Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8vo, Cloth.
AGENTS
AMERICA
AUSTRALASIA
CANADA
INDIA
THE
OF THE ORGANISM
THE GIFFORD LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE
THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
IN THE YEAR 1908
BY
HANS DRIESCH,
Pn.D,
HKIDELBIBQ
VOLUiME
II
LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1908
All rights reserved
AUG
2 1 1957
PREFACE
THE second
two
and
portions.
volume of
final
I first
this
work
of
consists
Science,"
I.,
"
and then
in the longer
"
proceed to the
"
Philosophy
of the Organism.
edition
is,
so
to
say,
an enlarged
work, Die
my
of
German
Seele
in Part
and even
(1904)
I.
of
elementarer
it
will
my
I.
and 2
Naturbegriffe
und Natururteile
new and
improved
elsewhere
als
Seele
this
title.
Of the philosophical
(pp.
and
"
"
Naturfaktor (1903).
commas
which
from what
it
was.
is
hitherto unpublished.
may
I.
3 to 5
vi
(pp.
Part
of
266-339)
II. (pp.
of the
my analysis,
The
last
named part
view.
is,
is
German manuscripts
of the
theoretical
is
extremely
subtle.
Nobody can
we need
feel
to
to
understand
by the
characteristica
this
work was
it,
"
But
is
work
this
"
"
symbolic logic
so far
terms
u
substance,"
"causality,"
"
objective,"
my
definitions,
what
and not
to confuse
understand
the
etc. etc.,
my
what
I
is
instructed by
terminologysteeped as
it is
stated,
and not
as
the
in historical reminiscences
should
never
be
forgotten
that
this
work
is
PREFACE
vii
and even
the general
of
alluded
general
idealistic
I
only shortly
to.
The
and
are
standpoint of
but idealism
is
work
this
is
subjective-
i.e.
final
there
of at least a
Once more
great
kindness.
thank
Once
anonymous English
my
friends in
Aberdeen
am
indebted
more
friend
at
Heidelberg
and to
my
for
for their
to
his
my
very
well-known courtesy.
HANS DRIESCH.
HEIDELBERG, 27^ August 1908.
A.
BIOLOGY
PART
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
III.
......
......
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
1.
(Continued)
/3.
7.
"
5.
CO-ORDINATED MOTIONS
13
16
.17
INSTINCT
20
21
26
27
29
...
...
...
.40
.
2.
8
9
...
"
.9
PAOB
35
a.
INSOLUBLE PROBLEMS
]8.
36
DEFINITION S
y.
THE WORK OF
5.
f.
f.
CONCLUSION
J.
38
41
LOEIJ
.......
ix
45
50
THE ORGANISM
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF
PAGE
.
3.
ACTION
52
52
a.
PRELIMINARIES
No Pseudo-psychology
General Definition of Action.
which are not Actions
.
The
j8.
Distribution of
Classes of
Movements
.54
Acting
THE HISTORICAL
7.
"INDIVIDUALITY
OF CORRESPONDENCE"
6.
NEW PROOF
Preliminary Remarks
The Union of the two Chief
71
77
Criteria of Acting
"
to Acting
"
So-called
Analogies
...
Conclusions
.
THE
"PSYCHOID"
f.
THE
"SPECIFIC
77.
.82
ENERGY"
Part in Association
"
"
The Brain
6.
K.
89
94
.96
.
96
.97
MOTOR ORGANS
t.
84
.91
.93
.100
.102
Higher Invertebrates
The Lowest Forms of Acting
.
X.
/*.
"PSYCHO-PHYSICAL PARALLELISM"
REFUTED
No
Supra-personal Factor
known
in History Proper
CONCLUSIONS OF SECTION
.109
.110
.
114
117
118
.119
121
CONTENTS
SECTION
XI
B.
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
PAGE
1.
2.
3.
"
"
of Entelechies.
Conclusions and
New
A.
The Order
139
145
.146
.
150
.151
I.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Difficulties
Different
1.
.129
.135
.137
.137
....
.
B.
129
Teleology in General
The Two Classes of Teleology
.
125
153
.156
.156
.158
.160
......
Certain Facts
On
2.
"
Dissipation
On
/3.
as a
"
Third
"
Catenation of Energy
THE PRINCIPLE OF
ENTELECHY
.
BECOMING
.
.166
.167
.168
171
171
172
Principle
174
....
....
IN
ITS
.176
Again
Becoming
175
RELATION TO
177
178
179
xii
....
PAGE
181
181
Entelechy and Chemism
An Explanation of the Limits of Regulability and of
Life in General
.
.182
184
Entelechy Burdened with as Little as Possible
.
Entelechy and
Conclusions
3.
"Catalysis"
.
.186
.187
tt.
The Problem
A
j8.
Partial Solution
....
.
The Role
The Role
7.
of Entelechy in Morphogenesis
of Entelechy in Acting
.
4.
THE
191
191
.193
"DEMONS"
OF MAXWELL
....
"Phenomenalism"
The
.....
.....
"Constants"
198
201
201
.202
....
.....
.
On
/3.
195
On
5.
e.
d.
189
.189
.190
204
205
206
208
208
208
209
212
of Universal
Mechanics
214
215
....
of Mechanical Causation
Pure Kinetics Negligible
216
217
CONTENTS
Xlll
PAGE
7.
218
....
....
.....
....
....
......
.
5.
6.
How ENTELECHY
is
AFFECTED
tt.
/S.
Morphogenetic Entelechy
The Affection of the Psychoid
7.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
IN
C.
"
Moment
....
"
of Regulation
227
228
229
.231
"
227
THE ORGANIC
The
225
232
234
234
235
236
.237
.......
......
ITS
APPLICATION
Inorganic Substance
Inorganic Substance of any Type Relates to Extensity
p.
ORGANIC
.....
.....
.......
......
......
.
"ASSIMILATION"
Respiration
"
"Assimilation
The
IN
and
Dissimilation
"Living Substance"
in the
Chemical Sense
No
No
"LIVING"
S.
SUBSTANCE AS A CATEGORY IN
The Concept
ITS
245
246
248
CHEMICAL
Basis of Entelechy
Entelechy and Physiological Chemistry
Ancient Problems
241
242
.242
"
"
238
239
RELATION TO ENTELECHY
249
250
251
254
255
256
257
XIV
PAOE
The Concept
Entelechy
of
.
"
"
Entelechy
f.
Localisation
or
.258
......
INSOLUBLE PROBLEMS
of Negations
Mere System
so far a
Life
259
260
.260
.262
.
264
ANALYTICAL PART
a.
What Common
/3.
An
Hypothesis
5.
among
The
"Identification"
"
"
Intra-psychical Series
Body
as
my
....
....
......
.
POLEMICAL PART
277
277
279
280
282
.283
"
"
276
.281
"Object"
a.
.275
those which
......
.....
....
My
2.
273
to the
e.
273
On
270
....
269
.271
.271
IN GIVENNESS
Spatial
Brain.
.266
.267
.267
284
287
287
287
.289
.
291
XV
CONTENTS
.......
/3.
CONCLUSIONS
B.
THE CATEGORY
a.
Definitions
Fundamental
....
...
Categories
293
294
of
"Experience"
.298
the Foundation of
301
302
.....
......
......
.....
.
"
300
296
296
.......
Kind
7.
Difficulties
Irreducible
A Few
.
"INDIVIDUALITY"
CATEGORIES IN GENERAL
An
PAGE
303
303
304
305
and Causality
The Problem of a
d.
THE CATEGORY
New
"INDIVIDUALITY"
Previous Preparatory
"Individuality"
"
"
Finality
e.
Category of Relation
Work
a Subclass of Individuality
CERTAIN DIFFICULTIES
INDIVIDUALITY
IN
"
308
310
.310
.
.314
".
Entelechy Supra-personal
f.
The
"NATURE"
Ontological Prototype
RATIONAL SCIENCE
"
"
"
0.
Science
of Entelechian Systematics
329
335
Summary
II.
324
.....
CONCLUSIONS OF PART
323
324
"
Ideal Nature
Causal
The Problem
318
318
.319
315
316
"
"
314
.317
.
....
......
....
Organic Nature
Conclusions
77.
312
313
An Analogy to a Mere
No Causa Finalis
306
324
325
327
335
.337
333
xvi
PART
III
a.
RETROSPECT
Consequences of the
The
Significance of Propagation
IN
7.
5.
6.
IN
MORALITY
of Contingency
of a Limited Teleology
344
344
.346
.346
.347
NATURE
The Concept
The Concept
f.
THE
HARMONY
341
342
.343
......
......
......
.....
.....
.......
.....
......
......
......
.....
......
....
TELEOLOGY
History in General
The History of the Individual
Phylogeny
.340
"
PROBLEM OF SUPRA-PERSONAL
REALM OF LIFE
THE
".Machine-Theory
348
350
352
352
353
355
PART
IV.
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
a.
p.
THE
7.
more
.361
.
INDEX
362
363
.365
365
368
AN ETERNAL
METALOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
CONCLUSIONS:
361
361
TASK OF SCIENCE
e.
359
"POSTULATE"
The Concept
The Domain
5.
3/0
372
374
377
SECTION
h-Continmd
PART
III
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
PART
III
OKGANIC MOVEMENTS
INTRODUCTORY EEMARKS
OUR
result.
The
we devoted
is
concerned.
to the physiology of
was very
We
little to
now
and
in the
be learnt at
all.
first
has
still
to
be attempted.
The study
of animal
movement
been
it
questions again.
scientific
we
shall
may
then
finished it
work, and
The physiology
of
organic
movement may
raise
the
shows us that
it
has raised
actually
i.e.
of
all
them.
All
to external stimuli,
is
to
now may
receives
ask
What happens
the external
stimuli,
what
when
what
the
is
effect of
final
is
first
question
it
would give
movement
in
is
studied, but so
the
infusoria, or
and absorption
processes
movement
is
also the
process
strange
of
of gases
intermediate
so.
secretion
to
and by
of their organisation
The physiology
ciliary
and
would teach us
what means
it
The physiology
what
processes.
in the organism
We
concerned
in
organic
And
all
movements
would come under the physiology of the nerves and nerveNot very much is actually known about this
centres.
subject.
Scarcely
anything
themselves
we know
been
has
"
"
centres
little
ascertained
and as
to
with
the nerves
Rhumbler shares the merit of having studied very extensively the means
movement in the lowest Protista. Even if he is wrong in many points
his interpretation (Jennings, Heidenhain) he has done good work in
of
of
upon the
fact that
he only
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
takes time, that
that
it
is
accompanied by
electric changes,
and
it is
Now we
sophical purposes,
if
much
movement we were
in our analysis of
which we have
wanting some
thing very important in our sketch, and when looking back
Dann
to it we may be reminded of the words of Goethe
shortly sketched here.
Moreover, there
is
"
hat er die Teile in seiner Hand, fehlt leider nur das geistige
"
thing in
seems
itself, is
me
to
physiology
in
not merely a
other
come up
it
that this
"
is
the
it
words,
wholeness
"
sum
or aggregate
central problem
seems
me
to
of the act of
It
of motor
that
the
moving must
It certainly is
We
therefore
shall
not follow
the lines of
we know
ordinary
studies,
let
And, indeed,
how we may
the concept of
made
"
"
regulation
again be
"
"
said
But
to
is
variation of the
medium
of regulation proper.
An
of
what
am
thinking
of,
regulations,
that leads to
line
when
a carriage
it,
is
of a part of
ments
move
at first his
And
a third dog
is
to,
manner somewhat
different
the
you prefer
sum
may
carried out, be
In the
first
it
by
cilia,
between
effects
field of
or organs
con
motor
movement
by means of a change
single
occur in the
by using
of conditions
is
instead
movement
of following
the
line.
In the
the
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
was
to be done.
itself,
and
this
walking by every single leg when there are four legs at the
disposal of the organism does not remain the same when
there are only three.
the
effect,
We
of
It is not this
regulation in
organic
movement
that
interests
us chiefly,
we may
ami movement
there
sums
as such
is
If
Are
not,
what
is
there
relation
1.
When
first
six years
tried,
movements according
to
their
two
ones
types,
which in
the
so-called
of
to classify organic
degree of complication,
classification
must
simple
and
reflex,
start
it
from
most simple
the
simple
free
"
Modern
ago,
"
taxis.
two groups
movements
simple reflex
and therefore a
fact,
But
in spite of that,
a.
The simple
reflex
and in the
and
latter
Mimosa
for
both when
nervous system
Die
"Seek"
is
followed
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
here by a specified
And
movements
It
for
of another
some, though
specified
not
part.
very many,
of Invertebrates.
the
is
relation
movement
same holds
the
invariability,
the
absolute
the
of
fixation
effect
Nothing
of
1
;
indeed,
machinery.
machinery
we
therefore
may assume
hypothetically that
with
may now
assumption we
this
leave this
type
of
/3.
"
effect,
symmetry
of the organism,
The
from others.
by
certain
of
which separates
significance of this
physiology of growth
the so-called
"
tropisms"
Tropism
Let us
of these
1
first
"
tropisms."
We
did not
discuss
is
them whilst
not changed,
if
the
10
analysing
their
motion.
All of you
know
We
for it
away
speak of
has been
proved that
much
style
it
is
1
And in the same
by modern authors.
and
positive
negative heliotropism, if a stem
elucidated
we
call it
and
if
a root turns
sources.
Thermo
be observed.
of the
all of
marked correspondence
cause and of
its
immediate
effect
is
exhibited in
them.
Let us
first
speak of a
state in a
real
"
direction
medium.
That a
of gravity
body
of the directions
is
specific
clear without
much
peculiar to
may
an agent of the
explanation
from a radiant
but there
may
be
1
I refer to the work done
by Noll, Nemec, Haberlandt, and many others
during the last ten years. Of more than usual importance seems to be the
discovery of Fitting (Jahrb. iviss. Bot. 44, 1907) that phototropic stimula
may be transferred along broken (zigzag) lines, and that this stimula
tion itself probably consists in a real induction of polarity in each cell
established from without.
There is no machine-like apparatus simply set
tion
going.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
11
we may speak
in the broadest
"
potentials,"
we may speak
similarly
These lines of
"
lines of
force."
not only
and
conduc
allow us to speak
where these
of the existence of
of the existence
lines
of
directed
and in
exist,
also in thermic
this
realm of
the
way
medium
"
is
then,
tropism,"
of the
all
a directed
movement
of a growing
by the direction of a
directed agent.
The theory
if
of tropisms
of heliotropism,
e.g.
to
But there
are
consisting of
two
There are
that
is
to
by the
stimulus.
two
parts.
many
cases
intensity
say
organ
of
the
that
where the
"
"
sense
of a tropism,
An
them
light
is
or
positive
of
the
under ordinary
vii. p.
changed
chemical
of stimu-
12
lation
the
if
conversely.
reaches
stimulus
This
is
certain
and
intensity,
intensity,
and
its
restoration after
first
all
called
the
irritation in
to
is
an increase of the
say,
"
action of masses
"
in chemistry,
and tends
to prove
Also
is
simple manner.
sion
is
another thing
a real
of the point
of rever
"
acclimatisation,"
unknown
"
secondary
itself, is
regulation,"
in
which,
remarkable.
"
sense
"
"
of say heliotropism
heterogeneous induction
a fact
"
by
Noll.
organism
is
the
"general
condition"
in
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
Whenever
this case.
13
we
fertility,
find
"
manner
The
"
machine theory
of
reached
"
life.
two or more
if
best
of
roots
This case
the
in
is
ground
The
concerned here.
effect is
not a simple
sum
component may
"
or
Stimmung,"
or resultant,
each single
sense of irritability,
may
certain
be among
organ
("
autotropism
It
").
Are the
directive
or animals, called
tropisms
would
Taxis
different things.
and
so
"
Entwickelungslehre,
say
specific
i.
taxis
signifies
4,
is
1907).
the
"
better
"
we may
specific orientation of a
Ausbau
moving Protista
the same way as
"
here,
in freely
explainable in
taxis,"
to
in these cases.
life
movements
"
at least be difficult
medium.
14
If the taxis
is
move
ment
also.
The word
"
"
taxis
It
of directions.
means
of
process of orientation
is
In
by no means simple
in
many
fact,
"
"
taxis
cases.
and imagine it
placed with its long axis at a certain angle towards the
direction say of the rays of light proceeding from a radiant
Then
point.
taxis,"
in this case
taxis,"
some
"
sort of turning
so
the
of
the
by the
protozoon or
"
"
taxis
here
a combination of very
is
or
"
helio-
long as there
its axis
Certainly the
it is
phototaxis
if
movement
"
"
is any
and the rays of
legs
the
of
crayfish.
many
single
motor
acts, leading
of
is
no
the
direction
of
the
light
of
course,
the
result
of
symmetry
of
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
15
taxis
for
but
"
"
taxis
embracing a rather
co-ordinated
of
class
"
sort
certainly
simple
"
movement
of
process
reached
line.
phenomena of
It is true, the
known not
all
so-called
to be
known from
"
of tropisms.
this
the
taxis
were
there were
phenomena
when
in the case
"
positive
Now
opposite case.
could
it
to
react
it
was
"
called
"
negative
in the
negatively
when
intensity of the
the
given individual
for a
of this
;
the
which at
first
reaction,
upon the
the sun
That
"
(J.
sense
"
Loeb).
state
of
the
apparently
to
explain
all
these
facts
as
well
Was
it
16
But these
difficulties
force us
not
the
imply
Now
it
JENNINGS.
S.
II.
"
"
taxis,"
in the sense
"
"
a few
galvanotaxis
tactical
when Hydra
we have
phenomena
in
or a flatworm turns
what had
thermotaxis,
been
among
called
is,
shown
well
as
chemotaxis
or
among higher
to be not taxis at
all,
regarded as possible at
"
be
as
line
something
cases of
a true
an unbroken
but
is
phototaxis or
Protozoa
that
"
analysed, seems
There
of
"
"
"
taxis
"
is
observe that
and
being
agents
ago.
THE WORK OF
7.
impossibility
much about
few years
biological facts
of mtalistic
work in them.
actually at
So
a mtalistic conception of
necessity of
logical
does
to
"
taxis
mentioned,
will prove to be
J.
still
more
illusory, though, as
must
least, that in
Loeb
the future
and certain
other
writers
only
"
well descriptive of
what happens.
"
17
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
concede
brought
into
limited
very
the
and maintain
field,
views
the
to
validity
the
recently
"
old
taxis
"-
theory.
the
same time
movements
new theory
quite a
in general,
is
his important
result of
the
also
of
and
"taxis,"
at
Jennings made
itself
upon
final
"
Taxis
"
acts, and,
name
for the
process.
I shall be only following the historical line of events, if
I
now
solution
real systematics
of animal motions.
The Resolution of
weak
"
"
is
Taxis
"
positively chemotactic
is to say,
"
number of
be found to be
which, of course,
water.
1
Compare
where the
all
is
full literature is to
be found.
2
1906),
18
of diffusion
lines
Paramecia
the
truth.
Jennings
found, on^the^cpju^rary, by
all the Infusoria swim
solution at
random
but that
also,
them out
and a turning
And
"
a solution of
salt.
named
in the very
region.
may
moment
of entering this
all
"
may
freely leave
it.
In
positive chemotaxis
all
the animals
were in range.
It must be granted that Loeb, in establishing what he
called
"
Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit,"
i.e.
the reactions of
light,
came very
19
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
near to the views sketched here, though he was (and is) far
from admitting the resolution of all kinds of "taxis" in
1
this
way.
Chemotaxis thus
resulting effect of
is
many
And what
is
and
is
all.
also true
other sorts
of
invertebrate animals
far at
as
least
as
whatever of
we cannot
"
"
taxis
the range of
"
taxis
we
shall
wrong
restricted.
It
shown by Paramecium,
that the
typical
motor reaction
is
taxis,"
as maintained
cannot agree with Walter (Journ. exp. Zool. 5, 1907. Here full
on the subject), when, in his studies on the reactions of Planaria
literature
to light,
.differences
"
Phototaxis
"
to reactions of this
of illumination.
The word
worm towards
"taxis"
strictly
embryonic
vol.
i.
p.
104).
flammation
see also vol.
"
and
i.
The
the case of
"
directive stimuli
"
(see
p. 206).
old theory
might
20
movement whatever.
all
the
first
of his
period
differently.
now
This
the
is
The
Movement
"
at
Random
"
right
the
The
"
"
simple reflex
is
one of these
acts,
but
it is
far
of motion
is
among
elemental
both
ontogenetically
"
("
phylogenetically
definitely variable
is
"),
motor
motion
effect
at
even what
a simple reflex.
to say, the
is
and
most
systematically
random"
i.e.
an in
the
latter,
not, as in
many
all
Amoebae.
may
good
be
instance
followed by
of
the
every
first
type
possible
All
Amoebae
any stimulation
movement
in
every
number
But
of possibilities
many worms.
more
specifically
21
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
organised with regard to their locomotory organs, the
of motor possibilities
more
is
restricted
number
Paramecium
for
fact
far
is
from being
One of
so.
This act
axis.
may
be performed to any
its
subsequent movements.
system
ments, indefinite
in spite of
restricted
Thus then
all
it
by
single
it,
it
move
is
from
action
man
for
flying.
at
on an absolutely
reflex of
"
of
instance
name
indefinite one.
eft ect.
The concept
of
the
of their modifiability.
1
We might speak here
mathematics does.
of
an
indefiniteness
of
different
orders,
as
22
arises,
by what
Let us
first
requires a
like those in
movement
separate
On
phases.
is
factors or
itself
by no means
medusae or
its
single
movements
also
may
motions
contingent
greatest advantage.
some
possible
is
to
its type.
change
Yet we
"
specific
escaped
quite
accidentally
during
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
"
which seems
seems
to
But
me
to
to
"
movement
"
trial
"
experience."
random there
at
it only might
nothing of that sort as far as we know
random-motions
offer
the material
that
the
true
be,
might
is
as will be seen
"
for
experience,"
Contingency thus
performance of
all
is
on a later occasion.
of the
cases
where
as
well
as
stop
the type of
may change
motion
still
altogether
in spite of
Thus
present.
it
is
well
hungry animal
all, if
compared
with a fed one, with regard to the same stimulus, and there
are also differences of reaction corresponding to the different
external
stimuli
reaction.
The
effect
be
that
there
either
original
stimulus,
or
may
determine
the
that
sort
of
resultant
wise
changed.
so-called
reversal
Here we must
of
among
type
the
recall
to
of
may
the
reaction
is
attention
other
to
the
"
<c
sense
of
the
reaction,
as
24
"
by the theory of
asserted
came
now
explanation
In
The
into play.
there
fact,
taxis
facts
proves to be of a
much more
general kind.
also
be "acclimatisation," say to
then the avoiding reaction shown at first
may
chemical stimuli
will not be
"
tive chemotaxis
"
And
"
nega
other kinds of
stimuli,
motor
single
that
for all
to follow.
is
There
single
acts,
may
or any following
first
may
go on until the
Such typical
"
desired,"
and
this typical
"
"
desired
lines
many
cases,
and
1
If a Stentor
in Actinians.
of light
powder
falling
upon
is
disturbed, say by
it, it first
some
sort
"
"
adaptation
"
probably,
is
no real
"taxis."
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
several times, but,
if it
is
movement
is
reversed.
25
even the
and
only the
it is
last
condition.
"
"
fact that
un
is
disliked
one type
of the next
to
mere movement
types, if to
its
random.
at
might seem
It also
in
"
a very
to be a typical
sequence of reaction
first answers
Stentor
To the
simple motor
it
Did these
"
"
science
fundamental question.
Looking back upon the whole of the work done, especially
by Jennings, we see that there is nothing very fixed about
the most primitive types of animal
26
laws and
we understand the
In some cases
of
principles
we by adopting
Shall
able
to
understand
"
of life be
machine-theory
that has been observed regarding
all
the
"
limits
an
such
is
"
explanation,
is
experience
be
will
Of
But
discovered.
"
to
beyond the
the object of a
course, as
mentioned
of
theory"
as
life
phenomena
We
a
hold
long as possible
this
the
in
actuality
the
apparently
for
machine-
"
theory
may be
most
simple
in organisms.
CO-ORDINATED MOTIONS
S.
to
always
even
wrong
actually
we
reasons
methodological
vitalistic
now
leave the
work
ordinated motions.
Much
has
long
known
been
about
the
elemental
animal,
or, rather,
much
For
of
the
moving
property
or
"
functional
state."
state of the
so-called nervous
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
27
suffice to explain
therefore
Centres
here,
"
"
centre
played
"
"
what happens
great
certain school of
"
"
and
to.
The concepts
new
"
of
"
inhibition
"
"
Hemmung,"
Bahnung," in German),
path-making
and the like have been employed to designate elemental
conditions of the nervous system, apart from conduction,
"
("
seems to
qualities
claim
to
me
which von
Uexkuell
be the most
conception in
this
field.
has
lately
created
may
it
seems to
me
that he has
28
his
parallel
concepts
"latching"
"blocking,"
of
("
"
"
tonus,"
Klinkung
I should like
tonus
etc.,
"),
reservoir,"
directly
with
in morphogenesis.
etc.,
For, in fact,
of von
all
none
stood,
specificity
Now
anything
about
the
of co-ordination as such.
it
results of
is
of
great
the
importance, that
analytical
in
harmony
The type of
by von Uexkuell s work.
any single act of a combined movement may be altered
relations revealed
by the intensity
of the stimulus, or
by
its
quality, or
by
at
may
There
is
hardly one
feature
in
this
doctrine
of
the
the
motor acts as
single
well.
far
It
so.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
T/ie Classes
And now
29
of Co-ordination
let
what would be
intelligible here
not.
of all co
The simplest class
considered logically
chainordinated movements is formed by the so-called
reflexes," which seem to occur in several groups of Inverte
"
brates
number
is
so-called
"
of
synchronic
the other, as
metameric
In the
many
umbrella
move
"
in
animals.
"
Medusae
the stimulus to
is
the movements of
We may
and
"
speak
in the
of
metachronic
together as
as in
the performance
many
Either
"
the
the-
move.
And
it
may happen
may
Loeb
that
much
of our
knowledge of
It is especially
"
"
chain-reflexes
both Uexkuell and Jennings are constantly at literary warfare with one
another. But it seems to me that this is owing to a mutual misunderstanding.
In any case von Uexkuell does not operate with the old concept of
reflex
his important discrimination between two elemental functions
exclusively
of muscles and motor nerves ordinary contraction and "Sperrung"
would
"
"
by
itself suffice to
show
that.
New
30
due.
is
phenomena would be
common
motions,
them
The next
to be.
as
class of
Loeb and
combined
established
forces
besides
is
type
shown by Sherrington, 1
ments of vertebrates, so
cord
expressed
by the
move
simple
fact,
lower
far as they
The most
only.
many
in the
This
stimulation
in
not
actively.
"
simple nerve-nets
are
"
given and
its
if
muscles
is
such as
it
the
is,
movement
kind of
is
movements
Many
in this way.
another, so that,
to
if
the one
is
extended
contracts
contracts, and so
ing on
Ergebnisse d. Physiol.
New York, 1906.
System,
difficulty in
combined movements,
1
therefore stimulated,
on.
is
4,
1905
in
which
The
simple class
one elemental
this
only
Integrati/oe
understand
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
31
The sea-urchin,
transgressed.
when simply
to
elemental
for
its
functions,
put on
normal position
to
relating
all
sorts
of
new
the
different
its
dependence of the
on one another, are
for the
starfish,
in
movement
deserving the
name
movement
"
abnormal,"
we properly can
of an animal, in
any way
shows a particular type of
motor combination.
The
"
"
righting reactions
of
the starfish
and certain
1907,
p. 53).
"
in
new
a great
surroundings.
many
movement
The
"
righting reaction
of each single
arm
"
may show
determined separately by
external stimuli or internal conditions, but as soon as the least
result with regard to righting
is
is
reached a
"
"
unified impulse
32
SCIENCE
appears
co-ordination
in
sets
"
"
now
stimuli
say that
The
"
animal
the
not
is
by anything.
be based upon a great many
"
unified impulse
different
arms.
It
is
very
reactions
righting
may
constellations
of
we may
"distracted"
movement
initial
to
important
are not referable
of the single
well
notice
the
to
the
that
"
normal
"
"
abnormal
"
positions themselves, or
own
righting
which
everything occurs in
is
capable
Jennings
true,
of
good
"
therefore
"
experience
movements
chapter.
has shown
deal
of
what
that
is
the
starfish
popularly
is
called
other
But
it
devoting a few
seems
to
me
that
it
"
"
In
Vertebrates
also
almost
all
of
the
"
"
reflexes
1
I am very glad to see that Jennings himself insists upon the unity of
the phenomena observed. He even concedes that my entelechy would explain
this unity, though he declines to see here a true
In this
explanation."
"
33
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
and that
all
is
"
and
stimulations,
them
set
so on.
anatomical
hypothetic
supposed
at
free
the
centre
places,
Nothing whatever
to occur.
and
name here
only a
is
time,
right
"
"
is
for
are
explained by the
And now
what
And
is
is
is
"
called
What
work.
facts
position.
known under
the
name
am
of
what
action,"
shall
combined
of
normal
the
generally
other instances
still
far greater
are
there
motions of a
we say
in
which
thinking
"
instinct."
movements
"
"
is
experience
at
I regret that I
am
at
of
least
the
the
real
It
may
classes
of
to be subjected to a closer
problems of
action
the
will be
analysed completely.
as sharply as possible,
shall try
to
fix,
in these
3
34
SCIENCE
to
mental groups.
2.
We
processes
proved
be
word
due,
are
not only
may
"
centre
and,
"
authors
make use
to
in a purely physiological
meaning of
word had
this
analysis of organic
is
elemental
of rather
It is
analysis.
the
studies
last
the anatomical
after
to
that
animal movements
kinds which
sense,
INSTINCT
in
movements
order
to
the
express
components
genesis of form.
But
this
comparison
portant consequence.
result
all
of
We
of certain
factors concerned in
it
mere sum
of these factors.
by demonstrating
form as well as
for
the elements
for
Nothing
sum
it
movements.
35
its origin
the result
at all is
or not
proved
a mere
consists of:
sum
this holds
36
As we
said,
varieties of combinations of
for
it is
machine actually
exists here,
though
But
most familiar
clear
from the
which
is
it
by no means
their
present as
of you, for
to all
foundation
at
least
machine-like events
Itistinct
and
it
is
is
with
instinct
that
our
analytical
study will
a.
The problem
INSOLUBLE PROBLEMS
used to be one of the chief
of instinct
It
of
may
the
suffice
to
worker-bees,
would never
state
here
which
follows
points
are
excluded
from
be
for
which
it
fails
in
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
37
"
At
We
a limine
this
problem
on an epistemological
also,
it,
and as
this justification is
which
basis,
is
Are
this is
instincts
conscious
And
present day.
"
or
"
is
unconscious
necessary.
"
scious
and
"
movements
is
to rest
of first-rate importance
"
is
consciousness
"
are
to
signify
words
"
what
con
they
usually do.
this point.
As
ments of bodies
the terms
to that
naturalists
"
conscious
part
of the
"
and
"
consciousness
Given which we
"
call
do not belong
Nature
they
;
"
We
"
"
is
consciousness
in
any
by a pseudo-problem
discovering
consciousness
"
or
"
unconsciousness
"
in the
38
SCIENCE
motions of animals.
quite
unknown
to us,
of
"
being
it
Nature
in
feelings
relates to bodily
Being
"
sense of
"
being
which
an
advanced
enlarged
it,
philosophical
and
consciousness."
Ego."
"
"
being
;
all
may
be enlarged by
we
ourselves
have
do so further on by introducing
But even such potentialities if
being."
shall
"
natural
as
"
my
being given to
science
the
in that
is
the concept of
potentialities as
conceived
"
it
meaningless altogether.
