Steel Structures Structural Steel A) Specifications Structural stee! should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 226-1975 Structural Stee! 1S 800-1984 General Construction in Steel The tower design is based on the Swiss Standard SIA 161 (1979) for Steel Structures. B) Steel Grade Standord quality FE 410 C) Compiled Data Plate thickness (mm) ts20 | 2040 Stress Case Bars (mm) Permissible Tensile Stress: o, Permissible Compressive Stress: ae in (Nimm?) for slendemess 4=0 50 100 150, 200 250 0.6 f, (Nimm*) Permissible Bending Stress in Tension 66 f, (Nimm*) Permissible Bending Stress in Compression: re in (Nimm) (pe 5 0.66 fy); Elastic Critical Stress in Bending: F., = 0 1000 Nim? 500 300 200 100 20 Permissible Average Shear Stress: Tay = 04 f, (Nimo?) Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress: Gp = 0.75 f, (Nimm*) ‘Maximum Permissible Equivalent Stress: Ge = 0.9 f, (Nimm’) Modulus of Elasticity: E = 200000 Nimm’ Unit Weight: 1 =7850 kgim® Table 4.3. 1: Permissible Stress in Structural Steel Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard D) Cold-formed Steel Cold-formed steet should comply with all the requirements for: IS 811-1987 Cold-formed Light Gauge Structural Steel Sections IS 808-1989 Dimensions for Hot-rolled Stee! Beams, Columns, Channels, and Angle Sections 4.3.2 Fasteners A) Specifications Bolts, nuts, and washers should comply with all the requirements for: IS 1963 - 1984 (Part 1) Hexagonal Head Bolts and Nuts iS 1367 - 1983 Threaded Fasteners B) Grade Grade C, property Class 4.6 C)_ Compiled Data Stress Case ‘Stress in Axial Tension on Net Area Stress in Shear on Gross Area Stress in Bearing on Gross Area: Combined Tensile and Sheer Stress Table 4.3.2: Maximum Permissible Stress in Bolts for Class 4.6 4.3.3 Reinforcement Steel A) Specifications Reinforcement steel should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 1786-1986 _ High Strength Deformed Stee! Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Is 456-1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete B) Steel Grade Fe 415, High Yield Strength Deformed Bars Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.3.4 4.3.5 C) Compiled Data Stress Case Permissible Stress for Fe 415 (Nimm?) Tension Stress in Steel On 230 Compression Stress in Stee! oye 190 Permissible Bond Stress for Anchorage in Cement Mortar 1: 1 and nal concrete > 1:2:4 oe 10'000 (Nimm?) = 7850 (kg/m*) Modulus of Elasticity: E Unit Weight: Table 4.3.3: Permissible Stress in Steel Reinforcement Increase of Permissible Stresses For occasional loadings combined with dead, live, and wind loads, the permissible stresses can be increased as follows: Load Material Increase of Stress Dead load, live load, Structural Stee! 33% wind load and temperature, Bolts and Tension Rods 25% or Reinforcement Steel 33% \d load and seismic load Erection Structural Stee! 25% (Secondary Effects) Bolts and Tension Rods 25% Table 4.3.4: Increase of Permissible Stress Rust Prevention To prevent rusting in stee! structures they should be hot-dip galvanized or painted (painting is optional only but not recommended), and should comply with all the requirements for: 1S 8629-1977 Protection of Iron and Steel Structures from Atmospheric Corrosion IS 2629-1966 — Recommended Practice for Hot-Dip Galvanizing of ron and Steel 1S 4759-1984 Specifications for Hot-Dip Zinc Coatings on Structural Steel Volume A Long Span Trail Bridge Standard 4.4 Civil Structures 4.4.1 Concrete A) Specifications Concrete should comply with all the requirements for: Is 456 - 1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete 1s 269 -1989 Ordinary Portland Cement 1S 383-1970 Coarse and Fine Aggregates B) Concrete Grades (Mixed by volume units; cement: sand: aggregates) = Lean conerete 1: 4: 8 used as sub-concrete = Concrete 1:3:6 (M10) — Concrete 4: 3: 6 mixed with 40% boulders ~ Concrete 4: 3:6 mixed with 60% boulders, used as fil concrete = Concrete 4:2:4 (M15) ~ Concrete 4: 1% :3 (M20) Reinforced concrete should always be vibrated C) Compited Data Oe Permissil stress (N/imm’) Grade of Concrete 1:3:6 14:3:64+ 40% 124 4: 1% 33 twioy | “boucers” | ows) | ‘wr20y ar Srorsin [fenton bey” |2° | 2° soueaa Zo direct oy | 2.5 15 40 5.0 Tear ess, esate 05 Fane tension Te oe aaa a a Siass HDS 5} soa Teri tess Denna Lolain concrete) ee ez ee o7 Table 4.4.1: Permissible Stresses for Concrete For occasional loading (wind, erection) combined with dead and live loads, the permissible stresses can be increased by 33%. Modulus of Elasticity for Concrete 1: 2: 4 (M 15) and 1: 1% :3 (M 20): E = 21000 Nimm? In anchorage steel designs, the bond resistance of connection flats and rods and the bearing resistance of shuttering have generally been neglected Long Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume A 4.4.2: Masonry A) Specifications The specifications and permissible stresses given below are based on IS 1597 ~ 1967 (Part 1) Code of Practice for Construction of Stone Masonry ‘ SIA 178 - 1980 ‘Swiss Standard for Stone Masonry Is 2250 - 1981 Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars B) Types of Masonry (mixed by volume units; cement: sand) = Rubblemasonry 1:6 = Rubblemasonry 1:4 = Block stone masonry 1:4 C) Compiled Data SSS SS SS eee Permissible Stress (Nimm) Rubble Rubble oro masonry masonry | Block stone masonry 14 Sratied | Nonstratiied blocks blocks Slonderness Ratio hid" os | 20 | os [20] 05] 20] os | 20 ‘Stress in bencing Compression (extreme fiber) ce oa od etatel eon accel nce ou Gro 1.0 05 14 08 | 16 | 10] 28 15 Tension stress in bending 013 | 007 | 019 | 0.11] 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.20 *h= height of wall, d= thickness of wall Table 4.4. Permissible Stress for Masonry ifmasonry walls are used in combination with concrete and the thickness of the concrete is greater than the thickness of the masonry, the permissible stresses for the appropriate concrete grade have to be applied. 4.4.3 Gabion A) Specifications of Wire Gabion wire should comply with all the requirements for: I$ 280-1978 Mild Steel Wire for General Engineering Purposes 1S 4826 - 1979 Hot-dipped Galvanized Coatings on Round Stee! Wire B) Diameter of Wire Mesh wire 10 SWG Selvedge wire 7 SWG Binding Wire 12 SWG

You might also like