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CLASS: XII
SUBJECT:
PHYSICS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING THE PRACTICAL RECORD:

On the blank side proper margins should be drawn and the space between
2 written lines should be the same as on the writing side
A)
FOR WRITING THE EXPERIMENTS :
1. On the Left Hand Page ( Blank page)( Use only pencil for
writing on blank page)
(i) AIM
1 blank page is required
(ii) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/ RAY DIAGRAM ( WITH KEY )
( should be drawn using proper instruments like scale ,

compass, protractor using fine tipped pencil, free hand
untidy diag will not be accepted)
(iii) FORMULA WITH KEY (If any)
(iv) OBSERVATIONS AND OBSERVATION TABLES
Only One table per page
Should draw
( Observation table should be drawn using ruler and pencil .Every

column of observation table should have relevant unit written. Also
read the instruction given in each expt as to the space that the
table will require. Leaving extra space or scribbling more than the
no. of entries allowed should be avoided)
(v) GRAPH (If any) Should paste with out folding .( One Graph per
page)
( graphs should be made in full graph sheet according to the

requirement of physics particularly writing the scale and labeling
the x and y axis .
Example : X axis = 10div = ------- unit of the physical quantity
Y axis = 10div = -------unit of the physical quantity )
(VI) CALCULATIONS
requirement
one page or more as per the
(should show the calculation with formula and substitution)

(Vii) RESULT/CONCLUSION
as written on ruled page)
one page (Write the result same
( Dont write the result under the table OR under the graph )
2. On the Right Hand Page ( Ruled page) :
(Use only Blue ink )
(i) AIM
(ii) APPARATUS
(iii) THEORY
(iv) PROCEDURE
(v) RESULT/CONCLUSION (Same as written on Blank page)
(VI) PRECAUTION AND SOURCES OF ERROR
B)
FOR WRITING ACTIVITIES
1. On the Left Hand Page ( Blank page)

(i) AIM
(ii) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/ RAY DIAGRAM ( WITH KEY )
( should be drawn using proper instruments like scale ,

1 blank page is required compass, protractor using fine tipped
pencil,
free hand untidy diag will not be accepted)

(iii) FORMULA WITH KEY (If any)
(iv) OBSERVATIONS AND OBSERVATION TABLES

Only One table per page
Should draw
( every column of observation table should have relevant unit

written. Also read the instruction given in each expt as to the space
that the table will require. Leaving extra space or scribbling more
than the no. of entries allowed should be avoided)
(v) GRAPH (If any)
paste Only One Graph per page
Should
(VI) CALCULATIONS (If any)
one page
(Vii) RESULT/CONCLUSION (Write the result same as written on ruled

page) one page
( Dont write the result under the table OR under the graph )
2. On the Right Hand Page ( Ruled page)
(i) AIM
(ii) APPARATUS
(iii) PROCEDURE
(iv) RESULT/CONCLUSION
(Same as written on Blank page)
LIST OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND

ACTIVITIES
( DO NOT CHANGE THE SEQUENCE WHILE WRITING THE
EXPERIMENTS AND ACTIVITIES)
EXPERIMENTS
1.
Determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of

potential difference versus current.
2.
Find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence
determine the specific resistance of its material.
3.
Verify the laws of combination (series ) of resistance using a meter

bridge .
4.
verify the laws of combination ( parallel) of resistance using a meter

bridge .
5.
Compare the E.M.Fs of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
6.
Determine the
potentiometer.
7.
Determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method

and to find its figure of merit.
8.
To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of

merit into a voltmeter of desired range and verify the same.
9.
Find the value for v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror
and to find the focal length.
10.
Find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and
v.
11.
Determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a

graph between angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
12.
Determine the refractive index of a glass slab , using a travelling

microscope.
13.
Draw the V-I characteristic of a p n junction in forward bias and

reverse bias.
14.
Draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its

reverse break down voltage.
internal
resistance
of
given
primary
cell
using
15.
Study the characteristics of a common emitter n-p-n transistor and
to find out the values of current and voltage gains.
ACTIVITIES
1. To assemble a house hold circuit , comprising three bulbs , three (on/off)
switches, a fuse and a power source.
2. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for steady
current.
3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising atleast a battery,

resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that
are connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit
diagram.
4. To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source )
on an LDR .
5. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident

obliquely on a glass slab.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
(pg .no. 46)
AIM: To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph

of potential difference versus current.
APPRATUS: A resistance wire ,a voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate
range. A battery
eliminator, a rheostat ,a meter scale , one way key, connecting
wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
Fig . pg47
THEORY: pg 47
(According to
----------------------------------------------------------------------- unknown value of
resistance, (V/I = R) )
FORMULA: (WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
V/I =R
KEY: V potential difference across the wire
I Current through the wire
R Resistance of the wire
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the circuit

diagram.
2. Make a neat ,clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
3. Determine the least count and range of voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see that ammeter and
voltmeter are working properly.
5. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a measurable current
passes through the resistance wire .
6. Note down the value of potential difference V from voltmeter and current I
from ammeter.
7. Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both ammeter and voltmeter full
divisions readings
and not in fraction .
8. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.
9. Take at least 4 sets of independent observations.
OBSERVATIONS:
(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
1. Length of the resistance wire L = ------ cm.

