Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Literatures
Applied Drilling Engineering
- Bourgoyne Jr., Chenevert, Millheim, Young Jr.
- Mohammed A. Mian
Well Engineering and Construction
- Hussain Rabia
Handouts, Technical Papers, etc.
Dr.-Ing. Opeyemi Bello
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, TU Clausthal
Classes:
14:00 17:00 pm
Grading:
20% Homework
80% Examination
Schedule:
Course Content
Lecture 1: Fundamentals
Lecture 2: Well Construction and Introduction to Drilling Rigs
Lecture 3: Rig Power Systems
LECTURE 4: HOISTING SYSTEMS AND PIPE HANDLING SYSTEMS
2.
3.
Name the three key main components of drilling rigs powered by rig power system
4.
What is the difference between the old rigs and modern rigs?
5.
What is the difference between a motor and a generator engine in terms of energy transfer?
6.
7.
8.
Mention the 5 out of 6 key attributes to look for when selecting generator sets for a modern drilling rig.
9.
From the below graph, which motor characteristic is better and why? What does the two parameters,
and T represent?
Diesel Engine
AC-Motor
DC-Motor
Dr.-Ing. Opeyemi Bello
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, TU Clausthal
Steam Engine
WS 2016/2017 - Drilling and Workover Systems (Bohr und Workover Anlagen)
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
HOISTING SYSTEMS
Hoisting System Overview
Hoisting System Components
Brake System Types and Principle
Drilling Hoisting Systems: A look into new
Concept
Hoisting System is the system used on a drilling rig to perform all lifting activities on the
rig.
These activities include the lowering and lifting of necessary equipment in or out of
the hole as rapidly as is economically possible
This system is the main component that performs the drilling operation by either
lifting or lowering the casing or drill pipes to drill and finally complete the well.
The principal items of equipment that are used in the hole are drill string, casing,
and miscellaneous instruments such as logging and hole deviation instruments
o
o
o
Derrick and substructure, block & tackle system, drawworks and drilling line
10
In addition, making a connection (process of adding a new joint of drill pipe), and making a
trip (removing the drill string from the hole to change a porting of the downhole equipment)
are the two regular tasks that need to be done by the hoisting system.
After GFZ-OSG-L.Wohlgemuth
11
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Hook
Supply reel
and other miscellaneous hoisting equipment such as
elevators and weight indicators
12
13
+2
Where
= Total compressive load on derrick (lbf)
= Hook load (lbf)
n = Number of drilling lines through the travelling block
Dr.-Ing. Opeyemi Bello
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, TU Clausthal
14
The load imposed on the derrick ( ) is greater than the hook load. Therefore, using the fast
line and dead line tension, the derrick load can also be calculated by:
= + +
= Tension in the fast line [lbf]
In particular situation, the total derrick load is not distributed equally over all four derrick legs
due to the placement of drawworks. The table below shows that tension in the fast line is
distributed over only two of the derrick legs (A & C) and the dead line affects only D.
Load on each derrick leg
Load source
Total load
Leg A
Leg B
Leg C
Leg D
/4
/4
/4
/4
Fast Line
/2
/2
Dead Line
( /4) + ( /2)
/4
( /4) + ( /2)
4 +
Hook Load
Total load on
each derrick leg
Dr.-Ing. Opeyemi Bello
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, TU Clausthal
15
substructure
after Macini, 2005
16
Drawwork is the large winch on the rig which is used to raise or lower the drill string into the
well. The drawworks consists of a large revolving drum, around which a wire rope called
drilling line is spooled.
The drum is connected to an electric motor and gear system. The driller controls the
drawworks with a clutch and gearing system when lifting equipment out of the well and a
brake (friction and electric) when lowering equipment into the well.
The principal functions are:
o
To lift drill string, casing, or tubing string, or to pull in excess of these string loads to
free stuck pipe
To lower drill string, casing string, or tubing string into the borehole
Transmit power from the prime movers to the rotary drive sprocket to drive the rotary
table
Transmit power to the catheads for breaking out and making up drill string, casing
and tubing string
The principal parts of the drawworks are the drum, the drum brakes, transmission, and
cathead.
