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Wave Motion
CHAPTER OUTLINE
16.1
Propagation of a Disturbance
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
(i)
Answer (a). As the wave passes from the massive string to the
less massive string, the wave speed will increase according to
T
v=
.
(ii)
OQ16.3
(i)
(ii)
Answer (b). Greater linear density makes the wave move more
slowly.
(i)
The ranking is (c) = (d) > (e) > (b) > (a). Look at the coefficients
of the sine and cosine functions: (a) 4, (b) 6, (c) 8, (d) 8, (e) 7.
(ii)
The ranking is (c) > (a) = (b) > (d) > (e). Look at the coefficients
of x. Each is the wave number, 2/, so the smallest k goes with
854
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Chapter 16
855
OQ16.4
The ranking is (c) > (a) = (b) = (d) > (e). From v = f = / k, we
compute the absolute value of the ratio of the coefficient of t to
the coefficient of x in each case: (a) 5, (b) 5, (c) 7.5, (d) 5, (e) 4.
T
, we must increase the tension by a factor
of 4 to make v double.
OQ16.5
OQ16.6
OQ16.7
(a) through (d): Yes to all. The maximum element speed and the
wave speed are related by vy ,max = A = 2 fA = 2 vA / . Thus the
amplitude or the wavelength of the wave can be adjusted to make
either vy, max or v larger.
OQ16.8
OQ16.9
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856
Wave Motion
CQ16.2
The type of wave you generate depends upon the direction of the
disturbance (vibration) you generate and the direction of its travel
(propagation).
(a)
(b)
CQ16.3
CQ16.4
CQ16.5
Since the frequency is 3 cycles per second, the period is 1/3 second =
333 ms.
CQ16.6
(a) and (b) Each element of the rope must support the weight of the
rope below it. The tension increases with height. (It increases
T
linearly, if the rope does not stretch.) Then the wave speed v =
CQ16.7
As the pulse moves down the string, the elements of the string itself
move side to side. Since the mediumhere, the stringmoves
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, the wave is
transverse by definition.
CQ16.8
No. The vertical speed of an element will be the same on any string
because it depends only on frequency and amplitude:
vy ,max = A = 2 fA
The elements of strings with different wave speeds will have the
same maximum vertical speed.
CQ16.9
(a)
1
1
Then d = t .
vs v p
(b)
Knowing the distance from the first station places the focus on a
sphere around it. A measurement from a second station limits it
to another sphere, which intersects with the first in a circle. Data
from a third non-collinear station will generally limit the
possibilities to a point.
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Chapter 16
857
Propagation of a Disturbance
or
t=
km s ) ( 17.3 s )
km s
(a)
(d)
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858
P16.3
Wave Motion
We obtain a function of the same shape by writing
y ( x,t ) =
( x x 0 )2 + 3
6
( x 4.50t )2 + 3
(a)
(b)
6.37 106 m
817 s.
7800 m/s
The Rayleigh wave that travels along the Earths surface must
travel a distance of
6.67 106 m
1482 s.
4 500 m/s
Section 16.2
P16.5
A = 2.00 cm
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Chapter 16
P16.6
(b)
k = 2.11 rad m =
2
= 2.98 m
k
(c)
= 3.62 rad s f =
= 0.576 Hz
2
(d)
v = f =
(a)
859
2 3.62
=
= 1.72 m s
2 k
2.11
ANS. FIG. P16.6(b) shows the wave from part (a) one-quarter
period later
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860
Wave Motion
(e)
ANS. FIG. P16.6(e) shows a wave with frequency 1.5 times larger
than the wave in part (a): The wave appears the same as in ANS.
FIG. P16.6(a) because this is a snapshot of a given moment.
40.0 vibrations 4
= Hz
30.0 s
3
425 cm
= 42.5 cm/s
10.0 s
=
P16.8
v 42.5 cm s
=
= 31.9 cm = 0.319 m
f
1.33 Hz
8.00
Therefore, v = f = ( 1.20 m )
Hz = 0.800 m/s .
