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NineteenEightyFour
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NineteenEightyFour,oftenpublishedas1984,isa
dystopiannovelbyEnglishauthorGeorgeOrwellpublished
in1949.[1][2]ThenovelissetinAirstripOne(formerly
knownasGreatBritain),aprovinceofthesuperstate
Oceaniainaworldofperpetualwar,omnipresent
governmentsurveillance,andpublicmanipulation,dictated
byapoliticalsystemeuphemisticallynamedEnglish
Socialism(orIngsocinthegovernment'sinventedlanguage,
Newspeak)underthecontrolofaprivilegedeliteoftheInner
Party,thatpersecutesindividualismandindependent
thinkingas"thoughtcrime."[3]
ThetyrannyisepitomisedbyBigBrother,thePartyleader
whoenjoysanintensecultofpersonalitybutwhomaynot
evenexist.TheParty"seekspowerentirelyforitsownsake.
Itisnotinterestedinthegoodofothersitisinterestedsolely
inpower."[4]Theprotagonistofthenovel,WinstonSmith,is
amemberoftheOuterParty,whoworksfortheMinistryof
Truth(orMinitrueinNewspeak),whichisresponsiblefor
propagandaandhistoricalrevisionism.Hisjobistorewrite
pastnewspaperarticles,sothatthehistoricalrecordalways
supportsthepartyline.[5]Theinstructionsthattheworkers
receivespecifythecorrectionsasfixingmisquotationsand
neveraswhattheyreallyare:forgeriesandfalsifications.A
largepartoftheministryalsoactivelydestroysalldocuments
thathavebeeneditedanddonotcontaintherevisionsinthis
way,noproofexiststhatthegovernmentislying.Smithisa
diligentandskillfulworkerbutsecretlyhatesthePartyand
dreamsofrebellionagainstBigBrother.Orwellbasedthe
characteroftheheroineofthenovel,Julia,onhissecond
wife,SoniaOrwell.[6][7]

NineteenEightyFour

Britishfirsteditioncover
Author

GeorgeOrwell

Coverartist MichaelKennard
Country

UnitedKingdom

Language

English

Genre

Dystopian,politicalfiction,social
sciencefiction

Published

8June1949,London

Publisher

Secker&Warburg

Mediatype Print(hardbackandpaperback)
Pages

267(1949USedition)

ISBN

0547249640(2013edition)

Asliterarypoliticalfictionanddystopiansciencefiction,
ISBN9780547249643
NineteenEightyFourisaclassicnovelincontent,plotand
OCLC
52187275(https://www.worldcat.org/
style.Manyofitstermsandconcepts,suchasBigBrother,
oclc/52187275)
doublethink,thoughtcrime,Newspeak,Room101,telescreen,
2+2=5,andmemoryhole,haveenteredintocommonuse
Dewey
823/.91222
Decimal
sinceitspublicationin1949.NineteenEightyFour
popularisedtheadjectiveOrwellian,whichdescribesofficial
LCClass
PR6029.R8N6472003
deception,secretsurveillance,andmanipulationofrecorded
historybyatotalitarianorauthoritarianstate.[5]In2005,the
novelwaschosenbyTimemagazineasoneofthe100bestEnglishlanguagenovelsfrom1923to2005.[8]It
wasawardedaplaceonbothlistsofModernLibrary100BestNovels,reachingnumber13ontheeditor'slist,
and6onthereaders'list.[9]In2003,thenovelwaslistedatnumber8ontheBBC'ssurveyTheBigRead.[10]

Contents
1 Historyandtitle
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1 Historyandtitle
1.1 Copyrightstatus
2 Background
3 Plot
4 Characters
4.1 Maincharacters
4.2 Secondarycharacters
5 Theworldin1984
5.1 Ingsoc(EnglishSocialism)
5.2 MinistriesofOceania
5.3 Doublethink
5.4 Politicalgeography
5.5 TheRevolution
5.6 TheWar
5.7 Livingstandards
6 Themes
6.1 Nationalism
6.2 Futurology
6.3 Censorship
6.4 Surveillance
7 TheNewspeakappendix
8 Sourcesforliterarymotifs
9 Influences
10 Criticalreception
11 Inothermedia
12 Culturalimpact
13 1984vs.BraveNewWorld
14 Seealso
15 Notes
16 Furtherreading
17 Externallinks

Historyandtitle
GeorgeOrwell"encapsulate[d]thethesisattheheartofhisunforgiving
novel"in1944,theimplicationsofdividingtheworldupintoZonesof
influencethathadbeenconjuredbytheTehranConferenceandthree
yearslaterhewrotemostofitontheScottishislandofJura,from1947
to1948,despitebeingseriouslyillwithtuberculosis.[11][12]On4
December1948,hesentthefinalmanuscripttothepublisherSecker
andWarburgandNineteenEightyFourwaspublishedon8June
1949.[13][14]By1989,ithadbeentranslatedintosixtyfivelanguages,
morethananyothernovelinEnglishatthetime.[15]Thetitleofthe
novel,itsthemes,theNewspeaklanguageandtheauthor'ssurnameare
ofteninvokedagainstcontrolandintrusionbythestate,whilethe
adjectiveOrwelliandescribesatotalitariandystopia,characterisedby
governmentcontrolandsubjugationofthepeople.Orwell'sinvented
language,Newspeak,satiriseshypocrisyandevasionbythestate:the
MinistryofLove(Miniluv)overseestortureandbrainwashing,the
MinistryofPlenty(Miniplenty)overseesshortageandrationing,the
MinistryofPeace(Minipax)overseeswarandatrocityandtheMinistry
ofTruth(Minitrue)overseespropagandaandhistoricalrevisionism.

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A1947draftmanuscriptofthefirst
pageofNineteenEightyFour,
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TheLastManinEuropewasanearlytitleforthenovelbutinaletterdated22October1948tohispublisher
FredricWarburg,eightmonthsbeforepublication,OrwellwroteabouthesitatingbetweenTheLastManin
EuropeandNineteenEightyFour.[16]Warburgsuggestedchangingthemaintitletoamorecommercialone.[17]
Inthenovel1985(1978),AnthonyBurgesssuggeststhatOrwell,disillusionedbytheonsetoftheColdWar
(194591),intendedtocallthebook1948.TheintroductiontothePenguinBooksModernClassicseditionof
NineteenEightyFourreportsthatOrwelloriginallysetthenovelin1980,butthathelatershiftedthedateto
1982,thento1984.Thefinaltitlemayalsobeapermutationof1948,theyearofcomposition.[18]Throughout
itspublicationhistory,NineteenEightyFourhasbeeneitherbannedorlegallychallenged,assubversiveor
ideologicallycorrupting,likeAldousHuxley'sBraveNewWorld(1932),We(1924)byYevgenyZamyatin,
DarknessatNoon(1940)byArthurKoestler,Kallocain(1940)byKarinBoyeandFahrenheit451(1951)by
RayBradbury.[19]SomewritersconsidertheRussiandystopiannovelWebyZamyatintohaveinfluenced
NineteenEightyFour.[20][21]

Copyrightstatus
ThenovelisinthepublicdomaininCanada,[22]SouthAfrica,[23]Argentina,[24]Australia,[25]andOman.[26]It
willbeinthepublicdomaininBrazilin2021,[27]andintheUnitedStatesin2044.[28]

Background
NineteenEightyFourissetinOceania,oneofthreeintercontinental
superstatesthatdividedtheworldafteraglobalwar.Mostoftheplot
takesplaceinLondon,the"chiefcityofAirstripOne,"theOceanic
provincethat"hadoncebeencalledEnglandorBritain."[29][30]Posters
ofthePartyleader,BigBrother,bearingthecaption"BIGBROTHER
ISWATCHINGYOU,"dominatethecity,whiletheubiquitous
telescreen(transceivingtelevisionset)monitorstheprivateandpublic
livesofthepopulace.TheclasshierarchyofOceaniahasthreelevels:
(I)theupperclassInnerParty,theeliterulingminority,who
makeup2%ofthepopulation.
(II)themiddleclassOuterParty,whomakeup13%ofthe
population.
(III)thelowerclassProles(fromproletariat),whomakeup85%
ofthepopulationandrepresenttheuneducatedworkingclass.
Asthegovernment,thePartycontrolsthepopulationwithfour
ministries:

ThebannerofthePartyinthe1984
filmadaptationofthebook.Party
flagsarementioned,butnever
describedintheactualnovel.

theMinistryofPeacedealswithwaranddefence.
theMinistryofPlentydealswitheconomicaffairs(rationingandstarvation).
theMinistryofLovedealswithlawandorder(tortureandbrainwashing).
theMinistryofTruthdealswithnews,entertainment,educationandart(propaganda).
TheprotagonistWinstonSmith,amemberoftheOuterParty,worksintheRecordsDepartmentoftheMinistry
ofTruthasaneditor,revisinghistoricalrecords,tomakethepastconformtotheeverchangingpartylineand
deletingreferencestounpersons,peoplewhohavebeen"vaporised,"i.e.,notonlykilledbythestatebutdenied
existenceeveninhistoryormemory.
ThestoryofWinstonSmithbeginson4April1984:"ItwasabrightcolddayinApril,andtheclockswere
strikingthirteen"yetheisuncertainofthetruedate,giventhergime'scontinualrewritingandmanipulationof
history.[31]Smith'smemoriesandhisreadingoftheproscribedbook,TheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchical
CollectivismbyEmmanuelGoldstein,revealthataftertheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedKingdomfelltocivil
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warandthenwasabsorbedintoOceania.Simultaneously,theUSSRconqueredmainlandEuropeand
establishedthesecondsuperstateofEurasia.Thethirdsuperstate,Eastasia,comprisestheregionsof
Eastern/SoutheasternAsia.Thethreesuperstateswageperpetualwarfortheremainingunconqueredlandsof
theworld,formingandbreakingalliancesasisconvenient.Fromhischildhood(194953),Winstonremembers
theAtomicWarsfoughtinEurope,westernRussiaandNorthAmerica.Itisuncleartohimwhatoccurredfirst:
theParty'svictoryinthecivilwar,theUSannexationoftheBritishEmpireorthewarinwhichColchesterwas
bombed.Smith'sstrengtheningmemoriesandthestoryofhisfamily'sdissolution,suggestthattheatomic
bombingsoccurredfirst(theSmithstookrefugeinatubestation),followedbycivilwarfeaturing"confused
streetfightinginLondonitself"andthesocietalpostwarreorganisation,whichthePartyretrospectivelycalls
"theRevolution."