17
18
After GFZ-OSG-L.Wohlgemuth
19
Drill line
Main drum
Hydromatic
brake
Spinning
cathead
Drillers console
Manual brakes
Kingland Global Petroleum, Inc. (2015): Drilling Rig Components
20
21
22
1
1
0.96151 10.961518
= 0.844
8 10.96151
421 33000
300,000
= 46.3 ft/min
1++
1+0.844+0.8448
0.844 8
23
+4
W
8+4
8
382,090
450,000
= 84.9 %
24
25
D
P
P =W
P = 1/ 2W
P = 1/ 2W
P = 1/ 4W
26
The drilling line coming from the drawworks, called fast line, goes over a pulley system
mounted at the top of the derrick (called the crown block) and down to another pulley system
called the traveling block.
Dead line
In the context of lift systems, a dead line is that part of a drilling line that is attached to a
fixed anchor point and does not move through a pulley or other mechanical device.
The drilling line from the crown block sheave to the anchor. This end of the drilling line was
called the dead line because it was secured to the deadline anchor.
Is the last line of tackle (Block tackle is the assembly of crown block, traveling block and
drilling line).
27
= =
28
The load on the dead line is not a function of the inefficiency because it is static.
Efficiency (E)
0.874
0.842
10
0.811
12
0.782
14
0.755
29
30
31
Traveling Block
32
33
The hook load is the total force pulling down on the hook.
This total force includes the weight of the drill string in air,
the drill collars and any ancillary equipment, reduced by
any force that tends to reduce that weight.
34
35
A uxilia r y
Brake
W a ter B r a k e
( H ydr a ulic
B r a k e)
Ma in B r a k e
( St a t iona r y)
Elect r ic
Brake
Mecha nica l
Brake
36
o
o
37
38
39
The electrodynamic brake is a device mounted on the drawworks shaft of a drilling rig.
The electrodynamic brake (sometimes referred to as magnetic brake) serves as an auxiliary
to the mechanical brake when the drillstring is lowered into the well.
40
Disc (conductive)
Permanent magnet
41
o
o
Control units are able to regulate the energizing current automatically by RPM or
torque
Operating modes
o
o
o
The control is possible with an energizing current (with the help of potentiometer)
o
o
42
Characteristics
Hydraulic brake
Characteristic line
Reliability
No problems
Higher
Smaller
Costs
Low
High
43
A mechanical brake is a device used to slow or stop a turning shaft. It usually uses a
brake shoe and brake drum that fits around the shaft.
The brake is activated by levers or rods that are directly attached to it.
1
4
2
Brake bands
Equalizing yoke
Brake lever
3
Schematic of the Main Brake. Source:
44
4
3
2
Source: rigworks.ca
Magnification
linkage
Equalizing beam
45
Source: broncomfg.com
46
o
o
Ram Rig
47
48
A closed loop hydraulic system normally consists of a rotating motor and a pump, forming
a hydraulic transmission.
The oil returning from the motor feeds the pump and the motor speed control is
performed solely by varying the output of the pump.
The pump varies the output and suction side by regulating the displaced oil per revolution
of the pump.
A good example of the conventional closed loop system is the hydraulic top drive. In the
case of the cylinder based hoisting system, the motor of the transmission is replaced by a
differential cylinder acting as an actuator.
49
50
Designed for:
o Drilling,
Under balanced drilling, Slim hole drilling, Work over, Well intervention,
Snubbing operations, Re-entry.
Replaces: Conventional drilling rig, Hydraulic work over units, Snubbing units and Coil
tubing units.
51
52
truck loads
A faster rig up and a higher automation level can
be realized
Improved employee safety
Can reduce the operational cost and improve the
well performance
53
54
4.2.4
4.2.5
55
o
o
o
Drill pipe
Drill collar
Accessories including: Stabilizers, HWDP, Reamers,
which are included in the drill string
Outside Diameter
Length
Drill pipe
5 in.
(12,7 cm)
9400 ft
Drill collar
9 in.
(24,13 cm)
600 ft
Drill bit
12 in.
(31,12 cm)
o
o
o
56
57
The standard dimensions for the drill pipe are specified by the American Petroleum Institute
(API). Single pipe segments are available in three API length ranges, where range 2 is the
most common.