2.Range of the given voltmeter = ----------volts
Least count of voltmeter = ----------volts
3. Range of the given ammeter = -----------mA.
Least count of ammeter = -----------mA .
4. Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings
S.N
O
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ammeter
reading
I (mA)
Voltmeter
reading
V
(V)
V/I=
R
()
CALCULATIONS: (DO ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

1. Mean value of resistance R = ------------------------
= ---------------------.
2. From Graph:
R = V2 V1/ I2-I1 = (show substitution of V1 ,V2 ,I 1,I2 from
graph) =------------
3. Resistance of the wire per cm =( show substitution of R/L) = --------/cm.
GRAPH: (ATTACH ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE , Only one graph
in 1 pg.)
(Total 1 graph ,so leave 1 blank page for pasting the graph)GRAPH:
(ATTACH ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE) : (Total no of graph
= 1)
I (mA)
RESULT:
1. Resistance of the given wire(i) From table R = ------,
(ii) From graph R = ------.
2. Resistance per cm of the wire = --------/cm.
PRECAUTIONS
AND SOURCES OF ERROR:
1.Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removing the
insulations near their ends by rubbing with sand paper.
2. A low resistance rheostat should be used.
3. The key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating
of resistance.
4. The instrument screws may be loose.
5. Rheostat may have high resistance.
6.The wire may not have uniform thickness.
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
(pg. no.51)
AIM: To find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence
determine the resistivity ( specific resistance) of its material.
APPRATUS: A meter bridge( slide wire bridge), a battery eliminator, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey. A one way key , a resistance wire,
a screw gauge, a meter scale , connecting wires.
Fig.3.04 .Wheats stones bridge, pg 45 &fig .Circuit diagram Metre
Bridge. pg 51. ( Write the key for the diagram).
THEORY:
pg 46 :( Write From: As the meter bridge
---------------------------------------------till : P/Q = R/S.)
Pg4 6
(i) The unknown resistance X = (100 l).R/l

(ii) Specific resistance () of the material of the given
2
wire = XD /4L
KEY :
X
R
D
L
PROCEDURE:
unknown resistance
known resistance
Diameter of the wire
Length of the wire
1.Draw the circuit diagram and arrange the apparatus according to the
diagram.
2. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined in the
right gap between C
and B.
3.Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B.
4. Make all the other connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Take out some resistance from the resistance box ,plug the key K.
6. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then right end of the bridge
wire.
7. note deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows
deflections in opposite directions ,the connections are correct.
8. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till
galvanometer gives zero deflection. The point where the jockey is toughing
the wire is null point D.
9. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there
is no deflection in the galvanometer when the jockey is nearly in the middle
of the wire
10. Note position of point D to know length AD = l.
11. Take at least four set of observations in the same way by changing the
value of R in steps.
12. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals.
Stretch it and find its length by using a metre scale.
13. Measure the diameter of the wire at least four places , in two mutually
perpendicular directions at each place with the help of screw gauge.
14. Record the observations in the observation tables.
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg 53 (all the points 1,2,3,4. As given in the page , Which includes the
observation table also)

1. mean value of X = -------------------------- = -----------
2. mean diameter D = --------------------------=----------mm
3.Specific resistance of the material of the given wire,
= X .D2/4L
=---------------- (show substitution in SI unit)
=------------- X10-8 -m
RESULT: 1.The value of unknown resistance X = ------------ohm.
2. Specific resistance of the material of the given wire = ------------ohm m.
PRECAUTIONS
1.All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

2. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
3. At one place , diameter of wire should be measured in two mutually
perpendicular directions .
5. The wire may not have uniform thickness.
6. The screw gauge may have faults like back lash error and wrong pitch.
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
(pg. no.55)
AIM: To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistance using a meter
bridge .
APPRATUS: A meter bridge, a battery eliminator, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, a jockey,a one way key , two resistance .
Fig. series combination of resistances pg55 & fig . Resistances in
series. Pg .55
THEORY:
Pg 47
( Write all the points as written for Exp.no.2)

Pg 55.
1.
r = (100 l).R/l
2. Rs = r1 + r2
KEY :
r Unknown resistance
r1, r2 resistances
Rs resistance in series
l
Balancing length
PROCEDURE: 1.Draw the circuit diagram and arrange the apparatus

according to the diagram.
right gap between C
and B.
wire.
7. Note deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows
of the wire
12. Connect the two resistances in series as shown in the circuit diagram in
the right gap of metre bridge and find the resistance of this combination.
Take at least three sets of observations.
13. Record the observations in the observation table.
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg56
( Draw observation table as given )
r = (100 l)/R
1. r1 = ----------------- =
--------------.
2.r2 = --------------------- =-------------.

3.Rs =-----------------=------------.
5. Calculations :
Experimental value of Rs =-----------------=------------.
Theoretical value of Rs =-----------------=------------.
Difference =---------------- = -------------.
RESULT:
1. Within limits of experimental error , Experimental and theoretical values of Rs
are same . Hence ,the law of resistances in series is verified.