12.0
P16.9
(a)
10
v= =
=3.33m/s.
k
3
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Chapter 16
(b)
861
4
= 5.48 cm
2
= 3 : = 0.667 m
(c)
k=
(d)
vy =
= 2 f = 10 : f = 5.00 Hz
= ( 0.350 ) ( 10 ) cos 10 t 3 x +
t
4
(a)
(b)
v 20.0 m/s
=
= 4.00 m
f
5.00 s 1
k=
2
2
=
= 1.57 rad/m
4.00 m
(c)
y
= A cos ( kx t ) .
t
ay =
vy
t
[ A cos ( kx t )] = A 2 sin ( kx t )
t
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862
P16.12
Wave Motion
At time t, the motion at point A, where x = 0, is
3
which implies
15.7xB = ( 15.7 m 1 ) xB =
xB = 0.066 7 m = 6.67 cm
or
P16.13
v ( 1.00 m s )
=
= 0.500 Hz
2.00 m
(a)
f =
(b)
(c)
k=
(d)
y = A sin ( kx t + ) becomes
2
2
=
= m = 3.14 rad m
2.00 m
y = 0.100 sin ( x t )
(e)
y = 0.100 sin ( t )
(f)
(g)
y
= 0.100 m ( 3.14 s ) cos ( 3.14x m 3.14t s )
t
(a)
ANS. FIG. P16.14 shows the y vs. t plot of the given wave.
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Chapter 16
(b)
(c)
P16.15
863
2
2
=
= 0.125 s
50.3 s 1
This agrees with the period found in the example in the text.
y = ( 0.120 m ) sin x + 4 t
8
(a)
v=
: v = ( 0.120 ) ( 4 ) cos x + 4 t
8
a=
v
2
: a = ( 0.120 m ) ( 4 ) sin x + 4 t
8
a ( 0.200 s, 1.60 m ) = 0
P16.16
2
=
: = 16.0 m
8
(c)
k=
(d)
= 4 =
(e)
v=
(a)
2
: T = 0.500 s
T
16.0 m
=
= 32.0 m s
T 0.500 s
= 3.18 Hz
2
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864
P16.17
Wave Motion
The wave function is: y = 0.25 sin (0.30x 40t) m
Compare this with the general expression y = A sin (kx t):
P16.18
(a)
A = 0.250 m
(b)
= 40.0 rad s
(c)
k = 0.300 rad m
(d)
(e)
40.0 rad s
v = f = =
( 20.9 m ) = 133 m s
2
(f)
(a)
2
2
=
= 20.9 m
k
0.300 rad m
k=
2
2
=
= 18.0 rad m
0.350 m
(c)
T=
1
1
=
= 0.0833 s
f 12.0/s
(d)
(e)
(f)
y = A sin ( kx + t + ) specializes to
y = ( 0.200 m ) sin ( 18.0 x m + 75.4t s + )
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Chapter 16
(g)
865
At x = 0, t = 0 we require
P16.19
Using the traveling wave model, we can put constants with the right
values into y = A sin ( kx + t + ) to have the mathematical
representation of the wave. We have the same (positive) signs for both
kx and t so that a point of constant phase will be at a decreasing value
of x as t increasesthat is, so that the wave will move to the left.
The amplitude is
k=
2
2
=
= 2.50 m 1
0.800 m
P16.20
(a)
y
t
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866
Wave Motion
Also, =
2
2
=
= 80.0 s 1 .
T
0.0250 s
Use the identity sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 and the expressions for yi and
vi:
( A sin )2 + ( A cos )2 = 1
A 2 2
A2
( A sin )
2
A cos )
(
+
= A2
2
v
2.00 m/s
A = y + i = ( 0.0200 m ) +
80.0 s 1
2
2
i
A = 0.0215 m
(b)
y i ( A sin )
80.0 ( 0.0200 )
=
= tan tan =
= 2.51
vi
A cos
2.00
Your calculators answer = tan1 (2.51) = 1.19 rad is an angle
in the fourth quadrant with a negative sine and positive cosine,
just the reverse of what is required. Recall on the unit circle, an
angle with a negative tangent can be in either the second or
fourth quadrant. The sine is positive and the cosine is negative in
the second quadrant. The angle in the second quadrant is
(c)
vy ,
(d)
max
2
2
=
= 8.38 m 1 ,
0.750 m
= 80.0 s 1
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Chapter 16
Section 16.3
P16.21
867
T
A
so
T = A ( stress )
A ( Stress )
=
m/L
T
=
Stress
=
m / AL
Stress
=
m / Volume
Stress
where is the density. The maximum velocity occurs when the stress
is a maximum:
vmax =
P16.22
2.70 108 Pa
= 185 m s
7860 kg m 3
1 350 kg m s 2
= 520 m s
5.00 103 kg m
T
v=
=
P16.23
v1 = T1
Since is constant, =
and
v2 = T2
T2 T1
= , and
v22 v12
30.0 m s
v
T2 = 2 T1 =
(6.00 N ) = 13.5 N
v1
20.0 m s
P16.24
(a)
1
1
1
1
f = T = [T ]=
= 1 =T
T
f
[f] T
units are seconds
2
T
M L
ML
v=
T = v 2 [T ]= v 2 = = 2
L T
T
units are newtons
(b)
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868
P16.25
Wave Motion
The down and back distance is 4.00 m + 4.00 m = 8.00 m.