Drill Pipe API range length
API Range
Length [ft]
18-22
27-30
38-45
The drill pipe is also manufactured in a variety of outside diameters, and weights which
assuming a specific gravity for steel of 490 lb/ft, is a reflection of the wall thickness of the
drill pipe
58
Weight [lb/ft]
2 3/8
6.65
1.815
2 7/8
10.40
2.151
3 1/2
9.50
2.992
3 1/2
13.30
2.764
15.50
4.602
16.25
4.408
19.50
4.276
5 1/2
25.60
4.000
5 1/2
21.90
4.776
5 1/2
24.70
4.670
API
Grade
Minimum Yield
Stress (psi)
Minimum Tensile
Stress (psi)
Yield
Stress/Tensile
(ratio)
55,000
95,000
0.58
75,000
100,000
0.75
95,000
105,000
0.70
105,000
115,000
0.91
135,000
145,000
0.93
59
Selecting the right drill pipe for the job is as important as any other part of the drill string and allows saving time and money.
c.
Quality
important to choose a drill pipe that is manufactured to the API or other standards.
60
Assuming we ignore the extra weight of the pin and box of the pipe, its weight can be easily
calculated by:
=
Example: What is the weight in air of a joint (30ft) of 5 OD and ID = 4,602 in.?
= .
The calculated weight is the so called Weight in air. If we use a water-based mud or a oilbased mud, we need to consider that there is a lifting power, buoyancy. So, the Wet Weight
is:
=
Example: What is the wet weight of this joint of drill pipe when immersed in a drilling
fluid with a density of 12 ppg?
= . =
61
o
o
o
62
63
Source:drillingformulas.com
64
It should be noted that the inner diameter of the tool joint is less than the inner diameter of
the pipe.
The size of the tool joint depends on the size of the drill pipe but various sizes of tool joints
are available.
Common tool joints for a 4 inch drill pipe are
Size [in.]
Type
OD [in.]
ID [in.]
TPI
TAPE
Thread
Form
API REG
V..040
Full Hole
V..040
NC 46
V..038R
NC 50
6 1/8
V..038R
H 90
90 V..050
* TPI = Threads per Inch
65
Tool joint boxes usually have a 18 degree tapered shoulder, and pins have 35 degree
tapered shoulders.
Tool joints are subjected to the same stresses as drill pipe, but also have to face additional
problems:
o
o
o
When pipe is being tripped out the hole, an elevator supports the string weight
underneath the shoulder of the tool joint
The threaded pin end is often left exposed
Frequent engagement of pins and boxes can damage the threads
Tool joint life can be substantially extended if connections are greased properly when the
connection is made-up and a steady torque is applied.
66
External Upset
(e.g. Drill pipe)
Internal Upset
(e.g. Drill collar)
67
68
69
70
B
A
71
A
B
72
Pipe connections are a basic component part of the drill string, and the entire security of
the wellbore depends upon the makeup process and the reliability of the tool joint
performance.
The quality of the assembly process decides whether a connection between two drill pipe
is adequate or not. It is affected by the performance of the thread compound.
Standards have been developed to define minimum thread compound properties and their
performance, because of a wide variety of thread compounds.
In general, the API standards for tool joints and the makeup process are based on the
Farrs Formula (1957).
Farrs Formula describes that stress distribution and makeup torque do correspond. The
formula helps to fulfill a adequate make up procedure by calculating the optimum make up
torque.
73
+
+
Half flank angle: wear can change the flanks in make up or breakout operations
Averaged shoulder radius: it is not constant due to the shoulder design and manufacturing process
74
75
o
o
76
Tool Joint damage normally occurs due to one of the following reasons:
o
o
o
Wear
Mechanical failure (for example: side forces impose lateral loading)
Corrosion
77
The shoulder is the only seal in a tool joint connection. Washouts occur if the connection is
not tightened properly.