PRECAUTIONS

6. The plugs may not be clean.

EXPERIMENT NO:4
(pg. no.57)
AIM: To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistance using a meter

bridge .
APPRATUS: A meter bridge, a battery eliminator, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, a jockey,a one way key , two resistance .
Fig.parallel combination of resistances ,pg .57 & fig Resistances in
parallel, pg .57
THEORY:
Pg 47
( Write all the points as written for Exp.no.2)

Pg 57
1.
r = (100 l).R/l
2. Rp = r1 r2 /r1 + r2
KEY :
r Unknown resistance
r1, r2 resistances
Rp resistance in parallel
l
Balancing length
PROCEDURE:
1.Draw the circuit diagram and arrange the apparatus according to the
diagram.
right gap between C
and B.
wire.
7. Note deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows
of the wire
12. Connect the two resistances in parallel as shown in the circuit diagram in
the right gap of metre bridge and find the resistance of this combination.
Take at least three sets of observations.
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg.58 ( Draw observation table as given )
r = (100 l)/R
1. r1 = ----------------- =
--------------.
2.r2 = --------------------- =-------------.

3. Rp=-----------------=------------.
5. Calculations :
Experimental value of Rp =-----------------=------------.
Theoretical value of Rp =-----------------=------------.

Difference =---------------- = -------------.
RESULT:
1. Within limits of experimental error , Experimental and theoretical values of Rp
are same . Hence ,the law of resistances in parallel is verified.

PRECAUTIONS

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
no.70)
(pg.
AIM: to compare the E.M.Fs of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
APPRATUS: Potentiometer, a Leclanche cell, a Daniel cell, multimeter , a
battery eliminator, a galvanometer, a jockey. A one way key , a two way
key ,a jokey, connecting wires.
CIRCUIT -DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
Fig. Comparison of the e.m.f of two cells, pg70
Ammeter & rheostat)
THEORY:
( excluding
R.B
Pg . 67 ( Write the information given under the heading Principle :

It
works on the principle----- ------------------------ till measured in v/m in pg68)
E1/E2 = l1/l2
Key:
E1 E.M.F of Leclanche cell.

E2 E.M.F of Daniel cell.
l1 balancing length for Leclanche cell.
l2 balancing length for Daniel cell.
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect circuit components according to the circuit diagram.
2.Insert the plug in the one way key (K) in circuit put one of the cell say E1 in
the circuit by inserting key in between the terminals a and c of the two way
key.
3. press the jockey at the zero end and note the direction of deflection in the
galvanometer.
4. press the jockey at the oter end of the potentiometer wire. and note the
direction of deflection in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows
5.Slide the jockey gently over the potentiometer wire till you obtain a point
where galvanometer shows no deflection.
6. Note the length l1 of the wire for the cell E1.
7.Disconnect the cell E1 by removing the plug from gap ac of the two way key
and connect the cell E2 by inserting the plug into gap bc of the two way key .
8. Slide the jockey along potentiometer wire so as to obtain no deflection
position and obtain accurate position of null point for second cell E2 .
9. Note the length l2 of the wire in this position for the cell E2.
10. Repeat the observation alternatively for each cell and obtain at least four
set of observations in similar way.
OBSERVATIONS:
(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE) :
Table for lengths

S.N
O
Balancing
length
when
E1(leclanc
he cell) in
the circuit
L1 (cm)
Balancing
length
when E2
(Daniel cell
)in the
circuit
L2 (cm)
E1/E2 =
l1/l2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E1/E2 = l1/l2
1. E1/E2 =------------------ = --------------and write the answer in each case)
2.
(show substitution of each l 1/l2
E1/E2=------------------ =----------------
3. E1/E2=------------------ =--------------4. Mean value of E1/E2=------------------ =---------------.

RESULT: The ratio of E.M.Fs. , E1/E2=------------------.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and E2should all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
2. The jockey should not be rubbed along the wire .It should touch the wire
gently.
3.The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f .s of the either
of the cell
4. the auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
5. The potentiometer wire may not be uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its
length.
6. End resistance may not be zero.
EXPERIMENT NO:6
(pg. no.73)
AIM:
To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using potentiometer.
APPRATUS: Potentiometer, a battery eliminator, multimeter , two one way keys
, a galvanometer, a resistance box , a Leclanche cell, a jokey, connecting
wires.
CIRCUIT- DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
Fig. Internal resistance of the cell, pg 73
( excluding
& rheostat & dont write 0cm , 400cm)
THEORY:
R.B
, Ammeter
( Same as Exp.No 4)
Pg . 67 ( Write the information given under the heading Principle : from

It works on the principle ------------------------ measured in v/m in pg68)
r = (l1 l2 / l2 ) . R
KEY:
r
l1 &l2
Internal resistance
Balancing length
Shunt resistance
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect circuit components according to the circuit diagram.
2. Insert the plug in the key K1 . place the jockey first at the end P of the wire
and then at the end Q.
3.Slightly adjusting the jockey , obtain the null point position accurately.
4.Measure the balancing length l1 between this point and end P of the wire.
5. Introduce the plugs in the key K1, as well as in key K2. Take out a small
resistance (1- 5) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with
the cell.
6. slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
7. Measure the balancing length l2 between this point and end P of the wire.
8. Remove the plug keys K1and K2.Wait for some time and for the same value
of current
9.Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each
observation twice.
10.Record your observations in the observation table.
OBSERVATIONS:
(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE) :
Tble for Lengths