The speed is then v =
P16.26
dtotal 4 ( 8.00 m )
T
=
= 40.0 m s =
.
t
0.800 s
0.200 kg
= 5.00 102 kg/m.
4.00 m
Now,
So
(a)
3 140
=
= 16.0 m 1
v
196
v = 196 m s =
T
T = 158 N
4.10 103 kg m
The total time interval is the sum of the two time intervals.
In each wire
t =
=L
v
T
Let A represent the cross-sectional area of one wire. The mass of one
wire can be written both as m = V = AL and also as m = L.
Then we have = A =
Thus,
d 2
t = L
4T
d 2
.
4
12
For copper,
t = ( 20.0 m )
4 ) ( 150 N )
(
12
= 0.137 s
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Chapter 16
869
For steel,
t = ( 30.0 m )
4 ) ( 150 N )
(
12
= 0.192 s
v=
T
Mg
=
=
m/L
MgL L
MgL L2
mL
=
= 2 g=
m
t
m
t
Mt 2
3
mL ( 4.00 10 kg ) ( 1.60 m )
g=
=
= 3.13 m/s 2
Mt 2 ( 3.00 kg ) ( 26.1 103 s )2
(a)
=
(b)
F
, the mass per unit length is
F
29.4 N
=
= 0.0510 kg m
2
v
( 24.0 m s )2
F
=
19.6 N
= 19.6 m s
0.0510 kg m
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870
P16.30
Wave Motion
From the free-body diagram mg = 2T sin
T=
mg
2 sin
3L/8 3
=
L/2 4
= 41.4
(a)
v=
=
or
(b)
P16.31
T
mg
=
2 sin
mg
9.80 m/s 2
=
m
2 sin 41.4 2 ( 8.00 103 kg/m ) sin 41.4
v = ( 30.4 ) m, where v is in meters per second and
m is in kilograms.
We use v =
m = 3.89 kg
T
to solve for the tension:
T = v 2 = Av 2 = r 2 v 2
T = ( 8920 kg m 3 ) ( ) ( 7.50 104 m ) ( 200 m s )
2
T = 631 N
Section 16.5
P16.32
(a)
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Chapter 16
(b)
871
vgranite
vgranite
25.0vgranite
Amudfill
=
=
=
= 5.00
vgranite
Agranite
vmudfill
vgranite
25.0
The amplitude increases by 5.00 times.
P16.33
We are given T = constant; we use the equation for the speed of a wave
T
, and the power supplied to a vibrating string,
on a string, v =
1
P = 2 A 2 v.
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
A2
remains constant,
2
so 1 .
(d) If L and are halved, is still the same, and 2
1
is
2
1
2 A 2 v, we have
2
2 =
2P
2(300 N m/s)
=
2
2
A v ( 4.00 10 kg m ) ( 5.00 10 2 m )2 (50.0 m s)
Computing,
= 346 rad/s
and
f=
= 55.1 Hz
2
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872
P16.35
P16.36
Wave Motion
Comparing the given wave function, y = (0.15) sin (0.80x 50t), with
the general wave function, y = A sin (kx t), we have k = 0.80 rad/m,
= 50 rad/s, and A = 0.15 m.