Plot
WinstonSmithisamanwholivesinAirstripOne,theremnantsofBritainbrokendownbywar,civilconflict,
andrevolution.AmemberofthemiddleclassOuterParty,WinstonlivesinaoneroomLondonapartment.His
sustenanceconsistsofblackbread,syntheticmeals,and"Victory"brandedgin.Telescreensineverybuilding,
accompaniedbysecretmicrophonesandcameras,allowtheThoughtPolicetoidentifyanyonewhomight
compromisetheParty'srgime.Childrenareencouragedtoinformtheofficialsaboutpotentialthought
criminals,includingtheirparents.
WinstonworksattheMinistryofTruth,or"Minitrue",asaneditor.Heisresponsibleforhistoricalrevisionism
herewritesrecordsandaltersphotographstoconformtothestate'severchangingversionofhistoryitself,
renderingthedeletedpeople"unpersons"theoriginaldocumentsaredestroyedbyfireina"memoryhole".
Despitebeinggoodathisjob,Winstonbecomesmesmerizedbythetruepastandtriestogetmoreinformation
aboutit.Inaplacebesidehisflat'stelescreenwherehebelieveshecannotbeseen,hebeginswritingajournal
criticizingthePartyanditsenigmaticleader,BigBrother.Bydoingso,hecommitsacrimethat,ifdiscovered
bytheThoughtPolice,warrantscertaindeath.Julia,ayoungwomanwhomaintainsthenovelwritingmachines
attheministryandwhomWinstonloathes,surreptitiouslyhandsWinstonanoteconfessingherloveforhim.
WinstonandJuliabeginanaffairafterWinstonrealizessheshareshisloathingoftheParty,firstmeetinginthe
country,andeventuallyinarentedroomatthetopofanantiquesshop.Theybelievethattheshop,being
locatedinaproletarianneighbourhoodofLondon,issafe,astheroomhasnotelescreen.
Weekslater,WinstonisapproachedbyO'Brien,anInnerPartymemberwhomWinstonbelievesisanagentof
theBrotherhoodasecretundergroundsocietythatintendstodestroytheParty.Theyarrangeameetingat
O'Brien'sflatwherebothWinstonandJuliaswearallegiancetotheBrotherhood.Aweeklater,O'Brien
clandestinelysendsWinstonacopyof"TheBook",TheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivismby
EmmanuelGoldstein,thepubliclyreviledleaderoftheBrotherhood.TheBookexplainstheconceptof
perpetualwar,thetruemeaningsoftheslogans"Warispeace","Freedomisslavery",and"Ignoranceis
strength",andhowthePartycanbeoverthrownthroughmeansofthepoliticalawarenessoftheproles
(proletarians).
Inasurprisingturn,theThoughtPolicecaptureWinstonalongwithJuliaintheirrentedroom.Thetwoarethen
deliveredtotheMinistryofLove(Miniluv)forinterrogation.Mr.Charrington,theshopkeeperwhorentedthe
roomtothem,revealshimselfasaThoughtPoliceagent.O'BrienisalsoanagentoftheThoughtPolice.Heis
partofaspecialstingoperationusedbythepolicetofindandarrestsuspectedthoughtcriminals.O'Brien
interrogatesandtorturesWinstonwithelectroshock,tellinghimthatWinstoncan"cure"himselfofhis
"insanity"hismanifesthatredforthePartythroughcontrolledmanipulationofperception.Winston
confessestocrimesthatO'Brientellshimtosaythathehascommitted,butO'BrienunderstandsthatWinston
hasnotbetrayedJulia.O'BriensendshimtoRoom101forthefinalstageofreeducation,aroomwhich
containseachprisoner'sworstnightmare.Winstonshouts"DoittoJulia!"asawirecageholdinghungryratsis
fittedontohisface,thusbetrayingher.
AfterbeingputbackintoOceaniasociety,WinstonmeetsJuliainapark.Sheadmitsthatshewasalsotortured,
andbothrevealbetrayingtheother.Later,WinstonsitsaloneintheChestnutTreeCafe,troubledbymemories
whichheissurearelies.Araucouscelebrationbeginsoutside,celebratingOceania's"decisivevictory"over
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EurasianarmiesinAfrica,andWinstonimagineshimselfasapartofthecrowd.Winstonfeelshehasatlast
endedhis"stubborn,selfwilledexile"fromtheloveofBigBrotheraloveWinstonreturnsquitehappilyas
helooksupinadmirationataportraitofBigBrother.

Characters
Maincharacters
WinstonSmiththeprotagonistwhoisaphlegmaticeveryman.
JuliaWinston'sloverwhoisacovert"rebelfromthewaistdownwards"whopubliclyespousesParty
doctrineasamemberofthefanaticalJuniorAntiSexLeague.
BigBrotherthedarkeyed,mustachioedembodimentofthePartywhorulesOceania.
O'BrienamemberoftheInnerPartywhoposesasamemberofTheBrotherhood,thecounter
revolutionaryresistance,inordertodeceive,trap,andcaptureWinstonandJulia.O'Brienhasaservant:
Martin.
EmmanuelGoldsteinostensiblyaformerleaderoftheParty,counterrevolutionaryleaderofthe
Brotherhood,andauthorofTheBook,TheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivism,Goldstein
isthesymbolicenemyofthestatethenationalnemesiswhoideologicallyunitesthepeopleofOceania
withtheParty,especiallyduringtheTwoMinutesHateandotherfearmongering.Winstoneventually
learnsthatTheBookistheproductofanInnerPartycommitteethatincludesO'Brien.WhetherGoldstein
orhisBrotherhoodarerealorfabricationsofPartypropagandaissomethingthatneitherWinstonnorthe
readerispermittedtoknow.

Secondarycharacters
Aaronson,Jones,andRutherfordFormermembersoftheInnerPartywhomWinstonvaguely
remembersasamongtheoriginalleadersoftheRevolution,longbeforehehadheardofBigBrother.
Theyconfessedtotreasonableconspiracieswithforeignpowersandwerethenexecutedinthepolitical
purgesofthe1960s.Inbetweentheirconfessionsandexecutions,Winstonsawthemdrinkinginthe
ChestnutTreeCafwithbrokennoses,suggestingthattheirconfessionshadbeenobtainedbytorture.
Later,inthecourseofhiseditorialwork,Winstonseesnewspaperevidencecontradictingtheir
confessions,butdropsitintoamemoryhole.Elevenyearslater,heisconfrontedwiththesame
photographduringhisinterrogation.
AmpleforthWinston'sonetimeRecordsDepartmentcolleaguewhowasimprisonedforleavingthe
word"God"inaKiplingpoemashecouldnotfindanotherrhymefor"rod"Winstonencountershimat
theMiniluv.Ampleforthisadreamerandintellectualwhotakespleasureinhiswork,andrespectspoetry
andlanguage,traitswhichcausehimdisfavourwiththeParty.
CharringtonAnofficeroftheThoughtPoliceposingasasympatheticantiquesdealer.
KatharineSmithTheemotionallyindifferentwifewhomWinston"can'tgetridof."Despitedisliking
sexualintercourse,KatharinemarriedWinstonbecauseitwastheir"dutytotheParty."Althoughshewas
a"goodthinkful"ideologue,theyseparatedbecauseshecouldnothavechildren.Divorceisnotpermitted,
butcoupleswhocannothavechildrenmayliveseparately.FormuchofthestoryWinstonlivesinvague
hopethatKatharinemaydieorcouldbe"gotridof"sothathemaymarryJulia.Heregretsnothaving
killedherbypushingherovertheedgeofaquarrywhenhehadthechancemanyyearspreviously.
TomParsonsWinston'snaiveneighbour,andanidealmemberoftheOuterParty:anuneducated,
suggestiblemanwhoisutterlyloyaltotheParty,andfullybelievesinitsperfectimage.Heissocially
activeandparticipatesinthePartyactivitiesforhissocialclass.HeisfriendlytowardsSmith,and
despitehispoliticalconformitypunisheshisbullyingsonforfiringacatapultatWinston.Later,asa
prisoner,WinstonseesParsonsisintheMinistryofLove,ashisdaughterhadreportedhimtothe
ThoughtPolice,hearinghimspeakagainstthePartyinhissleep.Eventhisdoesnotdampenhisbeliefin
theParty,andhestateshecoulddo"goodwork"inthehardlabourcamps.
Mrs.ParsonsParsons'swifeisawanandhaplesswomanwhoisintimidatedbyherownchildren.
TheParson'schildrenmembersofthePartyYouthLeague,representingthenewgenerationof
Oceaniancitizens,withoutmemoryoflifebeforeBigBrother,andwithoutfamilytiesoremotional
sentimentthemodelsocietyenvisionedbytheInnerParty.
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SymeWinston'scolleagueattheMinistryofTruth,whomtheParty"vaporised"becauseheremaineda
lucidlythinkingintellectual.Hewasalexicographerwhohelpeddevelopthelanguageandthedictionary
ofNewspeak,inthecourseofwhichheenjoyeddestroyingwords,andwholeheartedlybelievedthat
NewspeakwouldreplaceOldspeak(StandardEnglish)bytheyear2050.AlthoughSyme'spolitically
orthodoxopinionsalignedwithPartydoctrine,Winstonnotesthat"Heistoointelligent.Heseestoo
clearlyandspeakstooplainly."AfternotingthatSyme'snamewaserasedfromthememberslistofthe
ChessClub,Winstoninfershebecameanunperson.