S.N
o
Position
of null
point(c
m)
Without
shunt R
l1
1.
2.
3.
With
shunt
R l2
Shunt
Internal
resistan resistance
ce
R = (l1R(ohm) l2).R
l2
()
4.
5.
1. Mean value of r = -----------------2.
= -------------------
RESULT:
1. The internal resistance of the given cell varies with the current drawn from
it and its determined value lies between ---------- and --------------.
2.The mean internal resistance of the given cell = -------------.
PRECAUTIONS
!. The e.m.f of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
2. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null point .
3. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.
4. the auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
5. The potentiometer wire may not be uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its length.
6. End resistance may not be zero.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPERIMENT NO : 7
(pg. no.85)
AIM :To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection

method and to find its figure of merit.
APPRATUS:
A western type galvanometer, a voltmeter, a battery eliminator, multimeter ,

two one way keys , a resistance box , connecting wires.
Fig.Resistance of Galvanometer pg 85
(Write the key also)
THEORY:
Pg 80
(Under the heading galvanometer : A galvanometer
-------------------------the current passed)
& pg 81 (Under the heading Figure of merit of a galvanometer:
defined -------------- sensitivity)
It is

Pg 85
( Write the 2 formula given Under the heading in the lab manual )
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect circuit components according to the circuit diagram.
Pg .86 ( Write all points from 2 to15)
OBSERVATIONS:
Table for resistance and figure of merit of the galvanometer by half

deflection method
S.N
O
1.
2.
3.
E
(V
)
Resistan
ce
R
()
Deflection in
the
galvanometer
Shunt
resistanc
e
S
()
Half
deflectio
n
/2
galvanomet
er resistance
G=RS/R-S
()
figure of
merit.
K=E/(R+G)
(amp/div)
4.
I .
II. K = E/(R+G)
G = RS/R-S
1. G =---------------- =----------------.
---------amp/div.
1. K =---------------=
2. G =---------------- =----------------.
---------amp/div.
2. K =---------------=
3. G =---------------- =----------------.
---------amp/div.
3. K =---------------=
4. Mean value of G=---------------- =----------------.

=-----------= -------amp/div.
4. Mean value of K
RESULT:
1. Resistance of the given galvanometer G =----------------.
2. Figure of merit of the given galvanometer K = ---------amp/div.
PRECAUTIONS
1.All the plugs in resistance box should be tight

2.The e.m.f of battery should be constant.
3.Intially high resistance from the box (R) should be introduced in the circuit
to prevent the excessive flow of current which can galvanometer .
4. The screws of the instrument may be loose.
5.The galvanometer divisions may not be of equal size.
EXPERIMENT NO:8
(pg. no.88)
AIM:
To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit
into voltmeter of desired range and verify the same.
APPRATUS:
A western type galvanometer, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery
eliminator, multi -meter , two one way keys , resistance boxes , connecting
wires.
Fig. circuit diagram for verification for voltmeter.( excluding the part
between A,B & C & directly connect points B &C ) pg88
(Write the key also)
THEORY:
pg82 : (Under the heading Voltmeter 1st paragraph ), pg 84 (Under the

heading Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter from : to convert a
galvanometer--------------------- is very low , I.e Last two lines of (a) introduction
paragraph. )
Pg .88
( Write the formulae given Under the heading Theory )
PROCEDURE:
Pg88 & 89
(write all the points as given)
OBSERVATIONS:
(i)The resistance of the given galvanometer G =----------------.

ii) The figure of merit of the given galvanometer K = ---------amp/div.
(ii) Number of divisions in the galvanometer scale , n = -------------(iv) Current for full scale deflection,
Ig = nk = ----------
(v) Range of conversion
V = -----------V
(vi)Resistance to be placed in series with the galvanometer, R =( V/Ig) G

= ----------.
VERIFICATION :
Least count of the galvanometer converted into voltmeter = V/n =
-------volts.
Table for verification for converted
S.
No
Reading of converted galvanometer

into voltmeter
Deflection
P.D
involts.
V1 = X
L.C.
voltmeter
Standard voltmeter
reading
V2 (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT:
(i) As the difference in actual and measured value of currents is very small ,
the conversion is perfect.
(ii) As the difference in actual and measured value of potential difference is
very small , the conversion is perfect.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The e.m.f of battery should be constant.