2 50.0
= =
m s = 62.5 m s
2 k
k 0.800
(a)
v = f =
(b)
2
2
=
m = 7.85 m
k
0.800
(c)
f=
50.0
= 7.96 Hz
2
(d)
1
1
2
2
P = 2 A 2 v = (12.0 103 ) ( 50.0) ( 0.150) (62.5) W = 21.1 W
2
2
v 30.0 m/s
=
= 60.0 Hz and = 2 f = 120 rad s
0.500 s
1
2 A 2 v
2
1 0.180 kg
2
2
=
( 120 rad/s ) ( 0.100 m ) ( 30.0 m/s )
2 3.60 m
P=
= 1.07 kW
P16.37
= 1.50 m
f = 50.0 Hz:
= 2 f = 314 s 1
From y = A sin
x t ,
(b)
2 314
1
1
2
P = 2 A 2 v = ( 30.0 103 ) ( 314) (7.50 102 )
W
4.19
2
2
P = 625 W
Chapter 16
P16.38
873
Originally,
1
P0 = 2 A 2 v
2
1
T
P0 = 2 A 2
2
1
P0 = 2 A 2 T
2
The doubled string will have doubled mass per length. Presuming that
we hold tension constant, it can carry power larger by 2 times:
1
1
P= 2 A 2 T ( 2 ) = 2 2 A 2 T = 2P0
2
2
P16.39
Comparing
y = 0.350sin 10 t 3 x +
4
with
y = A sin ( kx t + ) = A sin ( t kx + )
we have
k = 3 m 1 , = 10 s 1 , and A = 0.350 m
Then,
1
10 s
v = f = ( 2 f )
=
=
= 3.33 m/s
2 k 3 m 1
(a)
1
2 A 2 v
2
2
1
2
= ( 75 103 kg/m ) ( 10 s 1 ) ( 0.350 m ) ( 3.33 m/s )
2
P=
= 15.1 W
(b)
E = P T =
=
1
2 A 2
2
2
1
2
2
75.0 103 kg m ) ( 10 s 1 ) ( 0.350 m )
(
3 m 1
2
= 3.02 J
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874
P16.40
Wave Motion
Suppose that no energy is absorbed or carried down into the water.
Then a fixed amount of power is spread thinner farther away from the
source. It is spread over the circumference 2 r of an expanding circle.
The power-per-width across the wave front
P
2 r
is proportional to amplitude squared, so amplitude is proportional to
P
2 r
Section 16.6
P16.41
1 [ f (x)]
ln f (x)] =
[
x
f (x) x
1
1
2 [ f (x)]
[1]
[2]
Applying [1],
y
1 (bx bvt) =
1
1
=
b(x vt) ( b ) = x vt
b(x
vt)
x
x
Applying [2],
2 y
1
2 =
x
(x vt)2
In a similar way,
y
v
=
t x vt
and
2 y
v2
=
t 2 ( x vt )2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
875
2 y 1 2 y
=
x 2 v 2 t 2
so the proposed function is one solution to the wave equation.
P16.42
(a)
(b)
In order for two vectors to be equal, they must have the same
magnitude and the same direction in three-dimensional space.
All of their components must be equal, so all coefficients of the
unit vectors must be equal.
(c)
A=0
(d)
E = 2.00 in rad.
Identify corresponding parts. In order for two functions to be
identically equal, corresponding parts must be identical. The
argument of the sine function must have no units, or be equivalent to units of radians.
(e)
P16.43
2 y 1 2 y
The linear wave equation is 2 = 2 2 .
x
v t
If
y = eb(xvt)
Then
y
b xvt
= bve ( )
t
and
y
b xvt
= be ( )
x
2 y
b xvt
= b2 v2e ( )
2
t
and
2 y
b xvt
= b2e ( )
2
x
Therefore,
P16.44
(a)
2
2 y
b(xvt)
2 y
is a solution.
=
v
, demonstrating that e
2
2
t
x
From y = x 2 + v 2t 2 ,
evaluate
y
= 2x
x
and
2 y
=2
x 2
Also,
y
= v 2 2t
t
and
2 y
= 2v 2
t 2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
876
Wave Motion
2 y 1 2 y
?
=
t 2 v 2 t 2
Does
1
2v 2 ) and this is true, so the
2 (
v
wave function does satisfy the wave equation.