Theworldin1984
Ingsoc(EnglishSocialism)
Intheyear1984,Ingsoc(EnglishSocialism),isthepredominantideologyandpseudophilosophyofOceania,
andNewspeakisitsofficiallanguage,ofofficialdocuments.

MinistriesofOceania
InLondon,thecapitalcityofAirstripOne,Oceania'sfourgovernmentministriesareinpyramids(300metres
high),thefaadesofwhichdisplaytheParty'sthreeslogans.Theministries'namesareantonymousdoublethink
totheirtruefunctions:"TheMinistryofPeaceconcernsitselfwithwar,theMinistryofTruthwithlies,the
MinistryofLovewithtortureandtheMinistryofPlentywithstarvation."(PartII,ChapterIXTheTheory
andPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivism)
MinistryofPeace
TheMinistryofPeacesupportsOceania'sperpetualwaragainsteitherofthetwoothersuperstates.
Theprimaryaimofmodernwarfare(inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofdoublethink,thisaimis
simultaneouslyrecognizedandnotrecognizedbythedirectingbrainsoftheInnerParty)istouse
uptheproductsofthemachinewithoutraisingthegeneralstandardofliving.Eversincetheendof
thenineteenthcentury,theproblemofwhattodowiththesurplusofconsumptiongoodshasbeen
latentinindustrialsociety.Atpresent,whenfewhumanbeingsevenhaveenoughtoeat,this
problemisobviouslynoturgent,anditmightnothavebecomeso,evenifnoartificialprocessesof
destructionhadbeenatwork.
MinistryofPlenty
TheMinistryofPlentyrationsandcontrolsfood,goods,anddomesticproductioneveryfiscalquarter,the
Miniplentypublishesfalseclaimsofhavingraisedthestandardofliving,whenithas,infact,reducedrations,
availability,andproduction.TheMinitruesubstantiatestheMiniplentyclaimsbyrevisinghistoricalrecordsto
reportnumberssupportingthecurrent,"increasedrations."
MinistryofTruth
TheMinistryofTruthcontrolsinformation:news,entertainment,education,andthearts.WinstonSmithworks
intheMinitrueRecDep(RecordsDepartment),"rectifying"historicalrecordstoconcordwithBigBrother's
currentpronouncements,thuseverythingthePartysaysistrue.
MinistryofLove
TheMinistryofLoveidentifies,monitors,arrests,andconvertsrealandimagineddissidents.InWinston's
experience,thedissidentisbeatenandtortured,then,whennearbroken,issenttoRoom101toface"theworst
thingintheworld"untilloveforBigBrotherandthePartyreplacesdissension.
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Doublethink
Thekeywordhereisblackwhite.LikesomanyNewspeakwords,thiswordhastwomutually
contradictorymeanings.Appliedtoanopponent,itmeansthehabitofimpudentlyclaimingthat
blackiswhite,incontradictionoftheplainfacts.AppliedtoaPartymember,itmeansaloyal
willingnesstosaythatblackiswhitewhenPartydisciplinedemandsthis.Butitmeansalsothe
abilitytobelievethatblackiswhite,andmore,toknowthatblackiswhite,andtoforgetthatone
haseverbelievedthecontrary.Thisdemandsacontinuousalterationofthepast,madepossibleby
thesystemofthoughtwhichreallyembracesalltherest,andwhichisknowninNewspeakas
doublethink.Doublethinkisbasicallythepowerofholdingtwocontradictorybeliefsinone'smind
simultaneously,andacceptingbothofthem.
PartII,ChapterIXTheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivism

Politicalgeography
Threeperpetuallywarringtotalitariansuperstatescontroltheworld:[32]
Oceania(ideology:Ingsoc,i.e.,EnglishSocialism)itscore
territoriesaretheWesternHemisphere,theBritishIsles,
Australasia,andSouthernAfrica.
Eurasia(ideology:NeoBolshevism)itscoreterritoriesare
ContinentalEuropeandRussia,includingSiberia.
Eastasia(ideology:ObliterationoftheSelf,i.e.,"Death
worship")itscoreterritoriesareChina,Japan,Korea,and
Indochina.

PerpetualWar:Thenewsreport
OceaniahascapturedAfrica,1984.

Theperpetualwarisfoughtforcontrolofthe"disputedarea"lying"betweenthefrontiersofthesuperstates,"
itforms"aroughparallelogramwithitscornersatTangier,Brazzaville,DarwinandHongKong,"[32]thus
NorthernAfrica,theMiddleEast,IndiaandIndonesiaarewherethesuperstatescaptureandutiliseslave
labour.FightingalsotakesplacebetweenEurasiaandEastasiainManchuria,MongoliaandCentralAsia,and
allthreepowersbattleoneanotherovervariousAtlanticandPacificislands.
Goldstein'sbook,TheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivism,explainsthatthesuperstates'
ideologiesarealikeandthatthepublic'signoranceofthisfactisimperativesothattheymightcontinue
believinginthedetestabilityoftheopposingideologies.Theonlyreferencestotheexteriorworldforthe
Oceaniancitizenry(theOuterPartyandtheProles)areMinitruemapsandpropagandaensuringtheirbeliefin
"thewar."

TheRevolution
WinstonSmith'smemoryandEmmanuelGoldstein'sbookcommunicatesomeofthehistorythatprecipitated
theRevolution.EurasiawasformedwhentheUSSRconqueredcontinentalEurope,creatingasinglenation
stretchingfromPortugaltotheBeringStrait.EurasiadoesnotincludetheBritishEmpirebecausetheUnited
Statesannexedit,aswellasLatinAmerica,thusestablishingOceaniaandgainingcontroloveraquarterofthe
planet.Eastasia,thelastsuperstateestablished,emergedonlyafter"adecadeofconfusedfighting".It
comprisestheAsianlandsconqueredbyChinaandJapan.AlthoughEastasiawaspreventedfrommatching
Eurasia'ssize,itslargerpopulacecompensatesforthathandicap.
TheannexationofBritainoccurredaboutthesametimeastheatomicwarthatprovokedcivilwar,butjustwho
wasfightingwhominthiswarisleftunclear.NuclearweaponsfellonBritain,anatomicbombingof
Colchesterisreferencedinthetext.ExactlyhowIngsocanditsrivalsystems(NeoBolshevismandDeath
Worship)gainedpowerintheirrespectivecountriesisalsounclear.
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Whileprecisechronologycannotbetraced,mostoftheglobalsocietalreorganizationoccurredbetween1945
andtheearly1960s.WinstonandJuliaoncemeetintheruinsofachurchthatwasdestroyedinanuclearattack
"thirtyyears"earlier,suggesting1954astheyearoftheatomicwarthatdestabilizedsocietyandallowedthe
Partytoseizepower.Itisstatedinthenovelthatthe"fourthquarterof1983"was"alsothesixthquarterofthe
NinthThreeYearPlan,"implyingthatthefirstquarterofthefirstthreeyearplanbeganinJuly1958.Bythen,
thePartywasapparentlyincontrolofOceania.

TheWar
In1984,thereisaperpetualwarbetweenOceania,Eurasia,andEastasia,thesuperstateswhichemergedfroma
globalatomicwar.Thebook,TheTheoryandPracticeofOligarchicalCollectivismbyEmmanuelGoldstein,
explainsthateachstateissostrongitcannotbedefeated,evenwiththecombinedforcesoftwosuperstates
despitechangingalliances.Tohidesuchcontradictions,historyisrewrittentoexplainthatthe(new)alliance
alwayswassothepopulacesaccustomedtodoublethinkacceptit.ThewarisnotfoughtinOceanian,Eurasian
orEastasianterritorybutintheArcticwastesandinadisputedzonecomprisingtheseaandlandfromTangiers
(northernAfrica)toDarwin(Australia).Atthestart,OceaniaandEastasiaarealliesfightingEurasiain
northernAfricaandtheMalabarCoast.
ThatallianceendsandOceania,alliedwithEurasia,fightsEastasia,achangewhichoccurredduringHate
Week,dedicatedtocreatingpatrioticfervourfortheParty'sperpetualwar.Thepublicareblindtothechangein
midsentenceanoratorchangesthenameoftheenemyfrom"Eurasia"to"Eastasia"withoutpause.Whenthe
publicareenragedatnoticingthatthewrongflagsandpostersaredisplayed,theytearthemdownthusthe
originoftheidiom"We'vealwaysbeenatwarwithEastasia"laterthePartyclaimstohavecapturedAfrica.
Goldstein'sbookexplainsthatthepurposeoftheunwinnable,perpetualwaristoconsumehumanlabourand
commodities,sotheeconomyofasuperstatecannotsupporteconomicequality(ahighstandardoflife)for
everycitizen.Byusingupmostoftheproducedobjectslikebootsandrations,the"proles"arekeptpoorand
uneducatedsothattheywillnotrealisewhatthegovernmentisdoingandtheywillnotrebel.Goldsteinalso
detailsanOceanianstrategyofattackingenemycitieswithatomicrocketsbeforeinvasion,yetdismissesitas
unfeasibleandcontrarytothewar'spurposedespitetheatomicbombingofcitiesinthe1950sthesuperstates
stoppedsuchwarfarelestitimbalancethepowers.Themilitarytechnologyin1984differslittlefromthatof
WorldWarII,yetstrategicbomberaeroplaneswerereplacedwithRocketBombs,helicopterswereheavily
usedasweaponsofwar(whiletheydidnotfigureinWW2inanyformbutprototypes)andsurfacecombat
unitshavebeenallbutreplacedbyimmenseandunsinkableFloatingFortresses,islandlikecontraptions
concentratingthefirepowerofawholenavaltaskforceinasingle,semimobileplatform(inthenoveloneis
saidtohavebeenanchoredbetweenIcelandandtheFaroeIslands,suggestingapreferenceforsealane
interdictionanddenial).