2. The ammeter used for verification should preferably be of the same
range, as the range conversion.
3. The diameter of the wire to be used for Shunt resistance, should be
measured accurately.
4. The voltmeter used for verification should preferably be of the same
range, as the range conversion.
5. The screws of the instrument may be loose.
6.The galvanometer divisions may not be of equal size.
Differenc
e
V2 V1
(V)
EXPERIMENT NO: 9
: (This is experiment 1 of section B )
(pg. no.126)
AIM:
To find the value for v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to
find the focal length .
APPARATUS:
An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror, a mirror holder and a
meter scale.
RAY- DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
Pg 125 fig 7.04 (b)
THEORY:
Pg 119
(From (a) Definition: A mirror--------------------- convex surface
reflects)
&120
point no.5 & 7

Pg 126 ( Write the mirror formula with key )
PROCEDURE:
Pg127 &128 :( write All the points as given in the manual)
OBSERVATIONS:
Rough focal length of the given concave mirror = ------------------- cm.

Table for u, v
Position
S.N
O
Concave mirror
Image needle
P
I
(cm)
(cm)
1.
2
Distance
of
object needle
o
(cm)
PO=u
=v
(- ve )
(- ve)
(cm)
(cm)
PI
Focal length
f = (u v )/(v +u)
(-ve)
(cm)
3.
4.
5.
6.

Mean focal length
f = --------------------- = ------------cm.
RESULT:
The focal length of the given concave mirror = ---------------cm .
PRECAUTIONS
EXPERIMENT NO:10
Pg132
(pg. no.147)
AIM:
To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v.
APPARATUS:
An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens, a lens holder and a meter
scale.
Pg 145 fig 8.06 (b)
THEORY:
Pg 141
dedge.
(From (a) Definition : A piece -----------------------thick at the
& pg 142
( point no.4,5 & 6)

Pg 147
( Write the Lens formula with key)
PROCEDURE:
manual)
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg147 & pg 148( write All the points as given in the

Rough focal length of the given concave mirror = ------------------- cm.
Table for u, v
Position
S.N
O
Distance
of
Object needle
Image needle
A
C
(cm)
(cm)
Lens
O
OA= u
OC= v
(- ve )
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mean value of focal length f =------------- = -----------cm.
Focal length
f = (u v )/(u -v)
(cm)
in 1 pg.)
(Leave 2 separate full blank page on left side while writing, for
pasting only the graph . THE GRAPHS WILL HAVE TO BE PASTED
AFTER THE OBSERVATION TABLE AND BEFORE CALCULATIONS AND
RESULTS. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WILL THE GRAPH BE STUCK
ON LAST 2 BLANK PAGES OF THE EXPT.PLS HEED TO THIS
INSTRUCTION CAREFULLY AND LEAVE THE BLANK PGS AT THE
CORRECT PLACE. Also when the graphs will be drawn pls refer to the
sample graphs drawn in the manual to understand what are the
requirements of the graph)
RESULT:
The focal length of the given convex lens as determined from
(i) focal length calculated from table = ---------------cm .
(ii) (u-v) graph
PRECAUTIONS
= ------------------cm.
EXPERIMENT NO : 11
pg 152 & pg 153
(pg. no.163)
PLEASE READ THIS INSTRUCTION CAREFULLY

THE NUMBER OF BLANK PAGES AND WHAT SHOULD THEY CONTAIN FOR THIS EXPT
IS VERY IMPORTANT.
1ST PAGE- AIM, RAY DIAG
2ND PAGE , 3RD Pg -LEAVE IT BLANK NOW. WILL STICK THE SHEET ONCE EXPT IS
PERFORMED
4th PAGE - OBSERVATON TABLE
5TH PAGE - GRAPH
6TH PAGE - CONCLUSION
( NO MISTAKE SHOULD BE MADE IN ADHERING TO THE ABOVE
INSTRUCTIONS)
AIM :
To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a

graph between angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
APPARATUS :
Drawing board, a white sheet of paper , prism , pencil, half meter scale,
office pins , graph papr and a protractor.
Attach the drawing sheets in which experiment is performed.

THEORY :
Pg 160
( Refraction . It is -------------------------- in the same plane.)
& pg 162
( The minimum value of-----------------symbol D m)
PROCEDURE :
the manual)
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg163
& pg 164
( write All the points as given in
Table for angle of incidence (i) and the angle of deviation(D) .
S.N
O.
Angle of
incidence i
in ()
Angle of deviation
D
in ()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
in 1 pg.)
(Total 1 graph ,so leave 1 blank pages for pasting the graph)
RESULT:
(i) I D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence (i) increases , the
angle of deviation (D) first decreases ,attains a minimum value (Dm) and
then starts increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation, Dm = --------------
PRECAUTIONS
1. The Pins should be fixed vertical.

2. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10mm.
3. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent
rays.
4. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.
5. Pin pricks may be thick.
6. Measurement of angles may be wrong.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPERIMENT NO : 12
(pg. no.170)
AIM:
To determine the refractive index of a glass slab , using a travelling

microscope.
APPARATUS:
One glass slab, a travelling microscope, lycopodium powder

RAY - DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
Pg 169 fig 9.06
THEORY:
pg170
thickness)
(Under the heading Apparatus : A slab----------------------------- its
n=
Real thickness
Apparent thickness of slab
R 3 - R1
R 3 R2
Key:
refractive index of the given glass slab.
R1 Reading on vertical scale when microscope is focused on

cross mark without glass slab.
R2 Reading on vertical scale when microscope is focused on
cross mark with glass slab.
R3Reading on vertical scale when microscope is focused on
lycopodium powder.
PROCEDURE:
Pg 171
OBSERVATIONS:
( write All the points as given in the manual)
To find the Least count of Travelling microscope :

1 M.S.D.= --------- mm
---------V.S.D. = ------M.S.D.
1 V. S. D. = --------- M.S.D.
L .C = 1 M.S.D. 1 V.S.D.
= ------------mm.
= ----------------cm.
Table for microscope reading
S.N
O.
Reading on vertical scale when microscope is

focused on
Cross mark without
Lycopodium
glass slab
powder
L.S.R
L.S.R
V.S.D
V.S.D
T.R=
T.R =
LSR+
Cross mark with

glass slab
L.S.R
( R3
R1)
thickne
ss
( R3
R2)
LSR+
VSR
VSR
VSR
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1.
2.
1. n=( R3 R1)
( R3 R2)
Appare
nt
V.S.D T.R=
LSR+
(cm)
(cm)
Real
thickn
ess
----------------------
2. % error = Actual value of n experimental value of n
Refract
e index
n=( R3
R1)
( R3
R2)
Actual value of n
= ------------------------- = -------------- -RESULT:
1. The refractive index of the material of the glass slab = --------------2.

% error
------------------PRECAUTIONS
=
1. In microscope, the parallax error should be properly removed.

2. The microscope should be moved in upper direction only to avoid back
lash error.
3. The microscope scale may not be properly calibrated.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPERIMENT NO:13
(pg. no.182 )
AIM:
To draw the I - V characteristic of a p n junction in forward bias and

reverse bias.
APPARATUS:
A p n junction diode, a battery for biasing , one volt meter , one

ammeter , one way key , connecting wires.
(As given in NCERT book pg 481 fig 14.16 (a) & (b) )
THEORY:
Pg 182
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Pg 183 ( write All the points as given in the manual)

(a) For forward bias:

1.Range of the given voltmeter = ----------volts.
2.Least count of voltmeter = ----------volts
Least count of ammeter = -----------mA .
Table for Forward bias voltage and Forward current
S.N
O.
Forward bias
voltage
VF
(V)
Forward
current
IF (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(b) For reverse bias :

4. Least count of ammeter = -----------mA .
Table for reverse bias voltage and reverse current

S.N
O.
Reverse bias
voltage
VR (V) (ve)
Reverse
current
IR (A)
(-ve)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
in 1 pg.)
(Total 2 graphs ,so leave 2 blank pages for pasting the graphs)
RESULT:
The V I characteristic of the given p n junction diode in in forward bias
and reverse bias has been studied.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Key should used be neat, clean and tight.

2. Key should be used in circuit and opened when the circuit is not being
used.
3. Reverse bias voltage beyond break down should not be used.
4. The junction diode supplied may be faulty.
EXPERIMENT NO: 14
(pg. no.190)
AIM:
To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its
reverse break down voltage.
APPARATUS:
A Zener diode , a battery for biasing , two volt meter , two ammeter , one
way key , connecting wires.
(Leave a blank page for diagram ,will discuss in the class)
THEORY:
Pg 190
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:

Table for reverse bias voltage and reverse current
Diode 1
S.N
O.
Reverse bias
Reverse current
voltage
IR
(mA)
VR (V) (-ve)
(-ve)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
in 1 pg.)
(Total 1 graph ,so leave 1 blank page for pasting the graphs)
RESULT:
(i)The V I characteristic of the given Zener diode has been studied.
(ii) Reverse break down voltage of the given Zener diode is :
VR = PRECAUTIONS
------------- V.

used.
EXPERIMENT NO: 15
(pg. no.194)
AIM:
To study the characteristics of a common emitter n-p-n transistor and to
find out the values of current and voltage gains.
APPARATUS:
An n-p-n transistor, a battery for biasing , two volt meter , one microammeter , one milli- ammeter, two one way keys , connecting wires.

NCERT pg 493 fig 14.29
THEORY:
Pg 195 , ( from: In common emitter------------------------ till ,The
current equation, I e= Ib + I c. )
Pg 195 (all the 5 formulae given under the heading formula used)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:

(DRAW ONLY ONE TABLE PER PAGE)
1.
For
Table for base voltage and base current

constant Vce = ------------ V.
S.N
O.
1.
Base
voltage
Vb e
(V)
Base
current
Ib
(mA)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
Table for collector voltage and collector current

For
constant Ib = ------------mA.
S.N
O.
Collector
voltage
Vce
(V)
Collector
current
Ic
(mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3. Table for base current and collector current :
For
constant Vce = ------------ V.