"
"
is
therefore
But we say
"
or
agents
The word
"
would never be
factors
conscious
"
belongs to intro
@.
instincts
How
we
are
to formulate
It seems to me
problem ?
doubt how we are to formulate
scientific
DEFINITIONS
little
called instincts,
such that they might be founded on a machine, a physicochemical manifoldness in space, embracing only physicochemical elemental factors, or are there some features in
instincts
which forbid us
to
first
an under limit of
though
it is
easy
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
to find
39
an upper one.
"
plete in their specificity from the very first time they occur.
There
that
may
we
movement
"
term
"
instinct
to
any animal
specificity.
We
to their performer.
"
"
purposeful
with regard
"
nor
"
almost
all typically
is
reflexes or be they of a
And
question
of
"
here,
consciousness
if
it
is
"
as
illegitimate.
impossible to
In
fact,
all
instincts
are
chains
combined motions
it
of
is
But what
connexion
is
Does
plication of the
it
"
"
degree
in this
40
THE WORK OF
7.
1890
to about
Up
consciousness."
see
Unfortunately in
doing
as being of the
cations afterwards
unknown.
so
its
materialistic
movement,
"
to
their relation to
first to
instincts
LOEB
J.
discussed
Hence
it
tive type.
One
of
instinct
and so
on.
chain -reflexes
different
young animals may show
from those shown by the adult, and that a well-nourished
"
that
"
may
react
differently
"
"
inhibition
even
so-
as a nervous function
sui generis.
to
problems
But
was
41
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
gained by the work of Loeb, and
it
is
from
By
start.
taxis,"
implicitly
of a fact
whether there
8.
"
any such
is
in the
to
Loeb
form
out
find
fact.
if all
it
follows that
it
movements may be
The
light of different
tliey
It
will soon
appear
how important
this statement
may
life,
is.
the
easily be
But what
are
we
to
say
if
"
"
individualised
movements
instinctive
Let us
what
is
stimuli, as
we
if
awaken
in order to
Habit and
Instinct,
London, 1896.
42
them
to discriminate
On
it
things
Thus these
sound.
fine
all
of experimental
to
cases of instincts
work
The
is
instinctive
"
smell,"
if
we
choose to speak
not at
all
numerous, and
it
would be called a
by a stimulus
by a
specific
"
"
seen
1
Elise Hanel (Zeitschr. f. allg. Physiol. iv. 1904) has shown, following
the line of certain experiments of Ch. Darwin, that the earthworm reacts
leaves or pieces of paper, always trying to
specifically to the specific form of
draw them into its tube-like cave by their most pointed edge the earthworm,
;
by
43
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
Now
of a
it is
individualised
specific
an autonomic or
vitalistic
it
specifically
"
"
and fixed
way
as to
received
by
of a
specific
series of
instinctive
typical
1
sex,
and that
this affection
fact
machine could
imaginable
if
an
We may
stop our
discussion at this
point, as a very
first
Chickens are well known to peck their peas or corn with a right calcula
tion concerning the dimension of depth the very first time they do peck.
Speaking psychologically the right idea of space is innate in them not only
a priori," in the sense of Kant, but strictly "before" all experience in the
:
"
before."
temporal sense of the word
Are these facts of use in our present problem ?
1
As regards sexuality the existence of "individualised"
"
stimuli
of
44
SCIENCE
meet us
and
for nothing is
known
But
seems
it
the
present discussion
written
is
"
we
language
seen
"
may
like to give
up
for a
moment our
strictly scientific
pseudo-psychological terminology,
we may say
that
all
cases
in
"
"
Physiologists
"
philosophie
at
of
the
school of the
old
German
"
Natur-
life.
It
would be
this
we should say
that an autonomic,
In
"
"
of
"
"reflexes,"
"
"
")
"
45
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
life,
as far
as
the
reception of
stimuli
is
concerned.
6.
Our mention
may
serve us as a
problem
Here
also the
which instincts
offer to theoretical
biology.
at
future research.
The old
and Johannes
Miiller, often
and
it is
to
between the phenomena of instinctive movements and emInstincts are regarded by this
is due.
some way the continuation of morphogenesis,
as growing upon the same ground, as governed by the
same reason, viz. the vital principle.
bryological processes
school as being in
As we have
said already,
is
we do not know
fully
legitimate
or
at present
not
further
to raise
deny
it.
phenomena
46
of similarity
liable
instincts
Are
there
true
any
regulations
known among
Regulation occurs, in
or artistic instincts, as
known among
and among
bees, ants,
birds,
technical
among
insects.
spiders
The
in
medium.
nest or a bee
bird for
hive, let
its nest,
and
let
Such knowledge
as
and without
that
we
question
more
is
this
Are
modifications in the
by
so-called
"experience."
modi
Our
47
OKGANIC MOVEMENTS
after disturbances
they, moreover,
may change
the style of
and they
may build their house in an abnormal direction with
below to
to
form
above, and
its
web
also sideways.
of silk
if it is
if
instead
from
also build
may
The silkworm
is
said not
species of bees
tunnels do not do so
it
made
in the
In
all of
full
is
is,
some
it is
somewhere
what might be
in this sequence,
either something
may
may
something
construction.
instinctive
In
more,
all
would occur
it
parts of its
its
what can
it
already, or
activity,
in the process of
to
some
normal
if
it artificially.
may
be taken
movements
matter whether
if
has
And
result.
What
that
cases.
What
"
"
regulation
is
character of instincts
48
Of
seems
of
to
this
me
to
way
its
may
It
problem must
all sorts of
it is
The
start.
"
"
calling forth
of instinctive
Normally the
whole sequence of a constructive instinct may go on as
The elemental act a results in the state of construc
follows.
motions,
tion
as
to
instinctive
instinctive process b
finished, but
stimulus.
it
also
may
is
B B
;
is
due
an
to
is
may
The mere
something very different.
fact of regulation, as we have described it, seems to show
that the second alternative meets the case
that it is the
t
which, of course,
is
is
the stimulus of
I,
on without a or after
without
a, if
elemental
first
itself
has
may
what
problem
to go on,
of
the
and
nature
it
is
of the
stimulus
is
precisely the
calling
forth
b,
49
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
an
as
regarded
stimulus
simple
specifically
instinctive
independent
or
is
it
individualised,
combined of elements
phase.
Is
that
to
is
this
say,
It
it.
"
may
seem, of course, as
individualised
"
stimuli could
exact correspondence
with what
is
required
but this
is
more
feel obliged to
ought
and
be,
is
it
"
"
facts
discussion of possibilities.
F. Schroeder,
in studying
of
the
product
formed
Verhandl. d.
zool. Ges.
1903, p. 158.
50
tionally,
It is to be
with the
full
CONCLUSION
f.
we may
Here, then,
movements.
autonomy
has
It
in
the
absolute proofs
yielded
some indications
instinctive
of
field
for
life,
of
vital
but no
real,
problem being
both these
It is probable that
Such a
1
result
Once more
I call
would not be in
attention to the
conflict
"turning
over"
of
(Mitt.
zool.
Station
Neapel,
vii.,
1886.
See
also
Jennings,
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
51
"
"
be
at
work
also
in
something that
of this scheme.
a
to
may
3.
PRELIMINARIES
a.
THE way
ACTION
is
when turning
to
actions,"
proceed to analyse
first
action,"
and, after
any reason whatever be called
surveying the whole series of animal organisms, to end by
But there is one special
analysing the action of man.
"
for
point
which
materials far
renders
arrangement of
more suitable and convenient. On account
different
totally
may
be
theoretical
action
the
pronounced
with
we
biology,
those
most
prefer
cases
to
where
universally
begin
action
known
in
our analysis of
is
of
the
most
simpler forms
at
analysing naturalist
is
The
reasoning
and
that
is
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
known
53
fact
One
of.
spoken
of our final chapters will try to deal with the most central
a purely practical
manner.
many more
men
us in the
by
is
latter.
action
into
ultimate
its
No
By no means,
able to
We
elements.
any animal so
Only
we
analyse
to
far
never
we do not
to analyse in them.
is
Pseudo-psychology
we
of course, do
are
bodies in
immediately presented
may
to
These agents
us
as
such,
at least
though
movement.
motion
would by
no means be psychological in the introspective sense
the
only sense which the word psychological may legitimately
or factors, however,
"
"
possess.
Our time
explicitly
is
upon
you always
to
limited,
this methodological
remember that
in
point
insist
but let
more
me
what follows we
beg
shall
54
phenomena
and that
it
We may
An
for
its
by way of preliminary.
"
"
action
is
specificity
on
the
individual
manner that
performer in such a
life
of
history
this specificity
its
depends
effect.
No
animal movement
more
presently
introduce
this short
There
the
is
final
organs,
i.e.
suitable
name
for
"
<c
may
experience
elemental
it
did the
"
functional
We
experience."
process
shall
but in
it,
be used.
when
"
action,"
in
motor
the
not present
is
"
physiological
to
psychology
is
adaptation
of the
first
time
we speak
nervous system
is,
in
of course,
of
this
another
55
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
Nor
case.
muscular
"
is
there
"
the
in
action
of
case
so-called
"
fatigue."
may
itself,
is
You
important.
all
know
a good instance of
is
we
it,
an example.
also
see
control of consciousness
when
this control
It
later
commonly
complicated
is
on.
which,
under
though
first
to say
unknown
functional
character
of
process of
what
exclude
some
way
as to
reflex.
typical
many
of
adaptation
the
This
by no means identical
with the process of acting as such, and we have devoted
these few words to it in this place in order that we may
it
"
is
Moreover, we
if
called
"
exercise
is
on.
"action,"
effects
which
are
not
concerned
in
motorial.
external stimuli.
is
nothing like
56
SCIENCE
history with
at work.
But then
historical
absent
another
in
group
it
mentioned
To
above.
stimulus Stentor
and the
one
same
reacted by a simple
first
mechanical
turning aside,
movement, and
after
that contracted
itself
then,
finally,
the
Stentor
swam
We
away.
to
We may
one stimulus.
say,
first
we should
action.
one
reaction
at
by
experience, at
another
there
"
"
is
trial
perhaps, but no
"
experience."
But there
"
is
experience,"
and therefore
action,
though
"
memoir
of Jennings
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
most primordial form, when
in its
5*7
Stentor, the
experiment
instead of
one.
first
its
by
"
what
"
action
ourselves.
kingdom
in
in
exhibited
clearly
in
all,
and
ants,
bees,
the
following
classes
animal
the
of
some
beetles,
in
crabs, cuttle-fishes,
to
"
"
"
what
in other terms,
experienced
by them
about that which stimulates them to motor reactions.
it
is
"
"
is
clear, that it
organisms what
"
medium
"
of
accessible.
How,
sum
for
acting
Protozoa.
little
is
There are
common
they possess
of the factors to
instance,
could
we
in
to use the
our argument
only be the
will
this
Now
only
exactly
many
Perhaps
it
is
known about
for
real
observations about
58
them
those
seem
which
exist in infusoria
correct
perhaps
but
who can
able to give
feel
of
any
may
fairly
a chemical nature
minute organisms ?
be spheres of experience
to reach such
may
And
"
the
sensorial
conscious
by Pawlow
Association
"
"
it
or
"
may
relate
motor
class,
of secretion also.
may
any way.
few words on the distribution of experience, not in
the animal kingdom, but among the parts of one organism,
close
may
these
preliminaries.
little
more on the
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
others that
it is
59
Frogs and
at least
may
make
may
new
acquire
we
see
it
that
besides
the
experience.
and perhaps
What
but experience
other parts
hemispheres
This holds for
by no means
is
the
of
central
be
also
may
all so-called
Thus
lost.
nervous system
in
relation
to
is,
And now we
must
be
also
are prepared
itself.
/3.
THE HISTORICAL
BASIS OF REACTING
The phonograph
is
of which depend on
specificity
its
the phonograph
may
Now we
give
forth
what
Is for
to
the reactions
With
this question
has
is
it
of the process of
"
action."
60
SCIENCE
stimuli
to
relating
encountered
it
and on
in the past,
specificity of all
sensation
all
we have already
of those stimuli.
This character
to describe briefly
"
"
individual history
describe
it
reacting
by saying that an
technically
"
("
historische Reaktionsbasis
"
the
now
shall
historical basis of
is
")
we
tried
become convinced,
specificity of
every action
function.
Without any
suppose, that this
historical basis of
history
"
is
definition
basis of reacting
historical
it
in
which
we
it
It changes, so
specificities.
in search of
"
"
historical
acting
is
specific
meaning
that
specificities, it
is
has
commonly
is
called
we may
specificities,
Here
only in a most
"
history
it
the
what we are
"
specificity of its
it
find
by the
any way
organism
from the specific combinations received in order
profiting
to
mere verbal
received
the
states.
expression
to
is
being one of
reacting,"
of a phonograph.
"
will
you
difficulty
"
general, not in a
true,
"
not in any
way
specified in
detail,
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
combined
may
specificities
61
But
"
fundamental
second
The phonograph
difference was.
and gives
air
between
difference
of a phonograph
the
and of an
may
organism
"
off
vibrations
of the
air
other terms,
in
The organism
receives impressions
on
its
sensory organs
whilst acquiring
That
to
is
organism
of this
s history,
history,
belong to
two absolutely
basis
classes
different
of phenomena.
We
our
"
now must
insist
historical basis/
and
more
on the analysis of
fully
shall in
we have used
the
first
place justify
We
in our definition.
have said that actions not only depend on all the stimuli
received in the past but also on the effects of those stimuli.
The
word
that
has
subject in
"stimuli"
affected
the
is
to
embrace the
final
include
sense
;
consequences
interpretation,
be
founded
and
of
organs
the word
of any
here
to
this interpretation
everything
the
acting
"
"
effects
is
to
moving
The second half
previous
may
advantageously
1
There would be a strict analogy between the "historical basis" of a
phonograph and the "historical basis" of action if all human speech were
like reciting a story or a poem learnt "by heart."
But a conversation,
for example, is something very different from this.
62
in
few
It
child.
will
expressions
psychological
be
hardly
in
avoidable
the
following
use
to
analysis,
possess
it
is
TJic
called forth
within, are
discoveries
Jennings.
or
meaning
pain
and
afterwards
certain possible
does
not
of course,
to
effects
"
"
desire
as
words
these
and
it
belongs to
in
of its
The
out.
child
out
carries
in
may
widest
the
it
possible effects,
advances,
broadest
carry
their
and
desires
far as the
share in bringing
its
taken
"
"
of
effect
relate
as
sense,
of experience.
It
elemental psychical
"
"
desiring
and
"
"
liking
it,
of
and a
neglected
by some
writers,
but
has
been
most clearly
63
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
Wundt and
emphasised by
of the
relates
of volition
act
by
no means
such, but only to
the origin of the faculty of accomplishing what had been
to the origin of
Volition
"
willed."
as
just
itself,
as
volition
and judging,
liking
is
The discussion
may form
was the
by the
clearly, that
of
and
child,
the
of
part
effects
of
shown us most
the
this
of the
liking
future
of stimulations themselves.
may
say
own
stimuli on their
of reacting.
basis
effects
historical
it,
"
basis
and in
this
way
might seem
But nevertheless
of acting,
and
to
we
"
"
experienced
"
historical
is
two
distinction between
sense
to
it
all
become new
stimuli
by
into
do
as
In a certain
It
liked
enters
effects
actions, just
motor
has
act
motor stimuli
of
while
to
maintain
study them
the
bases
in
special cases.
it is
ance.
in so-called
"
"
trying
Imagine you
that
it
have got a
gains
its
highest import
64
SCIENCE
knowing how
to
open
You
it.
first
of
sorts
all
try
success
attends
At
"
this
trying."
"
"
new
"
"
in
trials
similarity to
in
of course,
differences
first
must
not be overlooked.
to
languages and
of
this
no
less familiar
The learning
The
general
scheme
of
this
"
"
historical
experience
of
basis
that
of
all
class.
is
is
reacting
certain
simple
this
you
secondary
type
learn
of
by
phenomenon
at
first
it,
of
it
is
"association,"
A
an
and
by
"
effects
the
If
in
is
strange
given
town
65
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
you want
know
to
the
general
position,
you
very
will
will
by the
of your
effects
walking.
only
probably go wrong
to
"learn"
go
right
"
"
which you
of
If,
"
may
"
One
most important
of the
of
basis
historical
Association
reacting
error."
"
features,
that
is
its
We
"
any
we
said,
of the
may
specificities
must
not, however,
is
you
one
or
know,
speaks
on
dependent
contrast.
Now
of
no
"association."
two
the
contiguity,
all
kinds
association
of
other
by
Psychology,
"
association,"
on
similarity
contiguity
is
to
of
the original
specificity
of
combination in the
alone
that,
psychologically,
The mere
association
life,
part
in
acting
conservation
be
none
does
but
indeed
play
a part,
acting, if conservation
66
and
if
But
similarity.
such
these
peculiarities,
can
remarkable
processes,
the
as
thing
based
association
of
phenomenon
no
were
there
complex
On
first.
first
7.
INDIVIDUALITY
"
OF CORRESPONDENCE"
We
it
individualised
"
stimulus.
is
whilst
meant by a
stimulus
with the
dealing
"
"
simple
is
and an
individualised
if
single elements
the arrangement
may
be one of space as
Now
main
characteristics of action,
always
is
I need
stimulus.
specific
a reaction
person
to
corresponding
is
that action
an individualised
or
specific
house
may
influence
your
1
Mere passive
psychological theory of association is not our business.
association certainly contributes very little to psychical life, at least when
we are awake. It never accounts for the fact that among the innumerable
"similar"
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
67
the inorganic world where the same thing happens, and yet
in spite of that there
is
first
glance
A
field.
between the Inorganic and
seal with specific initials may also be called an individualised
the Organic in
and
if
is
it
this
two individualisations
That
case.
but the
same kind
in this
and
&
is
hot
pressed into
effect
differently.
the
"historical
may
as follows.
of
basis
reacting,"
there
another
is
principle
may
viduality of correspondence
We
now
"
indi
effect.
more
fully in
become
effect,
the
to
"
"
in other terms,
from
this basis.
What
will be
shown
hereafter
minute analysis of
at present the
action
to be our
is
fact.
common
make them
available
We
all
versation
is.
Let us try to
street,
ill."
"
"
used
"
something very
specific also.
and certainly
living in
*,,
>*-^
IH
Jtf^rS.^
**
"
i-"""^
<;fV-r
69
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
mother
is
"
seriously
my
brother
seriously
ill
and
"
my
differ
ill"
is
br
is
And now
let
one
nationalities, the
different
is
staying and
Then A, instead
have
also
"
said
mein Bruder
been the
of saying
"
ist
"
all
my
nion frere
ernstlich
brother
est
S6*
is
erkrankt."
ill,"
might
malade,"
or
seriously
verement
counterpart to the
first.
is
It has
ill,"
may
etc.,
"
mental
"
and time.
f~r.l
70
of the reaction
when
the stimulus
is
altered fundamentally,
is
to
analysis.
The
individualised
stimulus in
"
my
specific physico-
not
is it
acting, represented
brother
is
Is
seriously
ill,"
in
may
with the
aid
of the brain in
if
to each
result
may
be
generalised
in
the
following
manner.
Firstly,
a,
b, c,
d,
e,
/, g, h, i
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
into a,
y, d,
b,
e,
f, g, h,
from a v \, c v d v e v
And
/j,
i,
and the
gr hv
effect
Vl
may
into m, n,
be transformed
o,
p, q, r,
g, h, i into a,
@, 7,
S, e, f,
tj,
0,
i,
re,
and the
a, b,
the totality in
its specificity,
e,
f,
fact that
d,
t.
may remain
effect
c,
s,
and nothing
acting,
else.
"
and
all
effect
have a
"
meaning,"
and
their
meanings do not at
that
we
at
8.
NEW PROOF
Preliminary Remarks
We
now ask
Is there
anything
72
SCIENCE
is
machine
concept of a
Or does
it
contradict the
to
In
particular,
between
specific cause
and
specific effect,
simple
have to do with
"
individualised
mere indication of
it,
may
always following
be taken as in
of life-processes.
autonomy
stimuli that
"
me
and of immunity in
physiology of metabolism
we
when
"
stimuli,
now
is
and
It
was
of
but now we
it
seems to
possible instead of a
Goltz,
of
their
reaction"
happened
effect,
when analysing
movements
the
hemispheres, introduced
("
Antwortsreaktion
in
in his experiments.
He
of frogs deprived
term
the
")
totalities.
order
to
"answering
state
what
What
Indeed we
this
may
"totality,"
built
say that
up of
it
is
singularities,
is,
by an excursion
"
Berlin, 1869.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
ansivering reactions, or
reactions, that
better, individualised
still
seem
actions
be
to
answering
of
mechanical explanation.
A few words may not be out of place with regard to the
different possible kinds of
effects in
may
acting
"
"
individuality
acquire.
The individualised
be understood,
effects
be composed
may
stimuli
there
belong to the
may
is
of art or
The individualised
handicraft.
two
which
is
composed
but
specifically
typical object,
We
for instance.
when
The
dealing
"
"
dog,
this
"
dog,"
my
"
is
dog
"
every
the
same,"
case.
It is
of
the same
:
instincts.
"
it
stimulus,
always
is
even
if
we
have
life
been
In fact
lately been
to
by
the
created
speak psychologically
(Zeitschr. f.
74
remembrance
identification or simple
on stimulation, and
only in part
We
shall
come back
is
of sameness depends
in the
main an
active
to probability.
Ego according
It
an agreeable
is
always
same
vestigators in the
when two
occurrence
scientific
field
in
independently arrive
at almost the
subject that
we
now
are
It
was
in
1903
first published the argument
new and independent proof of vitalism, which I
the spring of
that I
and
was
it
at about the
same
time that the late philosopher Busse, in his book, Geist und
Korper, Seele
so-called
und
psycho -physical
identical with
an argument against
parallelism, which is almost
my
analysis
all
down
to the smallest
details
Busse uses
is
Later on
autonomy of life,
indeed the same as defeating the
proving
But there
is still
as
we
revealed in acting,
is
parallelism- theory.
to
et
Compare Bergson, and also the paper of von Kries Ueber die materiellen
Grundlagen der Bewusstseiiis-Erscheinungen, Tubingen, 1901.
:
75
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
1
Mtfmoire,
call
confined to
own
analysis in verlis,
is
very similar to
recommend Bergson
strongly
book to
all
in
it
who
re.
my
most
take a deeper
Let us
of
life
call those
which
differentiation
first
proof of vitalism.
call the
Let
of the
Then we may
second proof.
of
correspondence,"
This proof
of action.
the
as
scheme
which
the same,
is
viz.,
degree of complication
is
individuality
as independent
is
two proofs
first
is
"
and self-contained
not imaginable.
But our
third proof
another half to
it,
The
and
it
is
it
was
comparatively
we must add
that we have
briefly.
we know,
does not
mean
that there
is
a statical or fixed
Paris, 1896.
wrote
my
Seele (1903),
Breslan, 1906).
76
brain,
such as
it is
therefore,
ly
created in
its
The
its history.
able
though
first
it
itself,
specificity,
seems
to
me, to prove
"
action,
of
basis
historical
we know,
in action
potential specificity
stimuli
it
by
is,
future,
in
principles
as
we know, determined
individual history.
its
the
our
of
Both
reacting."
how
stimuli
all
may
in
All the
the effects of
be answered in
in
dividuality of correspondence.
Here, now,
we
are faced
start, is
fact
that
determined
from without
of
received.
We
know,
firstly,
that
it
is
all
So-called
of
centrifugal
sensations, or
irritations
of
rather
the
typical
central
constellations
nervous
system,
we know,
off.
received
of irritations
are
"something"
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
77
"
machine
so con
could not imagine any sort of
structed as to react in the manner the organism does, and I
"
Imagine
suppose that you also will not be able to do so.
that it is the medium, in the widest meaning of the term,
still
better
Does
i.e.
it
typical
to
purposes,
from without
that
suppose
And, in
acting originates in
its
it
even in
The
the
specificity
originates
fact,
"
its
"
"
of
part in the
"
individuality
individuality of correspondence,"
into
basis
by contingencies from
special
by contingencies
historical
machine,"
for
itself, is
totalities.
"
its
elements
and
as to allow of
transport
into
another
scene of events.
"
So-called
"Analogies
to
Acting
some inorganic
as
"
"
"
analogies
to
"
or to
experience
"
"
memory
doubt whether
78
really thought
by doing
In
so.
in
facts
as
"
it
"
analogy,"
"
less
question
fact,
much
the
explanation
1
it
really
In
the
is.
first
we must
place,
mere
psychologically
"
memory,"
notice
that
speaking
far
is
"
"
"
"
"
"
but
the
"
"
"
individuality of
the
correspondence."
The so-called
elastic
after-effect,
and
some
similar
analogies to simple
"
fatigue,"
cerned
in
but that
altered
memory
is
they
be analogies to
may
"experience."
"
"
"
"
but our
"
its
history
by
what we understand by this word
;
an
elastic
in our definition,
my
argument by
f.
its
con
ball
is
must remember
critics
is
"
which
is
Others have
"
reactions
of a
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
79
"
history."
why do my
but
whenever
they
But
do
not
"
acts,"
In fact
lowered by atmospherical agents ?
and I suspect they never will.
say so
let
In the
it is
critics
elastic after-effect
the
first
with
corresponding
second
the
however, historical
in
locality.
(including
specificities
In
acting,
in
differences)
differences)
to
which
are
firstly
the
in
stimuli
real
active
and true
"
diversities
"
all
analogies
of
movements.
between
"
"
experience
and
Analogies
suggested, had
it
would
these
never
have
of reacting
"
in
mere recollection
been
even
our
of
strict
"
historical basis
also the
of former
specificities
happening
for
may
also
be well expressed by
80
word
"
principle of the
"
Elements
"
may
"
historical
be words, but
restricted
as
just
the
"
role
of the written
lines
We
like.
you
of
"
association
association
how
understand
in acting
is
speak psychologically,
the
to
throughout relative.
be the mere letters
may
mere
relation
its
is
basis,"
characters
in
element,"
it
offers
judging, but
But
not judging
is
as all so
called
of inorganic
analogies
so,
is
or, to
facts
all
to
organic or vital
"
"
It is
"
"
the
least
comparable
with the
individuality
called, is
in
of
correspondence."
Conclusions
Let us then
try
to
formulate
in a
All
stimuli
acting
is
phenomenon
correspondence
and individualised
effects
life,
definite
manner
in objectified nature.
between
individualised
occurring on a basis of
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
81
following
reasons.
It
would be very
a machine
difficult, if
word
such as to
whole, both
"
wholes
"
exclusively.
But
still
added a second,
historical
made from
without,
upon a
is
the
The
"
"
prospective potency
for
acting, if
Firstly, the
field
effects
of natural
stimuli
received
movements
events
very different
historically
to another
field.
sensations
belong
to
one,
combinations
preserved
of
the
stimuli
by no means in
received
their
historically
being
but
being
specificity,
transferred,
are rearranged
82
SCIENCE
The
"
"
that
"
something
"
acts
THE
6.
"
PSYCHOID
"
name
to give
not
discovered
"
"
but
it
We
be a machine.
to
we have
we
again, as
entelechy
genesis,
to
appears
might speak of
to
morpho
also
distinguish
in
"
"
mind,"
soul,"
avoided
my
which
"-
psyche
"
there
name
neutral
pseudo-psychology.
is
in
space.
this
sense
therefore
"
of
no souls in
are
nature
called
"
"
"
or
"
the
for
Psychoid
in
the
may
speak of
"
"
but
Ego
phenomenon
propose
the
elemental
very
agent
"
discovered in action.
"
"
can
be
no
doubt
that
"
straction,"
stand
our
the
thinking,"
only
and so
correspondence
important
principle
of
and
the
two
the
"
individualities
process
ab
us to under
of
in
so-called
83
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
"
abstraction,"
be
cannot
fication of the
"
Psychoid."
If
to
name
some
towards
indications
"
is
psychoid
scious
Conscious
"
be brought to
and the
its
that
said
"
The
Uncon
and
legitimate
by distinguishing between
There certainly
want
the
to
"
expression
truly philosophical
two
be
might also
it
it,
"
difference
between
first
the
But there
is
instinctive
systematic vitalist
them.
to
these
denomination
expressed already by
instincts.
also.
genetic entelechy
The
a difference,
is
experience in
of
the
Calling
spiritual
principle,
The lowest
of all
is
the
-ty-vyr)
av^TiKr) and
propagation,
as concerned
may
in
organisms, plants
well as
soul
it
by the
is
animals.
of sensation as well as of
soul of instincts.
called
"
represent our
to
morphogenesis
as
modifications,
be said
its
may
Entelechy
possessed by
The
-^v^rj
volition
"
aiaQrjTitcij,
it
belongs
the
to
men, according
is
all
next higher
given, that
is,
to Aristotle,
the faculty
84
SCIENCE
what we have
of reasoning, corresponding to
the
called
"
"
as regulating action.
psychoid
Indeed,
of
me
seems to
it
Aristotle
be
may
accepted
if
we
nowadays, at
instinct in
Certainly there
of purposefulness
least
by man.
even
is
is
word
in the sense
We
differences
exist
"
"
is
experience
In this respect
animals.
of
the word in
many
Wasmann,
his
actual
of
analysis
the
facts
in
question.
We
its
results.
part which
and
nervous system
play in acting is not yet clear from what we have said,
and a few words about the real differences in acting
studies
the
brain
the
f.
THE
"
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
"
to be required.
;,
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
but, of course,
85
truth.
Let
us
then
with
analysis
in
try,
the
first
our
connect
problem
physiological
to
place,
far
as the
"individuality
process
the
of
"
"
specific
energy
"
of
correspondence,"
"
individualisation
I refer to the
problem
is
in
the
of
problem of the
by
you
not unconnected
meaning of
"
this principle
law
"
was
"
but the general view has remained almost the same, and
to the doctrine
acoustic nerve,
we should hear
lightning as a crack
and
Intentionally
1
So-called
we
shall
"
86
SCIENCE
which
concerned here,
logical part of the question
by no
is
Intentionally
we
shall
moment
to enter for a
is
to follow,
of pseudo-psychology.
We
without
stimulus
It
unable
to
any
relation
to
it
have been
nature
the
of
the
The
doubt.
all
is
often
discussed fact,
for
instance,
that
modern authors
The
electrical
conduction.
are
facts
of
strange as they
hand
or the fingers
after the
one
these
individual
amputations
who had
has
been
performed
on
an
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
87
different
of
localities
specific
come back
brain
the
may
to this question
become
have
not
stimulated specifically
ly having been
We
7:
shall
on another occasion.
also
regulation in
those
others,
at
parts,
to
least
extent.
certain
senses,"
the
first
case and
parts
There
are in question.
may
to
different
be a regulability in
would be broken as
"
principle of
belonging
"
far as
energy
the single elements of one nerve or the single parts of one
so-called
centre
are concerned one and the same element
specific
"
"
of the brain
tion
would be related
at least
sphere
a nerve
and,
is
assuming
what
might
be
called
the
is
held at
still
original
farther
equi-
Physiologische Psychologic,
88
false, as far as
the adult
the child.
is
it is perhaps
soon shall enter once more
concerned, though
We
At
this stage of
for ourselves
"
specific
energies,"
but the simple fact that this whole problem does not touch at all
our principle of the individuality of correspondence" It was
"
only to
make
made
here.
"
proof
life -autonomy,
individuality of
elements,
only deals
a totality which
without
in
asking
with
the
unity and
constituted
by single
any way by what sort of
is
"
may
be offered to the
"something"
"
stimulus
individualised
that is reacting.
That
this
if different
nerve
when
fibre,
and
irritated,
if it is different localities
the
represent
different
elements
of
the
ment or energy.
sensation occurs,
which
"
"caused
specific potential
Whenever
89
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
"
individualised
mere sum
proves in
In neither case
stimulus."
and the
Thus we understand
is
this stimulus
is
at work.
is
"
portance
of
this
of
problem,
diminished by what
we have
is
course,
stated
by
no
means
77.
