TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering

Proceedings of the Biennial International

Symposium
FOREST AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

2012

2012 TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

Adress: 500091 Braov
B-dul Iuliu Maniu 41A
Tel:0268-476050
Fax: 0268 476051
E-mail: editura@unitbv.ro

Printed by:
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Editorial Board:
Prof. Ioan Vasile Abrudan, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Braov, Romania
Prof. Valentina Ciobanu, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Braov, Romania
Prof. Ioan Clinciu, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering , Braov, Romania
Conf. Lucian Curtu, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering , Braov, Romania
Prof. Vasileios C. Drosos, Democritus Univeristy of Trace, Greece
Prof. Gheorghe Ignea, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering , Braov, Romania
Conf. Ovidiu Ionescu, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Braov, Romania
Prof. Florin Iora, Buckinghamshire New University, United Kingdom
Prof. Dieter Peltz, University of Freiburg, Germany
Prof. Gheorghe Sprchez, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Braov, Romania

TRANSILVANIA
UNIVERSITY OF
BRAOV

UNIVERSITATEA
TRANSILVANIA
DIN BRAOV

Faculty of
Silviculture and
Forest Engineering

Facultatea de
Silvicultur i
Exploatri Forestiere

Proceedings of the Biennial International Symposium

FOREST AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Braov, 19-20th of October 2012

TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

2012

CONTENTS

1.SILVICULTURE AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT______

Viorela MARCU: Extreme Meteorological Phenomena Induced by
the Euro-Atlantic Atmospheric Blockage in the Past Four
Years, Brasov Area________________________________
Mihai-Leonard DUDUMAN, Nicolai OLTENICI, Gabriela ISAIA:
Research Carried Out in Romania on the Northern Bark
Beetle (Ips duplicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae,
Scolytinae)_______________________________________
Diana VASILE, Virgil SCRLTESCU: High Conservation Value
Forests (HCVF) from Transilvania____________________
Dieter C. SIMON: Methodological Aspects Concerning the
Establishmnet of the Number and Status of Birds form
Romanias Forests_________________________________
Raluca ENESCU, Gheorghe SPRCHEZ: Considerations
Regarding the Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils
Located Under Trees of Turkey Oak and Hungarian Oak in
Bejan Forest______________________________________
Irina GOSTIN, Adrian OPREA: SEM Investigations on Endemic
Plant
Species
from
Campanulaceae
Family__________________________________________
Ancua COTOVELEA, Neculae OFLETEA, Ovidiu IONESCU:
DNA Isolation and Amplification in Romanian Species of
Wild Animals_____________________________________
Anelya DIMITROVA: The Effect of Fertilization on the Yeld of
Biomass From Experimental Willow Plantations_________
Kancho KALMOUKOV: The Effect of Initial Density and Species
on the Condition, Growth and Yeld of Hibrid Elm
Plantation (U. Campestris x U. Pumila)________________

9
15

21

25

31

37
43

47

2.FOREST ENGINEERING, FOREST MANAGEMENT

PLANING AND TERRESTRIAL MEASUREMENTS________

51

Octavia ZELENIUC: Short Term Surface Protection of Beech Sawn

Timber during Storage______________________________

53

Iosif VOROVENCII: Highlighting of Temperatures on Landsat 5

TM Thermal Infrared Image_________________________
Vasileios C. DROSOS: Recording and Mapping of Network Paths
in Suburban Forest for Better Management_____________
Dimitios E. FARMAKIS, Vasileios C. DROSOS: Zoning as an
Instrument for Sustainable Development and Exploitation of
the Mountainous Areas_____________________________
Eugen IORDACHE: Short Rotation Plantations (SRP)
Technologies/Logistic from the Harvest up to the Market
Design and Evaluation______________________________
Rudolf DERCZENI: Researches Rgarding the Frequency of
Damages Inflicted at Tractor Skidding_________________
Leonard-Nicolae ENACHE, Radu DUMITRESCU: Technological
Looses at Beech Tree Logging in the Upper Basin of
Ialomia River____________________________________
Nicu Constantin TUDOSE, Ioan CLINCIU, erban Octavian
DAVIDESCU: Rainfall Research of Forested Lands in the
Upper Crnciov Catchment__________________________
Aurel LUNGULEASA: The Straightening of Beech Veneer
Undulations______________________________________
Rzvan Vasile CMPU: Research Concerning Norway Spruce
Wood Apparent Volumic Mass and Weight Decrease During
Storage Period____________________________________
Viorel Gheorghe MARINESCU: Considerations Concerning the
Influence of the Provisions of the Romanian Specific
Forestry Legislation in Force on the Efficiency of Forest
Management______________________________________
Cornel Cristian TERENEU, Drago George CRISTIAN, Horaiu
HNGARU, Horaiu George VLAD-DRGHICI: Using
Geographical Information System for the Automatic
Creation of Topographic Maps_______________________
Emilia Adela SALCA: Outline of the Processing Roughness
Evaluation on Sanded Black Alder Wood_______________
Maria Magdalena VASILESCU: The Relative Level of Median
Diameter on the Longitudinal Section of Norway Spruce
(Picea abies (L.) Karst) STEM _______________________
Constantin SCEANU: Forest Roads Degradation in Correlation
with Traffic Characteristics__________________________
Valeria ALEXANDRU, Rostislav BEREZIUC: Forest Accessibility
in Present and Solutions for the Future_________________
Rostislav BEREZIUC, Valeria ALEXANDRU, Valentina
CIOBANU: Forest Accessibility, a Main Condition for
Forest Sustainable Development______________________
I.