S.N
O.
Base
current
Ib
(mA)
Collector
current
Ic
(mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1. Input resistance (ri) = ( Vbe/ Ib)
Vce
= ------------ = -------.
2. Output resistance (ro) = ( Vce/ Ic)Ib
= ------------ = -------.
3.Current gain
= ( Ic/ Ib)
= ------------ = -------.
4.
Voltage gain
Av = X( ro/ri)
= ----------------.
GRAPH: (ATTACH ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

(3 graphs - 3 blank pages required & draw the 3 graphs as per
graph given in pg 198, pg 199)
RESULT:
For the given common emitter transistor,
1. Input resistance (ri) = -------.
2. Output resistance (ro) = ---------.
3.Current gain
= -------.
4.
Voltage gain
PRECAUTIONS
Av =-----------.

used.
ACTIVITY NO: 1
(pg no.113)
AIM:
To assemble a house hold circuit , comprising three bulbs , three (on/off)
switches, a fuse and a power source.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Three bulbs , three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a battery eliminator,
connecting wires with red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire.
Diag (both) on pg 113
PROCEDURE:
All points as given in pg113 and 114.
OBSERVATIONS:
1) In series , the bulbs glow when all the switches are on . Even if one is
switched off , all the bulbs switch off.
2) In parallel, the bulbs glow when all the switches are on . If one or two
of them are switched off , the respective bulbs switch off , where the
rest keep glowing continuously.
CONCLUSION: House hold circuit assembly is complete and installed with
safety fuse of suitable value.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY NO:2
(pg .no.115)
AIM:
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for steady
current.
APPARATUS:
a battery eliminator, a jockey. A one
way key , a two way key ,a jokey, connecting wires.
Potentiometer, a volt meter , an ammeter,

Fig Studying variation in potential drop with length of the wire pg 115
( dont include rheostat)
PROCEDURE:
pg 115. ( write All the points as given in the manual)
OBSERVATIONS:

5. Steady current shown by ammeter
S.N
O
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Length of
potentiometer wire
L (cm)
= ------------- mA
Voltmeter
reading
V (V)
K = V/L
(Vcm-1)

1. From table:
Mean value of K = ---------------- = ----------------- V/cm.
2. From graph: K =(V2 V 1)/ (L2- L 1) = ----------- = ----------------- V/cm.

in 1 pg.)
pasting only the graph sheets after completing the experiment) As
per graph on pg 117
RESULT:
(i) The graph between V and l is a straight line . therefore, the potential drop
along the length of wire is directly proportional to its length
V l
V = kl
(ii) The potential drop per unit length of wire is k = ---------------- V/cm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY NO: 3
(pg .no. 117)
AIM:
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising atleast a

battery, resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the
components that are connected in proper order and correct the circuit and
also the circuit diagram.
APPARATUS:
A fixed resistance ,a voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range. A

battery eliminator, a rheostat ,a meter scale , one way key, connecting wires.
( Draw the open & closed circuit as done in the practical class while
performing the activity. Refer your observation copy ).
OBSERVATIONS:

S.N
O
Ammeter
reading
I (mA)
Voltmeter
reading
V
(V)
1.
2.
CONCLUSION:
The wrongly connected components of the given open circuit has been identified .
They have been connected in the proper order and the circuit has been closed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY NO: 4
(pg 211)
AIM: To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the
source ) on an LDR .
APPARATUS:
Light source with battery eliminator, light dependent resistor (L.D.R.), a multi meter.
Fig.pg 211 both (a) & (b)
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
pg 211 ( write All the points as given in the manual)

Table for light exposure distance and resistance
S.N
O.
Distance of source
from L.D.R.
(cm)
Resistance of
L.D.R.
R
(K)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CONCLUSION :
When the distance between light source and L.D.R. increases the resistance of
L.D.R. increases.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY NO: 5
(pg. no. 213)
AIM:
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident

obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS:
(As given in pg .213)
DIAGRAM: (DRAW ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)
pasting only the drawing sheets after completing the experiment.
ON THE SAME SHEET 2 DIAG HAS TO BE DRAWN.1. BY KEEPING THE
GLASS SLAB HORIZONTALLY. 2. BY KEEPING VERTICALLY. IN 1 ST TAKE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 300,450. IN 2ND TAKE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
300).
PROCEDURE:
(As given in pg 213)
CONCLUSION :
1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence(e)

2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increase with the angle of incidence(i).
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
A)
Pages of project should include the following :
1) Front cover page

2) Certificate
---- 1 pg
------- 1pg
3) Acknowledgement
4) Index
---- 1pg
---------- 1pg
5) Project report -------- 8 to 10 pgs

6) References / Bibliography
-------- 1 pg
Total 15 pages with spiral binding

B) Contents of Project report : (Maximum 10 pgs)
C) Use the following for writing the project report :
(i) Font to be Used -------Arial
(ii) Font size : 18 ( for Main Heading on cover page ) , 16 ( for all
inside headings & sub headings) , 14 ( for general project matter )
D) Spiral binding to be done only after approval by the Teacher in
charge .
1) (i) AIM
(ii) APPARATUS
(iii)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/ RAY DIAGRAM/DIAGRAM
(iv) FORMULA (If any)

(v) THEORY
(vi) PROCEDURE
(vii) OBSERVATIONS
(viii) GRAPH (If any)
(IX) CALCULATIONS
(X) PHOTOGRAPHS
(XI) RESULT/CONCLUSION
PROJECT IS NOT SUBMITTING DOWNLOADED WORK FROM THE