Livingstandards
ThesocietyofAirstripOneand,accordingto"TheBook",thewholeworld,livesinpoverty:hunger,disease
andfiltharethenorms.Ruinedcitiesandtownsarecommonplacetheconsequenceofthecivilwar,the
atomicwars,andpurportedlyenemy(butquitepossiblyselfservingOceanian)rockets.Socialdecayand
wreckedbuildingssurroundWinstonasidefromtheministerialpyramids,littleofLondonwasrebuilt.
MembersoftheOuterPartyconsumesyntheticfoodstuffsandpoorquality"luxuries"suchasoilyginand
looselypackedcigarettes,distributedunderthe"Victory"brand(ThiswasaParodyofthelowqualityIndian
made"Victory"cigarettesthatwerewidelysmokedinBritainandbyBritishsoldiersduringWorldWarII.The
factthattheseweresmokedwasbecauseitwaseasiertoimportthesefromIndiathanitwastoimport
AmericanCigarettesfromacrosstheAtlanticduetotheWaroftheAtlantic).Winstondescribessomethingas
simpleastherepairofabrokenpaneofglassasrequiringcommitteeapprovalthatcantakeseveralyearsand
becauseofthisanybodylivinginoneoftheseblocksusuallydoestherepairsthemselves(Winstoniscalledin
byMrs.Parsonstorepairhersinkwhichhadbeenblocked.)AllOuterPartyresidencesincludetelescreensthat
servebothasoutletsforpropagandaandtomonitorthePartymemberstheycanbeturneddown,butthey
cannotbeturnedoff.
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Incontrasttotheirsubordinates,theInnerPartyupperclassofOceaniansocietyresideincleanand
comfortableflatsintheirownquarterofthecity,withpantrieswellstockedwithfoodstuffssuchaswine,
coffee,andsugarthataredeniedtothegeneralpopulace.[33]WinstonisastonishedthattheliftsinO'Brien's
buildingfunction,thatthetelescreenscanbeswitchedoff,andthatO'BrienhasanAsianmanservant,Martin
indeed,alloftheInnerPartyareattendedtobyslavescapturedinthedisputedzone,and"TheBook"suggests
thatmanyhavetheirownmotorcarsorevenhelicopters.Nonetheless,"TheBook"makesclearthateventhe
conditionsenjoyedbytheInnerPartyareonlyrelativelycomfortableandwouldberegardedasausterebythe
standardsoftheprerevolutionaryelite.[34]
Theproletariat,or"proles",liveinpovertyandarekeptsedatedwithalcohol,pornographyandanational
lottery(whosewinningsareneveractuallypaidout,afactobscuredbypropagandaandlackofcommunication
betweenvariouspartsofOceania).Atthesametime,theprolesarefreerandlessintimidatedthanthemiddle
classOuterParty:theyaresubjecttocertainlevelsofmonitoringbutarenotexpectedtobeparticularly
patriotic,lacktelescreensintheirownhomes,andoftenjeeratthetelescreensthattheysee."TheBook"
indicatesthatthisstateofthingsderivesfromtheobservationthatthemiddleclass,notthelowerclass,
traditionallystartedrevolutions.Themodeldemandstightcontrolofthemiddleclass,withambitiousOuter
PartymembersneutralisedviapromotiontotheInnerPartyor"reintegration"byMiniluv,whileprolescanbe
allowedintellectualfreedombecausetheylackintellect.Winstonnonethelessbelievedthat"thefuturebelonged
totheproles."[35]
Thestandardoflivingofthepopulaceislowoverall.Consumergoodsarescarce,andthoseavailablethrough
officialchannelsareinvariablyoflowqualityforinstance,despitethePartyregularlyreportingincreasedboot
production,upwardsofhalfoftheOceanianpopulacegoesbarefoot.ThePartyclaimsthatthispovertyisa
necessarysacrificeforthewareffort,and"TheBook"confirmsthisispartiallycorrect,sincethepurposeof
perpetualwarisconsumingsurplusindustrialproduction.OuterPartymembersandprolesoccasionallygain
accesstobetterqualityitemsthroughthemarket,dealingingoodspilferedfromtheresidencesoftheInner
Party.

Themes
Nationalism
NineteenEightyFourexpandsuponthesubjectssummarisedintheessay"NotesonNationalism"[36]aboutthe
lackofvocabularyneededtoexplaintheunrecognisedphenomenabehindcertainpoliticalforces.InNineteen
EightyFour,theParty'sartificial,minimalistlanguage'Newspeak'addressesthematter.
Positivenationalism:Oceanians'perpetualloveforBigBrotherNeoToryism,Celticnationalismand
BritishIsraelismare(asOrwellargues)definedbylove.
Negativenationalism:Oceanians'perpetualhatredforEmmanuelGoldsteinStalinism,Anglophobiaand
antisemitismare(asOrwellargues)definedbyhatred.
Transferrednationalism:InmidsentenceanoratorchangestheenemyofOceaniathecrowdinstantly
transferstheirhatredtothenewenemy.Transferrednationalismswiftlyredirectsemotionsfromone
powerunittoanother(e.g.,Communism,Pacifism,ColourFeelingandClassFeeling).Thishappened
duringaPartyRallyagainsttheoriginalenemyEurasia,whentheoratorsuddenlyswitchesenemyin
midsentence,thecrowdgoeswildanddestroysthepostersthatarenowagainsttheirnewfriend(Eurasia)
andmanysaythatthismustbetheactofanagentoftheirnewenemy(andformerfriend)Eastasia.Even
thoughmanyofthecrowdmusthaveputupthepostersbeforetherally,theynowsaythattheenemyhas
alwaysbeenEastasia.
O'Brienconcludes:"Theobjectofpersecutionispersecution.Theobjectoftortureistorture.Theobjectof
powerispower."

Futurology
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Inthebook,InnerPartymemberO'BriendescribestheParty'svisionofthefuture:
Therewillbenocuriosity,noenjoymentoftheprocessoflife.Allcompetingpleasureswillbe
destroyed.Butalwaysdonotforgetthis,Winstonalwaystherewillbetheintoxicationof
power,constantlyincreasingandconstantlygrowingsubtler.Always,ateverymoment,therewill
bethethrillofvictory,thesensationoftramplingonanenemywhoishelpless.Ifyouwanta
pictureofthefuture,imagineabootstampingonahumanfaceforever.
PartIII,ChapterIII,NineteenEightyFour

Censorship
AmajorthemeofNineteenEightyFouriscensorship,especiallyintheMinistryofTruth,wherephotographs
aremodifiedandpublicarchivesrewrittentoridthemof"unpersons"(i.e.,personswhohavebeenarrested,
whomthePartyhasdecidedtoerasefromhistory).Onthetelescreensfiguresforalltypesofproductionare
grosslyexaggerated(orsimplyinvented)toindicateanevergrowingeconomy,whentherealityistheopposite.
OnesmallexampleoftheendlesscensorshipiswhenWinstonischargedwiththetaskofeliminatinga
referencetoanunpersoninanewspaperarticle.HeproceedstowriteanarticleaboutComradeOgilvy,amade
uppartymember,whodisplayedgreatheroismbyleapingintotheseafromahelicoptersothatthedispatches
hewascarryingwouldnotfallintoenemyhands.

Surveillance
TheinhabitantsofOceania,particularlytheOuterPartymembers,havenorealprivacy.Manyofthemlivein
apartmentsequippedwithtwowaytelescreens,sothattheymaybewatchedorlistenedtoatanytime.Similar
telescreensarefoundatworkstationsandinpublicplaces,alongwithhiddenmicrophones.Written
correspondenceisroutinelyopenedandreadbythegovernmentbeforeitisdelivered.TheThoughtPolice
employundercoveragents,whoposeasnormalcitizensandreportanypersonwithsubversivetendencies.
Childrenareencouragedtoreportsuspiciouspersonstothegovernment,andsomeevendenouncetheirparents.
Surveillancecontrolsthecitizenryandthesmallestsignofrebellion,evensomethingsosmallasafacial
expression,canresultinimmediatearrestandimprisonment.Thus,citizens(andparticularlypartymembers)
arecompelledtoobedience.

TheNewspeakappendix
"ThePrinciplesofNewspeak"isanacademicessayappendedtothenovel.Itdescribesthedevelopmentof
Newspeak,theParty'sminimalistartificiallanguagemeanttoideologicallyalignthoughtandactionwiththe
principlesofIngsocbymaking"allothermodesofthoughtimpossible."(Forlinguistictheoriesabouthow
languagemaydirectthought,seetheSapirWhorfhypothesis.)
WhetherornottheNewspeakappendiximpliesahopefulendtoNineteenEightyFourremainsacritical
debate,asitisinStandardEnglishandreferstoNewspeak,Ingsoc,theParty,etc.,inthepasttense(i.e.,
"Relativetoourown,theNewspeakvocabularywastiny,andnewwaysofreducingitwereconstantlybeing
devised,"p.422)inthisvein,somecritics(Atwood,[37]Benstead,[38]Milner,[39]Pynchon[40])claimthat,for
theessay'sauthor,Newspeakandthetotalitariangovernmentarepast.