(b)
Note
1
1
1
1
1
1
( x + vt )2 + ( x vt )2 = x 2 + xvt + v 2t 2 + x 2 xvt + v 2t 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
=x +v t
as required. So
1
2
f ( x + vt ) = ( x + vt )
2
(c)
1
2
g ( x vt ) = ( x vt )
2
and
2 y
= sin x cos vt
x 2
y
= v sin x sin vt
t
2 y
= v 2 sin x cos vt
t 2
1
2 y 1 2 y
= 2 2 becomes sin x cos vt = 2 v 2 sin x cos vt which
2
v
x
v t
is true, as required.
Then
Note
So
f ( x + vt ) =
1
sin ( x + vt )
2
and
g ( x vt ) =
1
sin ( x vt )
2
Additional Problems
P16.45
Chapter 16
P16.46
877
x 1 m
~
~ 10 m/s.
t 0.1 s
Model the stadium as a circle with a radius of order 100 m. Then, the
time for one circuit around the stadium is
2
2 r 2 (10 )
T=
~
= 63 s ~ 1 min
v
10 m s
P16.47
T
and in this case T = mg;
v2
.
g
Now v = f implies v =
so that
k
0.250 kg m 18 s 1
m= =
= 14.7 kg
g k
9.80 m s 2 0.750 m 1
*P16.48
v=
2d
gives
t
d=
P16.49
vt 1
= ( 6.50 103 m s ) ( 1.85 s ) = 6.01 km
2 2
K + U = 0
( K +U
+U s )top = ( K +U g +U s ) bottom
1
0 + Mgx + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + kx 2
2
2Mg
x=
k
(a)
(b)
L = L0 + x = L0 +
L = 0.500 m +
2Mg
k
39.2 N
= 0.892 m
100 N m
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
878
Wave Motion
(c)
v=
T
TL
=
v=
39.2 N 0.892 m
5.0 103 kg
v = 83.6 m/s
P16.50
K + U = 0
(K + U
+ Us
top
= K + U g + Us
0 + Mgx + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 +
Mgx =
P16.51
bottom
1 2
kx
2
1 2
kx
2
(a)
T = kx = 2Mg
(b)
L = L0 + x = L0 +
(c)
v=
(a)
2Mg
k
2Mg
2Mg
L
+
0
m
k
T
TL
=
=
The smallest two angles for which the sine function is 0.500 are
30.0 and 150, i.e., 0.523 6 rad and 2.618 rad.
( 99.6 rad s ) t
k
1.25 rad m
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
P16.52
(a)
879
12.0 103 kg
( 1.00 cm )( 375 m/s 2 ) = 0.045 0 N
F = ma =
100 cm
(c)
To find the tension in the string, we first compute the wave speed
v=f =
50.0 s 1
=
= 62.5 m/s
k 0.800 m 1
then,
v=
12.0 103 kg
T
2
gives T = v 2 =
( 62.5 m/s ) = 46.9 N
1.00 m
Fx = T Mg sin = 0
or the tension in the string is T = Mg sin .
The speed of transverse waves in the string is then
v=
T
=
Mg sin
=
m/L
MgL sin
m
t =
P16.54
(a)
L
m
=L
=
v
MgL sin
mL
Mg sin
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
880
Wave Motion
(b)
(c)
200 m s
A2 = 1.80 m
9.39 m s
1/2
= 8.31 m
(d)
As the water depth goes to zero, our model would predict zero
speed and infinite amplitude. In fact the amplitude must be finite
as the wave comes ashore. As the speed decreases the wavelength
also decreases. When it becomes comparable to the water depth,
or smaller, our formula
P16.55
v=
T
=
M 2 r
M
= r
m/r
m
t =
r 1
=
v
m
M
m
=
M
0.0032 kg
= 0.0843 rad
0.450 kg
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
P16.56
881
T
,
where T is the tension in the cord, and is the mass per unit length of
the cord. The tension T is generated by the centripetal force holding
the mass and cord in uniform circular motion at the angular velocity ;
thus:
T = Fc = M
v2
= M 2 r
r
m
; thus, the transverse wave
r
velocity is
vtrans
T
=
=
( M r ) = ( M r ) = r
2
2 2
( m)
m
r
M
m
Now the transverse wave travels a distance r (the length of the cord) at
a uniform velocity vtrans ; thus, distance = r = vtrans t, and therefore,
t=
r
vtrans
M
r
m
M
m
1
0.003 20 kg
=
= 8.43 103 s
M ( 10.0 rad/s )
0.450 kg
T
,
where T is the tension in the cord, and is the mass per unit length of
the cord. The tension T is generated by the centripetal force holding
the mass and cord in uniform circular motion at the angular velocity,
; thus
T = Fc = M
v2
= M 2 r
r
where we note that M is the mass of the block, and the mass density of
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
882
Wave Motion
the cord is =
vtrans
m
. Thus transverse wave velocity is
r
T
=
=
( M r ) = ( M r ) = r
2
2 2
( m)
m
r
M
m
Now the transverse wave travels a distance r (the length of the cord) at
a uniform velocity vtrans ; thus, distance = r = vtranst, and therefore,
t=
r
vtrans
M
r
m
M
(a)
1
2 A 2 v where v is the wave speed, the quantity A is
2
the maximum particle speed vy, max. We have = 0.500 103 kg/m
and
In P =
v=
T
20.0 N
=
= 200 m/s
P=
1
0.500 103 kg/m ) vy2 ,max ( 200 m/s )
(
2
Then
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
(b)
(c)
883
so
(d)
(e)
1 2
mvy ,max
2
per second.