INTERNET
FOR A PROJECT SOME SIMPLE EXPT WITH EASILY AVAILABLE
APPARATUS,-COMPARITIVE STUDY , OBSERVATION IN
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE FORM, INVESTIGATION
RELATED TO CONCEPTS DONE IN THE THEORY COURSE SHOULD
BE DONE.
SUGGESTED EXPTS IN THE LAB MANUAL SOMETIMES ARE NOT
SUITABLE-. ( INTERACT WITH FACULTY FOR SUITABILITY)
VALID EVIDENCE SHOWING EXPT BEING PERFORMED HAS TO BE
ATTACHED(PHOTOGRAPHS MANDATORY)-NO PROJECT TOPIC SHOULD BE CHOSEN WITHOUT
INTERACTING WITH FACULTY
A ROUGH PROFORMA( WORD DOCUMENT) SHOULD BE MAILED TO

YOUR PHYSICS TEACHER WITHIN THE 1ST 15 DAYS OF THE SUMMER
HOLIDAYS
SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS
Additional Topics for projects other than suggested in the lab
manual
1) Taking 2 material of same thickness & length & compare their
resistance.
2) Take same material ,l,2l,3l compare their resistance.
3) Take same material length 4m ,cut into 2 pieces, put them

parallel ,cut into 4 pieces put
them parallel .
4) Take Daniel cell or market available cell find internal resistance.
5) Take a bar magnet ,straight current carry conductor, solenoid
trace its m.f lines.
6) For prism ,fill with liquids find R.I.
7) Hallow glass slab, fill with liquid ,find R.I.
8) Hallow glass slab, fill with diff liquid compare lateral
displacement.
9) Using diodes make a gate.
10)studying electromagnetic induction qualitatively.
11) Find focal length of single lens & then combined ,verify through
theoretical power
formula.
12) Take convex ,concave lens or mirror & study when real image is
formed.
NOTE : Also refer Physics lab manual for more topics for
investigatory project.
In Investigatory project report write the certificate and
acknowledgement as given below :
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following project ---------------------------------------
(write the aim of the project in the blank ) has been prepared by Ms/ Master
----------------- of class XII ---- of Centrepoint school , Katol road , Nagpur in the
subject of Physics for the the academic year 2016 2017 .
This project is the result of sincere work including
careful experimentation , observation and inference.
Mrs. ------------------- ( write the respective physics practical teachers name
with correct spelling )
(Teacher In -Charge)
Physics department
Centr
e point school, Katol road,
Nagpur.
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
(Write acknowledgement on your own)
*Include the following points while writing the acknowledgement :
1. Acknowledge the teacher incharge for the practical
2.Acknowledge the Lab Assistant & lab attendent
3. Acknowledge for the overall guidance and facilities provided by the
Principal Mrs. Shilpee Ganguly as well as Vice Principals Mrs Renu Singh &
Mrs. Mridhu Gulla .
- Signature(Name of the student )

XII ----

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CLASS: XII

INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING THE PRACTICAL RECORD:

FOR WRITING THE EXPERIMENTS :

( should be drawn using proper instruments like scale ,

( Observation table should be drawn using ruler and pencil .Every

( graphs should be made in full graph sheet according to the

one page or more as per the

(should show the calculation with formula and substitution)

one page (Write the result same

(Use only Blue ink )

FOR WRITING ACTIVITIES

1. On the Left Hand Page ( Blank page)

( should be drawn using proper instruments like scale ,

free hand untidy diag will not be accepted)

(iv) OBSERVATIONS AND OBSERVATION TABLES

( every column of observation table should have relevant unit

(VI) CALCULATIONS (If any)

(Vii) RESULT/CONCLUSION (Write the result same as written on ruled

(Same as written on Blank page)

LIST OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND

Determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of

Verify the laws of combination (series ) of resistance using a meter

verify the laws of combination ( parallel) of resistance using a meter

Compare the E.M.Fs of two given primary cells using potentiometer.

Determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method

To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of

Determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a

Determine the refractive index of a glass slab , using a travelling

Draw the V-I characteristic of a p n junction in forward bias and

Draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its

3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising atleast a battery,

5. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident

(pg .no. 46)

AIM: To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph

1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the circuit

(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

1. Length of the resistance wire L = ------ cm.

CALCULATIONS: (DO ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

AND SOURCES OF ERROR:

(i) The unknown resistance X = (100 l).R/l

(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

CALCULATIONS: (DO ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

AND SOURCES OF ERROR:

1.All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

( Write all the points as written for Exp.no.2)

FORMULA: (WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

PROCEDURE: 1.Draw the circuit diagram and arrange the apparatus

(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

( Draw observation table as given )

CALCULATIONS: (DO ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

2.r2 = --------------------- =-------------.

are same . Hence ,the law of resistances in series is verified.

AND SOURCES OF ERROR:

1.All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

6. The plugs may not be clean.

AIM: To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistance using a meter

( Write all the points as written for Exp.no.2)

FORMULA: (WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

(WRITE ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

Pg.58 ( Draw observation table as given )

CALCULATIONS: (DO ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE BLANK PAGE)

2.r2 = --------------------- =-------------.

Theoretical value of Rp =-----------------=------------.