Sourcesforliterarymotifs
NineteenEightyFourusesthemesfromlifeintheSovietUnionandwartimelifeinGreatBritainassourcesfor
manyofitsmotifs.AmericanproducerSidneySheldonwrotetoOrwellintheearly1950s,interestedin
adaptingthenoveltotheBroadwaystage.OrwellsoldtheAmericanstagerightstoSheldon,explainingthathis

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basicgoalwithNineteenEightyFourwasimaginingtheconsequencesofStalinistgovernmentrulingBritish
society:
[NineteenEightyFour]wasbasedchieflyoncommunism,becausethatisthedominantformof
totalitarianism,butIwastryingchieflytoimaginewhatcommunismwouldbelikeifitwerefirmly
rootedintheEnglishspeakingcountries,andwasnolongeramereextensionoftheRussian
ForeignOffice.[41]
Thestatement"2+2=5,"usedtotormentWinstonSmithduringhisinterrogation,wasaCommunistparty
sloganfromthesecondfiveyearplan,whichencouragedfulfillmentofthefiveyearplaninfouryears.The
sloganwasseeninelectriclightsonMoscowhousefronts,billboardsandelsewhere.[42]
TheswitchofOceania'sallegiancefromEastasiatoEurasiaandthesubsequentrewritingofhistory("Oceania
wasatwarwithEastasia:OceaniahadalwaysbeenatwarwithEastasia.Alargepartofthepoliticalliterature
offiveyearswasnowcompletelyobsolete"ch9)isevocativeoftheSovietUnion'schangingrelationswith
NaziGermany.Thetwonationswereopenandfrequentlyvehementcriticsofeachotheruntilthesigningofthe
1939TreatyofNonAggression.Thereafter,andcontinuinguntiltheNaziinvasionoftheSovietUnionin
1941,nocriticismofGermanywasallowedintheSovietpress,andallreferencestopriorpartylinesstopped
includinginthemajorityofnonRussiancommunistpartieswhotendedtofollowtheRussianline.Orwellhad
criticisedtheCommunistPartyofGreatBritainforsupportingtheTreatyinhisessaysforBetrayaloftheLeft
(1941)."TheHitlerStalinpactofAugust1939reversedtheSovietUnion'sstatedforeignpolicy.Itwastoo
muchformanyofthefellowtravellerslikeGollancz[Orwell'ssometimepublisher]whohadputtheirfaithina
strategyofconstructionPopularFrontgovernmentsandthepeaceblocbetweenRussia,BritainandFrance."[43]
ThedescriptionofEmmanuelGoldstein,witha"small,goateebeard,"evokestheimageofLeonTrotsky.The
filmofGoldsteinduringtheTwoMinutesHateisdescribedasshowinghimbeingtransformedintoableating
sheep.ThisimagewasusedinapropagandafilmduringtheKinoeyeperiodofSovietfilm,whichshowed
Trotskytransformingintoagoat.[44]Goldstein'sbookissimilartoTrotsky'shighlycriticalanalysisofthe
USSR,TheRevolutionBetrayed,publishedin1936.
TheomnipresentimagesofBigBrother,amandescribedashavingamoustache,bearsresemblancetothecult
ofpersonalitybuiltuparoundJosephStalin.
ThenewsinOceaniaemphasisedproductionfigures,justasitdidintheSovietUnion,whererecordsettingin
factories(by"HeroesofSocialistLabor")wasespeciallyglorified.ThebestknownofthesewasAlexey
Stakhanov,whopurportedlysetarecordforcoalminingin1935.
ThetorturesoftheMinistryofLoveevoketheproceduresusedbytheNKVDintheirinterrogations,[45]
includingtheuseofrubbertruncheons,beingforbiddentoputyourhandsinyourpockets,remainingin
brightlylitroomsfordays,torturethroughtheuseofprovokedrodents,andthevictimbeingshownamirror
aftertheirphysicalcollapse.
TherandombombingofAirstripOneisbasedontheBuzzbombsandtheV2rocket,whichstruckEnglandat
randomin19441945.
TheThoughtPoliceisbasedontheNKVD,whicharrestedpeopleforrandom"antisoviet"remarks.[46]The
ThoughtCrimemotifisdrawnfromKempeitai,theJapanesewartimesecretpolice,whoarrestedpeoplefor
"unpatriotic"thoughts.
Theconfessionsofthe"ThoughtCriminals"Rutherford,AaronsonandJonesarebasedontheshowtrialsofthe
1930s,whichincludedfabricatedconfessionsbyprominentBolsheviksNikolaiBukharin,GrigoryZinoviev
andLevKamenevtotheeffectthattheywerebeingpaidbytheNazigovernmenttounderminetheSoviet
regimeunderLeonTrotsky'sdirection.
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Thesong"UndertheSpreadingChestnutTree"("Underthespreadingchestnuttree,Isoldyou,andyousold
me")wasbasedonanoldEnglishsongcalled"Gonomorearushing"("Underthespreadingchestnuttree,
WhereIkneltuponmyknee,Wewereashappyascouldbe,'Neaththespreadingchestnuttree.").Thesong
waspublishedasearlyas1891.Thesongwasapopularcampsonginthe1920s,sungwithcorresponding
movements(liketouchingyourchestwhenyousing"chest,"andtouchingyourheadwhenyousing"nut").
GlennMillerrecordedthesongin1939.[47]
The"Hates"(TwoMinutesHateandHateWeek)wereinspiredbytheconstantralliessponsoredbyparty
organsthroughouttheStalinistperiod.Thesewereoftenshortpeptalksgiventoworkersbeforetheirshifts
began(TwoMinutesHate),butcouldalsolastfordays,asintheannualcelebrationsoftheanniversaryofthe
Octoberrevolution(HateWeek).
Orwellfictionalized"newspeak,""doublethink,"and"MinistryofTruth"asevincedbyboththeSovietpress
andthatofNaziGermany.[48]Inparticular,headaptedSovietideologicaldiscourseconstructedtoensurethat
publicstatementscouldnotbequestioned.[49]
WinstonSmith'sjob,"revisinghistory"(andthe"unperson"motif)are
basedontheStalinisthabitofairbrushingimagesof'fallen'peoplefrom
groupphotographsandremovingreferencestotheminbooksand
newspapers.[51]Inonewellknownexample,theSovietencyclopaedia
hadanarticleaboutLavrentiyBeria.Whenhefellin1953,andwas
subsequentlyexecuted,institutesthathadtheencyclopaediaweresent
anarticleabouttheBeringStrait,withinstructionstopasteitoverthe
articleaboutBeria.[52]

NikolaiYezhovwalkingwithStalin
inthetopphotofromthemid1930s.
Followinghisexecutionin1940,
Yezhovwaseditedoutofthephoto
bySovietcensors. [50]Yezhovbecame
an"unperson."

BigBrother's"OrdersoftheDay"wereinspiredbyStalin'sregular
wartimeorders,calledbythesamename.Asmallcollectionofthe
morepoliticalofthesehavebeenpublished(togetherwithhiswartime
speeches)inEnglishas"OntheGreatPatrioticWaroftheSoviet
Union"ByJosephStalin.[53][54]LikeBigBrother'sOrdersoftheday,
Stalin'sfrequentlylaudedheroicindividuals,[55]likeComradeOgilvy,
thefictitiousheroWinstonSmithinventedto'rectify'(fabricate)aBig
BrotherOrderoftheday.
TheIngsocslogan"Ournew,happylife,"repeatedfromtelescreens,
evokesStalin's1935statement,whichbecameaCPSUslogan,"Life
hasbecomebetter,Comradeslifehasbecomemorecheerful."[46]

In1940ArgentinewriterJorgeLuisBorgespublishedTln,Uqbar,
OrbisTertiuswhichdescribedtheinventionbya"benevolentsecret
society"ofaworldthatwouldseektoremakehumanlanguageand
realityalonghumaninventedlines.Thestoryconcludeswithanappendixdescribingthesuccessoftheproject.
Borges'storyaddressessimilarthemesofepistemology,languageandhistoryto1984.[56]