P16.59
(a)
=
v=
dm
dx
= A
= A
dL
dx
T
=
T
=
A
( ax + b )
10 x + 102 cm 2
v=
where x is in meter, T is in
1.00 10 x + 1.00 106
v(0) =
24.0
( 2700 ) 0 + 106
v(10.0 m) =
24.0
= 94.3 m s
= 9.38 m s
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
884
P16.60
Wave Motion
Imagine a short transverse pulse traveling from the bottom to the top
of the rope. When the pulse is at position x above the lower end of the
T
, where T = xg
rope, the wave speed of the pulse is given by v =
dx
dx
, so that dt =
gx
dt
L
and t =
P16.61
gx
1
g
x
1
2
2
0
L
g
(a)
1
1
3 2 2bx
P ( x ) = 2 A 2 v = 2 A02 e 2bx =
A0 e
k
2
2
2k
(b)
P ( 0) =
(c)
P16.62
dx
P ( x)
P ( 0)
3 2
A0
2k
= e 2bx
4 450 103 m 1 h
v=
3 600 s = 210 m/s
5.88 h
v 2 ( 210 m/s )
=
=
= 4 500 m
g
9.80 m/s 2
2
davg
T/A
, where T is
L/L
the tension maintained in the wire and L is the elongation produced
by this tension. Also, the mass density of the wire may be expressed as
Youngs modulus for the wire may be written as Y =
v=
Y ( L/L)
T
T/A
=
=
/A
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
885
L v 2
.
=
L
Y
Challenge Problems
P16.64
m
m dt
v=
(a)
MgL
xg +
m
Then
t
t=
dt =
0
MgL
xg + m
1 2
dx
1 xg + ( MgL m)
t=
1
g
2
gives
t=
MgL
2
Lg +
g
m
t=2
(b)
dx
L
mg
12
12
x=L
x=0
MgL
M+m M
12
When M = 0,
t=2
L m 0
L
= 2
g
g
m
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
886
Wave Motion
(c)
As m 0 we expand
m
M + m = M 1+
M
to obtain
1 m 1 m2
= M 1+
+
2 M 8 M2
12
t=2
L
1 m 1 2
M+
m M 3 2 + M
mg
2 M 8
t2
L1 m
=
g 2 M
mL
Mg
1 m2
and higher because terms with
8 M 3 2
(a)
L
L/2
L
1 L
= 2
=
2
= 0.707 2
g
2g
g
g
2
t=2
(b)
Solve the expression from part (a) for x and substitute the given
time interval:
x=
P16.66
(a)
L
:
2
g ( t )
L2
gL
L
=
4g
4
L 0
.
