Chapter 10:

Stresses and
Deformations in
Cylinders
In all things, success depends on
previous preparation. And without
such preparation there is sure to be
failure.

Confucius, Analects
Common beverage can. Along with food
containers, these are the most common
pressure vessels. (AP/Wide World Photos)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Class
1 (Loose)

Type
Clearance

2 (Free)

Clearance

3 (Medium)

Clearance

4 (Snug)

Clearance

5 (Wringing)

Interference

6 (Tight)

Interference

7 (Medium)

Interference

8 (Shrink)

Interference

Applications
Where accuracy is not essential,
such as in building and mining
equipment
In rotating journals with speeds of
600 rpm or greater, such as in engines and some automotive parts
In rotating journals with speeds under 600 rpm, such as in precision
machine tools and precise automotive parts
Where small clearance is permissible and where mating parts are not
intended to move freely under load
Where light tapping with a hammer
is necessary to assemble the parts
In semipermanent assemblies suitable for drive or shrink Ws on light
sections
Where considerable pressure is required for assembly and for shrink
Ws of medium sections; suitable for
press Ws on generator and motor armatures and for automotive wheels
Where considerable bonding between surfaces is required, such
as locomotive wheels and heavy
crankshaft disks of large engines

Classes of Fit

Table 10.1: Classes of t.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Recommended Tolerances
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Allowance, a
0.0025d 2 / 3
0.0014d 2 / 3
0.0009d 2 / 3
0.000

Interference,

0.000
0.00025d
0.0005d
0.0010d

Hub
tolerance, tlh

Shaft
tolerance, tls

0.0025d 1 / 3
0.0013d 1 / 3
0.0008d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3

0.0025d 1 / 3
0.0013d 1 / 3
0.0008d 1 / 3
0.0004d 1 / 3
0.0004d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3
0.0006d 1 / 3

Table 10.2: Recommended tolerances in inches for classes of t.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Recommended Tolerances
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Allowance, a
0.0073d 2 / 3
0.0041d 2 / 3
0.0026d 2 / 3
0.000

Interference,

0.000
0.00025d
0.0005d
0.0010d

Hub
tolerance, tlh

Shaft
tolerance, tls

0.0216d 1 / 3
0.0112d 1 / 3
0.0069d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3

0.0216d 1 / 3
0.0112d 1 / 3
0.0069d 1 / 3
0.0035d 1 / 3
0.0035d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3
0.0052d 1 / 3

Table 10.3: Recommended tolerances in millimeters for classes of t.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Recommended Shaft and Hub

Diameters
Type
of W
Clearance
Interference

Hub diameter
Maximum,
Minimum
dh, min
dh, max
d + t lh
d
d + t lh
d

Shaft diameter
Maximum
Minimum
ds, max
ds, min
d a
d a t ls
d + + t ls
d+

Table 10.4: Maximum and minimum diameters of shaft and hub for two types of t.}

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Thin-walled Pressure Vessel

m1
th

m2

di

pi

e
l

Criterion for thin vs. thick wall:

di
> 40

th

Stresses for thin-walled cylinder:
=

pi r
th

z =

pi r
2th

e
(a)

(b)

Figure 10.1: Internally pressurized thin-walled

cylinder. (a) Stress element on cylinder; (b)
stresses acting on element.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

r = p

2014 CRC Press

Internally Pressurized Cylinder

methdl
de
piri dedl
pi

de/2

ri
ro

th

Figure 10.2: Front view of internally pressurized, thin-walled cylinder.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Pressurized Cylinder
db
e
dr

me sin de/2

1
,b
r r
,e

mr + dmr
me

me

de/2
de

mr
r

ro

d e/2

me

,br
br +
,r dr

mr + dmr

rde

dr

,be de
be +
,e

ri pi

de/2
mr

dr
br

de/2

po

me
(a)

be

de

(b)

de

Figure 10.3: Complete front view of thick-walled

cylinder internally and externally pressurized. (a)
With stresses acting on cylinder; (b) detail of
stresses acting on element.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

Initial element
Deformed element

Figure 10.4: Cylindrical coordinate

stress element before and after
deformation.