Influences
DuringWorldWarII(19391945)OrwellbelievedthatBritishdemocracyasitexistedbefore1939wouldnot
survivethewar,thequestionbeing"WoulditendviaFascistcoupd'tatfromaboveorviaSocialistrevolution
frombelow"?
Laterheadmittedthateventsprovedhimwrong:"WhatreallymattersisthatIfellintothetrapofassuming
that'thewarandtherevolutionareinseparable'."[57]ThematicallyNineteenEightyFour(1949)andAnimal
Farm(1945)sharethebetrayedrevolutiontheperson'ssubordinationtothecollectiverigorouslyenforced
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classdistinctions(InnerParty,OuterParty,Proles)thecultofpersonalityconcentrationcampsThought
Policecompulsoryregimenteddailyexerciseandyouthleagues.OceaniaresultedfromtheUSannexationof
theBritishEmpiretocountertheAsianperiltoAustraliaandNewZealand.Itisanavalpowerwhose
militarismveneratesthesailorsofthefloatingfortresses,fromwhichbattleisgiventorecapturingIndia,the
"JewelintheCrown"oftheBritishEmpire.MuchofOceanicsocietyisbasedupontheUSSRunderJoseph
StalinBigBrotherthetelevisedTwoMinutesHateisritualdemonisationoftheenemiesoftheState,
especiallyEmmanuelGoldstein(vizLeonTrotsky)alteredphotographsandnewspaperarticlescreate
unpersonsdeletedfromthenationalhistoricalrecord,includingevenfoundingmembersoftheregime(Jones,
AaronsonandRutherford)inthe1960spurges(viztheSovietPurgesofthe1930s,inwhichleadersofthe
BolshevikRevolutionweresimilarlytreated).AsimilarthingalsohappenedduringtheFrenchRevolutionin
whichmanyoftheoriginalleadersoftheRevolutionwerelaterputtodeath,forexampleDantonwhowasput
todeathbyRobespierre,andthenlaterRobespierrehimselfmetthesamefate.
Inhis1946essay"WhyIWrite,"OrwellexplainsthattheseriousworkshewrotesincetheSpanishCivilWar
(193639)were"written,directlyorindirectly,againsttotalitarianismandfordemocraticsocialism."[2][58]
NineteenEightyFourisacautionarytaleaboutrevolutionbetrayedbytotalitariandefenderspreviously
proposedinHomagetoCatalonia(1938)andAnimalFarm(1945),whileComingUpforAir(1939)celebrates
thepersonalandpoliticalfreedomslostinNineteenEightyFour(1949).BiographerMichaelSheldennotes
Orwell'sEdwardianchildhoodatHenleyonThamesasthegoldencountrybeingbulliedatStCyprian's
SchoolashisempathywithvictimshislifeintheIndianImperialPoliceinBurmaandthetechniquesof
violenceandcensorshipintheBBCascapriciousauthority.[59]OtherinfluencesincludeDarknessatNoon
(1940)andTheYogiandtheCommissar(1945)byArthurKoestlerTheIronHeel(1908)byJackLondon
1920:DipsintotheNearFuture[60]byJohnA.HobsonBraveNewWorld(1932)byAldousHuxleyWe
(1921)byYevgenyZamyatinwhichhereviewedin1946[61]andTheManagerialRevolution(1940)byJames
Burnhampredictingperpetualwaramongthreetotalitariansuperstates.OrwelltoldJacinthaBuddicomthathe
wouldwriteanovelstylisticallylikeAModernUtopia(1905)byH.G.Wells.
ExtrapolatingfromWorldWarII,thenovel'spasticheparallelsthepoliticsandrhetoricatwar'sendthe
changedalliancesatthe"ColdWar's"(194591)beginningtheMinistryofTruthderivesfromtheBBC's
overseasservice,controlledbytheMinistryofInformationRoom101derivesfromaconferenceroomatBBC
BroadcastingHouse[62]theSenateHouseoftheUniversityofLondon,containingtheMinistryofInformation
isthearchitecturalinspirationfortheMinitruethepostwardecrepitudederivesfromthesociopoliticallifeof
theUKandtheUSA,i.e.,theimpoverishedBritainof1948losingitsEmpiredespitenewspaperreported
imperialtriumphandwarallybutpeacetimefoe,SovietRussiabecameEurasia.
Theterm"EnglishSocialism"hasprecedentsinhiswartimewritingsintheessay"TheLionandtheUnicorn:
SocialismandtheEnglishGenius"(1941),hesaidthat"thewarandtherevolutionareinseparable...thefact
thatweareatwarhasturnedSocialismfromatextbookwordintoarealisablepolicy"becauseBritain's
superannuatedsocialclasssystemhinderedthewareffortandonlyasocialisteconomywoulddefeatAdolf
Hitler.Giventhemiddleclass'sgraspingthis,theytoowouldabidesocialistrevolutionandthatonly
reactionaryBritonswouldopposeit,thuslimitingtheforcerevolutionarieswouldneedtotakepower.An
EnglishSocialismwouldcomeaboutwhich"willneverlosetouchwiththetraditionofcompromiseandthe
beliefinalawthatisabovetheState.Itwillshoottraitors,butitwillgivethemasolemntrialbeforehandand
occasionallyitwillacquitthem.Itwillcrushanyopenrevoltpromptlyandcruelly,butitwillinterferevery
littlewiththespokenandwrittenword."[63]
IntheworldofNineteenEightyFour,"EnglishSocialism"contractedto"Ingsoc"inNewspeakisa
totalitarianideologyunliketheEnglishrevolutionheforesaw.Comparisonofthewartimeessay"TheLionand
theUnicorn"withNineteenEightyFourshowsthatheperceivedaBigBrotherrgimeasaperversionofhis
cherishedsocialistidealsandEnglishSocialism.ThusOceaniaisacorruptionoftheBritishEmpirehebelieved
wouldevolve"intoafederationofSocialiststates,likealooserandfreerversionoftheUnionofSoviet
Republics."[64]

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Criticalreception
Whenfirstpublished,NineteenEightyFourwasgenerallywellreceivedbyreviewers.V.S.Pritchett,
reviewingthenovelfortheNewStatesmanstated:"IdonotthinkIhaveeverreadanovelmorefrighteningand
depressingandyet,sucharetheoriginality,thesuspense,thespeedofwritingandwitheringindignationthatit
isimpossibletoputthebookdown."[65]P.H.Newby,reviewingNineteenEightyFourforTheListener
magazine,describeditas"themostarrestingpoliticalnovelwrittenbyanEnglishmansinceRexWarner'sThe
Aerodrome."[66]NineteenEightyFourwasalsopraisedbyBertrandRussell,E.M.ForsterandHarold
Nicolson.[66]Ontheotherhand,EdwardShanks,reviewingNineteenEightyFourforTheSundayTimes,was
dismissiveShanksclaimedNineteenEightyFour"breaksallrecordsforgloomyvaticination."[66]C.S.Lewis
wasalsocriticalofthenovel,claimingthattherelationshipofJuliaandWinston,andespeciallythepartyview
onsex,lackedcredibility,andthatthesettingwas"odiousratherthantragic."[67]

Inothermedia
NineteenEightyFourhasbeenadaptedforthecinematwice,andfortheradioandtelevisionatleasttwice.

Culturalimpact
TheeffectofNineteenEightyFouron
theEnglishlanguageisextensivethe
conceptsofBigBrother,Room101,the
ThoughtPolice,thoughtcrime,unperson,
memoryhole(oblivion),doublethink
(simultaneouslyholdingandbelieving
contradictorybeliefs)andNewspeak
(ideologicallanguage)havebecome
commonphrasesfordenoting
totalitarianauthority.Doublespeakand
Wallofanindustrialbuildingin
groupthinkarebothdeliberate
Donetsk,Ukraine
elaborationsofdoublethink,whilethe
adjective"Orwellian"denotes
"characteristicandreminiscentofGeorgeOrwell'swritings"especially
NineteenEightyFour.Thepracticeofendingwordswith"speak"(e.g.,
mediaspeak)isdrawnfromthenovel.[68]Orwellisperpetuallyassociatedwith
theyear1984inJuly1984anasteroiddiscoveredbyAntonnMrkoswas
namedafterOrwell.

"Happy1984"stencil
graffiti,denotingmind
controlviavideogames,on
astandingpieceoftheBerlin
Wall,2005.