But now
let
We
is.
all
ways.
determined,
1
may
Compare
firstly,
The
enter
these
into
of
specificity
movement may be
motions in three
d. Physiol.
i.
2,
L. Asher,
Zeitschr.f.
90
SCIENCE
from without
state of the
by the
and
secondly,
motor organs
thirdly,
by the
specificity
Hitherto
these regulations.
of
of
vitalism,
it
will
to study the
Let us say a few words, in the first place, about regulaThis subject has
bility of the brain functions themselves.
just been touched in our remarks on the doctrine of specific
the
on the
brain
literature.
are
regarded
function, whilst,
specificity,
As
On
as
obliged
almost
completely
equal
in
far as I
is
am
cell,
capable of judging,
it
among
facts.
In
fact
there
is
In
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
the mature germ
direction,
more or
we had
scarcely
we
as
any
less regulable
91
regulability at
all.
for
shall see,
to regulability are
is
in
part.
It is to these features
It is
work
that
See vol.
For
i.
defects
page 85
it
in
is
the
also
brain,
caused by a
localised
ff.
man
it
You
may
be any you
please.
3
also
exists.
92
these
1
advances,
and
inotorial defects,
defects
maximum
until a certain
of regulation
is
but
time
as
reached.
due to the
fact that
in
morphologically, for
of
generation
not, of course,
no actual restitution or re
the
in
sort
any
is
brain
of vertebrates,
but
and
is
many
possible routes.
It
The same
based.
"specific energy"
facts,
when more
in its extremes
were
be called a
The
"
functional harmonious-equipotential
is
system."
not dependent on
and
its
is
different parts
is
i.e.
never altered.
if
the possible
harmony
to be understood
case.
On
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
the
93
it
can
mental
disturbances
impossible.
will
render
functional
reparation
is
and B, and
clinical or
experimental
Adult
them,
feature
system of connexions
not
only
The
seem
it
is
something more.
some
to require
specifically localised,
to a certain extent.
And
these
arrangements
are
really
found
to
exist.
connexion,
"
spheres,"
to a
at
in
least
the adult.
by
Disturbances of these
These cerebral
specificities
the
specificity
nervous conduction
now granted by
is
the
of
factors
the
concerned in specific
process
of
centripetal
It
is
94
SCIENCE
least in one
in their specificity
and
"
"
qualities
way become
organism, in this
specificity of sensation to a
own
(chemical
?)
specificity.
Thus
it is
The
of sensation occurs.
specific centres
regulation.
Are
But
Born
Bechterew 1 remarks
aphasia
may
"
"
speak.
innate
life,
some
cases.
"
"
spheres
That would
"
"
prospective potency
their
these parts
obtaining
secondarily,
Bewusstsein
und
in
all
its
"
specific
prospective
parts,
value
"
95
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
"
"
specific
energy
in
any
sense.
present, so far
"
specificity of
"
centres
in the adult
is
optic
the newly born, the optic brain centre of the adult would be
transferred to the place where the acoustic centre normally
and
is,
vice
simply what
nerves,
versa
is
generally called
"
"
"
centres
"
as
in the single
Einfahrung
but one must grant at
seems to me, that they are possible, and that, so
rather
are
present, it
revolutionary
far as only
probable.
"
of
pressure -points,"
is
and
heat -points,"
"
"
pain- points
all specificities
1
The few "facts" relating to the specificity or non -specificity of nerves
or parts of the brain, besides those mentioned above (p. 86), are the following,
all relating to the adult.
Stimulation of the chorda tympani, i.e. the nerve
with the peripheral part of nerve B, and rice versa, had been
the experiment proves the possibility of centrifugal conductions
leading to different results in one and the same nerve, it does not immediately
part of nerve
effected here
relate to
"centres."
myself have laid stress upon the fact that in many of the transplantation
experiments in young amphibial larvae, as carried out by Born, the brain has
to accomplish quite abnormal duties, which it does in perfect harmony.
See
I
96
SCIENCE
But enough
the cerebral
The
This
"
Centre
"
in General
is
At
"
ambiguous word,
brain-centre."
the
first
"
was
"
centre
of
As we have
restricted.
said, there
may
be specific functions
Of
"
"
centre
course,
for these
localities.
centre
"
"in
any sense
we have proved
is
say, there
is
is
not
all.
So we
may
in reactions starting
my
also Braus,
1905.
The transplantation
New
York, 1900.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
localities
"
"
"
centre
of specific function
in the
but this
97
more
"
of something in
sense
"
not a
is
This
the brain.
In these words
is
included what
we
"
Association
"
elucidation.
manner
in a certain bodily
it
therefore
must be marked
The immediate
is.
an elemental
fact, to
It is
same
may
"
be called the
first
this character,
or
regarded as the
"
"
sameness,"
basis of reacting.
contiguity,"
"
same
association
sensation
"
or
"
"
different,"
is
not
but that
it
it
in time or space
by
only
also
past,
on a former
occasion.
It
is
of these
basis
in
must
lie
in
historical
it
in
distribution.
But by no means,
it
must be repeated,
is
the primary
7
98
in
factor
the brain
is
a sort
understand
its
of
connexions.
The
brain,
in
is
it alters
convenient
the
future
its
name from
"
a book
effects.
of
it
the
psychical
by
Borrowing a very
But
"
"
engrammata."
association
processes
phenomena
by contiguity
it
is
is
absolutely
of
simple
recognition
"
logical
following
of
inconceivable
and
of individuality.
The storing
of en-
It
"
may
"
"
brain the
"
Of
in
subconsciousness
generally called
psychology a very bad term indeed would be a psychoid of inferior order,
according to our terminology.
2
Die Mneme, Leipzig, 2nd ed., 1908.
"double
consciousness."
Von Uexkuell
reception"
"What
"
is
s "schemata" promoting
iconoreception and "motoOf
can be nothing except engrammata in the sense defined.
"
"
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
grammata may be compared
with
the
of
faculty
some way,
in
99
elastic
even
after-effect or
but
phonograph,
as already said
the
faculty
of
"
association
by
nay, even the faculty of
with
no
and
has
contrast,
any per
relationship
identity
formance of any combination of physico-chemical agents
"
rearranging,
whatever.
By
more
and more
easily
between
difference
thinking
The
we
a psychological analogy
right or
come
as
still
and judgment.
The
in each case.
wrong
processes
understand
of,
ideas
fully
association
shall
its
second has
the
starting-point,
first
not
it
To
this proof:
the
"historical
mechanically,
if
the phonograph
anything
course these
reacting"
basis
but
it
inorganic
"
reveals itself
schemata"
in
understood
be
might
revealed itself as
by
of its elements.
like
of
this
any sense
it
does
in
free combination
is
is
by no means
concerned
in
for acting
Erkennungsmz
1
Our argument burdens the brain with a
^eZ."
into account.
naissance."
to
him
note
1).
(see
to
certain,
him
role to
though limited,
"souvenir
"perceptions
"attention"
pur"
has no
purs"
and
come
"recon
100
and the
"
can only
be said to have been created by physico-chemical processes,
acting,
that
"
by the stimuli
is,
basis
historical
affecting
of reacting
is
6.
autonomic.
MOTOR ORGANS
We
as far as the
"
is,
This
such.
suitably
reduced
be
here
to
the
two
other
of
types
regulation.
instance
here
is
wounded
in
one
of
what we mean
of
there were
still
all
regulations
first
the
may
are
legs,
is
It
and
a good
on
going
four of them.
dealing
his
are used
all
is
seems to
used
me
if
that
correspondence
between
stimuli
and
101
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
and therefore a
reactions,
discussion
full
not required.
is
Indeed the fact that there are but three sound legs
is
be
as
just
;
according
part
which
to
the
of
the
"
an
dog would
individualised
stimulus,"
the
of
individuality
determined.
of our
the path
crossing
carriage
forms
it
action
is
also gain
it might
from this
prefers
kind of
autonomy
independent proof
motor regulation, by saying that, besides the individual
of
on between the
the
specified
state
specified
use
of
regulation
are
in.
what kind
relates
it
other
according to
and
them.
is
also going
is
action,
motor organs
was made
halves
perform
being
flexor
to
the function
for
heal in
and one
split
such a
of stretching
After
paralysed.
muscle was
was used
it
way
the
certain
that
of
it
its
could
extensor muscle
time,
in
fact,
the
"
"
split
also
physiologically
stretching,
as
part
of
circum
"
"
102
SCIENCE
abnormal
central
also,
parts
in
the
of
service
certain
One could
"individualised"
appear
as
nerves for
t.
its
may
motor spheres
"
anything
"
normal performances.
To the whole
knew as early as 1842 that fowls use their wings in the right
the two main nerves of the plexus brachialis are crossed by a
See also Spitzy, Zeitschr f. orthopad. Chir., 1904,
complicated operation.
and Bethe, Miinchner med. Wochenschrift, 1905, No. 25. Most
vol. xiii.
1
Flourens
if
way,
which von Uexkuell has given for certain very primitive motions (page 30)
was very welcome, and they sometimes have tried to found a general theory
on it. According to von Uexkuell s formula, in animals with "simple nervethe state of the terminal (motor) organ determines the path of motor
nets
work almost passively here as mere "reservoirs"
stimulation, the "centres
"
"
"
of
"
case, or
How
tonus.
seems to me, than by simply alluding to the fact that all the movements
and
question are notoriously under the influence of so-called
(See also Giardina s
certainly do not take their origin from the periphery.
Von Uexkuell s formula only holds good,
discovery, page 105, note 2.)
as he concedes himself, for rhythmical movements once set going, but never
I can walk
for the origin or stopping or alteration of such movements.
almost mechanically and unconsciously, but I can also
to walk or
it
in
"will,"
"will"
In other words
not
103
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
Kiickenmarksseele,"
that
is,
of frogs that
react to
later researches
have
left it
name
of acting,
it
being
We
besides real
Jennings has found such a sort of behaviour
in the infusorium Stentor, and that there is no
acting
which
to
mere spinal
speak in our
more
of their
own terminology
show
"
"
"
"
of the
word
Goltz,
Pfliiger, Die sensorischen Furiktionen des Riickenmarks, 1853
Beitrdge zur Lehre von den Funktionen der Nervencentren des Froschcs, 1869
and Pfliiger s Archiv, 51, 1892. Schrader, ibid. 41, 1887, and 44, 1889.
;
104
caught
pigeons
flies,
it is
flew
The
calculation of distance.
"
of these animals,
memory
new
able to acquire
of a
"
general
prospective
potency
"prospective
1
therefore cannot be
It
acquired.
value,"
some measure
is
kind.
The term
made use
"
Antwortsreaktion,"
of elsewhere,
He
hemi
it
was
vitalism, the
"
"
soul
autonomy
his
many
of vital
discoveries.
But
ing,
That
real acting
hemispheres,
1
is
Therefore, as
may
Lewandowsky
"normal"
"prospective value"
only.
Compare our
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
of life-autonomy in general
not only
it
105
"
"
psychoid
may
is
nms
"
"
is
same
in one individual,
and
it is
can do
that
it
less
is
it is
movement.
All disturbances of
its
functions
body during
caused
by
were regulated after a short time.
Even
the extirpation of a whole half was followed by ataxy only
for a while, and then regulation set in, and
swimming and
partial extirpation
2
walking went on as well and symmetrically as before.
belong here
also.
of the hemispheres.
(Arch. Entiv.-mech. 23, 1907) seem to
Pieces of the tail of tadpoles, if taken from very young
"potencies"
animals, move in co-ordination, but if they are taken from animals of a certain
age co-ordination is established only after a while. In the latter case the
lumbar spinal cord had already exercised a certain influence in the sense of
a general governing, and the co-ordination
centres
had to be established
secondarily in the nervous system of the tail, whilst they were arranged ab
So-called "shock" was excluded experi
origine in the very young pieces.
"
mentally.
"segmental
All this
theory"
is
directed in
of nervous
106
K.
Human
analysis of acting
we
if
and degrees of
Man and
the Highest
Animals Contrasted
to
his
organisation
was always a
far,
though there
the brain.
ments of the
difficulty
last
is
is
a difference between
"
"
We
and nothing
we
But
else.
of animals
them
at all satisfactorily
"
"
"
prospective
1
value,"
Psychology number
article "Animal
is
"
6),
and
xlii. p.
in the
207.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
we hardly can avoid
107
for
we make
descriptive analogy.
Apes and
an
"
it
dogs,
is
a good deal
true, learn
there
is
"
historical
basis
This
"abstraction."
would seem
all
that
we
call
to
why
lack
of a
It is
real
how
absolute the
is
even in
sort of stable
in order to
one of
Only
after
one of
it
notice
Even then
experience
by
"
"
learn
their
opening.
companion
their behaviour
is
"
expresses.
The
specificity of
108
Wasmann,
authors, like
animals
may
Gedachtnis
possess
for instance,
"
sensorial
memory"
("
sinnliches
")
It
We
and
historical basis
way.
it,
may
in
a landscape
have said on
as a part of the
relative.
Everything
concerned in the creation of the
be regarded as an
Single words or
phrase
of
effects
"
element
means something
analysis of action
in the stimuli
"
letters
may
it,
element
some
"
in
be the elements of a
may be whole
the elements
"
some parts
or
Now
else.
parts
of the
think a
fair
less
They
capable than
man
of resolving
it
letters
of a dog s alphabet.
And from
all
this
follows
the
and therefore
by
the
comparatively small
:
for it follows
by contiguity, be
it
that
in space or in
material
to
be
combined
in
acting,
But
liches Gedachtnis
that
it
"
"
historical
basis."
109
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
of the
acting of animals
are
consequences
fundamental
of this
diversity.
Higher Invertebrates
Acting of the type found in apes and in dogs seems by
no means
vertebrates only
many
insects,
Many
of
ants.
"
bridge-experiment," for
you of his
what modern students of the behaviour of dogs and apes
there is acting, but so-called abstraction
have found also
:
is
We
society.
developed in a
is
is
much
of
far
less
high degree
in
these
higher degree, as
we know
is
in a degree
We
of course
110
SCIENCE
its strictest
and
meaning, as
is
sig
first
and
to their
by individualised stimuli.
might be
able to
we have
possible, as
direction of a
shadowy
idea.
we know,
Psychologically, as
the
is,
a former
It
one.
would
objectively
the existence
organisms
there
when an animal
may
The second
step,
this
be
sort
sameness,"
the same as
possible
of
to
prove
experience
in
reacts
hardly
of
is
"
first.
1
Compare the experiment on Daphnids, carried out by Davenport and
Cannon, Journ. of Physiol 21, 1897.
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
remembering in the psychological
111
sense, is constituted
time.
"
not acting;
is
ence
it
the
Memory
in acting, but
by
a stimulus not
even
it
is
altogether, the
"experience"
word
"experi
an
actuality.
"
is
It is
man
takes
origin, as
its
we
experience, too,
"
acting,"
which
even
if
almost
no
name
historical
basis
of reacting
the
of
resolution
"
"
of a basis of
its
remoter
have
studied
into
given
elements
occurs.
American authors
especially
the
most
We
have stated
to
define
the
line of changes of
stimulus,
Stentor
real acting,
1
but
may
17, note 1.
112
SCIENCE
unknown
But there
is acting, if
C have answered
first
C answers
"
liking
the organism
and
is
had overcome a
or
"
a one
to the stimulus
if
the
that
it
any delay, it
was C that had produced
"
"
disliking
on the part of
is
and
to it without
Stentor,
to motorial combinations
in Crustacea.
In Yerkes
"
"
labyrinth
experiment a crab
entrance to
the water
end of many
"
"
trials
it
found the
much
"
"
of
"
experience
stimuli
is
we assume
in
"
concerned, and
it
hardly matters at
all,
whether
it
was
A
by Spaulding the facts lay a little differently.
hermit crab was fed with pieces of fish placed under a
green screen, and after a certain number of experiments it
out
if
no piece was
there.
113
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
the Eussian physiologist
Pawlow with
A,
is
In
dogs.
way
that always
clear kind
was a very
Both
experiments
these
by the stimulus
shortening
all
in the first
it is
not only
former
stimuli only.
is
"
training
"
by means
of
"
lessons
on
the
movements
"
"
Training
former
of
the
starfish,
stimuli,
referred
already
movements
to.
in this case
effects
are
Entw.-lehre, vol.
2
"
only ceases
there
is
if
a certain state
is
reached
this state
may be
"
"
liked
one, but
What
Jennings
another"
expresses
114
"
X.
PSYCHO-PHYSICAL PARALLELISM
"
REFUTED
and
effect,
There
action, a factor
Now
it
is
unknown
we
that
is
at present very
the theory of
I refer to
we
least
of this
much
in vogue
among
psychologists.
]
"
psycho-physical
parallelism."
At
theory.
it
Professor
The theory
basis
by
of parallelism
may
start
from a metaphysical
unknown
absolute reality,
was
the
opinion
of
tieele
psycho-physiologique," Rev.
Mature
et
6,
und Xorper,
Geist
"Le
1904,
and
paralogisme
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
theory
parallelistic
an
be put upon
may
115
idealistic
"
Given,"
and
as being
on the
other.
of
strictly
physico-chemical
it.
of
or
That has by no
the parallelistic
theory in any of
not at
is
all
action as a
its
usual forms
we have shown
that there
phenomenon
is
a mutual
between factors which are mechanical or physicochemical and factors which are of quite another elemental
relation
character.
But
it
"
psycho
1
"-physical
in
mind
we do not speak
of
our funda-
it
will be
We
"
Geschichte
und
translation.
als Lehre.
made
to the Italian
116
idealism, forbids us
is critical
we
"
natural
"
"
factors too
they belong to
in the
"
physics
modern
Our
(f>v(Ti,fcd,
"
"
in this
psychoid
sense
is
factor of
ra
Givenness.
From our
idealistic
metaphysical,
as long
standpoint,
"
"
psychology
and
as
is
it
non-
"
the
"
belong
psychical
among
The question now arises, if from such a point of view there
might not be room for a parallelism of quite a new type, very
exclusively
and
Ego
my
first
"
"
my
psychoid
glance
a parallelism of
"
my
work
as a natural factor at
in
body.
Let
us only note for the present that, for the sake of analytical
clearness,
tion,
may
my Ego
in fact
and
my
psychoid, as
my
object of reflec
"
"
parallel
most general
sense.
At any
we must deny
there
is
rate
we
avoid,
of course,
all
the
117
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
how
of
difficulties
between two
be an
such
of
entities
"interaction"
It is
as the
psyche and the physical reality in space.
well known that it was especially these difficulties which
"
"
led
to
Spinoza
doctrine
of
and
monads,
of
theories
idealistic
his
and Kant
Berkeley
different
styles.
their
to
From our
present
between
interactions
view we only recognise
- chemical
and
non
chemical
agents of
physico
"
"
point
of
physico
nature.
/JL.
remarks
These short
one
of
the
ends
of
our
of problems
The next
science altogether.
of
analytical
natural
history,
let
That human
is
"
expression
in
the
concept
of
are the
what he
"
historical
basis
the
man
is
of
the
will do.
most fundamental
mentioned.
arises,
118
of
human
of last
summer.
No
laws which
additional
formula
fundamental
its
are
what
to
individual
of
said
is
acting,
in
resting
the
upon
by our analysis
of history by proving that the history of mankind seems to
be a mere process of cumulation only, a process by which one
is
given
is
complication
we know, the
By proving this we express at
being, as far as
"
"
of a real unity.
evolution
we only
but no new
elementalities.
law,
as
created
their results,
"
"
philosophies
of the State or of
same
entities,"
as far as
The
terminology.
we know,
State
Even
is
to
be
they stand to
relation as geology
to
not an
modern
therefore, are
speak in an ontological
"
organism
"-
strange to
"
explained
"
the so-called
"
States
on the analogy
and ants
of bees
and not
in
detail.
human
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
be called an organism in
119
itself, it
But nothing
of the whole.
"
"
in social
regulations
for instance,
life, as,
whilst an overcrowded
them by
there are
when
a business
but
all this
"
in the
of
State
"
Hymenoptera.
But now
let
is
in nature besides
human
mere
acting,
Does
when
being, but a
community,
on
the
scene
?
Such
a new
beings
of course, would play its part in social life, though
or at least two
factor,
human
not in a properly
We
also
may
"
"
historical
ask
sense.
like
this
Is
really
complete
we have given
is
of acting
and
still
seems to
me
by
that one
for
social becoming,
we have
It
it ?
wanting
of
analysed.
what
quite
is
"liked"-
intelligibly
to
by the
speak
little
incorrectly, but
In
120
both cases
is
it
of the eutelechy
"bearer
But
if
there
is
a very
do not say that there always is
there may
strange exception to this retortion on the performer himself
there may occur acting which tends not to the liking of the
be
"
of the agent s
What
life
in order that
occurs here
is
"
the other
"
may
be saved.
as contrary to entelechy as
in
some
way
it
was
shows a
of morality,
of morality
of bodily nature
phenomenon
same time, it seems
to me,
that
is,
considered
by a naturalist
1
;
and
as
at the
of the
wanted in order
upon which the history and social life of mankind are built
History and its results, taken by themselves, are mere
up.
cumulations, but cumulations grown up by the permanent
interaction of entelechial
It
is
general
plays,
or
rather
which
moral
acting
even
if
evolutionary
elements.
is
some day
Morality in
actions
among
to contain certain
as
the general
least
two human
fact,
at
not alien to
121
ORGANIC MOVEMENTS
beings, could
would do
It
phases.
could
evolution
possibly counteract
whenever
so
evolution
"
"
and stop
it.
moral reasons
for
We
favour of morality.
contain certain
history might
evolutionary elements.
If
it
be only apparent
the
as
between two
relation
individuals
"
super-individuum
"
in
this
case,
"
individuals as
"
"
means."
CONCLUSIONS OF SECTION A
Our survey
of
biology as
of the
a natural
may
to
is
occupy
concept
us, I
of biology
in
narrow a sense
on the
of mankind.
But
biology, I think,
is
living
must be taken
and of
all
the
as the
phenomena
122
offered in
as states
we have
each of them
is
of organic nature.
1
Only one
field of
any way.
may
Frank Podmore
The reader
"Society
for
Psychical
Research,"
book).
What we have
called
SECTION B
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE OEGANISM
123
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE IN GENERAL
1.
PHILOSOPHY of nature
is
received
It
reason.
its
character
or
essence
Kant and
though Kant
himself, in his conception of the categories and the a priori,
went only as far as to show by what means such a
In answering one of his
philosophy might be built up.
analytical
work
"
fundamental
questions
"
moglich
?
("
proved that
of
How
it
Wie
ist
reine Naturwissenschaft
he
pure natural science possible ?
on
account
of
some
faculties
possible
is
really
his followers,
"),
is
It
of Schelling
to
some
Kant
at least
critical
126
harm
to
times.
the
nature in
our
discredited altogether
the
conception of
philosophical
period
of
a period of
knowledge
never
could
be
remind you, at the same time, that the men of science who
hold the empirical view sketched above are in fact among
the best representatives of science in our days.
Nevertheless,
it
my
is
is
and there
the
will
be
In this
been
"
natural philosophy
part of
philosophy
agree with
of nature,
this
that
natural
statement.
philosophy
is
has
certainly
theoretical physics
are
part of a
real
But the
"
"
and that
"
as
identical
might not
use of the word
with
mathematical
127
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
many
purely
empirical
principles
in
mathematical
philosophical
You would
In
show you
shall try to
fact, I
life
mmt
in this section of
be what they
my
are, that
forces us to
when once
it
their
at the
so
to
The time
is
feel
of
the
of
system
philosophical
number
organism
At
discussions.
preliminary
without
least
a
I
great
myself
amount
of preparation.
it
and not
till
Our
first
task
is
what
of a pure philosophy of
name
life
first
bring
the analysis of
least
128
SCIENCE
Of
time
ourselves
Inorganic here
the parts of
will
easily
though you
it
to
formulate
course,
we have
real
system of the
ready and perfect
which we shall use are such that all of you
let
us imagine that
understand what
may
is
it is
regard as singularities
and
totality.
what
in truth are
2.
the
usual
logic
regarded as a real
regulative
Many
and
heuristic character
by others.
have noticed that in the
all
"
Teleology
"
and
is
the concept I
am
thinking of
the words
"
"
"
"
purposeful
in
TELEOLOGY IN GENERAL
Let us begin our studies with a few analytical words
about teleology, without discussing at present the true
logical or ontological nature of this concept.
130
"
"
The
are very
"
purposeful
for walking,
men
feet of
of
an antitoxin after a
a very purposeful
snake
bite
might be
purposeful
is
But
against enemies.
and of a
the
man who
lift
triples
when by an
purposefully
patient
from death.
the
first
avoid applying
place,
any kind
sense
it
is
may
be called
"a
"
is
useful
and
purpose,"
sense.
is it
not
the
an engine of
"
it
is
in a certain
useful if
it
"
"
in
purposeful
any
"
purposeful."
called purposeful
and when
word
us start by considering
ful
let
this
term
is
my own
originally applicable.
We
is
to
"
purpose
actions, to
which
lead us to very
"
131
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
away with what
or to do
acting always
is
an engine,
"
to exist
The
I dislike.
for instance
that
my
of
purpose
medium
"
ought
always external
is
it
"
"
with respect to myself, and therefore the concept of a selfAll my acting towards
purpose may be declined a limine.
"
"
means
a purpose is based upon knowledge of the
by
be
and
which the purpose may
attained,
upon judgment of
"
"
"
the
of those means.
"
suitability
From
this it is
purposeful
he
acts
acting in such a
like
him under
being
is
purposefully,
manner that
man s
whenever
acting-
him
see
placed,
and should
act in
men
we
of other
is,
if
I can imagine
some way
from
It follows
is true, if
some
may
even
be said to be intelligible
degree.
This
is
call another
that,
it.
lowest organisms,
still
processes of morphogenesis
have we
the
right
to
difficult
as soon as
certain
fail
pass
and metabolism
claim
we
such
in
to
what cases
processes
as
and even
132
somewhat
for a
without leaving the analogy with our own acting quite out
of sight.
Now
seems to
it
me
that
it
it is
And
exemplars.
one another.
organisms
not
make
was
It
based upon
is
"
"Naturzwecke"
use of
exemplars, as was
these
("purposes
of
Kant
to
called the
We
nature").
"
shall
the argument
important.
"
morphogenetic
or
reason that
it
serves to form
constellation
which occurs in
specificity
it is
"
physiological,
is
for
and
purposeful
to preserve a
indefinite exemplars,
the
specific
and whose
no other
on
this basis is
and
is
the predicate
teleological
previous analysis,
viz.,
the
has already
phenomena
been given
by
our
leading to indefinite
human
is
the phenomena of
acting.
The organisms,
133
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
them
Thus by regard
are purposeful.
analogy of our
state
we
that
own
acting
in doing so
we return to the
we indeed merely
that
discussions
markedly
It is of
to
brought
their
constellation
typical
by
On
a later occasion
this
distinction
undoubtedly deserves
it
will
receive
at present
we
You might
speaks of volcanoes or of
crystals as
"purposes,"
though
both of them exist in indefinite exemplars.
Volcanoes,
however, are not derived one from the other, but are due
composed
another
be pointed
bodies, as will
occasion.
Therefore
out more
processes
leading
fully
on
to
the
formation of these
no means
"
We
them
if
and must
are to be called
originate
them or
"
teleological."
Kant
"
purposes of nature
"
not only
this
discrimination requires a
134
SCIENCE
You might
further analysis.
ought to be called
teleological,"
from
abnormal
states to
the
i.e. only
processes leading
normality but would it not be quite unjustified to refuse
"
processes of
regulation
the
name
to the processes
on
indeed
account
existing between
bodies
organic
them seem
in
as such therefore
the
of
is
the
of normal
different
embryology, which
kinds of harmony
to
degree
highest
Their
existence
normality.
And now
of
the
let
us
make
term
"
in
teleological
relation
its
to
processes
made
The
by man are purposeful, for they are actions of men.
machines themselves we have called merely
useful," but
"
all
"
of teleology,
to
artefacts,
machine that
of the definition of a
for
it
it
simply
shall
is
its
part
work
by
Thus purposefulness of
the mere outcome of the
machines
is
in the last
resort
teleology of acting.
"
"
discussion.
What
sort
predicate
We
of natural processes
teleological
We
this
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
work
of terminological description.
down
as to
135
signify.
we now
what may be
shall pass
to follow
is
to a
time
of
and that
be at the same
may
it
indeed
all
function goes on in
engine
purposefulness or teleology
is
it
its
due
only
is
no other reason at
Let us speak of a
of
teleology
Now
purposeful because
teleology
and
statical teleology in
such cases, or of a
constellation.
if
it
all.
Are
follow
its
place and
its
the
and that
singularity,
only to
of
might be given to
Of
all
course, the
all
teleological
name dynamical
We
ment
lines
of argu
From our
136
and
the
of
of
complex -equipotential
of the process of
our
intimate
from
and
study
systems,
an
historically created basis and
acting, going on upon
systems,
with
the
of
criterion
genesis
an
effect,
individualised
we have
correspondence
learnt that
no machine,
means
the organism.
in
of understanding
cally
it
therefore
may
teleology.
constructing
this
machine
teleological
is
course
of
my
will
wrong
for
it
a dynamical-
That argument
would have been
We
had
there
was
planation,
to
and
this, I trust,
to
3.
typically
an
i.e.
action,
ments.
of
up
a
Thus we
typical
combination
typical
see
of
it
underlies
move
typical
foldness of a typical
or
elements,
which
of
Let us
a manifoldness as
entelechy an
to notice
is
the
that
and
of
us not forget
let
sorts
all
manifestation
of the
result
extensive manifoldness,
such
call
Now we
believe
we have proved
that entelechy,
i.e.
the
whether organisms
or
not
is
machines,
in
turn
its
an
In
other words,
the
itself
to
observation,
is
actual
certainly
of
physics
and chemistry,
organism, as
may
like
be
the
but
the
reason
137
of
in
and
a machine,
results
described,
offers
combination
be described
it
of
terms
also
all
which may
origin
of
the
138
combination and of
of
therefore
ness
to
name
the
give
kinds of entelechies
all
"
in fact, something
manifold
"
from
results
or
intensive
psychoids
manifoldthere
is,
neither
We may
entelechy
We
acting.
say that
is
agent.
As being an
thing teleological in
there
is
some
its
organic individual,
"
"
in
the
widest
sense
of
that
term,
not
"
"
only
is
but
of entelechy
a machine and
acts itself
Tiitigkeit
phrase
itself
is
"
is
ist
applied
of
the organism
entelechy
is
that
ihr
Produkt
by Hegel.
its product"
libergegangen
We
shall
to
Die
("
use
"),
have to
say more
"
"
psychical
nature
139
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
there
is
my
only
philosopher.
and
ments
"I
to
relating
structure
its
and
of
type
or
change
entelechies
analogy, and
we
shall
doing so was,
and
do so again.
kind
separate
whether so-called
not
the
reacting,"
entelechies, according to
"
experience
entelechies
are wanting in
of
"
the
of
plays a part in
them
or
criterion of the
"
historical basis
of
it.
by no means
difficult to get a
the manifoldness
concerned in
logical analysis.
In
fact,
"
psychoids
we have merely
by a psycho
to
apply such
manner
Provided entelechy
is
in order
to
concerned in instinctive
life.
140
what
of
is
in
happening
natural
every
of course a
event
picture
where
in
only,
the case
its
of those
acts
"
"
logical
"
what happens,
"
suitable
the end
and
volition
occurs
inseparable
in
fact
name a few
of
them
analogy, to
psychical
and
elemental
of
knowing
functions
therefore
name them
The word
for the
is,
are
to
purposes of our
all.