2014 CRC Press

Normal
stress,
m

Internally Pressurized Cylinder

me

ri
Tension
Compression

ro

Radius, r

pi
mr

Figure 10.5: Internally pressurized,

thick-walled cylinder showing
circumferential (hoop) and radial
stress for various radii.

Stress distribution:

2

r
pi ri2 1 o2
r

r =

ro2 ri2

2
r
o
pi ri2 1 + 2

r

ro2 ri2

Maxima occur at r = ri:

rmax = pi

2

ro + ri2
max = pi

ro2 ri2
Radial displacement:

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

pi ri
r =
E

ro2 + ri2
+
ro2 ri2

2014 CRC Press

Externally Pressurized
Cylinder

Normal
stress,
m

po

ri

mr

Tension

Radius, r

Compression

ro
me
po

Stress distribution:
2

ri
po ro2
r = 2
1

ro ri2 r2
2

ri
po ro2
= 2
+1

ro ri2 r2

Maxima:
r,max = po


2ro2 po

,max = 2
2
ro ri

Figure 10.6: Externally pressurized,

thick-walled cylinder showing
circumferential (hoop) and radial
stress for various radii.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Design Procedure 10.1: Stress Analysis of

Thick-Walled Cylinders
A common design problem is to determine the largest permissible external and/or internal
pressure to which a cylinder can be subjected without failure. Axial stresses, if present, are
negligibly small. The following design procedure is useful for such circumstances:
1. For internal pressurization, both the radial and circumferential stresses are largest at the
inner radius. The von Mises stress for this plane stress case can be shown to be

3ro4 + ri4
e = pi
2
(ro2 ri2 )
Sy ro2 ri2

so that the allowable internal pressure is, from Eq.~(6.8), pi =

ns 3ro4 + ri4

2. For external pressurization, it can be shown that the larger von Mises stress occurs at
the inner radius, with the stresses of r = 0 and given by Eq. (10.32). This yields an
expression of allowable external pressure of:
Sy ro2 ri2
po =
ns 2ro2

3. For combined internal and external pressurization, Eqs. (10.20) and (10.22) need to be
substituted into a failure criterion from Ch. 6, such as the DET given for plane stress in
Eqs. (6.10) and (6.11).

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Rotating Cylinder
Normal
stress,
m

me

Stresses:

mr

Radius, r

ri
ro

2 2
3+ 2 2
r
r
1
+
3
=
ri + ro2 + i 2 o
r2
8
r
3+

2 2
3+ 2 2
r
r
r =
ri + ro2 i 2 o r2
8
r

,max

Figure 10.7: Stresses in rotating

cylinder with central hole and
no pressurization.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

3 + 2 2 ri2 (1 )
=
ro +
4
3+

r,max =

3+ 2
2
(ri ro )
8

2014 CRC Press

Rotating Solid Cylinder

Stresses:

Normal
stress,
m

3 + 2 2 r2 (1 + 3)
=
ro
8
3+

me

r =
Tension

mr
Radius, r

3+ 2 2
ro r2
8

Compression
ro

,max = r,max =

3+
(ro )2
8

Figure 10.8: Stresses in rotating

solid cylinder with no
pressurization.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Interference Fit
ri
brs

brs

brh

brh

For hub and shaft of the same material, and

a solid shaft:

2rf pf ro2

r =

2
E ro2 rf


Torque that can be transmiaed:

rf
ro

T = Pmax rf = 2rf2 lpf

Figure 10.9: Side view showing

interference in press t of hollow
shaft to hub.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Interference Fit
pf

Hub
rf
ri

ro

rf

rf

ri

pf

Shaft

ro

(a)

(b)

Figure 10.10: Front view showing (a) cylinder assembled with an interference t
and (b) hub and hollow shaft disassembled (also showing interference pressure).

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 10.10
Ps

Aluminum

Aluminum

Pa

Ps

250 mm
(a)

(b)

Figure 10.11: (a) Block placed between two rigid jaws of clamp, and (b) associated
forces.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Die Casting Machine

Ejector platen
(moves)
Ejector
die half

Stationary platen

Cavity
Ladle

Hydraulic
cylinder

Shot sleeve
Ejector
box

Plunger rod
Stationary die half

Figure 10.11: Schematic illustration of a die casting machine. Source: From

Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press