In1974DavidBowiereleasedthealbumDiamondDogs.Itisthoughttobelooselybasedonthenovel1984.It
includesthetracks"WeAreTheDead","1984"and"BigBrother".BeforethealbumwasmadeBowie's
management(MainMan)hadplannedforBowieandTonyIngrassia(MainMan'screativeconsultant)toco
writeanddirectamusicalproductionofOrwell's1984,butapparentlyBowieloatheddoinganythingon
assignmentandshowedhisdisinterestbynotgettingoutofbedtoworkontheproject.Orwell'swidowwas
appalledattheideaandrefusedtogiveMainMantherights.[69]
In1977theBritishrockbandTheJamreleasedthealbumThisIstheModernWorld,whichincludesthetrack
"Standards"byPaulWeller.Thistrackconcludeswiththelyrics..."...andignoranceisstrength,wehavegodon
ourside,look,youknowwhathappenedtoWinston."
In1984,AppleComputermadeaSuperBowladvertisementfortheMac,statingthat"1984won'tbelike
'1984'".TheadwassuggestingthattheAppleMacwouldbefreedomfromBigBrother,theIBMPC.
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In1984:LoveIs(Suicide)byIainWilliams&the1984Project.[70]LoveIs(Suicide)wasrecordedbyIain
Williams&the1984ProjectatTridentRecordingStudiosinSoho,London,inJanuary1984.Thedancetrack
wascoproducedbyFiachraTrenchandIainWilliams(BigBang).Musicianswhoplayedonthetrackinclude:
Leloleadvocal(vocalistfromLelo&theLevants),HansZimmerFairlightCMIsynth,HansZimmer
LinnDrum,AlanMurphyleadguitar&rhythmguitar(Level42),ShirleyandDeeLewis(Backingvocals)and
IainWilliamsongrandpiano.The9minuterecordingconstructedaroundrepetitivechordstructureswasan
experimentinproducingarhythmic,minimalisticdancetrackaimedspecificallyfordanceclubs.Iainciteshis
inspirationfortherecordingascomingfrom,"variouscomponents,includingthe'musicwithrepetitive
structuresprincipleofAmericancomposerPhillipGlassalongwithalyricalessenceofGeorgeOrwells
dystopiannovel'NineteenEightyFourthesongslyricsareanobservationoftheS&Mstylerelationship
betweenthenovelstwomaincharacters,WinstonandJulia.[71]This9minuteversionofthesonghasa2
minuteelectricguitarsoloattheendofitplayedbyAlanMurphy,duringwhichAlanletsrip.Twoalternative
versionsofLoveIs(Suicide)exist,bothrecordedatdifferentperiodswithdifferentleadvocalists.Louis
Wellstedsangonanearlier4minuteversionofthesongrecordedattheBBCMaidaValeStudiosin1982that
wasbroadcastonBBCRadio1,andIainsbandYouYouYourecordedaversionofthesongin1987with
vocalistKarenOConnor.
In1984,thebookwasmadeintoamoviewhichstarredJohnHurtasthecentralcharacterofWinstonSmith.In
2006,themovieversionofVforVendettawasreleased,whichhasmanyofthesamerunningthemesand
principlesas1984andalsostarsJohnHurttakingontheroleoftheleaderofatotalitarianparty,thoughthe
filmisbasedonthegraphicnovelbyAlanMooreandDavidLloyd.[72][73]AnepisodeofDoctorWhocalled
"TheGodComplex"depictsanalienshipdisguisedasahotelcontainingRoom101likespaces,andquotesthe
nurseryrhymeaswell.[74]
InSeptember2009,theEnglishprogressiverockbandMusereleasedTheResistance,whichincludedsongs
influencedby1984.[75]
Referencestothethemes,conceptsandplotofNineteenEightyFourhaveappearedfrequentlyinotherworks,
especiallyinpopularmusicandvideoentertainment.Anexampleistheworldwidehitrealitytelevisionshow
BigBrother,inwhichagroupofpeoplelivetogetherinalargehouse,isolatedfromtheoutsideworldbut
continuouslywatchedbytelevisioncameras.
InNovember2011,theUnitedStatesgovernmentarguedbeforetheUSSupremeCourtthatitwantsto
continueutilizingGPStrackingofindividualswithoutfirstseekingawarrant.Inresponse,JusticeStephen
BreyerquestionedwhatthismeansforademocraticsocietybyreferencingNineteenEightyFour.Justice
Breyerasked,"Ifyouwinthiscase,thenthereisnothingtopreventthepoliceorthegovernmentfrom
monitoring24hoursadaythepublicmovementofeverycitizenoftheUnitedStates.Soifyouwin,you
suddenlyproducewhatsoundslikeNineteenEightyFour..."[76]
Thebooktouchesontheinvasionofprivacyandubiquitoussurveillance.Frommid2013itwaspublicizedthat
theNSAhasbeensecretlymonitoringandstoringglobalinternettraffic,includingthebulkdatacollectionof
emailandphonecalldata.SalesofNineteenEightyFourincreasedbyupto7timeswithinthefirstweekofthe
2013masssurveillanceleaks.[77][78][79]Itisalsoseeninthebookhowmassmediawasacatalystforthe
intensificationofdestructiveemotionsandviolence.Sincethe20thcenturynewsandotherformsofmedia
havebeenpublicizingviolencemore.[80][81]Itisnocoincidencethatinthesameyear,theAlmeidaTheatreand
Headlongstagedasuccessfulnewadaptation(byRobertIckeandDuncanMacmillan)whichtwicetouredthe
UKandplayedanextendedruninLondon'sWestEnd.

1984vs.BraveNewWorld
Inthedecadessincethepublicationof1984,therehavebeennumerouscomparisonstotheAldousHuxley
novel,BraveNewWorldwhichwaspublished17yearsearlierin1932.[82][83][84][85]Theyarebothpredictions
ofsocietiesdominatedbyacentralgovernment,basedonextensionsofthetrendsoftheirtimes.Buttheruling
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classof1984usebrutalforce,torture,andmindcontroltokeeprebelliousindividualsinline,whileBraveNew
Worldrulerskeepcitizensinlinethroughaddictivedrugsandpleasurabledistractions.
InOctober1949,afterreading1984,HuxleysentalettertoOrwellstatinghisbeliefthatitwouldbemore
efficientforrulerstostayinpowerthroughthesoftertouchallowingcitizenstoselfseekpleasureasameans
ofcontrolratherthanbruteforce,allowingforafalsesenseoffreedom:
WithinthenextgenerationIbelievethattheworld'srulerswilldiscoverthatinfantconditioning
andnarcohypnosisaremoreefficient,asinstrumentsofgovernment,thanclubsandprisons,and
thatthelustforpowercanbejustascompletelysatisfiedbysuggestingpeopleintolovingtheir
servitudeasbyfloggingandkickingthemintoobedience.[86]
Elementsofbothnovelscanbeseeninmoderndaysocieties,withHuxley'svisionbeingmoredominantinthe
WestandOrwell'svisionmoreprevalentwithdictatorsinexcommunistcountriesandthetheocraciesand
dictatorshipsoftheMiddleEast,aspointedoutinessaysthatcomparethetwonovels,includingHuxley'sown
BraveNewWorldRevisited.[87]

Seealso
Closedcircuittelevision(CCTV)
Cultureoffear
Languageandthought
Listofstoriessetinafuturenowpast
Masssurveillance
NewWorldOrder(conspiracytheory)
Utopiananddystopianfiction

Utopiananddystopianfiction
Moscow2042
TheGlassFortress(2016film)
We
Wir(1982film)