"
secondary,"
"
worth while
to
become
notice,
far
the
in
more
difficult.
first
place,
that
by the entelechy
measure by psychoids
primary
they occur either not
at all or perfectly the very first time
all sorts of restitu
tions and of instincts are instances of this primariness.
"
"
of
"
"
secondary
entelechies,
the
psychoids,
endowed
with
the
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
We
them
experience possible
"
how
"
possible
is
biological form.
its
"How is
"
Kant
141
are
the
the
biological
faculties
secondary
We may
pyschoids
Here
question.
of
of
again,
say that in
and
of
but willing
itself is
primary.
"
willed
"
that
is
consciously
in
"
depending upon
experience,"
mediately
these,
"
is
innervations
specific innervations.
the unscientific
wills
by no means
performed (in an unconscious
and
"
"
it
seems to me,
Now
of
all
are
"
it
form,
secondary
a
certain
state
of
always
is
the
accomplished by no means im
accomplished by muscular motions, and
This
is
effect
"
"
doubt that
all
proves beyond
primary
1
I should like to take this opportunity of pointing out that
Jennings is
mistaken if he thinks that in the case of the righting reactions of the starfish
and "ultimate," since these re
entelechy would in any case not be "final
"
upon the
"past
history"
He does not
of the individual.
"
"
"
would come into account now Jennings has proved that they rest upon
and therefore he believes that entelechy is not an elementality.
"experience,"
;
But the
existence of a
willing"
"
(i.e.
new and
"experience"
"historical basis").
by the
natural agent.
or the specific
final
willing"
(i.e.
"
"
past history
"
implies the
"historical
basis")
implies
the possibility of acquiring a specific
142
is
So
far
plicated as soon as
as soon as
we turn from
com
"
how,"
which
in
not
primary."
entelechies
those
of
we
is
there would
analytical difficulty
"
an
We
all.
basis
historical
does
fundamental
properties
instinctive entelechies
of
morphogenetic,
for there
of pyschoids
may
experienced realities,
attaining them.
of
to
and
must be a something in
knowing and willing in
as
it
adaptive,
hut
and
to
to
the
willing of specific
un
And we
and the
a
"
moment
We
unconscious
to adopt
do not accept
differences expressed
Without doubt
its
at
"
enters the
field,
if
"
conscious
we choose
"
for
by
it is
greatest difficulties.
their
between the
it
but the
many make up
all.
life
143
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
basis of reacting,
i.e.
he
similarly, for
left
many
Kant,
it
among modern
others
vitalism proper,
of
so-called
But
"
interaction.
psycho-physical
it
firm conviction
my
is
we cannot avoid
that
"
indeed, as far as
knowing and willing
and
physiological adaptation and instinctive
morphogenesis
reactions are
concerned, there must be a something
comparable metaphorically with specified knowing and
with
specific
Of
willing,
course,
"known"
and
"judged"
willed."
be attained
is
normal
the
we
what
have
organisation
that
and
called
it
is
equifinal
regulations,"
already
1
urged
Compare
1905.
my
former
that
state
final
concerned in adaptation
"
on
to
means
"
different
to
"
As
and
"
of
we must be
occasion
that
We
have
is
quite
und ah Lehre,
Leipzig,
it
144
"
the
intestine or
by the skin
will poison
that
possible to imagine
the organism
state of
its
it.
But
knows how
life
is
it
is
to act,
on the point
"
bodies
till
after poisons
fluid of the
1
The concept
of
"function"
may seem
is its "normal
functional
state."
If this state
is
everything,
tioning"
not relating to the performance of a certain organ as such, but to the relation
or effect of this performance with regard to other parts of the same organism,
It is the "function" of the cells of the pan
or even the whole organism.
let us call this their "proper function."
But by
creas to secrete trypsin
;
secreting trypsin the pancreatic cells prepare material for assimilation by all
harmonious function of the
the other organs of the individual that is the
"
"
pancreas.
And
in the
same way
it is
the
"proper"
salts,
whilst
it is
their
"
"
"
a certain part
its role in
words had been disturbed by disturbing the "functional state" from with
out and this disturbance of harmonious functioning, or the harmony of func
:
145
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
In this way, regarding
it
"
of analogy.
We
now
shall
"
INDIVIDUUM
and
crystals.
From
individuum,
i.e.
what
ceasing to be
it
"
was.
be
itself
of
the
must be
meaning
and
individuum
If this
"
view
is
But
individualising.
restriction that
cept
in this
"
held, entelechy
to
"
Individua
it
is
individuum.
We
of the con
new
its
nature, since
it
wholes.
restores its
therefore, if
too,
many
cases
of
ful to
not
146
must be reserved
for
a future chapter.
let
us
fested,
and
what
in
bodies in nature
views
may
form
either
is
or
accidental
any
essential.
amorphous
to
belong
this class
their
islands
form
Combined-accidental
Homogeneous-
is
and mountains
essential
crystals,
are
crystals, all
typical arrangements
all
of
other varieties
of
albumen
or
some other
Combined
material.
essential
One
of
organisms
is
the
great
differences
We shall
body."
between
manner
crystals
and
origin.
Organisms
147
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
originate from a starting-point
than
manifoldness
does
the
which exhibits
less
visible
end
are
always
crystals
mere increase of
that
the fact
in
size.
specificity of their
It
the
is
much
upon
may
use
growth
during
their
crystals
medium
medium
organisms the
Rauber
in crystals.
some cases
new and
themselves into a
their
themselves, and
so,
facts
that crystals
are
so-called
could
always
I
all
differen
How
an harmonious-equipotential system.
say
a process
proportions
tiation of
to transform
could
"
restitution,"
which
arrangement
of the relative
maxima
embracing
relations of tension
crystal
1
Arch.
there.
and the
f.
between the
solution
Entw.-mech.
22,
The
typical
and
surrounding
1906.
of these intensities,
some
and with no
full
it,
is
sufficient
literature
will
to
be found
148
the
in
of
spite
so-called
the forces
Knowing
of one
particle
we know
and
that this
can be said to be
"
"
potentia
but
"
whole
"
actu,"
"
in each
and
of its
crystal thus
parts,
the result of
seem
have said a
little
more about
to be necessary, because
not only
only relate to a
it
of the
specificity
"
"
totality
in
"
wholes,"
itself.
crystallisation than
might
crystallisation
It is
my
systems, according to
restitution
Even
this
"
149
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
identities
first
of
employing them
is
is
and
to be used,
its
manner
it
is
placed.
"
"
the Timeless,
i.e.
into the
"
"
idea
manner
the word.
"
is
forma
The form
"
essentialis
its
sense.
"
if it is to
feature
as
a harmless one,
this
is
"
still less
does
it
reduce anything
times asserted.
"
have some
150
WORK
We
know
not
that
already
every
And
different kinds
first
There
is
us
let
of entelechies
may
first
the
instincts
parts
of
brain,
such
cerebellum in vertebrates,
as
may
In
hemispheres
be said
fact,
to
and the
possess
their
we may speak
of an
But
all
or
dignities
an army or
in
may be
said to be one
altogether.
Now
all
:
sorts of arrange
where
it
must be placed
to
been
placed
Every part
by entelechy
So we see
harmony
in
151
INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS
on
dependent
was harmonious in
all
in
are
another,
the
intensive manifoldness
its
harmonious
it
too.
in the organism
the
resort
last
of entelechian acts.
consequence
them
one
the
are therefore
many
processes
statical-teleological type,
We
now
is
entelechy
extensively
an
"
in other words,
is
"
manifoldness
intensive
dynamical teleology.
we know what
a living organism
itself
realising
it
means
to say
we have given
NEW PROBLEMS
CONCLUSIONS AND
of course, on
factor in
which
it is
intensive manifoldness
"
be an elemental
The answer
what
is
nature."
this concept
"
will serve to
nature as elemental.
Materialistic
dogmatism
would
reply
here
that
the
but
we have nothing
to
do
thinking,"
as
The
principle of so-called
economics of
"
See vol.
i.
p. 107.
that
152
every
elemental
natural
Whenever
necessary.
factor
is
known
a sort
or
of
"energy,"
"
practical,"
is
economist,"
science
is
Of
science.
course,
would by no means
shortened
way
find out
any new
or
To the
not.
jus
for
whether
constant,"
what
create
to
"
summum
whose
"
epistemological
or
something
to science, then
is
not to be expressed
is
would allow us
"economy"
by being
legitimate
to be
is
him
there
factors, created in
this
"
style,
"
"
We
are by no
"economism,"
and
means partisans
therefore
epistemological justification
factor is to us
We
the
of our
of
modern
question
as
empiristic
to
the
an important problem.
PART
and
it
purposes.
Our endeavour
is,
for our
immediate
show how
any
which play
On
is
a later
added.
The concept
coming may
of nature.
of
the
or happens
principle
of
univocality.
is
is
Of
course,
opposed to them
154
name
"
"
of
causality
to this principle
Causality relates to
entelechy
to
it
Our
will
everything that
may
Of
or not.
The
its
such as
it is,
mined kind.
and entelechy
is
whenever entelechy
spatial occurrence
single
its
an intensive manifoldness.
to
assume anything
the consequence
It
evolutio"
We
else,
strange as
it is
we never have
to
generally expressed
philosophy of nature
"
freedom
in
we
most remarkable
psychological
do with
But we
relation
terms.
which
In
the
"
is
is
new
All happening
repeat once
must now
it is
is
is
and
strict
sense of
the
It is quite impossible
to
imagine
that,
with given
155
happen
to
is
happen
with
either
or B.
On
is
all
latter,
would be able
Such prediction
certainty.
be
in
pure
mechanics, as
in
stated
the
of the
fiction
"
Laplacian
is
mind."
all
nature.
"
"
is
grace
a short ex
nature, placing
freedom
"
am
is
a gift of grace.
We
now approach
"
there will be
freedom
"
causality,"
"
from
that
is,
How
it
now
that
we
B.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
ENTELECHY may be aroused
bodily nature, such as
is
to manifestation
by a change in
by some
fertilisation or
effected
by
some
motor
stimulus
and, on the other
by
hand, entelechy may on its own part lead to changes in
operation, or
bodily nature.
All this
be related
is
to
very general
causality,
i.e.
it
to
may
But
it
does not
make
the
"
not
"
Is
is
DIFFICULTIES
Now
let
impossibility of
this
It
own
step
in
the
differentiation
156
of
an
harmonious-
were
it
is
157
the psychoid
The
we
to manifest itself
details of
manifoldness
intensive
is
of
causes."
manifoldness
the
depend
entelechy, but
With regard
to
all
the
upon the
not
upon
morphogenesis
thus
that
an extensive manifoldness
"
different spatial
we
in
extensive
this
may
connexion.
different
There
are
combinations
single
diversities
the specific
realises
of
intensive
them.
manifoldness of
common ground
is
of the relation
between
causality
therefore
we
lengthy
cept of causality,
1
by a rather
und
following discussion will be found to differ from that of 1904 not inconsider
I hope that this change of my opinion will be found
ably.
accompanied by
improvement.
158
with
to
they are
say,
and
as being of an empirical
The
"
principle of
"
"
phases
action
We
more
fully
shall not
;
but
we
of the
"
least
make use
shall apply
of
and
"
me
seems to
principles of
have their
by
the
and the
"augmentation of
thorough analysis.
nature
effect in spatial
which
is
effect.
"
relation of
energy."
energy"
to a
"
"
followed
refer to
as the "conservation of
entropy,"
"
causality
in a
invariably and
We
now may
is
that change
"
"
necessarily
consider
this
specified
manner.
We
first
"
system,"
that
is,
embraced in
it.
We
we
its
The system
159
"
"
cause
of its state at
its
at
state
but as
has
it
surroundings
Let us
and
let
its
energy of an isolated
system
is
constant,"
"
it
the
"
and,
any
loss
gain in another
and
nihil
fit
ex nihilo aut ad
vice versa.
"
nihilum."
In
fact, it
is
"
and
upon
energy
is
"
altogether meaningless.
2
An
160
SCIENCE
But
causality
may
fashion,
so-called principle
we may speak
of energetics
of
specified
we
single
condition that
is
be
laid.
In this case
We
causality.
imagine
then
parts
anything
that
find
the
of
We
consider.
different
it
to
system
may happen
the
in
it
at
that
the
in
diversities
are
it
necessary
all
that
was uniform.
Only if an element or
from
others can something
any
Such, at least,
happen on that particular element or part.
most
source
of
second
is the
the
general ontological
principle
so far as the system
part of a system
of energetics
the
first
is
different
it relates to specificities
But we
principle of energetics to
to establish a little
and
in causation, just as
its relation to
its
first
try
principle of conservation
entelechy.
OUR THEME
With
this discussion
we
is
to
We
living
elements
known from
the study
now
arises
inevitably
What
and
are
our
161
ultimate
the
autonomous
relations
between
the
What
not
is
inorganic
for
sufficient
organic factors,
world
explanation
so
to
what way
In
entelechy?
in
are
That the
the inorganic
most
is
studies of the
"
means
by our
"
of
morphogenesis
moreover,
it is
is able to perform
shows mutual relations to
many
it
it
intimate
relation
is
We
inevitable.
are
as to
problem
between inorganic nature and entelechy
implies.
We
We
shall begin
physics
is
What
Organic
mean
in
relation to
it.
pure mechanical
to follow.
then does
crosses the
it
mean
to
assert,
as
we
And what
is to
"
do,
What
that
does
the
it
discussion
this
"
ii
1.
OF ENERGY
a.
"
"
Energy
the amount
is
THE PRINCIPLE
of causality
else
it
measures
pound
The unit of
measurement, the
of the nature
"
erg,"
is
of
"
work/
something in
all
which retains
character
aprioristic
to
of
energy
its
far
it
it
quantity, though
the
there
is
rather
mechanics must
be
this
of natural
regarded
respect,
as
for,
sciences
its
from place to
its
is
purely
application
Only
begins.
an exceptional
as
in
may change
of conservation
principle
knowledge in
that
So
place.
means
"
Conservation
field
of
general equations of
throughout.
1
It is
almost unconsciously
162
"quality"
reason
for this
in this connexion.
"
work,"
that
to say the
is
amount
of one of the
163
two kinds
measurement
But that
of energy in general.
thermo
in
"
In general terms we
may
of conservation
is
aprioristic,
In short
/yy\
a body
in
tance
will
the kinetic
to it
impart
energy
again
"
calorie
"
is
always
equivalent
to
424
kilogrammetres.
far
far
principle
is
ing way.
Whenever the
is
"
"
potential
energy
may
energies
disappear
are
or
postulated,
from which
into
it
their role in
which actual
may
originate.
the theories of
164
of
physics,
and
actually stated or
energies
it is
in
also
There
chemistry.
is
nothing
We
therefore
ergs
arise out of
nothing.
"
"
sorts
all
of
real,"
subsidiary
they are
can
be
as
in
real
possibilities
regarded
ontology, but they
1
never are immediately real in any sense.
In this meaning
"
potential energies
there
"
"
is
a certain
amount
again
pendulum
highest points.
the
work
This amount
"
performed
"
work
natural
other
work
"
whenever
"
is
lowest point.
its
"
its
of potential energy
by the
so far as
"
having a
agents
more
all
or less
figurative
meaning
in these
cases.
ft.
THE PRINCIPLE IN
ITS
RELATION TO KNTELECHY
how
is
clear
how
stands entelechy to
"exist"
which enters into the potential forms, and which is able to arise from them.
But it is clear that this "fact rests simply upon the general principle of the
univocality of nature, and that, if it should not prove to be empirically true,
we by no means should abandon the conservation principle, but should
invent as many more supplementary energies as were necessary.
"
165
is
therefore,
is
not,
The ques
absolutely impossible.
"is
the doctrine
of
entelechy in
"
"
principle of conservation
is
an aprioristic
inorganic realisation may be
unimpugnable
as
principle,
servation
principle
mean
entelechy
at
is
work
It
seems to
me
which
Take an
answers to this question are a priori possible.
in
of
the
midst
a
limited
medium, and
given
organism
we know, on
imagine that
Then
it is
is
sum
we should
energy
is
case energy
an organism
known
form
a
say that in
would seem
;
it
its
a differ
first case,
through processes of
quantity at all
life
in the latter
to be
form, or be
of storage.
way
passing
not changed in
is
In the
to unite it
awaked
into actuality
of
166
established
about
its
role
in
the
life.
Certain Facts
is
of energy leaving
adult organism
is
no difference at
all
Considering
with
all excreta,
it
Such a
result
subsidiary
greatly simplifies
are
energies
functioning energetically.
probably,
if
in
the
place
the
unnecessary
The
of
results
the
problem of energy
for
understanding
would be
adult
the
different,
developing
1906.
good summary
is
d. Physiol. 5,
combustion
energy
if
of
also
to their heat
also.
Thus we
is
167
the forms
to
sufficient
what
but,
it
would
"
still
is
hold
by the organism
more important, we
"
even
economy.
On a Supposed
But what about the
its relation to
energy
role of entelechy,
school,
energetical
Vital Energy
energy
may
too,
be at work
of
"
"
at
vitalists
mena and
that
unknown energy
has
its
regarding
their
autonomy
peculiarities
is
direction
in
and
space,
In order not
to complicate
seem advisable
to
altogether
deal
ing of
I
"
properties
and
Naturbegriffe
the
as elemental,
peculiarities of energy.
it
with
und
it
may
concept
of
and speak
Elsewhere 1
adopt such
168
SCIENCE
a view,
At
which seems
me
to
we have
this place
even an
artificial
and unnatural.
artificial
very
only to ask, Is
it
possible in any,
to speak of a sort of
by ourselves entelechy ?
That the energy in question would be a subsidiary one,
would not in itself be an objection to such a view.
So-called
called
that kind
called
is
of
the
"
vitalistic
energy
energy in one respect.
able, since there
two
is
it
that
is all.
energies.
it is
true,
discoverable
But,
is
At
least
difference
cases
where
would seem
to be
in
fulfilled there
between
all
"
way.
But,
it
said to be absolute.
There
exists,
"
and
relate to
their
characteristics.
more
or less possesses
most distinctly
169
more
or less of actual
But
work."
lacks
entelecliy
entelechy
"
all
the
all
characteristics
of qiiantity
is
its
manifestation in every
or to
seems to
therefore
me
that
it
is
is
it
"
it is
"
potential
It is
its
species, if this
something
"
it
from
the most
lucus a non
Therefore entelechy
of that
differs
is
is
lucendo."
of energetics.
life,
even
if
new
entelechy and
vitalism.
have nothing
Whether they
to
do with
exist or not is a
Short formula of the relation between entelechy and the first principle of
In a given limited system the sum of energy remains 2 (E) =
I do not lay
Const., whether entelechies are concerned in the system or not.
energetics
much stress upon the often-quoted fact that so-called "mental work" done
by a man has never been found to affect the general economy of the body,
including the consumption of energy, though, of course, this fact might seem
views.
On the other hand, the fact that, if a person
performing movements, the circulation in the brain
increased, allows of no univocal conclusions.
to be favourable to
my
imagines that he
is
vessels is
170
question by
itself,
Thus
I decline,
"
"
energetical
"
What,
energy
"
then,
is
entelechy
More preparatory
if it is
my
former
vitalism whatever.
und
2.
The study
"
PRINCIPLE OF BECOMING
of
"
to be
is
THE
a.
It
"
SECOND
PRINCIPLE OF ENERGETICS
"
"
first
principle of
we have
seen,
there
most general
another
But,
causal
easily to
principle
is
the
was
correlate
of this
Clausius
and Lord
expression
thermodynamics that a
principle was first established.
for
general
actually done by
it
very ingenious analysis of the motive force of the steamengine, due to the French engineer Sadi Carnot.
different
"
"
171
of heat,
172
He
warmer body.
("von
selbst
")
from a cooler to a
maximum,"
the entropy of
"
the concept
"
"
entropy
There are
many
Helm was
the
to cross the
first
boundaries of thermo
"
principle of becoming
("
"),
stating
"
"
intensity
must
of
capacity,"
quantity, and of
composed
of a
"
a factor of
"
"
second
"
principle of energetics.
is
The
that
the
originating
1
See
of
my
Naturbegri/e, chap. C.
2.
diversities.
only as far as
it
is
173
different,
That the
and that an
intensities,
intensity can
must be
"
"
something
As an
different
was prior
to all
experience.
we
may remark
all
would happen
"by
if
itself"
if
the
"
The
principle.
ideally
first,"
in tensity -principle
is
"second"
far
"first"
more
immediately.
true
"
energy could
all
but such
than on
But
facts.
let
us
enlarged form.
return
to
the
principle
of
Carnot in
its
174
SCIENCE
"
as a
"
Dissipation
"
Third
"
Principle
or
of
"
augmentation
physics.
Its
of a case
where
is
it
is
entropy,"
as
it
is
may
"
real
pendulum
of friction.
This
fields
all
of
not found.
dissipa
called.
encountered in almost
importance
the
"
"
"
is
all of
ever.
on account
"Dissipation,"
We
potential
for
"
as the third or
It is clear
"
principle of energetics.
empirical
phenomena
is
Without
might
behave like the ideal pendulum, there would be a permanent
change of diversities, but diversities would never disappear.
sipation.
is
Of
course,
it is
all
becoming
from different intensities leads immediately to
an average value of intensity, and thus to an end of becoming,
In all cases where
as all purely thermic becoming does.
which
results
doing
work,"
there
is
an
increase
with
regard
to
the
175
due
but
it
to
is
always of a smaller
had been
been
"
dissipated,"
changes
in nature.
On
By
Catenation of Energy
problem of the
"
we have been
catenation
"
or
we
of different
"
chaining
back to biology.
There exists a specific equivalence between the factors of
intensity of different energies, just as there was such an
shall be led
The
called the
and so
"
coupling
is
of one energy
amount
to the energies B, C,
of this coupling.
By
this
There
may
be
way
it
becomes
"
"
equilibrium
if
there
is
so
relative.
much
of the
the
if
is
"
dis
176
we
all
this
known only
is
potentials
and
their
compounds
"
exists
diversities of
post factum
diversities
in
nothing
happen
"
equilibrium
reasoning
is
or of different states
"
say that
All
if
anything
But
potentials."
And
what amount.
we
the leading
ft.
ITS
RELATION TO
ENTELECHY
now study
Let us
true
the
third
empirical principle
only occasionally.
to
is
Empirical
as
of
phenomena
energetics
to
the
is,
it
of course offers
"
disturbed
if,
"
the logical
in
sense.
certain biological
1
The word
terrible
Strange to say,
authors
there
have
been
177
uttering profoundest
mena, such as
restitution,
in saying that
due to a
are
"
vital
pheno
disturbance of
"
equilibrium
The
of
restoration
ly what
"
true problem
is
take
equilibrium
it
is
single
does the
acts
here,
place
especially
diversities
is
at
and potentials
what happens
"
Again
Any
one who
catenation
"
with
decrease by increasing
the
them
some kind of
vital
intensity
"
little
"
"
into
able to assume
felt
The
would have
of
intensities
to increase
or
the
inorganic
making them
But hitherto a
itself.
come
to
vital
energy
it
one
"
"
"
entelechian energy
endowed with
the
of an individual
would have
be
to
and
An argument
often
is
this
"
"
say
so,
but
it is
"
"logic
employed
biology.
12
in
178
SCIENCE
which
would be an
it
words,
is
energy with
in
differences
itself,
we cannot speak
Therefore
of intensities of a subsidiary
"
"
entelechian energy
in
any
But in
that
of
spite
sense.
to the Intensities
of Energies
our
though
it
connexion
The
the
of
intensities
inorganic
of
inorganic
energies
energies,
one
with
therefore,
another.
the
are
depends
Now
standing
all spatial
becoming exclusively.
intensities
in
of
sort
any
inorganic energies, as
of possible exchange
we know,
at
all,
if
stand
or in the state of
is
clear
act only
It
upon the
state of
compensation or non-compensa
Let us try to
fix
this
the
clearest
between the
manner,
vital
how we wish
to
the
time,
differences
be understood.
Imagine
in
arrangement
specific
then
it
of
potential
equilibrium
is
We
reached.
absolutely
"
"
is
179
happen until
have chosen a chemical and
to
is
the
of
phenomena
single
consisting
of
but forming at
before,
organism.
Our
the
living
is
on
of the system
adequate answer
to
this
and
question,
hope
an
be able
to
what
follows.
"
"
suspending
possible
Becoming
which
make
would
sulphuric acid
of sodium
far as
imply,
of
instance,
(H 2 S0 4 )
and potassium
we know,
specificities
for
at
if it
its
that
entelechy
disposal.
Entelechy,
inorganic
nature,
could
among which
"
chemical
as
by many
are
the
element."
180
SCIENCE
Entelechy
known
are
In short, entelechy
world.
between chemical
is
differences of intensity of
But entelechy
is
any kind.
we know from
so far as
is able,
the facts
it
compounds
would happen without entelechy.
And
now
which
as are present,
and which
may
entelechy
in one direction
other,
Now, after
becoming whenever required for its purposes.
all we have said, this suspending of affinity, so to say, is
to be considered as a temporary compensation of factors of
"
intensity
temporary
regarded
of
of
suspension
the
as
entelechy.
most
inorganic
essential
Because
it
becoming
ontological
possesses
this
to
is
be
characteristic
faculty
without
non-physico-chemical agent.
Let it be well understood
we do
entelechy
by means
Entelechy,
may
of
"
so-called
itself
prevented
hitherto.
may
is
set
from
Auslosung
view,
"
"
in
"
our
to
according
entelechy
that
admit
not
obstacle
is
any
quite
sense.
unable
to
to happening, such as
free
into
actuality,
actuality
what
it
what
has
it
has
suspended
the
181
Continuity of Life
If entelechy always
it
course, never be
acting
any
And
must be continuous.
this is
what the
fact of
a certain
to generation.
acted
And
we
are unable
of
suspension
of
thus
at least
"
"
first
inorganic
becoming
on
the
part
of
entelechy.
Entelechy and
Chemism
affirm
the
possibility
of
happening.
182
SCIENCE
is
indeed a sort of
overcoming
coming of gravity by
electricity
is,
two
when
"
real
is
"
"
energetical
intensities are in
a matter
or
all
if it
where becoming, on
suspended by entelechy.
An
If
we understand
is
only
once
understand two
very important
features
which
reguldbility.
We
know
that
life
is
impossible
without
food
and
narrow
limits.
We
and of adapta-
open
One plant
is
air,
183
is
killed if
submerged under
mammals
Even
it
we assume
these facts,
difficulty, if
of
compensation
which
potentials
differences
of
exist
intensities
energetical
it
is
or
not able to
Now
the
of
intensity
temperature of the
emanating
rays
medium and
from
in the
These
the sun.
permanence of
life,
life is
not ex
order
differences
in
that
It
is,
"
"
differences
becoming
may
of energy
potentials
of.
may
moreover,
of potentials as
which are
"
"
coupled
well-known
fact
that
most
Entelechy then
is
limited in
its
184
SCIENCE
is
at the
2
only the limits of regulability, but also disease and death,
The
at least in principle.
some
It
of
development
may be
and may
limits of regulability
the
isolated
The
effects.
blastomeres
of
sorts of eggs
may
is
From
regulation
it
simple
whole.
rather simple
cell.
We
this
its
new
have
tried
to
Little as Possible
formulate
the
relation
between
may
1
The discontinuity
"theories
of matter
"
Our
personal belief
is
are based,
It will
Bruxelles, Janvier
1903;
other
(page 134) that death, though practically the end of the individual s life, is
by no means its rAos at least not from the point of view of a philosophy
of nature.
185
we have charged
it
with
best scientific
is
method not
to
But
it
experience
always
is
the
absolutely necessary.
We
vitalists.
refuted
strictly
itself
as a sort of energy.
among coupled
we
repeat, our
For,
free actually
to
example.
We
carefully discriminate
between
compen
The former can only happen
energy, whereas for suspending and
by an actual
transfer of
On
catalyser
the theory of
would
"intermediate
also require
reactions"
186
Entelechy and
"
"
Catalysis
We
especially connected.
specific
nature
which entelechy
is
is
this
for
reason that
all
researches on
much
scientific
it is
chemical and
the
"
are of so
living matter
But I think we can attain still
interest.
"
work.
catalysis plays
We
already
know
that
the process
is
of
Now it is of no import to
regulative life processes.
our present purpose which theory of catalytical processes
is right, though personally we believe that catalysers not
in
in
that
made ferment
or
enzyme
by Bredig
and
others.
In
cess
concerned in
"
"
activation
1
The
"
any
activation
regulation and
studied
the formation of
case
"
is
is
adaptation phenomena,
"
"
preferments
if
difference
all processes
"accelerated"
p. 493).
also, of course, a
definitively
become by
187
this
are.
We
materials.
think
it
sum
of
possible
reactions
is
possible.
that entelechy
It is this
takes
in,
part
to its purposes
of regulation.
Conclusions
We
at
now have
said, it
seems to me,
relations
of
all
entelechy
to
the
true
intensities
and
the
coupling
in
life
life
processes,
depends
extent
there
and because
on inorganic
cannot
be
of
This principle
it
is
observed
processes.
any
is fully
we
Indeed,
contradiction
is
observed
see that
to
between
some
the
we can say
and that
bound
to hold
188
all
really
life.
"is"
considerations.
made
3.
ENTELECHY
IN ITS
OF GIVEN ELEMENTS
SOME APPARENT
a.
BETWEEN
CONTRADICTIONS
ENTELECHY
EMPIRICAL
PRINCIPLE OF ENERGETICS
The Problem
Individual
organic
in
development
and
general,
the
seem
to
contradict
which at
least
may
first
the
relation
glance,
be connected with
entelechy
to
seem
acting
second and
the
the
third
An
to
systems in
second and the third
the
sum
also,
to
each
and out
formed by differentia
tion another system, which shows an enormous diversity of
its constituents in actuality and perhaps in
potentiality
of the
is
my
189
190
too.
are,
we know, no
as
and
specified
localised
it is
processes.
What
does that
mean
Does
it
not seem as
if,
in the
homogeneous
state of a
Indeed,
system by the sole agency of this system itself?
as far as the originating of diversities as such is concerned
that seems to be the case, even though energetical potentials
becoming
to diversity
Such a
state of things
A
Now,
of course,
it
Partial Solution
harmonious-equipotential system
is
in
mind
that an
far
It is composed
geneous in the strictest sense of the word.
of cells, and each of these cells is probably composed of an
enormous sum of chemical and aggregative constituents,
both
in
its
protoplasm
and
its
nucleus.
Part
of
the
single elements
there
are
191
than
differentiation
there
were
end of the
at the
"phases"
before
it
began,
there
the
regard to distribution
What
itself.
system
A mixture of
is
amount
of diversity with
oil
a phenomenon
are
becomes
remain individual
still
clearer
three
if
substances
phases
But
themselves.
and
all
will
such
Such
gravitation.
an
external
is
wanting
that
factor
amount
in the case of
could
be
of diversity in
the differentiation
of harmonious-equipotential systems.
/3.
OF
DISTRIBUTION"
Now we know
is
is
existing
and
to set free, in
potentials,
i.e.
pre-existing faculties
of
inorganic
interaction.
What
does
differentiation
that
192
SCIENCE
An
harmonious-equipotential system
the
may
organism
is,
any one of
its
But,
as
originate.
we know,
as
cells
any part
morphogenesis
become actual
in
is
its
This
the funda
elemental
suspension
What
It
when
required.
seems to
me
that
it is
phenomenon
of quite funda
mental importance.
If
we
elemental
to
agree
distinguish
composition"
we may
distribution
of
between
system and a
"
diversity
of
"diversity
of
say
augmenting
its
manner, and
it
diversity
a given
amount of
system, is capable of
of distribution
in
regulatory
Thus, what
differentiation
1
of
The word
"infinitely
mere description of
now appears as the immediate effect of
first
"
"
"possible,"
actual"
appeared
as
(see
with
It is entelechy that suspends actuality in the present case
catalysis.
out entelechy there would at once happen all sorts of chemical reactions
;
was reached.