78
Shoulder is the
only seal
Channel
79
Corrosion of the drill string in a water-based mud is primarily due to dissolved gases,
dissolved salts and acids in the wellbore, such as:
o
o
o
o
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Dissolved Salts
Hydrogen sulphide
80
Even one wrong make up connection decreases the load capacity and the overall
performance of the operation.
o
o
o
Fatigue
Twist-off
Shoulder separation
81
Twistoff
Parting
Pipe-parting failure occurs when the induced tensile stress exceeds the pipe-material
ultimate tensile stress. This condition may arise when pipe sticking occurs and an
overpull is applied in addition to the effective weight of suspended pipe in the hole
above the stuck point
Pipe failure as a result of twistoff occurs when the induced shearing stress caused by
high torque exceeds the pipe-material ultimate shear stress
Pipe failure as a result of collapse or burst is rare; however, under extreme conditions
of high mud weight and complete loss of circulation, pipe burst may occur
Fatigue
o
o
Drillstring fatigue failure is the most common and costly type of failure in oil/gas and
geothermal drilling operations. The combined action of cyclic stresses and corrosion
can shorten the life expectancy of a Drillpipe by thousand folds
Cyclic stresses are induced by dynamic loads caused by drillstring vibrations and
bending-load reversals in curved sections of hole and doglegs caused by rotation
Pipe corrosion occurs during the presence of O2, CO2, chlorides, and/or H2S
82
o
o
o
o
minimizing induced cyclic stresses and insuring a noncorrosive environment during the
drilling operations
Cyclic stresses can be minimized by controlling dogleg severity and drillstring
vibrations.
Corrosion can be mitigated by corrosive scavengers and controlling the mud pH in the
presence of H2S.
The proper handling and inspection of the drillstring on a routine basis are the best
measures to prevent failures
83
84
After the pipe slip is placed around the drill pipe, it is lowered so that the teeth on the
inside grip the pipe and the slips are pulled down.
After work is completed, the drill string is raised, thereby unlocking the gripping
action. The slips are then lifted away.
85
86
Tongs are very large tools used on a derrick to tighten and loosen the drill pipes and collars
etc.
Imagine a pair of grips that are at least 5 feet long and are tensioned by a winch operated by
the driller on an oil rig floor.
Most times a chain is used first to do the initial tightening of the pipe joint but tongs are
needed for the final pinch up torques need to keep the joint tight.
Types of tong:
o
o
o
o
Breakout tong
Makeup tong
Chain tong
Power tong
87
88
o
o
89
API standards define the tool joint make up, but these recommendations do not consider:
o
o
o
o
The height, in which the tool joint connection is performed, depends on the angle between the
breakout and makeup tong. A 90 angle leads to a connection process higher above the floor
90
A chain tong is a type of pipe wrench used for handtightening various threaded connections around the rig site.
It consists of a handle, a set of gripping die teeth, a length of
flat chain and a hooking slot where the chain may be
adjusted to fit the pipe.
91
Today, the most recommended tong is the so called power tong also referred to as pipe
spinner.
The first power tongs were used in the 1940s (they were air driven).
Nowadays, power tongs replace the conventional spinning chain and make up tongs in
normal operations.
However, the old tools are still available on the market for direct use or as a back up in case of
a mechanical failure.
92
o
o
o
Higher reliability
Higher safety standard
o
o
93
94
The fingerboard is the working platform halfway up the derrick or mast. It allows storing drill
pipes and drill collars in an orderly fashion during trips out of the hole.
The platform consists of a small section where the derrick man can work, and several steel
fingers with slots in between that can keep the tops of the drill pipe.
95
Adoption of the rotary drilling rig put new demands on the roughnecks working the rigs.
Early roughnecks applied torque to the connections by hand with pipe wrenches.
Today, the crew uses hydraulic wrenches called power tongs for pipe connections.
But even if the risk was lowered, both methods invited hand injuries.
The invention of the top drive allows making and breaking connections with little participation of
the rig crew
Pipe Connection
96
no
roughneck
97
Lifting the drill pipes or stands step by step with manual work
Modern Technology
High performance
Increased safety
High availability
Decreased manual work
98
99
There all the fingers point towards well center and the
racker travels in front of the set back rotating 180 degrees
to present the tubular stand at well center
100
After GFZ-OSG-L.Wohlgemuth
101
After GFZ-OSG-L.Wohlgemuth
102
o
o
o
o
103
and drill
collar)
104
In addition, the conveyor has a feeding table for easier pipe handling.
Advantages are:
105
106
107
108
109