Notes
1.Benet'sReader'sEncyclopedia,FourthEdition(1996).HarperCollins:NewYork.p.734.
2.Aaronovitch,David(8February2013)."1984:GeorgeOrwell'sroadtodystopia".BBCNewsMagazine.United
Kingdom:TheBBC.Retrieved8February2013.
3.TheColumbiaEncyclopedia,FifthEdition,ColumbiaUniversityPress:1993,p.2030.
4."NineteenEightyFour,"pg272.
5.TheOxfordCompaniontoEnglishLiterature,SixthEdition.UniversityofOxfordPress:2000.p.726.
6."Dedicatedfollowerofpassions".TheGuardian.19May2002.
7."TheWidowOrwell".TheNewYorkTimes.15June2003.
8.Grossman,LevLacayo,Richard(6October2005)."ALLTIME100Novels.1984(1949),byGeorgeOrwell"(htt
p://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/alltime100novels/slide/19841948bygeorgeorwell/#19841948bygeorge
orwell).Time.ISSN0040781X.Retrieved19October2012
9."100BestNovels"(http://www.modernlibrary.com/top100/100bestnovels/).ModernLibrary.Retrieved19October
2012
10."BBCTheBigRead"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml).BBC.April2003.Retrieved19October
2012
11.LettertoRogerSenhouse,26December1948,reprintedinCollectedWorks:ItIsWhatIThink,p.487
12.Bowker,Chapter18."thesis":pp.3689
13.Bowker2003,pp.383,399
14."Charles'GeorgeOrwellLinks".Netcharles.com.Retrieved4July2011.
15.JohnRodden.ThePoliticsofLiteraryReputation:TheMakingandClaimingof"St.George"Orwell
16.CEJL,iv,no.125.
17.Crick,Bernard.IntroductiontoNineteenEightyFour(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1984)
18.NineteenEightyfour,ISBN9780141187761p.xxvii(Penguin)
19.Marcus,LauraNicholls,Peter(2005).TheCambridgeHistoryofTwentiethCenturyEnglishLiterature.Cambridge
UniversityPress.p.226.ISBN0521820774."BraveNewWorld[is]traditionallybracketedwithOrwell'sNineteen
EightyFourasadystopia..."
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20."FreedomandHappiness"(http://theorwellprize.co.uk/georgeorwell/byorwell/essaysandotherworks/freedomand
happinessreviewofwebyyevgenyzamyatin)(areviewofWebyYevgenyZamyatin)byOrwell,TheExpress
Tribune,4January1946.
21."1984thoughtcrime?DoesitmatterthatGeorgeOrwellpinchedtheplot?"(https://www.theguardian.com/books/books
blog/2009/jun/08/georgeorwell1984zamyatinwe),PaulOwen,TheGuardian,8June2009.
22.Canadianprotectioncoverstheauthor'slifeand50yearsfromtheendofthecalendaryearofhisorherdeath.
23.SouthAfricancopyrightlawprotectsliteraryworksfortheauthor'slifeplusfiftyyearsseetheCopyrightAct,No.
98of1978,asamended(http://www.cipc.co.za/Copyright_files/Copyright_Act.pdf).
24."1984,deOrwell,60aosdespus25.07.2009lanacion.com".Lanacion.com.ar.25July2009.Retrieved20June
2014.
25.Australianlawstipulateslifeplus70years,since2005.Thelawisnotretrospectiveandexcludesworkspublishedin
thelifetimeofanauthorwhodiedin1956orearlier
26.Omanilawprovidesforacopyrightdurationof70yearsafterthedeathoftheauthorsince2008,priortothisthe
copyrightdurationwasonly50yearsafterthedeathoftheauthor,andasthenewlawexplicitlyprovidesthatitdoes
notapplytoworksalreadyinthepublicdomain,thisworkremainsinthepublicdomain.
27.LawNo.9.610ofFebruary19,1998onCopyrightandNeighboringRights.(http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.
jsp?id=514)WIPO,2013.Retrieved13July2015.
28.Hirtle,PeterB."CopyrightTermandthePublicDomainintheUnitedStates".Retrieved25March2010.Asawork
publishedbetween1923and1963,withrenewednoticeandcopyright,itremainsprotectedfor95yearsfromits
publicationdate
29.PartI,Ch.1.
30.PartI,Ch.3.
31."strikingthirteen"(1:00pm).InNineteenEightyFour,the24hourclockismodern,the12hourclockisold
fashioned,PartI,Ch.8.
32.PartII,Ch.9
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34."1984".Part2,Chapter9
35.Lines2935,page229,ChapterX,PartIIofthePenguinpaperbackeditionof1984:"Theproleswereimmortal,you
couldnotdoubtitwhenyoulookedatthatvaliantfigureintheyard.Intheendtheirawakeningwouldcome.And
untilthathappened,thoughitmightbeathousandyears,theywouldstayaliveagainstalltheodds,likebirds,passing
onfrombodytobodythevitalitywhichthePartydidnotshareandcouldnotkill."
36."GeorgeOrwell:"NotesonNationalism" ".Resort.com.May1945.Retrieved25March2010.
37.MargaretAtwood:"Orwellandme"(https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jun/16/georgeorwell.artsfeatures).The
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38.Benstead,James(26June2005)."HopeBeginsintheDark:RereadingNineteenEightyFour"(http://www.netcharle
s.com/orwell/articles/colhopebegins.htm).
39.AndrewMilner:LocatingScienceFiction.LiverpoolF.C.:LiverpoolUniversityPress,2012,pp.120135.
40.ThomasPynchon:ForewordtotheCentennialEditiontoNineteeneightyfour,pp.viixxvi.NewYork:Plume,2003.
InshortenedformpublishedalsoasTheRoadto1984(http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_19
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302378.DTL))
41.Sheldon,Sidney(2006)TheOtherSideofMe",GrandCentralPublishing,p.213
42.Tzouliadis,Tim(2008).TheForsaken:AnAmericanTragedyinStalin'sRussia.NewYork:PenguinPress.pp.48
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056305.
45.Senyonovna,Eugenia(1967).JourneyintotheWhirlwind.NewYork:Harcourt,Brace&World,Inc.
46.Fitzpatrick,Sheila(1999).EverydayStalinism.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0195050010.
47."GoNoMoreaRushing(RiddleSong)".Sniff.numachi.com.Retrieved2January2012.
48."ThankYou,ComradeStalin!:SovietPublicCulturefromRevolutiontoColdWar".
49."TheRiseandFalloftheSovietUnion".
50."Newseum:TheCommissarVanishes".Retrieved19July2008.
51.King,David(1997).TheCommissarVanishes:TheFalsificationofPhotographsandArtinStalin'sRussia.
Metropolitan/Holt.ISBN0805052941.
52.Schacter,DanielL.Scarry,Elaine,eds.(2001).Memory,Brain,andBelief(Mind/Brain/BehaviorInitiative).
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54."OrderoftheDay,No.130,May1st,1942".Retrieved14December2011.
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55.Stalin,Joseph(1970).OntheGreatPatrioticWaroftheSovietUnion.FOREIGNLANGUAGEPRESSPEKING.
56."TwentiethcenturySpanishAmericanLiteratureto1960".
57."LondonLettertoPartisanReview,December1944,quotedfromvol.3ofthePenguineditionoftheCollected
Essays,JournalismandLetters.
58."GeorgeOrwell:WhyIWrite".Resort.com.Retrieved4July2011.
59.Shelden,Michael(1991).OrwellTheAuthorizedBiography.NewYork:HarperCollins.ISBN0060921617.pp
430434
60.JohnA.Hobson,1920:DipsintotheNearFuture(http://ariwatch.com/VS/1920.htm)
61.GeorgeOrwell,"Review"(http://www.orwelltoday.com/weorwellreview.shtml),Tribune,4January1946.
paraphrasingRaynerHeppenstall,hereportedlysaid"thathewastakingitasthemodelforhisnextnovel."Bowker,
p.340.
62."Therealroom101".BBC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5January2007.Retrieved9December2006.
Meyers(2000),p.214.
63.Orwell,SoniaandAngus,Ian(eds).TheCollectedEssays,JournalismandLettersofGeorgeOrwell,Volume2:"My
CountryRightorLeft"(194043Penguin)
64.Orwell,George(2000).Orwell,SoniaAngus,Ian,eds.GeorgeOrwell:theCollectedEssays,Journalism&Letters
(1stNonpareiled.).Boston:NonpareilBooks.p.91.ISBN9781567921342."Thethirdwastodevelopapositive
imperialpolicy,andaimattransformingtheEmpireintoafederationofSocialiststates,likealooserandfreer
versionoftheUnionofSovietRepublics."
65.IrvingHowe,Orwell'sNineteenEightyFour:Text,Sources,Criticism.NewYork:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,
1982.ISBN0155658115(pp.2903).
66."FirstBites:NineteenEightyFour.NigelFountain,TheGuardian,June14,1994.
67.Lewis,CliveStaple(1966).OnStories:AndOtherEssaysonLiterature.GeorgeOrwell.Harcourt.p.101.
68.Keyes,Ralph(2009).ILoveItWhenYouTalkRetro.StMartins.p.222.
69.StardustTheDavidBowieStory,HenryEdwardsandTonyZanetta,1986,McGrawHillBookCompany,page220
70.LoveIs(Suicide)byIainWilliams&the1984Project:https://soundcloud.com/bigbangbritishband/loveisbyiain
williamsftvocalsbylelo
71.LoveIs(Suicide)byIainWilliams&the1984Project:https://soundcloud.com/bigbangbritishband/loveisbyiain
williamsftvocalsbylelo
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76."JusticeBreyerwarnsofOrwelliangovernment".TheHill.8November2011.Retrieved9November2011.
77.'1984'salesskyrocketinwakeofUSspyscandal(https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOAdNu
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78.SalesofOrwell's'1984'IncreaseasDetailsofNSAScandalEmerge(http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/06/
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87.AldousHuxleysBraveNewWorldRevisited(http://www.huxley.net/bnwrevisited/)

Furtherreading
Aubrey,CrispinChilton,Paul,eds.(1983).NineteenEightyfourin1984:Autonomy,Control,andCommunication
(Repr.ed.).London:ComediaPub.Group.ISBN090689042X.
Bowker,Gordon(2003).InsideGeorgeOrwell:ABiography.PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN031223841X.
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Hillegas,MarkR.(1967).TheFutureAsNightmare:H.G.WellsandtheAntiUtopians.SouthernIllinoisUniversity
Press.ISBN080930676X
Howe,Irving,ed.(1983).1984Revisited:TotalitarianisminOurCentury.NewYork:HarperRow.ISBN006
0806605.
Meyers,Jeffery.Orwell:WintryConscienceofaGeneration.W.W.Norton.2000.ISBN0393322637
Orwell,George(1949).NineteenEightyFour.Anovel.London:Secker&Warburg.
Orwell,George(1984).Davison,Peter,ed.NineteenEightyFour:TheFacsimileManuscript.London,United
Kingdom:SeckerandWarburg.ISBN043635022X.
Orwell,George(1949).NineteenEightyFour.Anovel.NewYork:Harcourt,Brace&Co.
Orwell,George(1977).1984.ErichFromm(Foreword)(reissueed.).SignetClassics.ISBN0451524934.
Orwell,George(2003).NineteenEightyFour.ThomasPynchon(Foreword)ErichFromm(Afterword).Plume.
ISBN0452284236.
AfterwordbyErichFromm(1961).,pp.324337.
Orwell'stexthasa"SelectedBibliography,"pp.3389theforewordandtheafterwordeachcontainfurther
references.
ThePlumeeditionisanauthorisedreprintofahardcovereditionpublishedbyHarcourt,Inc.
ThePlumeeditionisalsopublishedinaSignetedition.Thecopyrightpagesaysthis,buttheSigneted.doesnothave
thePynchonforward.
Copyrightisexplicitlyextendedtodigitalandanyothermeans.
Orwell,George.1984(Vietnameseedition),translationbyngPhngNghi,FrenchprefacebyBertrandLatour
ISBN0977422453.
Shelden,Michael(1991).Orwell:TheAuthorisedBiography.London:Heinemann.ISBN0434695173.
Smith,DavidMosher,Michael(1984).OrwellforBeginners(1sted.).[London],Eng.:WritersandReadersPub.
Cooperative.ISBN0863160662.
Steinhoff,WilliamR.(1975).GeorgeOrwellandtheOriginsof1984.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress.
ISBN0472874004.
Tuccille,Jerome(1975).Who'safraidof1984?Thecaseforoptimisminlookingaheadtothe1980s.NewRochelle,
N.Y.:ArlingtonHousePublishers.ISBN0870003089.
West,W.J.(1992).TheLargerEvilsNineteenEightyFour:theTruthBehindtheSatire.Edinburgh:Canongate
Press.ISBN0862413826.

Externallinks
NineteenEightyFour(https://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/Aut
Wikilivreshasoriginal
hors/O/Orwell%2C_George/1984/)atDMOZ
mediaortextrelatedtothis
NineteenEightyFour(http://www.iblist.com/book57.htm)atthe
article:
InternetBookList
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ur)attheBritishLibrary
NineteenEightyFour(http://www.wellread.eu/?ASIN=014118776X)Acollectionofreviewsof
NineteenEightyFourfromWellRead
OnlinecomicversionofNineteenEightyFour(http://1984comic.com/?q=node/413)
1984:TheOpera(http://www.1984theopera.com/)
NineteenEightyFour(http://openlibrary.org/works/OL1168091W/Nineteen_EightyFour)attheOpen
Library
NineteenEightyFour(http://www.isfdb.org/cgibin/title.cgi?15862)titlelistingattheInternet
SpeculativeFictionDatabase
1953TheatreGuildontheAirradioadaptation(https://archive.org/download/TheaterGuildontheAir/Tgo
a_530426_ep1501984.mp3)atInternetArchive
HistorianSarahWiseontheLondonofNineteenEightyFourontheLondonFictionswebsite(http://ww
w.londonfictions.com/georgeorwellnineteeneightyfour.html)
Electroniceditions
GeorgeOrwellEricArthurBlair(http://orwell.ru/library/novels/1984/english/)
ProjectGutenbergAustralia(etext)(http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100021.txt)
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