"
"
"
of
definitio realis
193
"
differentiation
the
in fact, passes
"
Differentiation/
is
worth while
to illustrate the
between
differences
still
cell
every constituent
able to react
is
"
diversity of elemental
composition,"
system
in
question
to actuality,
"
value
each
actual
"
reaction
actually, out of
which
regulatorily determined
entelechy transforms a
different elements
entelechy.
it
does so
"
in
the possible
all
is
determines
cell is
and
kept in
diversity of distribution
of
So
cell.
the
The
"
prospective
specificity in
"
homogeneous
and given
distribution of given
"
hetero
"
geneous
distribution of
effects.
Now
work
i.e.
with the
There
is
workman and
there
is
194
the
SCIENCE
workman
is
It
is
clear,
workman.
the
workman
is
true,
certainly.
But
if
you consider
the
the medium, as
"
"
be
to
system
studied, the
whole
Certainly there
problem acquires a very different aspect.
in
one
of
diversities
the
part
many
system, that is, in
were
there
is
a very
much
for the
amount
we
elements at
of diversity,
and
the
man
"
see
of
that the
"
system
has
has
lost
none of
enlarged
its
his.
its
Thus
amount
of
itself.
It
is
we
There
is
"
diversity of
"
the
distribution."
"
suspending
immediately
to
the material
it relates
1
The energetical factors of the medium, of course, can only claim to
be necessary for becoming in general, but have nothing to do with the
our system.
By the aid of one and the same
originating of diversities in
amount of oxygen, food, etc., the workman may either transform the original
homogeneous heap of bricks into another homogeneous heap, or construct
likes.
195
certain
brain
the
through
But
system
affects
difference
does
THE
material
external
also.
this
THE ROLE
7.
OF
PRINCIPLES
At
the
first
contradict the
third
our
glance
and
second
also,
principle of energetics.
created
amount
without
to
the
diversities,
a given
in
seem
pre-existing
of diversity
results
analytical
is
system
be
absolute
is
most
And
yet there
and
third
different,
for
number
the
said,
no contradiction to
is
energetical
principle,
we have
not admitted
but
second
something
quite
any augmentation of
elemental diversities by what we have
of
nor have
usual
the
we allowed any
regard to differences of
"
intensity."
We
affirmed
"by
any of
the
But about
energetical
diversity
this
with
point nothing
principles,
either
1
very good instance of the augmenting of diversity regarding distribu
tion but not elemental composition is offered by the process of printing.
Take the compositor and the types as forming our "system" by the action
of printing, which is a real "action" in our analytical sense, new types,
of course, are not created in any way, but the types present, which at the
:
complexity.
show a
196
positively or negatively
relate
Now
phenomena.
relate
fact
vital
the
to
more general
ontological
principle
have been
that might
that in fact
and
This
follows
principle
may most
generally
be
that, so
as
expressed
It is impossible to transform
constituents into a
agency of the
Our
words
ally,
Inorganic
in a certain other
to say,
"
is
more heterogeneous
state
by the
system."
"constituents"
and in
energetical
sole
and
"agency"
as
the
principle
if
sub-class
but
second
even then
it
What
is
1
It is very strange to note, that from this point of view the moat
remarkable biological phenomenon of "retro-differentiation" (as it occurs
in Clavellina and Tubularia, compare vol. i. page 163), in spite of its biological
exceptionality, appears more similar to inorganic phenomena than ordinary
differentiation does:
retro-differentiation.
there
is
a decease of
"diversity
of
distribution"
in
the
contrast
organic systems
may
vital
becoming
agents.
But
the
agents
own
of organic
197
systems
one of their agents
entelechy.
our
in
principle,
most
its
general,
strictly
principle
of univocal determination
would be
The
violated.
principle
but what
Given.
is
way
to
diversities
referable
in
corresponding to
any kind
to
of diversity
is
diversities,
studied
must
is
in
other
referable
to a pre-existing singularity.
Our
is
exceeded
by
vital
facts
embracing
But
real
entelechy is
system
the
principle of univocality
is
as
well
of
an
intensive
pre-existing
by our argument
observed as ever,
198
even
if
but
form,
"
"
diversities
qua
evolutio
in
differentiation
short,
is
Of course the
THE
contrasted
of
instance
contradict the
this
country,
have
very
vital
statements
these
as
OF MAXWELL
"
in
particularly
Physicists,
often
DEMONS
"
that
true second
in thermodynamics.
But there
later on.
assertion
The
organic
energetical
is
one famous
processes
may
at
least
principle,
to
be
organism.
possibly
contradicted
by something
vital
this
We
refer
it
to
like
starts
an
from
"self-motion"
"concept"
of a
particle of matter,
most emphatically.
and, in fact,
"Self-motion"
We
is
should reject
self - contradictory,
if
as
principles
mentioned at
be
may
it
such,
199
this place.
there
is
please.
a sort of
temperature,
communicating by a small
opened as you
of different
hole,
"
demon,"
who
able to
is
move
the door
The
spite
of being
the higher
A; and
this
dynamics.
seems to
It
me
that in
Maxwell s
fiction
workman and
"
temperature
his
vital agent.
as such does
the
bricks,
that
things stand
molecules in motion
"
amount
of
moving
diversity
in
In
molecules.
the
this
Maxwell s statements
distribution
sense
there
tion
the
to
the
heat
"
second
and
differently
no
contradiction
in
but
of
is
of
principle
"
there only
is
a contradic
mere thermodynamics
"
"
200
of
the
dissipation
Maxwell s
Let
it
upon a
fiction.
of
energy would
be well understood
fiction,
be
contradicted
by
But
Maxwell s argument
it is
assert
life
contradicts
that
rests
autonomous
it
may
really be applied
reality.
1
It has often been said that the "second principle" of energetics does
not hold for mechanics, but the "true second" and the "empirical third"
It seems to me
principle have always been confused in such an analysis.
("
expression in the simple phrase that a system of bodies all moving in the
same direction with the same velocity is unable to change its individual
velocities.
The law of dissipation, our "third empirical" principle, has
4.
On
Are we now
Phenomenalism
"
"
what
may
it
more words on
"
ately
phenomenalism
what
is
alone
to
it calls
if it rejects
it is
phenomena
"
much
"
phenomena
exclusively,
For
that
is,
in
the mere
sum
of
what
is
immedi
"given"
be in
as the basis of
Even then
may
so-called
natural science.
sort of
would
is
generally
regarded as the
"world,"
even by unscientific
people,
is for
Ego.
Now, the
dimensions, as
"
Given,"
regarded
to
"
exist
"
even when
it
is
not
forms,
may
well be called
"
phenomenological," so far as it
201
202
is
and science
is
i.e.
metaphysically
without
the
Given in this
possible
regarding
in this sense,
respect to the
"
"
"
"
"
So much
on
this
idealism
is
all
Our
phenomenological."
form
in this
"
it
is
physics
is
form
to
its end.
The
The question
"Constants"
agents
We
know
energies are
factors,
constants
phenomenon conceptually
commonly
are
be co-ordinated.
such
know
called
that there
enlarged.
is
"
both properties
constants."
of
"
bodies
world
permanent
properties.
"
in
Most
Intensities
and
intensities
are
These constants
name
show
to
mere perception.
Specific
of
another class of
con-
among
the sense of a
may
mundus
its
heat, conductivity,
203
etc.,
but so are
also, in
more complicated degree, the terms expressing the transone sort of energy into another, and as
constants must also be regarded the relations of affinity
formability
of
None
"
experience.
our
own
is
on according
to the
funda
exists
complication
among
all
the
different
classes
simplest
class
Specific heat
relates
is
to
class
is
the
the
next
of
The
transformation
higher
class,
of one
it
an
is
accessible
fields
of
into the
whilst chemical
and
Compare
my
Naturbegriffe, Part A.
204
What
We
know
already that
since quantity
same reason
it is
not one of
is
cannot be a
it
ambiguous meanings
For the
characteristics.
"force"
of that word.
1
I thought it
thought so once myself
possible to speak of the entelechy of an organic system as
"
constant
"
"
"
its
constant
permanent property
the
But
now seems
it
to
me
word
that the
"
constant
"
can be
the body.
categories of substance
Our next
be properly understood.
we
are
not at
all
able
thus
lecture will
its
and
bearer
show that
to
So then
it
must be
sufficient to
We may
is
into all
entelechy is not
constant.
which
we
is
something
which
comes
constant,
prospective potency,
But this some
its reactions in the same manner.
viz., its
thing which
is
1
constant
is
not
"
constant."
What
then
is
205
?
"
elemental
we know,
Entelechy, as
It is
teleologically.
is
forces, not
to
concerned.
nothing like
We
There
regulatively.
is
in inorganic nature.
it
free reactions
Gap in
the Scale of
is
Natural Factors
a sort of scale of constants
what happens
becoming
is
in general,
we
Morality, considered as a
it.
is
is
con
phenomenon
in nature,,
of
life
of
these
Owing
taken
value.
to
as
the
not
is
factors
this
to
factors
to
be
concerned in the
filled,
matter
is
as
taken
far
into
whole,
possesses
only a
phenomena
the
as
of
relation
consideration.
becoming,
certain
if
descriptive
206
entelechy
meaning
entelechy
of the word,
is
"
psychical,"
introduced by our
is
know
well
Few Words on
moving
are
so
the
there
explanation
very
a good
is
actually done
is
kind of subsuming
is
explaining
"
and
entelechies
"
"
"
in a circle.
What
energies.
all
Explaining
word
the
that
"
"
here
is
nothing but a
phenomena under
single
certain
idealism,"
others.
we may
On
to
"
look a
little
According to this
sidered
"
"
satisfactory point in
"
"
are
explain
immanent and
formulated
to
according
the
priori,
categorical generalities.
all
amount
of experience,
by experience, and
laws that are
and
it is
"
first
and
is
abstracted
"
from empirical
singularities,
"
"
explain
these singularities.
specificities
but also
Not
specific
no difference in
207
There
this respect
5.
a.
On a
We
now
the
leave
Ordinary
qualitative
energetics
is
of
matter,
in
other
of the
material,"
"
the
words,
being a
is
the
"
being
But
almost forgotten.
is still there.
problem
the
of
problem
body,"
means
by no
Now
it
must
"
"
in mechanics,
force
forces,
and would
chemical
forces
affinities,
proceed
and the
states of aggregation.
representing heat,
electricity,
different characteristics
The word
208
"
"
quality
of the
it
209
firstly
with regard to
"
bodiness,"
and
so to speak,
this
especially
discontinuity,
which
is
to
the
of
problem
continuity
or
common
energetics.
As
sketched
does
here,
mentioned
not
exist,
possible existence.
its
commonly known
it
is
We
enough
pass on
to
have
to a
more
way
very
difficult
to introduce
in
a really legitimate
is,
mere
constella
tion of elements.
of mechanical
to describe
with
"
physics
regard
to
their
that of
might even be
this
or
value beyond
was
fictions
quantity
mere
"
"
pictures,"
of natural
only,
but
adequate
phenomena
possessing no
reached better
science
14
to
210
SCIENCE
its
qualitative period,
description
of
for it
mechanical physics
attacks
more than
But
in
lives
in
phenomenalities.
still
a remarkable renaissance.
it
is
fictions,
to
a great vitality in
me
to
reach
to
the
states
and
of
human mind
They always
tries
"
It is
owing
whenever science
arise
problem of
final
undergoing
these
of
spite
the Material
tries
"
as
such,
ordinary qualities
on the same
basis.
"
Given
it
"
due
being
to
"
"
purely
"
"
thing
1
is
is
merely
advocated
"
by some modern
empiristic
"
211
be acknowledged.
But that is by no means satisfactory.
Mechanical physics offers a real explanation of the problem
to
of the
it
which
is
way
may
In
mechanical
fact,
to prove
physics in
ultimate
its
combinations of properties
all
in
aim
tries
one thing on
of
such, on
as
events)
the
kinds
possible
us
of
may
why
equilibrium
there
may
or
causality
class of
of
phenomena
be thus explained
firstly
to
elemental matter.
that
the other,
may
be so
to do so
many
types
and then
of equilibria
of atoms,
and
in
first
space,
finally of molecules.
some
extent,
we have
said
to
problems,
In order
it
possible
become
mere
of
electrons,
Thus
all its
problems
of
absolutely independent
of
geometry.
All that
is
classical
of material elements
primary
forces, or
electrons,
and
the form of
("
mass
field,
it is
true whether
"-elements)
to consider space
as
a sort of activity in
"
ether."
212
"
"
"
of
fictions."
"
"
phenomenalism.
Its
scheme
general
is
its
ontological,
"
is
"
"
hypothetic,"
or
aprioristic
truly
means
Tfie Psychological
sound
"
is
manner.
here
we
the same
We
actually
"
"
is
know
"
its
a body
moving in a special
cannot discuss here the most important words
as
is
also
1
It was the great fault of many modern phenomenological physicists to
confuse theoretical mechanics as a rational and aprioristic science with the
Actual movement
electrodynamics asserts, at least for very great velocities.
then would not be pure "mechanical" movement, but would be pure
movement
of two
"reality"
"senses"
from
is
"illusion."
philosophy,
enough
and
same"
"the
in
which
"also,"
of
spite
their
at
lie
213
of
it
is
everyday character;
for us
from sound
We
"
"
corresponding
"
"
real
electrons)
as are the
Or
to sounds.
to
better
"
all of
"
they
certainly
of
are
same
the
"
as
real,"
degree
as
you choose
"
to
reality,"
specificity of
what
must be a
there
which
is
ately suggested
by
certain facts. 2
which
that there
heat,
is
"
"
is
also
sound
forces us to
and
"
make
"
heat,"
the
but the
any evidence
movement where there is sound and
soon as there
of a something, as
"
but that
movement
something,"
electron, is not
The
is
"
epistemologically given, as
we know,
is
in the possibility
"
"
"
"
we have
are radiating.
ness."
in our mind.
As
concepts
All this
"
is
214
SCIENCE
of
"
is
form,
In
ourselves.
do we
we
"understand"
mechanical
causality.
I
It
was necessary
to rehabilitate
to
it
altogether valueless to
it
science.
/3.
We
now
entelechy
What
and
about
elements in motion,
now
that
we understand
the relation of
is
study of
mechanically, that
of nature
is
it
matters
little
conceived in detail.
how
of
mass be regarded
as particles or as
dynamical points,
continuum
all
states in
or,
215
at
least
in
affect us if
most
its
movements
were one day proved to be essentially electrodynamical, or if rational mechanics were shown to be actually
In the first case, as is well understood,
at work in nature.
in nature
"mass"
of analytical mechanics,
would be
identical.
The problem
of
the
the Causation of
relation
between
Movement
entelechy
and
movement
that
is
movement occurring in
soon become apparent what
the inorganic
field.
It
will
that means.
which
is
of inertia
a combination in some
way
of Galilei
principle
least action
that
of every vital
effect
From
inorganic class.
whole of Hertz
this
analysis,
effect
process
always
of a system of the
it is
as far as
it lias
been caused in
216
what
course,
inorganic
combination.
hidden
is
masses,"
and motion
alone,
room
for all
sorts of causes
motion,
at bottom, that
movement
come
viz.,
kinetic
his principle of
as
dynamics equally
well.
of
inorganic
causation
of
motion
in a rather abrupt
almost put aside by Hertz and solved
l
now demands an answer. The two chief classes
manner
"
"
of
possible
mechanics
require to be considered.
kinetics
and
dynamics
at least
By
even to
2
fulfil
upon the hypothesis of the continuity of matter, the other upon discontinuity.
Dynamical mechanics, of course, regards matter as discontinuous with regard
to its atoms, which are "centres of force," but its "lines of force" fill
space continuously whether they be regarded as mere abstractions or as
"states"
of a continuous ether.
Kinetic mechanics based upon continuity
"Motion"
cannot speak of "motion" in the ordinary sense of the word.
becomes equal to
continuity and contiguity of change of elements of space."
"
all
other forces
are
to
only apparent
"
it.
21 7
The
quantity of motion
"
it is
conceived
and in
this
state of actual
and
the
Li
qualitative energetics.
sum
total of
(mv),
that
mechanical type?
Pure Kinetics
As
far as I
am
aware, there
Negligible
is
In order to explain
mechanics that could claim to be pure.
some
kinds of
forces
phenomena
"
it is
"
a question of
218
molecular dimensions.
given up
is
in fact always
we can
think
Therefore, I
kinetic mechanics
to
altogether,
7.
allow ourselves
neglect
What
is
case
1
3
;
but
it
role cf entelechy in
electrodynamical foundation
of
real (not of
analytical
!)
mechanics are
advocated in
its
present form
views
of diversity of distribution.
3
postulated; for the "mind" (or the entelechy) would be a something that
is external to the system in question.
Compare the last note but one.
The view has also been advocated occasionally that "mind" acts on
"matter"
by disturbing so-called labile equilibria. Such equilibria are,
however, extremely improbable.
Apart from this there would be no logical
argument against the "lability" theory, as the amount of energy that
is
is
219
may
we
already
know from
qualitative energetics.
Entelechy in
Relation
its
to the
Energy
am
thinking in the
first
The process
mean
could
we know be suspended by
as
Does
entelechy.
accessible
to
certainly not
the
action
of
Xow
entelechy.
it
fields
would
be a legitimate
hitherto
so-called
word
case,
is
able to transform
this
impeded
transformation, for
this process
"
"
Auslosung
and entelechy
is
not
amount
energy.
of
German
energy in any
But the
of
problem
we assume
that
"
energy,
potentiality
i.e.
happening,"
is
it
"
"
potentials
as
it
has
itself created
by
its
suspension of
220
happening.
it
kind,
seems to me,
work
to be the
with velocity
force
zero.
is
An element
of entelechy.
until
v,
of mass
it
of a
moves
repulsive
its velocity
m
has
been
equalled
the element
to
to
and
one,
this
Finally,
decreasing from
impulse
as velocity increases
moment,
its
m
original
the
the original
moment
by
kinetic energy
and
original velocity,
2
,
also its
Now
say at the
moment
in
amount
of
is
m
vl
into an equivalent
at the place of
amount
of
v*
transformed
is
"
"
energy, localised
potential
it
is
is,
i^
again.
Certainly
it
way, though
it
of relaxing
suspension would
of energy in
any
and the process
be in no sense equivalent
of obstacles.
The
an
or removing
Auslosung
mechanical process we have imagined is represented very
to
"
"
221
clearly
entering
move
velocity,
its
during
into
inelastic
ball for
this
come
for a
to rest
time
certain
with
decreasing
has
There
let this
say one-third
traversed
mass.
moment when
is
So
and
was
it
broken.
we have
done by entelechy.
Entelechy,
from
the
what
is
its
~by
very
nature,
Of
course, as
to
general energetics,
"
suspending
action,
existence to
but
not
potentials
inorganic cause.
that
owe
their
any
would lead us to a discussion of the continuity of suspension
1
Our hypothesis,
of course,
implies
that a
movement
like that of a
"
interaction, has
been urged by Wentscher and others; but as a rule "suspending" and
Auslosung" have not been distinguished clearly enough.
"
psycho-physical
222
SCIENCE
mechanical systems.
way
in
The discovery
what
mind and
mass and motion, but to fix the interaction of
body. You are aware that we ourselves regard such a
"
"
not
problem as
legitimately formulated.
But Descartes
direction
of forces
and
It
of inertia.
Where
itself
is
is
the necessary
regarded as
of matter,
(mv), therefore,
to be altered
by mind. For this reason our first hypothesis about the relation between en
Even his own
telechy and mechanics would have been impossible for him.
statement about this relation
and matter
"mind"
does not acquire any very clear meaning on the kinetic theory.
Hartmann
tries
"
scious
as such
the
is
sum
it,
the
"
Uncon
may
the other.
or, as he calls
223
and
z,
But
energetics in general.
complication
se
why
is
its
is
its
any
case,
would
is
an action
intensive manifoldness
are broken in
vital principle
Entelechy
necessary.
i.e.
"
"per
se
that
is
implied in
of mechanics
this
energy
obedience to the laws of real mechanics, since
the
entelechy
as interfering
Discussed Together
If
now we
possible
ways
whatever
may
224
that
first
statement
hypothetic
possibility of a suspension of
offers
several
becoming
with
dealing
the
in mechanical systems
would seem
Accord
to be limited
And we
is
But
degree.
confess
that
do in fact see
its
actions to a
the
of
theory
"
turning
energies must
In
problem.
any case
it
would
assume
less
than any
Entelechy in Contrast
General Mechanics
to
"
Is
there any
statements
mechanics
"
contradiction
Certainly,
concerned.
is
as
to
as
far
Wherever
is
there
exclusiveness
is
life
in
of
the
something is introduced,
not changing the quantitative side but changing the actuality
But I should prefer
and direction of mechanical events.
to speak of a
"
contrast
"
instead of a
"
contradiction."
books
is
concerned.
225
a something which
But
us not forget in
let
vital
"
"
in
diversity
distribution
of
given
elements,
was
in
Of
what we have
course,
about
said
entelechy
and
diversity of
Thus
this
point
The
augment any
work of the
"
demons
distribution."
Maxwell
"
of
here
is
regarded as
actually accomplished.
8.
That
life
must
be
most
intimately
related
to
the
no uncommon view
is
"
as simply
"
planation of
1
unscientific
life.
ii.
p.
464
ff.
p.
313.
226
l
know, Professor Japp some years
ago advocated a vitalistic theory that was most markedly
based upon the concept of direction.
That certain lower
But, as
many
of
will
you
according
elementality
besides
those
plays
to
him,
that
specific
fundamental
chemical experimenter
is
part
direction
in
conscious
organic
mind
Japp
most
clearly
as
an
life
of the
I should not
by Professor
by themselves
they only
prove a certain kind of specific statical teleology, it seems
to me
but certainly the role of specific direction in life is
mentioned
1
"
here.
Stereochemistry and
1898, p. 813.
for
Vitalism,"
How
6.
"We
ENTELECHY
have discussed at
full
is
AFFECTED
length
how
entelechy
may
any way
mentioned so
changes
in
such
far
the
of
may change
in
system.
corresponding question
this problem,
it
affect
how may
entelechy
]>ut
course,
In the theory of so-called psychophysical interaction both problems, as a rule, are treated on
is regarded not
the
Psychical
equal terms
only as
as well as the other.
"
"
affecting the
a.
"
Physical,"
it.
In the
first
place
we
are,
mechanics
"
as in
"
electrodynamical
in
understood
the
widest
being
possible onto-
logical sense.
reaction
cannot apply to
it
in
227
any physico-chemical or
228
SCIENCE
mechanical sense.
is
an
"
"
agent
"
or a
"
factor
of
a general
in
reaction
For
not
becoming
true
must
alone
causality
also
With regard
A.
not only
affects JB,
to
is
of
purposes.
to
relate
believe
the
is
When
affected but so
be
always
all
now
concept
reference to practical
we can
that
of
"
"
how
"
reaction
to
entelechy.
"
"
affected
by the accomplishment
of its
13.
We
own
performance, in
We here
meet the
first
now
affected
by a mere change
Comp.
vol.
i.
p.
99
ft .,
and
vol.
ii.
p.
158
T.
in
229
MorpJiogenetic Entelechy
The
organism,
we
know,
is
the
system
single
only the
ment owes
its specificity to
constituents of an
entelechy.
We
by entelechy
first
place,
by some such
may
be possibly
may
may
must be disturbed
in its normality
process
on
the
morpho-
of
though occurring
indefinite possibilities, was always in the most typical and
specific relation to what had been disturbed, we were able
genetic
to
performance,
normal whole.
This
is
basis
most probably
"
something
must be regarded
as affecting entelechy.
In.
short,
or restitution
based
is
affected
whenever the
of
state of normality,
specific suspension
upon
possible inorganic
becoming on the part of entelechy, is changed by the effect
230
external
of
its
becoming.
modify
we know,
Here,
necessary in
What
meet
the
mean
as
hypothesis.
of normal
condemned
is
of
by
But
oxygen.
that
means,
it
were, without
Artificial
parthenogenesis,
to
support
missing
~by
its
some
to inactivity, just as it is
development entelechy
is
shall
or
fertilisation
necessary
it
may come
me that we
potential differences, as
absence
for
into action.
seems to
some
here
affords
analysed
It
we assume
if
point
which entelechy
the
some substitute
or
fertilisation
necessary specific
in
does that
substitute
fails in
its
is
normal
in the case
into
called
such an
result
activity
where
it
to act after it
had been
called
into
activity already
fragment of
"
"
vice
of
"
"
reproduction
the
theory
of
embryology, and
"
personal
entelechy
will shortly be
as
the
subject
mentioned again on a
of
later
occasion.
a great
number
or,
in
What
231
with respect to
vice versa.
As
to
of real acting
by external inorganic
so
as
far
certain
place of normality
time
"
is
If
normal
we
"
handicraft,
visible
is
we must not
liking
a certain thing at a
certain
we may
being given,
will
for the
restrict
distinctly
normality
actual
to
events,
"
"
result,
say
affected
say
an
by the very
of
object
the psychoid,
its
art
or
of
specific willing
specificity of
combination
what there
of
before.
similar view
to acting
in general.
Psychologically
all
passivity,
or
rather
is
receptivity
of
expressed by
We
but
it is
232
We
mmt
what
happen in the
we have spoken
just as
of
But,
entelechy.
of
of
and that
As
is
postulate
to
specificities
an
that
combination
our
course,
exist
of order or
we came back
to the
stimuli
when we were
of the
type
we
of restitution,
of the
"
we
here
individualised stimuli
discussing action.
of affection
so
"
called
vital
"
itself
something"
and forces us
to call
this
"
"
something
7.
entelechy.
Entelechy
is
affected
which
it
as
a mere sum
changes of normality as
This point
is
a,
of changed
singularities
affect
but
as
whole.
very important,
for,
between
the
affection
of
233
is
well
illustrated
by the mere
that
fact
in
act as
"
the
of the
"
analysis
by itself forms
what happens, whilst
type of affection
"
of
"
autonomy
of
with
entelechy,
regard
energetics and mechanics, we had to start from
the autonomy of life as proved, and had to study what
to
to single
All
of
changes
"
causes,"
that
affect
entelechy
are
realities in space,
spatial effect
Qua
normality
though their
effect is
not an immediate
causes,
effect
fact here
effect
are
that,
in
as
the
regards
biology,
first
cause and
to
final
one another
relation.
and there
theory
in
quite
of relation
another form.
I
do not say of
general
ontological
"
causality
fact.
"-
might
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Entelechy related
to
to
Nature,
THE
appeared in
all
"
have at no time
lost
by what we have
sight of nature
said.
This contrast
there
is
quite a
is
new type
account of
its
it
by individualised stimuli.
Inorganic becoming relates to
extensities and is measured by energy
we may say that
energy measures the amount of causality which is spatial in
;
certain
I
"principle of phases," which also rests upon aprioristic considerations.
have discussed entelechy under this aspect in my Naturbegriffe, p. 182 but it
seems to me that the result to be possibly obtained would not repay a long
analysis in these lectures.
Entelechy is a "parameter" of its own kind
helping with the inorganic parameters to determine "equilibrium" and
degrees of freedom." This is the whole result to be obtained.
;
"
234
235
itself
it
has
measured by energy.
acts
upon
it
not in space,
is
fact,
is
entelechy
spatial causality as if
spatial dimension
it
In
it
affected
came out
by and
of an ultra-
it acts
into space
it
what happens
is
acting.
we know,
subject to univocality
quantitative
only
events,
in nature.
i.e.
The Problem of
But, after
"
Entelecliy
how
all,
and Causality
"
to
causality
am
sorry
to
to this ultimate
of
upon
of vitalism, of
tliis
"
"
236
We
its
passively
dealing
From
causality.
and
is
actively
possible in regard
with
inorganic
we only admit
we
we
we do not know
hundred
the word
"
years,
on account
realities
possible objects of
excluded.
many
of their
realities,
know
which
for
some
minuteness perhaps
as long as metaphysics
is
radio-activity
there
exist
"
"
may
be
may
still
done
by
ising
the
action
first
creates
uncoupled
*
by coupling or chaining
and thereby creates
intensity
potentials
perhaps
differences
of
We
dynamical terms.
here with such an assumption, which, of course, would have
237
to consider the
the universe
known
facts.
The
"
Moment of Regulation
"
in
general.
In
all
phenomena
of
morphogenetic
regulation
and
question.
quite
The term
of this
sets
in.
"
moment
of regulation
problem.
1
catalysis, p. 186
f.
C.
A3
^
fy
"
V*
a.
ITS
APPLICATION IN GENERAL
THE
late
says
somewhere
in
his
the concept of
knows the
substance
"
history
"
and
of all categories
doubt
if
of
how
common
knows very much earlier
the most
fact, are
is
to
"
"
The
categories of substance
and inherence, as
all of
you
"
"
things
are
"
regards the
"
We
science proceeds on
being a thing
of a property
property
But
What
its
"
bearers
"
then
as a property
is
of
itself.
What
sort
see
here
that
is
coming into
action, at
239
first
"
substance
"
definitively.
INORGANIC SUBSTANCE
Of
we cannot pursue
so we
ontology and epistemology
"
is
identical with
as the latter
think about
physicists,
is
is
not merely a
what
is
or space
form
generally called
taken as a continuum.
them
itself.
"
of intuition
"
"
ether
In
as far
if
fact,
all
you
"
"
ether
you
"
of
are non-properties, or
the
substantial
logical reality,
The
which
doctrine
regards
space
as
the
inorganic
substance applies more strictly than any other the principle
or
of stability,
conservation,
or imchangeableness
"
its
place,"
space
this
identification
of
the
category
1
With
of
substance,
of
space
common
which
in
and
applica
its
most
240
So
"
thing."
comes that
it
"
substance,"
marked elements
merely distinctly
have the character
also
of
unchangeableness
respect to motion,
of their space.
in
except
atoms
In
fact,
human mind
to
The
substance.
the
as
merely space
the
of
principle
There
exists
very
close
relationship
between
the
measured by
"
"
ergs
is
seduced
to be absolutely
that
what
is
and
The two
all-
nor be
all.
left
entered.
at
an
as
resting
is
is
therefore measurable,
principles of conservation
relate
two
to
""
absolutely
not,
but
is
different
realised in
branches
change
of
"
ontology.
substance
is.
Energy
is
241
very good
"
"
being material
own and
As soon
does not
as the
with
lie
problems of the
In
physics.
fact,
irresistible
But enough
"
stance
in
difficulties
we
remaining
still
also
enough
sub
about the
In what follows
unsolved here.
fundamental
"
meaning of
result,
common
to all
itself,
that
is,
it is
a some
is
are built
and
to
single
extensity.
space
elements which
are
extensity
"
is, if
a centre.
is
Even
a point and
in this case,
is
not extensive in
itself,
the substantial
16
242
and manifoldnesses
We
now
biological
it
else.
philosophy in
its
relations
field
of
the
to
researchcategory
of
substance.
/9.
In the
first
ORGANIC
place
we
"
ASSIMILATION
"
shall
characteristics of life
by themselves.
the same time
phenomena.
still
to
fill
noticed that
there
life
was
discussion will
show that
this
RESPIRATION
Respiration and assimilation are generally regarded as
the most fundamental functions of organic
foundations indeed of
Kespiration
of
in
its
all
life,
as the very
physiology.
scientific
meaning
is
the
oxidation
is, its
combina
pounds
to be oxidised
may
The com
243
urea,
may
The
not.
of oxidation is
organism
if
care
As we have
is
is
generally regarded
or, better, as
a source of
of oxidation
If such a doctrine
its
absolute
necessity.
is
there
well
known
dies if oxidation
merely
such as carbonic
elaborate
is
it
Therefore
We
oxidation.
innoxious form
is
done by oxidation}
invented
to
solve
which
it.