L
Then ( x ) =
(b)
( L 0 ) x +
L
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
x. From v =
x + dx is
t =
dx
=
v
L
dx
1
=
T/
T
( x ) dx
( L 0 ) x
+ 0
12
L 0 L
dx
L L 0
1
t =
T
1
t =
T
L ( L 0 ) x
+ 0
L
L
0
t =
(a)
dx
, the time interval required to move from x to
dt
dx
. The time interval required to move from 0 to L is
v
L
P16.67
887
2L
L3 2 03 2
3 T ( L 0 )
32
( 23 ) 0
Fy = may :
mv02
R2 v02
2T sin down =
down =
R
R
(b)
(c)
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
888
Wave Motion
In the frame of reference of the ground, once pulse moves
backward, clockwise, at speed v0 + v = 2v0 and the other forward,
counterclockwise, at v v = 0 (ANS. FIG. P16.67(c2))
0
While the loop makes one revolution, the one pulse traveling
clockwise makes two revolutions and the other pulse traveling
counterclockwise does not move around the loop. The counterclockwise pulse it is generated at the 6 oclock position, and it
will stay at the 6 oclock position.
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
889
(a) See ANS. FIG. P16.2(a); (b) See ANS. FIG. P16.2(b); (c) The graph in
ANS. FIG. P16.2(b) has the same amplitude and wavelength as the
graph in ANS. FIG. P16.2(a). It differs just by being shifted toward
larger x by 2.40 m; (d) The wave has traveled d = vt = 2.40 m to the
right.
P16.4
P16.6
(a) See ANS. FIG. P16.6(a); (b) See ANS. FIG. P16.6(b); (c) See ANS.
FIG. P16.6(c); (d) See ANS. FIG. P16.6(d); (e) See ANS. FIG. P16.6(e)
P16.8
0.800 m/s
P16.10
2.40 m/s
P16.12
6.67 cm
P16.14
(a) See ANS FIG P16.14; (b) 0.125 s; (c) This agrees with the period
found in the example in the text.
P16.16
P16.18
(a) See ANS FIG P13.12(a); (b) 18.0 rad/m; (c) 0.083 3 s; (d) 75.4 rad/s;
(e) 4.20 m/s; (f) y = ( 0.200m ) sin ( 18.0x / m + 75.4t / s + ) ; (g) y(x, t) =
0.200 sin (18.0x + 75.4t 0.151), where x and y are in meters and t is in
seconds.
P16.20
P16.22
520 m/s
P16.24
(a) units are seconds and newtons; (b) The first T is period of time; the
second is force of tension.
P16.26
(a) y = (2.00 104) sin (16.0x 3 140t), where y and x are in meters and
t is in seconds; (b) 158 N
P16.28
P16.30
P16.32
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
890
Wave Motion
P16.34
55.1 Hz
P16.36
1.07 kW
P16.38
2P0
P16.40
P16.42
(a) A = 40.0; (b) A = 7.00, B = 0, and C = 3.00; (c) In order for two
vectors to be equal, they must have the same magnitude and the same
direction in three-directional space. All of their components must be
equal, so all coefficients of the unit vectors must be equal; (d) A = 0,
B = 7.00, C = 3.00, D = 4.00, E = 2.00; (e) Identify corresponding parts.
In order for two functions to be identically equal, corresponding parts
must be identical. The argument of the sine function must have no
units or be equal to units of radians.
P16.44
1
2
( x + vt) and
2
1
1
2
( x vt) ; (c) f ( x + vt) = sin ( x + vt) and
2
2
1
g ( x vt ) = sin ( x vt )
2
g ( x vt ) =
P16.46
~1 min
P16.48
6.01 km
P16.50
P16.52
(a) 375 m/s2; (b) 0.045 0 N; (c) 46.9 N. The maximum transverse force is
very small compared to the tension, more than a thousand times
smaller.
P16.54
P16.56
8.43 103 s
2 Mg
; (c)
k
2 Mg
2 Mg
L0 +
k
k
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 16
P16.58
891
(a) P = 0.050 0 vy2 ,max where P is in watts and vy,max is in meters per
second; (b) The power is proportional to the square of the maximum
particle speed; (c) E = ( 7.50 104 ) vy2 ,max where E is in joules and vy,max is
1
mvy2 , max ; (e) E = 0.300vy2 , max where E is in
2
joules and vy,max is in meters per second
L
g
P16.60
P16.62
The given speed corresponds to an ocean depth that is greater than the
average ocean depth, about 4 280 m.
P16.64
(a) t = 2
L
g
P16.66
(a) (x) =
( L 0 ) x +
M + m M ; (b) 2
; (b) t =
L
; (c)
g
mL
Mg
2L
(L3/2 03/2 )
3 T ( L 0 )
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.