All
these
as,
for
oxygen in
its
theories,
I advocated this theory as early as 1901, at a time when only Noll held
a similar view with regard to organic oxidation.
But at present the theory
.of the anti-poisonous action of oxidation seems to be
gaining ground, the new
1
most favourable to
it.
Comp.
vol.
i.
p. 199.
244
the discoveries
as a process in
role.
as
attracting
affinity,
the
Modern
of the organism.
an
is
shown
biology has
that oxidation
active function
Wherever
it
is
for
the
necessary either to
mediate change
first
all
the
is
that oxidation
that
it
in all forms of
1
by modern
result gained
the knowledge
is
biological
like all
the
as regulable
and
is
that
it
only seems
life.
Our description
is
little
schematic
We
and approach
245
"
AND
ASSIMILATION
Metabolism,
i.e.
"
DISSIMILATION
and
lation
"
dissimilation."
Few
"
assimi
from
proceed
the
more
to
simpler
chemical
to
complicated
words
synthetic
chemists, would
and
analytic,
suffice
for
as
used
commonly
whenever
are
the
words
and
used
"
"
this
by
and
assimilation
more
"
something
is
meant
"
"
dissimilation
"
is
extremely
problematic.
We
must confess
am
not
at all
familiar
little
what
might
be
called
may
the
serve to elucidate
central
point
of
physiology.
"
"
assimilation
and
"
"
dissimilation
246
are
to
signify
"
"
something
and
and whenever
"
analysis,"
to be used in
that there
is
any
strict
meaning
at
all,
at the
making other
less
life
itself,
like
itself or of
"
"
does not
mean
that there
quantity, to
given
quantity, but
further
increases
of the
by
its
medium
own
it
a fundamental material
is
expresses
material
the
of
add a
forces
assimilating,"
that
is,
material
and seated in
seems to
me
which
is
at
though
But
it
it
first,
does
The
"
"
Living Substance
am
really
take
place
Does
many
the
living
substance,"
theoretical
authors
distinctive
chemically
"
exist at all
these two
247
that
affirmatively
What
"
assimilation
"
real
the result of
its
There are
experiments
many
specific
be
known
known.
is
no
theoretical
impossibility
constitution of
known
"
will probably
about
to
un
the
discovering
make
"
All the
it.
physiological destruction.
number
certain
of different
number
They may
ways, and
may
and albumen,
out
of
be
destroyed
in
of ways.
this respect.
originate in a certain
one
organic
able to build
fats,
up
all
carbohydrates,
compound
of
rather
The modes
of construct
to
the organism.
the
organism
difference,
what
is
done by
is
248
organic
Metabolism
metabolism.
manner which
occurs in a regulatory
whole
to
is
at
one
the
according as
those
in
exists
places
the
all
sum
forms
pounds
the
absolutely
of specific
food
necessary
com
the
of
organism.
and
its
"assimilation."
of the organism
may
other
constituent
of
however,
assimilated
in so far
never
seems
assimilation
whole
but this
always
the organism,
"
"
as the organism as a
it
fact,
is
pseudo-assimilation
In
be said to be
is
themselves.
to
justifiable
only so far
In that sense,
considered.
What
then
is
of
the
most
entelechy to substantiality
for
assuming that a
dissiinilating
in
the
of the relation of
problem
The
facts suggest
no reason
assimilating
and
base
and
"
living
strict
substance,"
sense,
is
the
real
foundation of
life.
"
"
assimilation
and
"
dissimilation."
The
facts revealed
by
entelechy,
249
to
in
such
life,
reconcilable
easily
as
our
with
its
existence.
chemical
"
living substance
"
7.
"LIVING"
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE
We
We
now
shall
substance
"
factor
or agent
is
at
"
living
we
work
in organic processes.
us ask, follows
let
other side.
show no indication of a
facts
What
its
this
itself
foundation of vitality
"
"
living
chemical
of physiological
facts
"
first
living substance
in a test-tube
"
until
it
found
it
of
metabolism
and search
for
it
the
now hope
concept
to be able to
of entelechy
well established
when
"
compound
"
250
No
we know,
Entelechy,
it
is
an intensive manifoldness,
is
i.e.
itself
What
is
To
the
doctrine
"
living
substance
"
as
the
bearer
of
pounds
We
of lion-substance, or a
any other
like
market perhaps.
say, six
of,
of eagle;
and
all
lion-substance, of course,
much of the
but would mean so many
would not
signify so
251
Of course nothing
hypothesis that there
which are
is
is
"
being-a-lion."
said
may
compounds,
of being necessary
means
of morphogenesis,
is
In
concerned.
hybridisation, as
fact,
we know, seem
to
the
new
its
discoveries in
to a certain extent.
There
is
still
if it
were material
it
would
No
Basis of Entelechy
our discussion
to
"
Good, a
of
formed, by
compound
But could not entelechy be a consequence
is
relative
constellation
of different chemical
Comp.
its
this
formation.
of a specific
compounds of
vol.
whenever
i.
p.
134
ff.
252
factors
factor
already
owing
known
Do we
is
generated by rubbing
"
in a narrower
first
sense.
C,
and
come
is
to originate a
new
sort of activity,
does not
their
A, B,
some
to the constellation of
to
is
it
one
which
regarded as
be conceiv
the four
you imagine
constituents, A, B, C, and D, possessed the new agent in
able
at
all
that
unless
of
But,
if it
is
gives
One
is
would have
considerations
hypo
to per
performed by the
of entelechy
specific
is
it
of natural changes
its
constituents
the
of
sum
of
the
its
amount
a homogeneous
simply be flattened at
its
sphere
poles, if
its
in
it is
of material,
behaviour.
rotation.
may
Take
It will
throw
the
absolute
amount
253
the same
substance in
be formed out of
may
of peripheral
it
velocity increases
new
the origin of
elemental factors
not touched at
is
all in
this example.
how about
chemical potentials, as
we
phenomenalism
would advocate such a view.
shows that
it is
impossible for
new by
to
be
a mere
human
may seem
to be
new, and, in
managed
some way. Either it has attributed the new thing that
arose to what existed already, endowing the latter with it
in the form of a potentiality, expressed under the name of
in
a so-called
"
constant,"
or
it
form of a substantiality.
first line,
;
the
the mere
modern
E of the
"
first,
of the
elemental
quantity of the
new phenomenality
in
254
SCIENCE
question.
by both
satisfied
is
some way.
become quite
have
will
It
clear,
must
hope,
from our
make
entelechy
some constellation
of
sense
of
"
living-substance."
me, that
results
that
It follows, so it
chemically
not
characterised
seems
is
only
results
of
It is very important
Of
course, chemical
chemical
but
results,
these
results,
as
we
know,
are
the
the
of entelechy
therefore something
found in the results only, but not in
Without entelechy there would be other
intervention
purely chemical
processes.
is
chemical results.
"assimilation"
"
"
dissimilation
also
by means
before
the
this
without
it
a chaos of chemical
processes would
and functioning.
potentials
255
compensation
also to its
applies
which
work
has
it
suspended
in the fundamental
any kind
of
mental
vital act.
Ancient Problems
subordinated
concepts of
in
wood
But
it
general
is
to
negatively,
Aristotle
we should do
as
exactly
form,
to the
in
itself
a
is
still
also.
more
connected
"
matter to
"
think,"
"
matter
"
"
of life
think,"
in
but
"
sense.
matter
"
is
not
any
Entelechy
from matter and altogether opposed
is
to
256
SUBSTANCE AS A CATEGORY IN
8.
RELATION TO
ITS
ENTELECHY
proving that entelechy is not identical with or a
consequence of any chemical compound, or the constellation
By
of such compounds,
our
problem of
May
not
that
can
of a
"
present
chapter,
which
the
category.
entelechy,
be
it
"
word, that
matter
of
theory
substance
may
not entelechy
be called
is,
its
changeable
in the
with
deals
relation
whether
we by no means have
to
to
theories
the
of
similar
latest.
stance
"
theories
have done
"
as all
psychical,"
Lotze
one of
being
There would be one spatially extended sub
matter and one non-spatial intensive substance
"
"entelechy"
both
substances
forming
part
that
of
nature.
Let us
first
what may be
may perhaps
fundamental problem.
analysis
the
behaviour
afford
us
of
entelechies
materials
to
decide
the
our
At
I
to EntelecJiy
might
its specific
two or more
into
257
The
parts.
fact
view at the
relating
first
glance,
the development
to
and so do
all
the experiments
of isolated blastomeres of a
germ
into
a typical machine
though
that,
like
the three
be divided and
of space, cannot
axes
remain
"
spite of its
"
division
into parts.
entelechy from
ance with
it
from
all
all
that
extensive
is
phenomena
is
no
to do with entelechy.
it
is
is
intuition,
perceived only in
Entelechy
its
itself is
conceived only
extensive results.
Entelechy
do not say in
"
"
17
258
SCIENCE
space
"
of a
"
spatial
come out
fully
"
into,"
of course,
on,
itself
not at
there
is
though the
clear that
spatial,
"
is
Now
dividing
and therefore
it
we have
in its strict
meaning
entelechy.
When we
speak of
of a something
it
word
this
energies,
is
all
character here.
later
is
is
not at
all
"
"
dividing
pieces.
said that
applicable to
we always think
But entelechy
"
which, had
manifested
of entelechian individuality.
to
Entelechy
An
said
to
agent which
is
of a
It
Entelechy therefore cannot possess a
cannot at all be imagined like a point consisting of a somespace.
"seat."
259
soul as having
its
and now
in this
in
We may
now
Descartes, as is well
that direction.
may
him
follow
so
far as
to
respect to
it is
"
Entelechy"
I fully see
about
how
so
difficult it is to
without
entelechy
I say once
contradicting
statements
nothing at all
to be
imagined in a picture-like manner about entelechy
the non-spatial can never be realised by our imagination in
regarding
it.
is
"
"
spatial images.
It
may
at the
we
at
work
in
And
it is.
mind that
in
we are analysing
know concerning this
an agent
in
nature.
We
it
"
"
"
"
In
fact,
And
we
reality,
very soon
and of natural
reality in particular,
shall.
is
260
"
must remain
"
substance
was a kind of
an enduring
of
entelechy to
Entelechy
causality.
"
"
quasi
"
"
quasi
this.
INSOLUBLE PROBLEMS
At
more than
am
of individual
life,
that I
know nothing
at all about
the
remember,
of
face
firstly,
the
End
any of them.
of Individual Life
fundamental
these
questions
is
We
let
us
neither a truly
therefore have
Ego
In
the Ego.
we
fact,
even
if
"
phenomena
in respect to
psychosis,
place,
and
discussion
it
it
would
is
all
relate
to
phenomena
in
the
first
spiritualistic
phenomena,
if
261
would
also
else.
beyond
With the
begins a
that
is
individual,
death
to say
all
"
is
unknown
absolutely
whether
it
in these two
"
will be
that
Egoism.
starting of a
to
to
is
was and
periods
We
to us.
not
"
"
individual
words
the
after
is
will be anything
or
it
"
was
at
and
"
say,
"
experience.
For
the
the
of a
sense
or
ideal
"possible
Platonic
immediate
existence
of
problem,
that
saying
after
death
the
(so-called
astral
though using a
kind of material.
")
of
manifestations
But
I say
new
once more
like very
to deal
work
of generations.
What
certain
science
amount
of matter that
is
simply this
this control,
262
Does
possible
why
But
it
is
Why
has
not,
regulation
of no use formulating
and,
if
become im
"
"
any more of
so-called
the great
of
in spite
number
primary origin of
is
it.
by a
clear without
works written
of popular
about
is
life is
life
has originated
constituents
that
matter in general. 1
Con
stellations do not create entelechy, but entelechy governs
of entelechy in its relation to
constellation.
absolutely
elemental materiality.
of
energy,
we
entelechy
mentioned
which
life
by the
From
fact of inheritance.
this
in
its
that
is
relation
our
theory
well illustrated
we may conclude
to
there
by
If
its
we
we may say
that
by organisms.
263
line.
to
any
kind of beginning.
In any case it must appear very strange that life is
only known to us in immediate relation with very complex
chemical
entelechy act
is
few
of
relation
of
consequence
continuously existed
the
Has
between
long
time
entelechy,
its
Why
classes.
that
me
that this
problem
the laws of
life,
closely
consequences.
importance will
day
is
of the
origin
of
life
on
earth
though the
argues otherwise.
its
It seems to
selves so
we simply
continued
is
has
life
say, altered
are
And
Or
entelechy and
so to
Or
not
does
matter
of
compounds
For
to
this reason
we have devoted
The
all
follow
our
the
CONCLUSIONS
We
have reached
phenomena of
and laws we
let
life
are
had
moment
traversed.
shown
not explainable
know from
our
part of
first
we have
discussion
scientific
PART
end of the
the
Our
OF
that
us
by the concepts
but
science,
inorganic
the
that
of
biology.
The
first
the
justification."
agent and
general
the
"
law
may
be put
ontological
and
logical
its
science
formulated
of
relation
between
relation
principles
But
nature.
inorganic
this
into
the
with the
concerned
we
have
in
only
Organic and
the
led us to
our entelechy
that there
and those
are
is
We
required.
not
is
concerned
in
inorganic
264
sciences,
but
we have
to
We
aprioristic
have
system
of
natural
to
factors
or
a part
entities.
entitles us positively
something as
entelechy
what may be
That
the
itself as
265
way
will be done,
for
it.
all
And upon
positive
epistemology of
PART
II
1.
THE
way
which
is
generally
the
analysis
us
sense
is
of
to
in
biology,
as
of science
formal
possible also,
an important
to
followed
logic.
and
this
method
We
result.
shall
is
now
of
to lead
more
that
is
to say,
closely than
My
any others
to the Ego.
own body as a scientific object is to be the startingnew type of biology my own body in the
point of this
But
my own
body
is
not
to
be
"nature,"
regarded here as a
at
least
The whole
not for
series of
what
267
am
acting
"
"
is
given
my
to
consciousness whilst I
to
"
nature."
even
strictly
"scientific,"
will
so
to
will
it
speak;
analyse
"
natural
completeness, not only so-called
The consecutive series of the phenomena
"
Givenness in
its
Givenness.
which
I
acting
"
nature
find
shall
may
consciousness
my
to
In
be formulated.
will
we
only shall
to
themselves
present
am
try to separate
second
the
whilst
place
"
life-
processes.
am
sitting in
This analysis
in
their
mere
will
not relate to
passivity,
not
i.e.
"
"
to
given
mere
phenomena
"sensations,"
"
the Ego
to this
is
True
concerned.
domain
"
perceptions,"
of course, belong
of mental activity.
a.
A CASE FROM
COMMON
LIFE
The Case
My
in
short,
stop the
my
optical
smoking;
lamp
is
in order
followed by the
to
do that
my
desire
attention
to
is
268
directed
I
the
construction
the
of
which
lamp,
This consideration
the
in
will
move
to
me.
to
certain
lamp
ends.
it
These are the most general lines of the process
worth while to mark them in a more detailed fashion.
;
is
My
the
seeing
first
followed
smoking
the
is
consequences
stop smoking
a stopping, and
previous ways
construction
from
to
known
of the
is
in
question;
that calls
this is
my
to
of
past
them
hand
cases
recalls
attention to the
my
found to be different
them
the means
of
a certain
moving the
the
the
"
"
relating
any more.
The whole of a
which
noticed
movement
lamp
recalls
this
the recollection
of doing so
point of similarity
wick
its
is
felt
special
am
myself
here as a continuous
series.
phenomena presented
to
order of
in
my
All of
its
constituents are
conscious Ego.
All of them
originating,
constituents
are
"
spatial."
By
saying that
all
it
of
is
the
not
element of time
them
269
is
on the contrary,
my
different
of past cases of
construction
whole.
also
may
during
the
of the
Ego
series in
"
is
it
one,
who
"
experience the
I only
am
conscious that
their constituents
to
the permanency
me
What Common
Life Learns
from
the Case
Taken
in a quite
it is
and
willing,"
this
is
whole chain
in
it is
must be regarded
an object of
as univocally determined so
reflection at
all.
by M. Palagyi
2
The word
is
continuous, but so
may
also be called
the series of
270
SCIENCE
reason that
every
the
influence
next,
importance,
and
at
if,
this
of
must be
it
said to
to
We now
one.
preceding
element
single
shall
of
point
get
the
result
of
greater
we
analysis,
take
objectified
space.
in
follows
it
that
spatial
are
not
spatial
the
forming a group by
latter
themselves.
now
incomplete, that
@.
is
as
an
extremely simple.
IN A SCIENTIFIC
FORM
phenomena which
my
acting
its specific
let
us consider
my
body
as
me
during
an organism playing
phenomena as a
the same time let
series of
phenomena presented
else.
to
my
consciousness, to
my
An
271
Hypothesis
phenomena
may
fact,
be imagined to be true
may
We
without exceeding the limits of our present researches.
shall assume that we are able to touch every single element
It
whole body, including the brain and the nerves.
is true, we cannot in reality touch our own brain at any
point, but it seems to me that there is no objection in
of our
principle to
assume the
possibility, as in
what we
phenomena
the
of
us
begin
once
smoking lamp
to analyse the
Let
more.
us
imagine
that
respect to
The
my Ego
optical
phenomenon
"
"
optical
tells
lamp
is
of
else.
the
smoking lamp
first affects
the
Physiology
moment
how
could the
"
"
optical
lamp
to
put
it
briefly
272
it is
notoriously
We
absurdity.
"
the
"
optical
Certainly a
"
link of the
is
"
phenomena
"tactile"
lamp, as a constituent of
my
hand; this
Stimulation of
left
least
tangible
follows stimulation of
my
is
tactile
retina, also
or
my
it
nerve
optic
tactile brain,
the
may
follows,
tactile
and
then
"
"
optical
be
"
my
"
lamp given
to me.
of their unpleasant
effects, desire
to stop
smoking,
remem
"
"
"
"
"
changed
"
(3) optical
"
assume
by means of a
force us to
at least
273
my
hand moved
ceases to smoke.
7.
Spatial
now seems
It
these
to
me
phenomena may
as being
extensities in
any
sense,
whether in the
tactile
There certainly
is
a continuous series of
to consciousness, leading
phenomena given
tactile
as
tactile
my
phenomena, through
seeing
the
"
optical
and
to
tactile at the
same
time.
series follow
Moreover
it is
very important
constituents of this
continuous
The
"
the
tactile
follows
lamp
in
its
has
the
which
for
brain,
phenomenon
followed
part
the tactile phenomenon in the optic nerve, and the
optical
necessity.
"
optical
"
"
this
and
optical, that
lamp
But it
is
followed
is,
of spatial
character exclusively.
On
is
true.
The
first
process that
relates
18
274
SCIENCE
we
allow to be spatial,
some way.
is
seeing
is
"
before, that
tangible
is
remembrance and
of
then followed
"
Now
nerve,
"
by
i.e.
the
identification appear
first
the
"
is
smoking lamp
of the
regarded as
"
There certainly
past.
similar
is
to
smoking lamps
"
of a
nothing
"
spatial
the
if
pre-requisites
are
identification,
as
regarded
spatial.
The moving
spatiality or extent.
of
my
hand
the
is
first
though the
part of the
("tactile")
occurs a spatial
i.e.
which
brain,
spatially related to
is
phenomenon
relating to
might
introspection
some
add
Careful psychological
that
my moved hand
certain
optical
intermediary between
proper willing as such and that change in the brain on
which nervous conduction and actual moving finally
imaginary idea of
is
depend.
Would
phenomena
sense from
me
it
then
be
advisable
those
which
are
to
separate
which are
non-spatial
of distinction
all
those
spatial in
It
would lead
any
seems
to
to
more
portions of
different
2*75
phenomena may
dis
my
The
last spatial
phenomenon
thing
the
following
of conscious events
of
conscious
the
of the
irritation
is
of the
again a
portion
events
brain
series
"
tangible
optic nerve.
The
relating to the
of that series
is
certain
"
last
the conscious
Brain
is
as
phenomenon
brain.
and
to
phenomenon
spatial
first
relating
retina
phenomenon
continuous line
of the
my
hand.
composed
had nothing
this
middle
of different
my
rather to
the conscious
of
my
series, so far as it
moving of my hand,
and at the same time we
different
of
them
with
"
brain, or
retina
into three
portions
the
phenomena belonging
to the first
and third
seeing the
lamp,"
consists of spatial
and non-spatial
elements.
Now
more about
the
spatial, portion of
last
phenomenon
of
the
first,
purely
its rela-
276
tion
to
portion
the first
of the
last,
of
relating
to
it,
phenomenon
both of them
purely spatial,
the
brain as a
spatial something.
Spatial
But
we must
first
to the
analyse a
which do not
those
Brain
little
what
further
is
meant
of spatial
and of non-spatial
elements.
Its first
and
its last
"
optical
lamp,"
and the
last, as
first
we have
my moving the
and some of the so-called associative phenomena
concerned in "identification" and
finding -similar" are
said,
hand
"
spatial too.
difference
between the
last
first
phenomenon
of the
of
phenomenon
The
its
first
portion
second portion,
first
phenomenon
brain
any
phenomenon
last
way, but
my
hand,
if
lamp
as
moving
the
is
portion,
the
an
optical
between the
optical
idea of
it
first
portions,
to
relate
spatiality exclusively.
277
comes
Spatiality
external
to the
"
The
"
"
things
brain
last
or imaginary
"
or
any
part of
element of the
first
"
"
ideas
my
"
body."
is
by
its first
element, the
"
but not
of things,
it,
and
first
"
seeing the
lamp
not, however,
important problem.
Analysis of Acting
last
phenomenon
relating to
non-cerebral
as they are.
here
come
results
my
the
of
brain, be
first
portion
demands that
of our series,
close
gained already
Relations
relation
with
another
in
part
some
of
be such
to
this
our
We
analytical
lectures,
Whilst
though from quite a different point of view.
dealing with the analysis of action as a phenomenon in
Nature,
we gave
the
name
"
"
to
which
is
"causality."
278
stimuli and
the words
all effects
of them.
We
"
"
association,"
memory,"
"
tion
be called
historical basis
"the
But
naturalist.
"
"
psychology
at
"
experience,"
are
with
dealing
of the
by the true
reacting"
we
present
to signify
of
abstrac
is
we understand
so
first
And
basis."
"
to
historical basis
manifestation.
"
historical
basis
"
come
"
this
into
historical
such a
all
in
be
different, say,
what
it
way
was the
we
of the first
awake the
as to
first
of
acts at
must
going on from
But, as all
its
it
historical basis,
portion
1
second, and third times, they cannot bear in themselves
must
lie
phenomenon
of that first
Except perhaps
first
in as far as
"
certain
functional adaptation
"
a cerebral process
is
279
as
also
is
Therefore
does.
it
the lamp
is
not only
identified as
"
me
seen
"
of all
but
my
former experience.
In other words, as in our former chapter, we have here
stated again what is to be regarded as actually cerebral in
the
of the
phenomenon
The brain is
"
"
historical basis
certainly important
but
"
"
memory
no
tion,
happening
In
"
"
Identification
arise here
may
peculiarities.
mechanical foundations of
of.
On
in our instance
may
other,
be spoken
is not.
it
and what
to
it
"
"
"
cerebral."
Might not
so-called associa
"
"
"
is
identified
as being a
smoking
first
"my
brain,"
as
280
series
was
it
only men
seems to me,
we
"
identifying the
lamp,"
it
must be kept
second time
is quite
firstly,
;
would
in
As
mind
to
that
first
There
time.
is
no need there
of our series.
It
we
"
altered
reacting to the
its
was
naissance
series.
recon
"
given by Bergson.
The
But
"
let
"
"
Intra-psycJiical Series
The
first
of them, as
we now have
learned, ends in
portion alone
its
ends
is
it
is
but at both
all,
Mature
et
try to find
partisan of the
"interaction"
this
There
funda
theory, regards
what we
"intra-
compare his
permanently broken by cerebral acts
Psychologic, and his excellent little book, Die Seele des Menschen.
"
psychical series
as
281
and third
first
portion.
my
of consciousness
consciousness
is
been
whole of the
present discussion
mena
its
influenced
influ
have
"
"
ones.
psychical
"
"
my
brain
"
series of our
but
is
phenomena
is
other
all.
things,"
Without
the lamp
forgetting,
"
"
whole
of
body
in
And now
and
let
any
my
respect.
let
We,
of
the
course, have no intention of taking a leap into realism
Given will not cease to be a phenomenon to me, but we
;
"
"
now
sum
shall call
of
"
Nature
"
or
"
the Objective
phenomena presented
me which
to
"
and out
am
of this
forced to
"
Nature
"
282
we
"
"
my
body
as the
most immediate
object in biology.
"
My
If
"
we now
"
my
body
remarkable
as
Body
"
my
Object
in this sense of
"
my
object,"
on in
regard as going
we
find the
my
most
to
in the midst
univocal line
to
impossible
interrupted in
is
understand
as bodily processes
"
relating to
my
its
i.e.
body
conscious
my
There
is
as far
objectified as
is
"
"
reality
regards
it
phenomena
are concerned.
"-
"
is
body."
From our
we gave
name
the
"
"
intra -psychical
which
fills
series
to
do
so,
we
are
we
events
phenomena
from
subjective point
of
to
"
psychoid"
again, a
We
is
"
my
inology,
Givenness
"
studies
physical assumptions at
all,
without
Psychology can
my
body
is
broken by a series of
this
fill
"
"
intra-psychical series
l
saying merely
"
restrict
my
least for
by the
itself to
and may be
called
is
an
"
psychoid."
sense.
is
in
intensive manifoldness
has to
science
that there
my
any meta
states
"
"
283
itself straight
body.
Other Living Bodies
It
"
my
now remains
"
as
body
vitalism in the
directly proved
in Nature
of other
of
my
to the bodies
which are very similar to mine
We have actually proved that the behaviour
:
men.
body
in
1
Modern authors very often do not appreciate clearly this state of things.
Everything we know about is "psychical," they say, and in this way a real
monism or psycho-monism is the end. That is certainly true, but is
at the same time of no use to natural science.
Natural science deals with
objectified spatial phenomena, and its only aim is to discover the principles
and laws that are valid for these. Therefore with regard to spatial pheno
"
"
"
"
"
"
in
an enlarged meaning
is
self-evident
"
"vitalism
lose their
meaning
in this field.
the
terms
"
mechanism
"
and
284
men
of other
it
quite the
method, as
same
conclusion,
we have reached
So
we
direct
in this
way
is
concerned.
soon as phenomena
is
or
of the instinctive
by us
in so
it
is
many
fail
metabolical
of the previous
"
"
Understanding
Vitalism
prepare
we
If in fact
we have
which
is
much
more.
of life-phenomena, or at least of
by an analysis of
that
285
The Ego
feels
common view
asserts,
"
what
starting-point of
In
is
form the
about
opinion
life-phenomena,
"
can
move my body by my
unscientific
will
to follow.
is
common
the
fact,
which of course
it
"
"
"
"
"
soul
"
will,"
by which
now be
can
experience,
said
to
have
been
analytical
am
"
"
mena, so
far as I
"
will
my
volition
is
influencing.
am
my
willing in quite
awakes
sort.
peculiar
my
And
knowledge of
Whenever any
willing, is
action
And
as
am
willing
events
far
as
always of a very
seems suitable
my
in
volition
this
particular
know
that by
which end in
my
comes into
my
case.
power of
typical
complications of
elemental
any way
My
power
of volition is thus
the only
immanent and
286
results
is
given have a
"
similar origin.
"
understand
herence
"
"
"
am
able, so
"
force."
Again,
substance and in
my Ego
in spite of
At
its
chapter.
But
must enter
nature.
at first
we must
leave
2.
POLEMICAL PART
and
any
actions
also
natural
every
there
an
is
physico-chemical causality
unbroken
that
series
there
a bodily,
a.
i.e.
so
phenomenon
is
in
of
no
man s
bodily,
of
non-bodily
throughout
brain
as
material system.
decidedly
realistic
and
metaphysical,
the
other
them
pseudo-
idealistic,
The
first
series.
is
side,
288
materialism
cession to metaphysical
a certain con
if
series,
made by regarding
is
"
"
of the physical.
epiphenomenon
like
analysis
by
called
ours,
by showing on the
general considerations, or
basis of so-
objective
means we
the latter
By
As
the
place to
first
what was
said before
"
it
is
"
"
Lotze
in
argument that
as a parallel resultant
soul
me add
action.
"
resultant
in the clear,
effect
ment.
maintain
"
may
Eeal,
"
its
But
which,
course,
is
simply
of the
leads to absurdities
upon the
acts
upon
physical, so the
that any
this implies
it
aspects
theory advocates.
"
or
sides
"
and every
"
"
its
psychical
counterpart,
Kickert
absurd.
has
well
to
effect of
It
body.
seems to
me
that there
is
"
that
act
1.
"
corresponds
no reason whatever to
not the
"
"
"
represents
something psychical.
it
sums
are
at least, always
This alone,
lelism.
289
strict
parallelism
any way
how
intelligible
move
the
of
its
is
"
"
be
could
parts,
"
"
"
wholeness
in
of a something
Erscheinung
by
accompanied
There
is
nothing
On
the contrary,
it is
the
the
For
part.
reason
this
it
manifold
tensively
whole,
can
be
never
its
parallel
or
"
Erscheinung."
in
is,
called
reality
"
being
not
identified
indefinite
The
realistic
is
and metaphysical
regarded
as
being
number
with
"my
of possible subjects
is
But
this
exclusively,
Ego"
All so-
also.
phenomenological, as
"
is
fact,
is
assumed
as follows
subject
but
an
to exist.
What
19
are
290
that
to
is
or changes of energy
D, and so on.
must
that
about
nothing
the
subjects
knowable.
B,
the
real
C,
and
and absolute
so
on
known
is
an
fails as
existence
of
even
or
"
"
one.
idealistic
in
the
there
is
way.
following
corresponding movements
supposed to
in
be parallel to
sees
the
As
brain
seeing
of
;
again
then this
new
act of
but
seen by
lamp,
which are
Bs
itself
of
As
the
sees
act
B may
seeing
short,
is
pseudo-idealistic
throughout
phenomenological,
maintaining the
into
parallelism,
absurdities.
granting
but
at
the
that
existence
far
In
reality
same time
"
"
be
must
of
the
in
of different subjects,
is
driven
new
parallel is always
"psychical"
found to be wanted on going to the bottom of the matter,
and this want of a new parallel never ends.
291
Let us
now
return
the
to
of
sphere
strict
idealism,
We
simply ask
fashion that to
(a
+ &)
of
"
it
is
"
my
"
seeing a
"
parallelly
means
to
"
in
know
if strict
thinking
idealism
at
principle
or a change
"
correspond
;
"
to
be,"
or at
that in
"
"
"
myself,"
already
To
be simultaneous with
being perceivable to
brain
my
my
movement
energetical intensities
We
or to
lamp
is
on
least
maintained.
least
my
brain
as a whole
by the
parallelistic doctrine,
idealism.
the lamp
see
But
object.
my
at
the
specific fact in
"
"
this
perceived fact
"
"
is
the brain as
is
new
perceiv
of
"
"
to
parallels
We can express
I see the
the
1
lamp
retina, the
The
just
our
idealistic
my
"perceived
still
little differently.
optic nerve,
fact"
may
be green, but
my
"perceiving
the
have
fact"
is
292
But / know
that
is
must
first
supposed to
that,
my
accompany
before
corresponds to
effects
parallel
can perceive
my
the
Thus the
would always be
change that
cerebral
so-called
late
to
"
is
theory
a simple impossibility.
Idealism therefore
strictly
body when I
am
acting
is
broken.
In other words
We
vitalism.
this reason
and
for
no other that we
"
my
Idealism
repeat
understand
"
We
"
have
now proved by
another
similar
analysis,
the
to
"
is
that any kind of
parallelism
Our
or
on
the
basis
of
idealism, pure
impure.
impossible
on
an
idealistic
basis
of
hold
course,
good
arguments,
first
but
"
polemical,
There are
many
Verworn,
which is objectified in space and at the end, strange to say, rejects vitalism
and advocates the physico-chemical explanation of life most emphatically.
2
Compare the various writings of H. Bergson (Essai sur les donnees
immtdiates de la Conscience, 5th ed., Paris, 1906 Matiere et Mdmoire, 1896).
There are many points of contact between his and my way of regarding,
;
reality
and
life in
particular.
that
is
regarded as equivalent to
by a
conscious
subject."
"
293
"
"
if
good
being
As soon
as
any metaphysical
made
are
fall to
arguments
our
the ground.
/3.
we
If finally
"
my
body
"
and
"
its
psychoid
we
met
are
difficulty, or rather
My
as
"
the
to
to
of natural
objects
by a rather strange
ambiguity.
phenomena
is
the
Ego
it
were
first
considered
objectified
What was
etc.
afterwards
Of
the psychoid
is
became
of consciousness, whilst
case
first
still
a conceived
"
its
existence,"
in the sense of
parallelistic doctrine
ends in a sort
of parallelism again
294
intra-psychical series
"
is
parallel
by the
"
"
psychoid.
from what
is
called so in
as impossible to
accept
is
parallelism
common
quite different
We
practice.
parallelism
in
common
its
by a
paralleled
acts
the
of
series of events
of
type
events
by
But our new
objectively,
class.
so-called
of
sort
into
composed of
If for
sensations,
metaphysics,
once
i.e.
an
do to the
full
we
the
a
might be
speaking
or,
or
energetical
not assert
does
about
assertion
as in fact
we
the
shall
we may say
"the
Conscious," is
form,
allow ourselves an
it
single conscious
the mechanical
of parallelism
regard
Psychical,"
epiphenomenon
certain
CONCLUSIONS
Among
one whose
"
my
all
vitalistic
"
"
body
"
its
psychoid
of the intra-psychical
point of view is
series,
changed
is
certainly
directly, viz.
view of natural
science.
295
idealistic introspection,
by
though
it
occurred to
me
somewhat
different
form in Busse
Geist
Leib,
work
where
the
and you
and Bergson,
it
in
not mentioned by
Busse.
But what
is
new, I believe,
my
is
on the
By
ly establishing the
Ego
as acting
Let
us carefully note
doctrine
is
the Ego
that
connexion of the
idealistic basis
with
refuting parallelism,
its
by
body
and
will, vitalism
my
to refute the
is
own.
parallelistic
or
of the
psychoid
manifestations
of
On
mutual
close
know
a
that
the contrary, we
dependence
very
But
exists here, and we have tried to discover what it is.
dependence
and parallelism
are
two absolutely
different
things.
And now we
epistemology.
1
2.
B.
THE CATEGORY
"INDIVIDUALITY"
CATEGORIES IN GENERAL
a.
Definitions
I
"
UNDERSTAND
"
vitalism, for
"
"
am
a vitalistic factor
myself.
its
feel
myself such an
it
what
justified,
to realise
my
vitalism possible
Mere psychological
uncertain
me
"
"
phenomena observed
297
You
gory
know what an
all
ontological category
is.
cate
is
the object of
human
consciousness.
the conceiving
mind
and
at
satisfaction
category
is
me
It
is
seems
to
that there
is
"
"
"
character
of
absolute
validity
which
they
possess
any kind
of
to
us
concept
both
of
"
"
inheritance
undoubtedly
and to admit
metaphysical
inheritance
is
and
self-contradictory, for
itself
result
of
the
categorical
298
Fundamental
At
we
this point
The
siderations.
Difficulties
are led to
some rather
difficult
con
so-called objectivity
experience.
relation to subjectivity,
is
due
of objectivity
to them.
itself,
But the
with
its
categories
they are
of conscious experience,
"
So
far there is
arises
Are the
categories properties
forced
is
Ego
exclusively
properties
Is the
Ego
in possession of
successors
"
at
least in the
chief intentions
psychologism,"
it
much
is
in
certain innate
Kant s
conceive
to
first
made
edition
went in another
certain concessions to
"
inductive science.
ethics,
and
aesthetics.
Nature at
my
seems to me,
wrong, but
is
And
yet
categories, it
It
without
all
"
so-called
299
is
not
wrong.
(as
in
many
of
his
modern
followers
on a mere
say) because
is
which
"universal"
agree
The
to.
to
"
objectify,"
"
"
"
But any
confused.
"
"
basis
psychological
of
apriorism,
is to say,
"
"
sufficient
nay, more,
ordinary psychology
it
Here and
illogical
itself rests
is
"
the categories.
upon
my Ego
because all
throughout,
"
is
To say
when
my
2
I fully agree with those of Kant s critics who maintain that Kant himselj
regarded his "transcendental deduction" as sufficient to refute "psycho
But it is another question whether Kant was right to think so.
logism."
It seems to me that the ultra-psychological foundation of the categories can
means
"my"
of
Kant
fiction.
"deduction";
is
nothing but
300
categorical
conceive
to
implies
properties
constituent of the
the
nothing of the
as the bearer
Ego
term
innate
"
would be
place here
necessity,
which
itself
"
properties,"
to
of properties
"
properties, very
much
is
and
say
out of
Thus, in order to
system.
psychologism
The Ego
as a
uses
"
certain
substance
what
explain
the
of
the result of
are,
themselves
categories
"
is
categories
my
categorical
"
upon psychology.
But what are we
difficulty
An
to
Irreducible
Kind of
"
"
Experience
Foundation of
the
Categories
me
Given
the
is
prior
logically
to
ordinary
my
discovery,
rather
or
my
itself.
experience
The discovery
"
experience
"
and
becoming conscious
"
"
to say about
of
the
of this system
in the ordinary
is
meaning
experience
Is
not experience in a certain most general sense ?
not the becoming consciously convinced of a certain
but
it
is it
something
1
What
about
"other"
length.
subjects?
founded
different
his
Tafel
forms
possible
der
judgments
Was
kind of
certain
"
"
it
being
not a
to
experience
the
upon
Kategorien
of judgments
301
And would
it
"
"
to discover
by intro
what
kinds
of
elemental
spective analysis immediately
concepts and relations pertaining to Givenness are quite
inevitable to
my mind
Thus, I think,
experience
we may
immediate
by
analytical
The
experience
This sort of
irreducible kind.
"
is
revealed to
"
"
an
of
me
absolutely
"
"
experience
are,"
and
simply
states,
same time
at the
upon the
"
"
Ego,"
categories,
Subject and
"
We
categorical system.
shall soon
Few Remarks on
The
immediate Givenness
just
Categories
in a special case.
but
described
once acquired
of
further truly
empirical ordinary
Thus
categories
experience
it is
become axiomatic.
and propositions in
science, so
for
way all
we only
formulated categorically.
Indeed,
all
concepts
upon
the word
302
"
"
postulate
shown by
Categories
may
theme that
categorical
is,
so to speak, half-solved.
It will
is
not impossible.
The Problem of
Now
the
System of Categories
discoverable
among
In other words
system
is it one whole
is
this
Kant himself
Is there
any
relation
system a real
did not
"
system,"
"
"
and
Hegel s
system of the categories, on the other hand, founded upon
his dialectical method, does not guarantee completeness and
does not clearly separate primordial and derived categorical
1
But, no doubt,
concepts.
it
and
The same
of
many
We
now
303
system
with special regard to our bio-philosophical purpose.
Our
task does not require a complete analysis of this system
however desirable it might be but will be accomplished
"
/3.
necessity
univocal
or
determination,
All that
"
"
"
is,"
of necessity,
is
whether immediately
"
function
"
This axiom,
it,
as
we know
already,
it
appears,
must be subject
here.
relates to Givenness.
We
here reach
We
1
do not mean to say that we agree with Kant s system of the
in the first place, we are far from allowing that his four main
categories
groups are co-ordinated with one another. But to open up here the problem
;
necessary manner.
in
an un
304
form,
when we were
with
dealing
the character
of
the
categories.
My thinking necessity cannot be regarded as
necessary," and therefore, as we have said, the categorical
"
"
"
it
system cannot be founded upon ordinary psychology
cannot be founded at all, it simply
A very strange
antinomy meets us here
my thinking as a conscious
"
"
"
is."
"
"
act
is
your
thinking
"
thought
to
strange
my own
say,
"
having
"
"
thinking,"
actings, free
any of
are
?
On
my
"
a previous occasion
it
is
and present
qita actual
actings,"
"
we maintained
"
free
an element of Nature
in its manifesta
we were
that
dealing
At present I am deal
then with the psychoids of others.
ing with myself, not even with my psychoid but with my
"
thinking."
"
Of
Freedom
course, this
is
"
a Mere Negation
full
length
"
my
conceive
anything
positive
under
this
is
unable to
expression.
For
it
looked upon as
belongs to the past, must perforce be
We
necessitated.
equivalent
my
of
sufficient reason
it
regard
my
Ego,
for
as
it
is
"
natural
contained
the
we only know
true,
And
manifestation.
its
the
if
psychoid, had
though,
it,
perforce
305
others
this holds
"
it is
always
manifestations
upon
"
"
"
"
necessitated
to us
before.
psychoid and
then say it is
by a something that was by no means known
There can be no doubt that our reason is
of
faculty
the
analysis altogether,
"
for
"
analysis
to necessity.
7.
"
responsible.
And
make other
of ray
knowing that
"
to others,
possible.
"
Personally
we must
confess
that
the
solution
offered
by
306
we
system.
We
of
these lectures
mean
substance
"
and we
in so far as
causality in
the
it
We may say
univocal necessity.
it
that entelechy
causality
also
is
is
with
it
What
then
"
There seems
"
is
entelechy categorically
"
in
last
place
among the
categories of relation.
i
Introspective Psychology
and
and Causality
In the
first place,
let
more intimately
causality and substance
us study a
little
the
way
in
Categories,
regard to
that
all
"
"
experienced
we know, render
possible with
experience
science.
is
"
"
the cosmos
a cosmos instead of a
is systematised in science.
Categories are
consciousness
to
brought
307
acquaintance
by means
It
becomes a
of categories thus
is
"
problem."
by psychological introspective
that
experience
The category
awaked.
of substance
is
brought to conscious
way by experiencing
the permanence
of the
states
move
feel
that I
parts of
to
my
body
One body
it
of a
just as
is
said,
because
"
"
moving
force,"
"
It
force."
applied
is
"
am
is
in
possession
to
it
in possession of such
in
Theoretical
categories."
they are strictly conceived as
mechanics in fact has to a great extent freed itself from
"
the
"
physiological
so-called
connexion
"
anthropomorphic
foundation
of
classical
or
causality,
as
dynamics
in
any
said,
And
its
became the
forms,
the
whether
category
of
in
electro-dynamical.
we have
of
308
means of the
word
"
of
categories
understand
"
"
"
understood
substance and
by
the
causality,
New
The Problem of a
Are there no
been possible
Jiave
entelecliy
categorical
means?
offer us a
It
means
categorical
of understanding vitalism
in the
stood
Category of Relation
at
all
The question
if there
were
no
such
in fact, seems to
itself,
to its solution.
key
seems to
defect
in
shortly
the
me
we encounter
that
system
categorical
among
of
here
a very grave
Kant.
To put
it
"
Gemeinschaft
"
"
or
sort of
must be such
It is true, in the
Kant most
life.
fully
"
"
it
"
"
of
any
constitutive
importance.
much
is
wrong will
Kant was too
this is
right.
von Hartmann,
1
That
as
far as I
know,
"energy"
is
is
Eduard
decidedly established
"
"
finality
But we
309
category
author.
relation.
shall
Unlike causality,
considered purely as a
teleology,"
kind of description, never relates to single phenomena in
"
nature
as
"
"
"
"
whole,
either
typical
or on account of
ask
this
man
asks
least
one
its
question
it
We
because
the
particular
we know
simple uneducated
that there
elemental
does
exist
at
itself
new
first
belonged to intro
It is very interesting to
among
1
When this chapter was already definitively written I learnt from the
Logik der reinen Erkenntnis of Cohen that this author regards the concepts
But he does not draw
and "individual" as true categories.
"purpose"
the conclusions, it seems to me, that ought to be drawn from such a state
ment, and his theory of the Organic, therefore, does not go beyond a sort of
mechanical causality remains the ultimate effective and con
Kantianism
stitutive principle of nature, the two organic categories he introduces do
not serve to formulate natural agents of a new and special class.
:
310
nature
in
so-called
way
over
science.
Does the
and
parents
this
causality
in practical life
his
regard
really
on
at least
it
In
foreseen.
Later
"animated."
is
friends
and
for a
new
category carrying
why
not formulate as
But
if
there
is
the
way open
8.
THE CATEGORY
"INDIVIDUALITY"
Previous Preparatory
In our
last
immediately,
lecture,
whilst
we formulated
human
being knows
awaked
to consciousness
Work
analysing
my own
scientifically facts
we showed how
the
new
application
of
new
stood at
if
we
is
And
discovered
phenomena which
the
category
by introspective psychology.
needed
acting
which every
category
of
relation,
all.
What
did
we
actually
do
in
our
discussion
of
the
of
the harmonious -equipotential system ?
formulated the problem like a mathematical equation,
differentiation
We
if
it
certain
of
the
"
unknown,"
problem we
was
our
"
E"
311
psychological
new
awaked a
has
self -analysis
introspective
after
category.
We
now
"
understand
entelechy.
superseded by the
"
of entelechy
"
category
upon a
moment when
only at the
meaning
intelligible
new
tion
The
"
special category of
the founda
own
its
is
appreciated.
In
we
truth,
established
We
consciously.
new
worked
on
new
it
quite
field of
nature
non-mechanical character of
!
theme
the
all
already
or not.
the
have
by the
I venture to
life
"
it
Is
like to find
it,
they
as a possibility
they discuss
it
"
is
312
SCIENCE
"
"
Individuality
I
structivity
This
the
to
new
name
category
and explanation.
leads to
we
are
to require
studying
some
It
morphic as
of individuality or
In
little
conhere.
justification
to render the
"
fact,
Some
special category
than in
we must have
in
all
The construction
itself
any
may
no matter,
its
logical aspect
its
"
"
"
is
overlooked.
"
Finality
The
313
a subclass of Individuality
awaked
in
pulling, needs
So
category
individuality
it
it
needs
sifting
kind of
scientifically,
at the
"
"
constructivity
end of
known
myself by
in causality.
apparent in
my
names
of finality
alone
the
is
to
"
"finis
distinct manner,
here
it
what the
"
"
individual
You
is.
will
remember
in
it
"
"
"
"
11
new
of
vital"
"intuition."
Individuality, in fact, rests upon a sort
as far as all categories rest upon it.
Bergson only analyses
and yet there is "vitalism."
in ontogeny le tout est donne
category by his
"intuition"
phylogeny
Compare
ii.
in its place
1908.
my
article
on Bergson in Zeitschr.
f.
d.
Ausbau
d.
Entw.-lehrc,
314
OF INDIVIDUALITY
Well-known
difficulties
concept of causality.
Of
mention them
and so
to
all,
may
force,
ontological
it
course,
it
the
in
up
crop
"
"
of a
seat
the boundaries
effect,
which
for causality
always
both cause and effect are spatial changes.
We therefore must not be astonished,
upon
category of individuality,
difficulties
different
at once,
from
the
we meet with
though almost
which
those
seems to me,
it
scientific
all
appear
refining
quite a
of
in
them
the
if
the
of
number
are
of
quite
analysis
of
causality.
An
If
Analogy
we were
of nature
is,
to
satisfied
as certain
the
difficulties
We
we should meet
then
might
simply
may
We
What
315
moment
of the process
Let
"
</>(...)
"
"
the end
Let
the events
formula
moment
at the
1
:
If it can be
shown that
(f>
other elements
it
all this
is at
some
follows that
category of individuality
But
some
factor based
upon the
work.
to very
much;
it
would
No
"
Causa Finalis
"
We
have written
<f>
E\
this implies a
very
We
know
already
is
no
kind
of
A cause is only a
though it resembles causality.
change in space which univocally determines another change
But what
in space
entelechy therefore is not a cause.
causality,
is
"
causa finalis
"
Simply
this,
that
In the
1
"
first place, as
my
316
The
"
end
instance,
is
"
is
not yet
be
to
determines a psychoid in
it
which
the end,
reached but
called imagination
but
"
the end
"
its
specificity
the
all
for
so-
by
"
having
"
acts
But
is
it
It
tions
simply
true
by reason
to
correspond
any
and the
of definitions,
irreducibilities
causality
defini
to
relates
tion of complexes
caiisa is spatial
its
though
reference
to
which are
effects
We
are.
spatial
effects
And
unities.
besides this
the
category of
individuality
substance.
But there
is
is
no identity
by no means
as is occasionally asserted
who have
at
"
all
and, on the
by those philosophers
is
as
We
agents.
more
is
to say,
constituents
single
the
of
is
intensive
317
manifoldness
something like a
"
cause,"
"
thing single
tion of
the converse
be a
"
it is
the manifesta
true
is also
and have
"
"
its
It
may
also be
unspatial.
We
have
And
is
unbroken
proposed
to
it.
Thus
but part of
name
apply the
which
it
of
manner
causes
"
"
described,
In
this
"
way
implies
individuality
causality.
Entelechy Supra-personal
As
entelechy
is
is, is
meaningless.
but
would be
it
are in space as
so
many
Entelechy
where
"
entelechy
many
or types of individual
would be wrong,
others
is
"
that in
for
many
entelechian manifestations.
the
simple reason
cases there
besides
This
many
entelechies"
entelechy."
"forces
and
318
one by an
of
artificial
separation of
most clearly
or
rather be said to be
may
"
supra-personal."
"
NATURE
"
show how
the
category
establish a clear
and
of
individuality
serve
may
to
nature
"
All
the
The
Nature."
"Ideal
elemental
"
Ontological
constituents
that
Prototype"
science
operates
quality, space,
to each
and
Specificities
constituent,
possibility
known
as
"
"
"
mass,"
potential
force,"
"
causality are at
work
concerned.
The system of
1
all
He adds
"
difficulties
note
1.
extcrnc,"
that, considered as
as even in
of totipotent parts.
"finaliU"
believe
is
that these
Comp.
p. 313,
general
meaning
is
"
inorganic nature
ideal
of the word.
319
"
in the
scientific
may
"
On
the basis of
number
of
number
all
irreducible
of
named a
relation,
certain
certain
"
of
ontological prototypes" as they might properly
be called, are established, and the task of science is to co
1
ordinate natural Givenness with these ontological prototypes.
Now
all
constituents at
work
in
it, is
in space
and
all
"
so
the
all potentialities,
"
spatial
change
is
Organic Nature
The category
as
is
generally known,
faculty of
"synthetic
to spatial
that his
nature,
"transcendental
judgments a priori."
It
may
appear questionable whether in fact this concept meets the point, and
whether it would not be more advisable to speak of the faculty of establishing
a certain system of irreducible concepts as the fundamental faculty of reason
But I agree that this
ing, all proper "judging" a priori being analytical.
question
arises:
"Why
are
320
SCIENCE
"
but not
This
spatial nature.
in
"
created
Therefore
is
all
constituents
and
it
is
is
in space.
which
is
world of
(fraivofjieva,
given to the
as far as the
Thus
Ego.
"
world
entelechies,
"
they relate to
is
though transcending
Even
if
morality,
new kind
of category to be at
work
here,
may
nature
in
of which
so
of
1
or
be
"
nature
as
the
totality
of
principles,
whole analysis
acquires a far more
called
"
related to spatiality in
vitalistic
Once more
"the
we conceive
objective
Givenness
Psychical."
Even
if
we were
is
the
"consciousness"
it
321
Kautians.
With Kant,
only in space
is
and
receives
life
The whole
and
parts,
the
"
is
more
this is the
is
moral world
a very
Givenness
of
morality,
it,
the
sphere of voov^eva, or
sense, the absolute
life,
is
science."
the
concept
of
nature
at least said to
"
to
itself,
transferred to
inaccessible
a world by
intellectual inaccessibility of
before
is
intelligible
be
"
must be
it
parts
seems
enlarged,
to
so
of
me
that
nature,"
which
of
"
the
concept
of
"
force
as
an
irreducible
Only
in this
"Moglichkeit
der
way,
it
Causalitat
"
"
"
Dialektik
page 304. That the so-called "antinomies" of Kant s
All of them are capable of
are not really such, has often been noticed.
being solved within the range of Givenness and do not touch at all the
problem of the "Absolute." Mind within the range of Givenness is more
Also the problem of the finiteness
perfect than Kant allowed it to be.
"
"
see
"
pure Givenness.
21
322
constituent
the
an
ideal
as
entelechy
first
nature,
is
spatiality
of
concept
and
of
"
"
is
Let us not
"
Givenness.
The sphere
It is just the
we may be permitted
If
concept of morality in
conception of
"
nature
"
to say a
this
place,
we
the Kantian
find
How
human
could
being,
undiscussable.
categorical
concept
acting
very
enlarged
is
natural
i.e.
the
special
and
Morality,
to a
of
men and
meaning
acting,
application
itself.
elemental kind to
oneself, relates
to
"
nature
"
of the word.
Therefore, moral
at
of
least
part
part of nature
of
it,
:
and
it
morality
is
is
323
Conclusions
Thus we may
are
and psychoids
truly
potentials and constants
they all
are not immediately, but only in an
enlarged meaning
as
are
as
of the word.
all
They
elaboration of Givenness
all of
too, are
humanity
in
its
to
its
"
"
And Life is
speak in the terminology of the scholastics.
understood
the
of
by
concept
entelechy just as well
as is inorganic nature by the concepts of energy, force,
"
"
mass,
In
There
etc.
certain
is
no need of further
we may
sense
"
explanation."
say that
all
conceptual
generalities
in this
subsumed
of Givenness as being
sense also
there
is
"
no difference
"
relate
to
and
"
"
It
seems to
me
mistakes of Kant,
that
tend
many modern
to
subdivide
into a
logic,
and
and
me
experience
follow their
"
must be one
also,
"
of experience
or not.
But this
"
324
77.
Though a theory
RATIONAL SCIENCE
of epistemology
is
that
science
Ideal Nature
"
beyond
goes
"
only so far as
it is
science
istics
of reason.
it is
"
"
rational,"
for
may
are
the
be concepts
and
in
transformed by
immediate per
This raw material
of science, of course,
is
in time.
"
"
science
limits
that
"
Causal
"
Science
But
In
is
its
due
to the
rational
and
it
seems to
me
that this
fall
325
by the law of
in this case
such
is
"
"
causal
you
The generality
gravitation.
"
force,"
be formulated
may
"
or
as
potential,"
or whatever
prefer.
But people
"
also
"
of
speak
explaining
when they
to do
formulated
explained
you know
if
In a logical
a child.
its
is
it
Newton
s,
or at least Galilei
law.
of
"
explaining
knowledge
the
child
act
word
explains
meaning
of
"
the word.
It
Causal
"
explaining
Ideal Nature
It seems to
me
always simply
causal
historical.
reference."
and causal
reference
always due
to
nature
"
is
so
common nowadays
is
almost
Wherever laws
of
resting
"
generalities
property of
"
ideal
nature,"
but more
326
Thus the
law of Newton
is
Newton we
the law of
are entitled to
given world in
in the
to
its
contingent specificity.
Though remaining
domain of concepts we here proceed from a Platonic
it falls,
the
when
it is
in its course
it
amount
of potential energy
Now
also.
all
other ontological.
we have
The concept
The
into
two
parts,
The
unknown
referred
causally
or
my
my
in detail
by the operation.
creating
"
"
is
restitutive stimulus
restitution, however, of
my
cutting the
a restitutive stimulus
is the
a special
affects
point of manifestation of
viz. of
327
"
stone,"
but
and ontological
logical
ideal nature
"
or
"
between laws of
relations
"
Platonic ideas
Givenness
as far as
Givenness
it is
final elucidation.
knowledge.
Now,
still
is
third kind of
typical features of a
"
explaining."
certain
type of entelechian
specific
"
by entelechy
explained
explaining
rational
is
nearly
sense,
as a whole.
related
though
is
it
to
may
be said to be
This
explaining
not identical
new
in
with
sort of
the
real
it.
We
It certainly
is
manifestations of entelechy
possible,
and
for
what
of space
they actually are in fact, just as the category
1
It
would be
the categories of
make
of
be
what
allows
328
number
the
us to predict
of
and
bodies
regular
their
characteristics.
once more.
No
by the school of
what the ground
In
Schelling.
fact, it
of division for a
is
to see
difficult
system of entelechian
analogy at present.
As
to
"
"
these
why
"
the
that
third
here
is
above
"
seen
it
but
own
in our
non-causal
and
geometry,
"
"
Explaining
day.
connexion,
in
But there
is
which
everything
also
exists
its
plays
connected
voiu
It
with
role
in
geometry.
basis of the
"
Satz
"
in
Schopenhauer s terminology.
not even an attempt at a solution of
fundamental problem.
A few aprioristic special
this
different
forms
of
entelechian
statements
with
manifestation,
regard
though
to
not
It might,
ty[>es,
1905
vol.
ii.
in preparation.
i.,
Leipzig,
be
instance,
organism, that
its
would
organisation, either
tion, that
predicted
it
to say
is
nature
by regeneration or by
on the basis of
of an
re-differentia
an harmonious- or
either
But
system.
is
the very
complex -equipotential
distinction
from
329
this
aprioristic
an analysis of entelechy
organism.
0.
We
know
that
autonomous
vital
phenomena
we are
conceive
We
individuality.
know
also
in
what
are
able
relation,
these
relations
factors stand
and how
spatial
Somewhat mysteriously
"
being
and
becoming are
That
ontological
timeless,"
is
to
entity,
said
united
in
in
entelechy,
say,
cannot
concept
of a
us
first
though an
definite
amount
par
consider
Compare
also
"
itself
Platonic idea,
Let
chapter
entelechy,"
manifest
the
former
time
my
the
to be
elemental
completely
of time
in
and
contradictory
excellence.
process
of
morphogenesis
p.
204.
330
once
more.
stages
The
validity
fact
that,
so-called
be
may
case an
it
"
open
under
embryo
we have
A,
even
or
external
of a plant
completely
conditions.
Now
stages in
on the
having performed
is
be understood
of
typical
In any
would not form a flower until
certain
consecutive
being
is
shortened
or
lengthened
had formed
of
the
as
"
suppressed
statements
of these
succession
is
stage
is
Morphogenesis
when one
stage
summoned
to
all
well
may
morphogenesis
A,
by the
i.e.
existence
spatial
In this
consist
its
in a
permanent inter
But even then, the
activity
of
regarded as
As
entelechy
strictly instantaneous,
i.e.
to acting,
stages,
it
is
except in time.
And what
the fact of
the
all
its
concept
own
of
la
duration
duree,
to the
not
le
temps
arises,
Is
conscious
the
not
Ego
made
centre
of
whether we shall
the
we have
"
"
is
is the
"
"
"
called
or not.
an
non-historical.
The Temporal
properly a
in
subjective
more
"
unreal
if
will
timeless, validity
seems
it
Time
in
allow
said
is
it
cannot
to
be
me
to
say
still
so,
is.
space
so
phenomenon
you
than
i.e.
eternal,
ideal world.
this
what
of
"
ideal nature
in the sense of
have a place
"
in
Temporal
331
"
"
is
be conscious of single
"
and
of
scientific,
my
demands dura
Givennesses
in space, but
they
change,
no
present.
movement, no
And there would
and
past
stages,
only
the
no morphogenesis and
also be
no acting
there would only be
A would be forgotten when stage
future
arrived, there
would
What
absolutely
s.
then
be
to
is
timeless
ideal
preferred
world
and
my
postulating
looking
upon
my
of imperfection of
my
knowledge
all
as a sort
an
or
my
of time
"
"
There
is
no
almost identical.
doubt
And
that
it is
memory and
duration
are
332
called time
is
speaking,
is
"
of
and by no means
space,
In
duration.
given
fundamental.
this
add
may
identical
Bergson
respect
to
with immediately
s
analysis
is
it
scientific
saves
sense,
us
Would then
it
implies
On
nature."
is
at least
something
be
really
we
a later occasion
my
constituent
entelechy,
of
see that
shall
the
in
absolute
one of the
indeed
be
duration,
absolute
something
strict sense,
since
be
duration
also
"
ideal
memory
lead
to
us
be
to
Kant
duration
into
scientific
time
introduce
to
introduce
the
in
by
implied
same sense
entelechy
as
and
this
is
timeless
in
nature would
time
be
defined
as
The
duration.
would
"
"
ideal
not
by
"
"
Temporal
objectified
duration;
word.
But
from
let
still
"
It certainly is
"
one of the
by a consecutive
fact is
known
line
of stages.
so universally
even
scientific
and
is
people
And
because
observed almost
hardly realise
sufficiently
entelechy
You
Why
is.
333
is
not
*
:
Because,
given
moment
"
an harmonious-
We may
on the pianoforte.
this
being
But again
Why
so,
the concept
eutelechy was
introduced.
why
that
we do
if
not know.
ontogeny."
Theoretically,
"
as
strike a chord
of entelechy
it
when we
e.g.,
we
all
know
that
able
is
to
is
And
this
may
serve us as an analogy
itself
it
may
teach us
of entelechian acts
on non-entelechian factors
for it
is
because he
dependence
1
That
is
are
totality
we
which
is
understand
able to
the
i.
page 83.
existence of
explicit prospective
334
SCIENCE
The problem of
ontogeny as a consecutive series of stages.
and
time
be
said
to be partly
therefore
may
entelechy
"
"
is
only a
CONCLUSIONS OF PART II
SUMMARY
of
"
individuality
the problem
established
factors
by
"
maintain.
Teleology or individuality
as
is
elemental as
causality.
The category
into
"
of individuality
ideal nature
"
entitles
us to introduce
We
them
category
since
the
ontological
possessed by consciousness
for
this
of
individuality
reason
life
is
is
really
explained by entelechy.
Immediate
psychological
category at work.
direct proofs are
found
With
self -analysis
regard
Some such
required.
and
shows
to objectified
us
this
nature in
specific
combinations in
336
certain
implies
Its chief
it acts.
is
performance
the augmenta
elements
action
this
and
causality
may
causality, but
in
Entelechy
substance it
among given
may
to mechanics.
matter and
iiscs
Entelechy
material
for
causality
its
A material system
purposes."
behave differently from what it would do if controlled by
In other words, spatial conditions form only a
entelechy.
in space left to itself will
"
sum
part of the
of all conditions on
depends.
us as something that
new and
is
becoming strikes
only.
to
own material
its
importance
"
"
is
self-purpose
purpose,"
contradictory in
we know from
as
"
a certain state of
itself,
all,
alien
purposes.
the concept of
even formally
a former discussion,
the surroundings
is
that
is
always
be
"
"
ought
to
it.
"
appears
its
leading
also not
itself
in
morphogenesis or governing
"
"
to organisms.
is
"
in
this
its
also
with regard
in the
organism
motor organs-
material.
The only
difference
then that
337
But
immediately by entelechy.
individualising entelechy
is
entelechy
^eternal to its
in both cases
non-spatial
work
at
is
and
"material."
We
now
In the
first
place, let
me
and philosophical
remind you again
we have
on
this
say
the
feature
which
alone
construction so
theoretical
enabled
far as
us to
pursue our
we have done
we
the
is
started.
"
"
"
cell,"
"
the
nucleus,"
"
"
gastrula,"
"
secretion,"
system,"
in
really
the prospective
"
regulation,"
reacting,"
potency,"
the
we employed.
of a
"
very
basis
of
the equi-
historical
"
"
"
introductory remarks.
place
"
potential
our
nervous conduction
338
And now
we have
let
all
Let
As an
stituent
nature, or
ideal
of
of
is
chemically and
physically
characterised
it
phenomenon
metabolism,
consists
typical con
its
in spite of so-called
stellation is preserved
of.
i.e.
The
exhibits the
it
and possesses as
its
most im
The character
organism is endowed
with is such that the organism cannot be conceived as
a constellation of inorganic parts which is inorganic qua con
or
stellation.
in
the
faculties
living
There
is
individual
something
in the
word
organism s behaviour
which is opposed to an
living organism
parts, that
cally
it
is
combined body
something we
extensive but
"
call
an
"
organism
without further explanation.
Entelechy
entelechy.
intensive
manifoldness
of its
a typi
This
being not an
neither a
is
But entelechy
is
a factor
339
not
itself
nature
cally.
though
it
anywhere
may
is
in
Introspective analysis
it is
what entelechy
is
individuality
able to understand to
;
its
own
by the
satisfaction
com
PART
III
for
whether
discussion,
to Givenness
its
of
range
application
with
"
or
in
nature
"
not be
space
may
wider than the mere biology of the individual organism.
regard
To
manner
to this
dogmatic
to saying
seem
to be very strange
In
order
to
and inconceivable.
out
find
individuality as a category
cally,
we
shall
reasons which
do
best, I
actually
we
a.
to
which
may
relate, at least
to
of
nature
hypotheti-
believe, to
led us
domains
set
up the entelechian
did.
RETROSPECT
We
in space
and
341
"
"
the
as
it
bination
of
processes
combination of
its
"
as
an
we understand
the
com
artificial
whether the
or
parts
In short
in
was guaranteed in
specific
immanent.
itself, i.e.
combina
of the
statical
"
of the
"
category,
individuality,"
Consequences of the
worth while
Machine- Theory
"
to lay stress
"
"
Even
been forced
have
"
individual
the
which
be
have
the
asked
ad injinitum,
And
here
this
if
effect
for
the
for
yet
supposed
originating.
to
for
of
its
Thus
an
that case
we should
intrinsic
reason
other
to
machine
its
hypothetic
have
machine
another
of
A
B
constructing," if
egg
is
ask
to
in
again
machine
C,
reason
of
constructing,
even
on
the
machine
had
we
and
proved
should
so
on
theory
of
342
For,
whenever we
must
liave
been in
find
we
typical
are forced
intrinsic activity.
The category of in
to
us
conclude
in
this
manner.
dividuality forces
some autonomous
we have proved
work
is
superseded, as soon as
in
but
it
to
have alluded
to
here.
it
A
what
to follow.
We
when
psychoid, except
it
entelechy always
products
manifests
the organisms.
in such constellations, as
itself
in
was
Morphogenetic
visible
constellative
There
tions
is,
visibility.
effect
The
of entelechy
first
themselves
as
there
constellations or
to
corpse
it is
Produkt
ihr
come
into account
know from
our previous
We
discussion that
in
ist
Tiitigkeit
as Hegel says
But
product.
is
only.
libergegangen,"
its
343
us set to work.
let
Let us try
to find out in
real
occurred
at
least
hypothetically
We
know
searching for
that
in
we should be
able to find
and
fields
the
"
at least
teleological,"
meaning of
2
what we are
such combinations or
this case,
which
is justifiable.
this word.
there at least
In
be more
may
"
electricity
2
or
With
"
called
"
Gestaltqualitaten
(Ehrenfels)
"fundierte Inhalte"
all cases of
these concepts
conversely.
which, by
the
way,
are
purely
psychological
but
not
344
the
"
"
teleology
must be under
it
We
with
"
my
"
acting
in the sense of
or to discover real
Kant
we must be
and thus
"
purpose,"
all
that
satisfied, if
"
whole
"
purposes of nature
"
or a
"
we can
dis
unity,"
or a
"
is
/?.
REALM OF LIFE
History in General
In the
first
place
we
the
refer to
historical
actings
of
certainly
it is
phenomena
is
We
quite
But
Categorical individuality
scientific task
As
individuals.
is
at
is
raised even
work
it
by
sets us a
is
ourselves.
have
any positive
any group of cultural or
know nothing
human
We
history.
of
phenomena
human
analysis
by showing,
would have
to begin
study.
confess
345
We
this yet.
do
word
concerned in
Of
sum
the
is
it,
and
is
course, even
individual unity in
immanent
an
would
still
culture were
autonomous
"
"
itself.
and
historical
human
the entelechian
factor
in
teleology in history,
might
all,
also be
"
culture
"
unconscious
"
so-called
if
machine-like
teleology.
case that
the individuals
all
individual
cultural
sphere, but
"
be unsolved.
subconscious
acting of
not a real
if
the
of
or
there
"
qua
to say in this
to be understood mechanically
is
it
would
but
it
given state of
culture qua
construction
is
at a
the effect of a
construction, and
so
on
ad infinitum
the
word
persons.
and
of matter in space
the
whether
active at a certain
it
sum
of historical
moment
had been
of the past.
in
any sense
task.
It
concept of a
346
But might we
not
find
something
like a teleological
human
individual
word
life to
part of
all,
amount
an affirmative answer to
and in your
life
us have a certain
Is
my own
unity or purposefulness in
you
life
sum
of
life,
the
or at least
all,
but I doubt
if it is
Newton s law
as
of gravitation.
Phylogeny
As
to a
the
of
know
"
"
"
phylogeny
Living
absolutely
Lamarckism
There
there
in
may
may
general,
nothing,
are
of possibility
beyond the
we have
except that
"
equally
confessed
"
that
Darwinism
"
we
and
be autonomy
not a real
may
in
teleological constellation.
Of
scoj>e
ality,"
at least in the
lergson, in bis
Comp. vol. i. page
advocates an autonomous but endless phylogeny.
30f>.
Ltvolntion
creatrice,
also
347
as such
where we are
so ignorant as
biology,
so
except
we
are here.
as
the
individual
personal
is
concerned.
But
is
Yes, there
is
a class
of
individual.
We
that the
the simple
phenomenon
of propagation.
germ
manifestation of entelechy, as
we
was found
fragments, in
parents.
bud whatever.
have
it,
in
The
an egg or germ
of universal restitution of
said a single
is
the fact
We
ontological sense.
its
to be developed
is,
called
mere subclass
to be a
its
of entelechy.
significance
"
fragments,"
The problem
certainly unique.
Have we not
teleological or
all
that can be
"
"
individual
1
This problem, of course, has nothing to do with the problem of sexual
I feel unable to add anything
propagation, shortly mentioned at vol. i. p. 33.
is beyond us at present.
the
there
remarks
to
the
critical
problem
positive
;
348
sense
Does
serve
to
not seein as
it
if
we mention it
But here also we know
7.
Let us
now
HARMONY
and
and
in this connexion
therefore that
other.
all,
in
nothing.
IN
NATURE
but
is
it
no
life,
Nobody
the
at
present
day,
so
far as
am
aware,
way
But such
And
in
the
different
types of
organisms
This
the real
is
still
inorganic elementalities
regarded as instances of
water attains
its
"
harmony,"
and so
greatest density at
-f
is
C.
and not
at
freezing-point.
I
1
The only
i>os.sible
that,
eutelechy
objection to this view seems to be as follows
indefinite time
But even
this
349
me
to be a certain
of the general
classes
teleological
Of
relate.
any
course,
would be much
As
i.e.
it
if
forces,
physics
The
possible
forms
of
equilibrium
would
be
and
specific distribution
relative frequency
These, of
which in turn
is
the consequence of a
still earlier
Is
one.
is
of the
That certainly
purposefulness with regard to organic beings.
sounds very anthropomorphic," but we must never forget
"
that in no other
manner would
it
even
the
mere starting-point
for a
"
supra-biological
or
350
"
supra-personal
immanent
we most
or entelechian teleology
would not be
teleologically
were
other
it
difficult.
to search for
is
know
decidedly
we can do
Of an
"
to some
imaginable
purpose.
and distribution of
of the
properties
salt
And
In this
and of
ever-present
iron,
the
way
and
organisms
the frequency
the
remarkable
assist
But we
shall
S.
It is not the
specific
distribution
I refer,
"
"
there
may
problem whether
we
constellation
to
that
harmony
inorganic
organisms.
Of course
as
or,
this
might
strange
is
quite
new problem,
so
it
seems,
is
much
less
"
"
anthropomorphic
Many
sort of
351
we know, and
mere symmetry
any
Now
it
certainly
is
by no
means proved
them.
it
an
in
Fechner,
almost
form,
poetical
but
also
other
"
of
"
"
with regard to
harmony
life
We may
in planetary arrangements.
raise the
question in
this connexion,
and
dynamico-teleological
its host,
"
and apparently
living.
It
"
contingent
constellation in
which
it
was
may
What
sidereal
is
known
actually
apart
arrangements,
particular,
relates
in
the
least a sidereal
To sum up
first
Way
about
from
and
the
specificity
of
planetary systems
in
place
to
the
remarkable
the distribution of
many
is
at
nothing
is
quite certainly
known, either
352
about
and individual
matter or
in
or
planetary
sidereal
But
arrangements.
harmonious
teleology
with
to
regard
living
and
beings
man.
To
deny
inorganic
in
teleology
would
form
any
feature
elusive
"
The term
common
With
that
"
contingent
and at
this
nothing
determined,
univocally
"
very
to
regard
of
constellation.
different
meanings in
specificity
has two
contingency
use.
maintain
inorganic
"
must
necessity, philosophy
in
happens
and that
nature
that
therefore
not
is
nothing
is
moment
of time, philosophy
may speak
of
a plan to
due.
which
their
Contingency
1
teleology,
in
local
this
now we wish
to
express
is
in
our general
result
with
It is
to teleology
"contingency"
it is
a negation.
But
Comp.
note.
353
ments
as
we
history,
and
such,
are
with
reference
answer at
all,
the
But
of
With
individuality remains.
between
founded
task
phylogeny and
to
a Limited Teleology
TJie Concept of
we have
as
For,
said,
inklings
of a
harmony
asserted.
in
In
the whole
of nature,
fact, this
word
as
the
old
"
"
harmony
assert
cosmos
is
is
guaranteed in
it,
at least
life
(and
man s
on the earth
we
are able
naturalists
is
life in
particular)
s surface.
Darwinism.
any
by contingency
it
states,
because
system as a whole. If the distances of the single planetary orbits from the
centre do in fact always follow a comparatively simple formula, it may be
owing
moment
of their
formation, and
23
354
this
we
But
to
mere harmony
different
organisms,
between
we
say,
and
plants
life
in
the
Things
general.
a certain
is
and
sun,
harmony
at least with
As
probability.
by the
propounded
But
we
since
actually
discover
some
sort
of
harmony
of
the inorganic
world seem to
"
tingency
specified
purpose
way
that
at
least
suggests
seem to be
a
limited
We
shall
come back
and we
of view,
will
355
f MORALITY
Morality as a Standard of Measurement of Universal Teleology
to
be,
of
to
a critical
This objection
another.
human
more
inclined to call
it decisive.
hypothetic
supra-personal
regarded as having
made
entelechy
natural
that
harmony.
must
be
Nothing, of
meaning
of the
We
we
last resort
measurement of
therefore
morality
discussions.
all
intellectuality
it.
once more
enters
into
our theoretical
356
Morality as a Category
me now
Let
accentuate what
to
we have
former occasion.
Morality, as a form of judging,
is
1
causality and individuality.
the
into
reality
another.
may
be, morality
in
its
of reflection.
"
as
tive
And
morality as a category
is
is
as
the subject
"
constitu
"
individuality
may
be one
Thus
morality has
its
place first
in
the
system
categories have.
1
of
as all
There
ethics
There
is
is
It is a very important
357
characteristic
We
happen,"
but
it
"
ought
though not in
all
what
"
ought to
we
particular,
evolution in
With regard
happen."
to
history
in
we were
if
it
sum
of
"
and such
bility,"
"
if
very important
only."
in practical
This
is
life.
We
now come
morality and
a very
to
all vitalism.
and
seems to
me
of cntelcchy,
substance.
May we
the assertion
"morality"
on
and not
its
own
"
"
of morality
is
358
to
to morality
How
is
"
"
I feel
morally
is
could
/ knew
if
way
it.
more
machines, which some day I myself might be able to construct like a steam engine
To a convinced theoretical
!
materialist,
whom
to
system, morality
his neighbour is a
an absurdity.
This
is
mechanical
real
is
true,
equally
logical
bottom,
metaphysical
theory of
avail to
or
life
professed
manner.
is
assume
In
as
siders
objective
the
in
crudest uncritical
When
human
"
"
appearing
an author
feels
categorical
existence
axiom, even if
to
it
of
in
relations morally
It is
of
in spite
his
he unconsciously
very strange to see what an
life,
up
enormous confusion of thought generally prevails in
There might be vitalism without morality
gives
appear
no
It is of
mechanical
the
case
either
of a mechanical system
and phenomeno-
idealistic
a something non-mechanical
per definitionem.
is
morality
this region.
;
but the
implies vitalism
Inj
as
an
oilier proofs.
our subject.
p.
289.
PART
IV
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
is
certainly
my
phenomenon.
far
upon pure
were
concepts
it
they
idealistic
to
auxiliary
the
my
Givenness,
of
understanding
Givenness.
Is there really
something absolute, to
"
metaphysics,"
not exclusively
that
is
to say,
"
to
And
something that
is
what does
basis
It
all
"
my phenomenon
seems
to
me
I might say
though dim windows only
able to see that there is such
which
at
we
are
least
through
windows, as
a thing as absoluteness.
By no means do
I believe that I
am
"
able to
We
"
prove
the inconceivable.
intelligibility
would not
in
the
sense
be absoluteness
And
of
prove
cannot
provableness,
but phenomenality.
359
"
otherwise
I
it
know very
360
my
is
Givenness, whether
all
sensations are mine, and all feelings and all concepts and
All of this
categories.
"
is
"
"
any
broken.
"
glass
is
just as from a
we may
perceive the
outside without
in
to the
"
"
"
fact
that there
knowing
Thus we are able at least
to
is
something
it is.
"
is
called
so in logic
and mathe
Of
words
This book
.to
"something"
If not,
the
and
"is"
"Absolute"
would not be
absolute.
not the place for any attempt to pursue this problem further.
Logical and mathematical truth is certainly "absolute" as to its validity
long as there exists a subject like the human mind (comp. the very suggestive
is
and
for
this reason,
though
"absolutely
true,"
it
is
not
truth"
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
a.
361
Thou
is
Morality
the
"
exclusively would
absoluteness,
dependence
be absurd.
independence
is
the
sense
the
Ego
of
"
the
me
in
any
"
"
Given."
in
Reality
in
detail.
"
is
this
though
absolutely unintelligible to
of
"
reality
that
sense
it is
Reality in this
objectified.
the
nothing but the product of a certain category
But
to
forces
us
category subject-object.
morality
regard
sense
is
something
to
the
Absolute.
absoluteness
It is
field of
be accomplished
to
is
In
importance
morality
conceive
"
Thou."
moral acting.
which
with regard
by acting
conceiving
I conceive the
field in
its
importance, as the
may become
clear.
is
History
not
made
of
morality in general
being,
of course,
independent of the
The second
by the
fact,
"
window
the
Ego
"
is
constituted
362
there
is
general and of
in
memory
in
particular
in other words,
something that
an unconscious or supra-
conscious
of the
what
say
It
conscious
is
is
more than
to assert
Ego
Phenomenalism
Ego.
strictest
"
"
of the
basis
This tends
presented to consciousness.
is
But
creates substances.
is
"
the
for
substance,"
it
in
general
its
outcome.
The
last
window
into
the absolute
the It
the contingency
is
immanent coherence
of the
Let
And
yet
it
my
is
not
very often
create
contrary
is
immanent
it
to,
coherence
I,"
consciously
or
at
least
between
the
absence, or
may,
will.
there
single phases of
do certainly
as
"
it
else.
by
my
if
temporary
by something
I see it, then turn away for
from a high mountain
the stone in every case
a moment, and then look again
to fall
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
363
it;
interval
in
to
broken by an
responsible for
it,
immediateness,
Therefore, to put
it
"
one.
is
am
"
"
categories
briefly
the
not
"
responsible.
contingency
the
of
come
of
into account,
contingency in
ness with regard to the
there,
"
sensations
or
"
"
presentations
this
now
"
now one
itself,
tends
to
prove
absolute
now
here and
"
"
"
It
It."
is
it is
true
This
but not by
a?-
is
all
from
the
Ego.
Our
general
now
calls
for a
show us absoluteness
further short
analysis before
in
we
/5.
Immediate
THE
"
Givenness
sensible
"
POSTULATE
is
the
material
the
categories establish
categorical system has to work with
axioms with regard to this material and thus render it a
;
system
that
itself.
the
Ego
In the
is
first
place,
it
it.
notions,
That
is
to say
regard to
also forms
:
the
some
Ego forms
1
A complete theory of the Absolute would have to consider in this
of nature, expressed in the
connexion what are generally called "constants
These
relations
form of
say the sixes of electrons and atoms.
"
quantitative
constants are "contingent" with regard to the reasoning mind
matter might reduce them to one or two constants.
;
a theory of
364
axioms
inevitable, as
the
that
range
We
consistent
are,
our
of
postulates
vitalism.
We
with the
identical
if
"
or
of univocality
in
relation
The axiom
individuality.
even
axiom
whether
determination,
true
"
of
to
necessary
or
causality
would remain
univocality
to
two
If ever
we should not
say
But we
equal.
not say
constant
"
of typical
"
when
in itself that
many
the
between
distinction
aprioristic
phenomenon
of experience, of
The
postulate
categories
in general
"understanding":
to the
relates
apparent contingency
in the contingency
it
it
most important
postulate and the
as
science.
Given
in
its
As
specificity
is
all specificity
it
is
to the possibility
See vol.
may
and
uniformity
a question of induction
i.
the
of
The
such, relate to
will
It is
this
number
cases
a certain
do
so uniform
is
page 148.
]x>stulate.
or whatever it
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
Givenness tends to prove the Absolute,
uniformity of nature relates
365
to absoluteness itself.
7.
We
unending
the
task,
specific geographical
the specific
The
teleology
now
calls for
what we
of
problem
called
"
limited
"
in the first
place.
How
far
teleology possibly go
Givenness does
is
distribution of matter
and
go
Does
singularities
teleological
it
possibly
it
be
how
extend
purposefulness
most minute
one universe
"
contingency
deal
the
of
whatever.
to
"
be no
in the specific
"
"
purposefulness
supra-personal
to
assume
even granting a
individuality
that
it
is
it
o66
SCIENCE
met
three
think
universal
would care
teleology,
arguments
as
far
anybody, even
hardly
as
surface
its
this,
that
inclined
if
to
push
to
is
"
"
immediately
historical
singularities.
his
hypothetically
intelligible is absolutely
regarded as an
We
before,
and
if
wanting
outcome of
have discussed
the
accept
teleological
up to
Teleology must be
say,
right
admitted
to
reason
it
for
may be
its
being
is
its control.
this
problem of a
"
"
limited teleology
the Given.
purpose of
man
is
intellectuality
own
throughout.
far as it
it is
institution.
the
metaphysics
of
the
last
great
moral
philosopher-
Schopenhauer.
Thus,
at the
I believe,
probably domains of
at least past
The harmony
in
eutelechian manifesta
and supra-personally
nature, statical at
present, is
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
But the universe
their result.
detail a
system
teleological
unable to conceive
as a
it
"
is
"
universe
throughout.
if
Inorganic
a mutual
relate to
at
to
all
different
harmony among
classes of events
is
There
contingency," i.e.
would only
human mind
at least the
"
in every historical
not
is
367
organic
life
in
would only
constellations in history
of the
It
is
that even in
individuality
the
is
field
only
known
this individuality
details
to us
where dynamically
effective
the single
cells
And
another point
is
wherever the
immediate
manner
control
of
at least to
an
or
at
in
in
2
all,
the
to individuality.
is
statical
actively
at
But
it is
work
as
We
to
show us the
"fact"
368
it
finds
wants
It
"
means,"
and
individuality
it
has
with
interfered
and
here
causality
there,
but not
everywhere.
At
to
this point
what we have
we
"
"
"
determination
would be awaked by
to allow of
any
concept of
univocal
substance
categories
But
or
causality, for
causality
or
field
substance as
this
bio-theoretical
narrower
It
to be such as not
problem as such.
field of analysis.
would be wanting
of
to imagine a world in
substance were
in such
a world.
which
change
would not be
applicable
And
it
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
would be
my
But there
mind.
That
to say
is
my
true causality
is
system most
whenever
But
understand
let us
This
fully.
able to
and true
it is.
to the categorical
in its
369
is
specific
tends
to
exists a
fact,
and
Givenness
absoluteness.
common meta
"
it
come back
by means of the
categories
to our theme.
Givenness in
others
certain
in
the
organisms
and
possibly
in
in
in
some
other constellations.
What
does that
we know
that
mean with
show us
to say
now
where-
it
some
Or,
if
unintelligible
we
to be
in
prefer to say so
*
:
become part of our phenomenological Givenness under the form not only of causality, substance, and
to be able to
And
i.e.
we have
objectified reasoning.
at least a hypothetic
admitted.
24
370
it
It
is
true,
of a
the sense
this
harmony
is
is
teleology in
One
nature.
harmony of
statical,
in
teleological
becoming
as
the
teleology in
organisms
an
is.
earlier
state,
8.
IX
AN
THE UNIVERSE
this
among
it
makes an
object of
assume
forced to
do not say
this
"of"
seems to
it
primary
me
that the
mind
the universe
as
soon
as
is
I
a universal
would show a
it,
other constellation
of
the
elementalities of
the universe
would be contingent.
This
v\rj
"
is
and
downright
i/ouv.
Dualism,"
But how
are
we
to escape dualism
when
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
371
It is
constella
the
material,"
of
concept
God
therefore
mere
as
appears
an
we are allowed
we only know the fact of
windows, as
absoluteness
absolutely
know
it
were,
scientific
"
"
look into
to
the Absolute
Thus
that
"
how
"
we only
of the Absolute.
"
<(
natural theology
is
There certainly
is
To be
quite clear
The problem
some
viz.
the
"antinomies"
It,
of course,
relates to
any
"
1.
372
organisms
know
speak in most
the distribution of primordial matter and
decidedly,
general terms,
is
viz.
the
harmony,
or, to
velocity.
"
Certainly, the
"
God
6.
On
METALOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
a former occasion
we made
system,
the
concept of an
"natural
factors or
"
ideal
agents"
nature
"
is
are established
Givenness.
Our former
discussion
related
to
life.
"
"
"
absolute
in
"
is
such that
But
it
may
be
"
"
natural agents
fall
of a
"
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
373
of
its
living organisms.
But
it
also
may
have happened,
if
our
is justified.
In
all
But our
"
Science and
"
ends here.
1
On a former occasion (page 2dl) \ve have said that the ideal or Platonic
existence of entelechy as a constituent of "ideal nature" does not guarantee
the permanency of the individuals which are the outcome of its manifestation
It seems to me that the problem must remain open in the
iu
any way.
absolute
"
specified fashion
though
this, of course, is
no argument against
its
existence.
CONCLUSIONS
of the
in these
justified
Have we
of analytical studies
common
words,
we have
and now we
"
Organism
this
is
"
and
"
really
first
two
But
if
science and
philosophy were
there
were
philosophers
in
former
who
and
times
it is
categories, part of
feeling, part of it is
memory,
and there are many other parts. That domain of Givenness
which is formed out of sensations and categories we call
Nature.
It
makes no
whether nature
is,
we
that
is
is
to say,
it is
logical difference,
it
seems
what
really
happens in
it,
it
to
me,
actually
or whether
METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS
organisation
"
nature
"
come
means
and what
The
first is
But
knowledge.
375
human
INDEX
Absolute, the, 359 ff., 368 ft.
Acclimatisation, 12, 24 f.
Act of volition, origin of, 62 f.
Action, 33, 52 ff., 193f., 231
analogies to, 77 ff.
of apes, 107
59
criteria of,
66
ff.,
definition of, 54
degrees of, 106ff.
distribution of, 57
ff.
295,
Brain, centre,
275
f.,
206
Carnot,
ft
.,
266
Ill
80
f.,
88,
ff.
of
Givenness,
171
185 ff., 192, 232
finalis,
315
f.
Autotropism, 13
Avebury, Lord, 109
f.,
63
59
ff.,
78
117, 277
ff.
ff.
102
S.,
Categories, 296ft
Causa
f.,
ff.
Catalysis,
50, 71 ff,
life,
330,
spheres, 93 f.
Hraus, 96,
Bredig, 186
Busse, 74 f., 114, 218, 295
107
Aristotle,
of
328,
4,
Ants, 109
Autonomy
318,
ff.
"
j>ri<,ri,
313,
Animal intelligence, 57
Answering reaction," 72, 104
Antinomy, 304, 321, 371
of),
305,
332
Berkeley, 117
Bethe, 27, 96, 102
Bodies, classes of, 146
f.
.1
f.
of invertebrates, 109
lowest forms of, llOff.
mechanisation of, 55
Apes (acting
107
Becher, 78
f.
75
ff.,
f.,
Chain-reflex, 29, 40
102
f.
377
f.,
ft
254
f.
378
Chromotaxi*, 24
Clausius, 171
198
f.,
Clifford, 126
Cohen, 302, 309
Connecting function (of brain), 91 ff.
141 f., 294, 320
Consciousness, 37 f.,
Constants, 202 ff., 363
Contingency, 352 f., 363, 365 ff., 371
Continuity of life, 181, 221 f.
Co-ordination, 29 f., 51
Correlation, non-causal, 157
Correspondence, individuality of, 66 ff.,
80, 85, 88, 103
Criterion of acting, first, 59 ff.
second, 66 ff.
union of both, 75 ff.
Crustacea, 112
10f>,
Cumulation, 118
Cuvier, 328
Darwin, Ch., 42
Darwinians, 36, 106
Darwinism, 353 f.
Death, 184, 261 f.
Definition of action, 54
of instinct, 38 f.
of organism, 338 f.
Degrees of acting, 106
Demiur^us, 371, 373
Engramma,
f.
catalysis, 186f.
causality, 161
ff.,
235,
31t>f.
chemism, 181 f.
constants, 204
divisibility, 257
energy, 164 ff.
inorganic world. 161
153
ff.
264
ff., 266
284
and localisation, 258
and mechanics. 208 ff., 218 ff.
order of, 150 f.
primary, in the universe, 370 ft.
ami substance, 238 ff., 256
Epiphenomenon, 288
Equilibrium, 149, 175 ff.
Errera, 184
Evolutio, 154
Evolution. 120 f.
Exercise, 55
Experience, 25 f., 32, 54, 56 f., 60,
107, 110 ff., 113, 140 f., 301
Explaining, 206, 324 ff.
Extensity, 241 f.
justification of,
ff.,
ff.,
64,
Fechner, 351
f.
303
f.
Fertilisation.
230
Finality, 31 3
f.
Development, 189fT.
Fitting, 10
Differentiation, 192f.
Directed agents, 11
Forma
245
Flourens, 102
Freedom, 154
257
Functional
304
f.,
adaptation
system), 54, 278
f.
357
f.
Geisuler. K.,
ff.,
202
218
308
sensory nerves, 84
nervous
159, 162ff.
potential, 163f.
principles of, 158ff., 195ff..
(of
Geotropism, 10
f.,
physiological. 144
Economy
149
Dualism, 370
conservation
essential is,
France, 16
ff.
95
320, 335
ff.,
Fatigue, 55, 78
specific, of
205
ff.
Descartes, 222
Dissimilation,
177,
122
98,
Entelechy, 137
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
f.,
ff..
92,
Haberlandt, 10
Hnnel. E.. 42
INDEX
3T9
"
ff.
Heidenhain, 4
Heliotropism, 10
Lamarckism, 36
Langley, 95
Leclair, 295
Helm, 172
Hering, 87
Hertz, 21 5 f.
Heterogeneous induction, 12
Life,
f.,
Immortality, 373
Indian philosophy, 366
Individualised stimuli, 41, 43, 66, 72 f.,
101, 232
Individuality, category of, 296 ff., 310 ff.,
f.
f.
Innate ideas, 44
Instinct, 33, 35
definition of,
ff.,
38
83
f.,
109
f.
f.
i
ff.,
202
j
55
f.
Jensen, 176
Joest, 96
Justification of entelechy, 153
266
ff.,
ff.,
264
Mechanism, 283
Meinong, 343
Memory, 78, 279 f., 361
Mental disease, 98
f.
Moment
293
4,
f.,
96, 105,
ff.
Minkiewicz, 24
Japp, 226
Jennings,
f.,
f.
236
ff.
Locomotory organs, 4
Loeb, J., 15 f., 18, 29 f., 40
230
Lotze, 231, 256, 288
Lubbock, Sir John, 109
Luciani, 105
103
Individuum, 145
ff.
"
ff.,
260
335
of,
"
Hofmann, 148
Hume, 297
Hypnotism, 98
of correspondence, 66
end
ff.,
284
of regulation, 237
Monakow, v., 89
Monism, 80, 283, 371
355
ff.,
ff.,
Morality, 119
ff.,
ff.,
361
Morality, as a category, 356
380
85 ff., 93
body, 266 ff., 282
Radiolaria, 4
Kadi, 58, 157, 328
My own
ff.,
293
f.
Rauber, 147
Nagel, 89
Nature,
116,
321
Reflex, 8
120,
281
ff.,
318ff.,
Regulation, 5, 7, 90
of instincts, 46 ff.
ff.
348 ff.
ideal, 324 ff., 372 ff.
philosophy of, 125 ff.
purpose of, 132 f., 344
Necessity, category of, 303
Nemec, 10
Nervous conduction, 4
Noll, 10, 12, 243
320 f.
harmony
in,
182 ff.
237
lU-hmke, 280
limits of,
moment
f.,
44
119
ff.,
236
of,
(of
ff.
196
Retro-differentiation,
Reversion
23 f.
etc.)
tropisms,
12.
Rliumbler, 4
Rickert, 288
KL-htiiig reactions, 31, 50, 113, 141
Knbner, 166
96
f.
Ruttloff,
Palagyi, 269
Schneider, 143
Pantheism, 372
Parallelism, psycho -physical,
287 ff., 358
I ara mtci mil, 17
Pauly, 143
369
ff.,
Schwarz, 218
100
f.
f.,
40
Self-motion, 198
Self- purpose,
131
158, 234
Sherrington, 30
"Shock,"
1.
92
RiphonophorOi 4
288
234
Spaulding, 112
Soul, 285,
Space, 43,
f.
92,
ff.
95
f.
Spitzy, 102
Spontaneous action, 85
righting reactions
113, 141
Starfish,
f.,
j
f.,
f.,
of,
103, 111
31,
50,
f.
13
101, 232
of instincts, 41
ff.,
48
f.,
INDEX
Stimuli of restitutions, 229
simple, 41, 66
381
Tropism, 9
Truth, 360
ff.
Strecker, 143
living,"
246
Uexkuell,
f.
98
344
56
73
Unterschiedsemptindlichkeit," 18
ff.,
of
entelechy,
f.
225
13 ft ., 24, 41
Teleology, 129 ff., 308 f., 335, 343
dynamical, 135 f., 138, 151, 341
ff.,
limited,
statical,
353
135
f.,
365
f.,
151, 341
supra-persoual, 344
340
Telepathy, 122
universal,
ff.
ft
and
ff.
error,"
Walter, 19
106, 10S
35, 40, 51
"
ff.,
"
Tait,
ff.,
f., 141 f.
Universal teleology, 340 ff.
ff.
ff.
356 f.
action
Suspending
179 ff., 221 f.
Taxis, 8
27
102
Unconscious, 37
v.,
f.,
Winterstein, 243
63, 87, 107, 115
f.
Wundt,
Yerkes, 112
f.
Zwaardemaker. 166
THE END
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