V.

M. POSEA: Changes in Forest Soils Induced by Wildland

Fires______________________________________________________

59
65

71

77
83

87

93
99

103

107

111
117

123
127
133

139
145

Cristin LINCU, Petrior VIC: The Maintian of the Good State

of the Superstructure Important Objective in the
Maintenance of Forest Roads________________________
Arcadie CIUBOTARU, Marius PUN: Research on the ClarkEvans Index of Aggregation__________________________
Tatiana GRIU, Aurel LUNGULEASA: Genus Salix L. A Chapter
of Renewable Energy_______________________________
erban Octavian DAVIDESCU, Ioan CLINCIU, Nicu Constantin
TUDOSE: Factors Influencing Torrent Control Structures
Condition in a Torrential Improved Watershed___________
Cezar UNGUREAN, Nicu Constantin TUDOSE, erban Octavian
DAVIDESCU, Andrei ADORJANI:
Solutions for
Afforestation in Degraded Lands Located in Romanian
Steppe and Forest Steppe, Posted After 1980____________
Ilka YONOVSKA: Sustainability of the Forestry-Wood Processing
Industry Relationship_______________________________
Nicuor BOJA, Florinel BOJA, Daniel GLIGORA, Ilie
POPESCU: Research Regarding the Work Capacity of Stihl
BT 121 Motto-Borer for Drilling Holes for Planting
Saplings_________________________________________
Valentin HUTOPIL, Gheorghe IGNEA: Bridges and Culvrts
Behaviour on Forest Roads Within Pojorta Forest,
Suceava County___________________________________
Alexandru Cristian STAN, Stelian Alexandru BORZ, Valentina
CIOBANU: Enzymatic Emulsions Are There Oportunities
for
Their
Introduction
to
Forest
Roads?__________________________________________
Ionu DU, Stelian Alexandru BORZ: Estimating the Consumed
Time in Timber Winching Using TAF657 Winch Skidder
Endowed with TA-2AM Winch________________________

151
157
161

167

173
179

183

189

195

201

RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN ROMANIA ON THE NORTHERN BARK

BEETLE (IPS DUPLICATUS, COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE,
SCOLYTINAE)

Mihai-Leonard DUDUMAN, tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Forestry Faculty

Nicolai OLENICI, Forest Research and Management Institute, Experimental Station for Spruce
Silviculture, Cmpulung Moldovenesc
Gabriela ISAIA, Transilvania University of Braov, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering.

Abstract: The northern bark beetle, Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg, 1836), native from Eurasian boreal
forests, is an invasive species in Central and Southeast Europe and mainly occurs in the spruce stands
located at altitudes below 1000 m a.s.l. It develops outbreaks especially within areas where spruce was
cultivated outside of its natural range. The faunistic records of this species started in 1948 in northeastern part of Eastern Carpathians (Raru Mountains). Until 1970, this species was faunistically
reported from Eastern Carpathians and eastern part of Southern Carpathians. In 2011 the presence of
the species was recorded in the most areas where spruce is growing, excepting the Banat Mountains and
the areas exceeding 1000 m altitude. Its first outbreak began in 2004-2005 and is still in progress mainly
in spruce stands of 3545 years old, but also in older ones, in hilly zone from north-eastern part of
Romania. The vulnerability of the stands where outbreaks occurred increased due to their high density,
drought and less favourable soil conditions (pseudogleyzation) in some cases. Regarding the ecology of
this species, the research was focussed mainly on phenological and chemoecological aspects. Thus,
studying the seasonal flight activity of Ips duplicatus versus Ips typographus in different elevation
conditions, it was found that Ips duplicatus starts the flight a few days earlier than Ips typographus and,
at least in the hilly areas of north-eastern Romania, these species develop two complete generations per
year. The chemoecological research was focussed on the study of olfactory behaviour of Ips duplicatus
adults. It was observed that the bark beetles concentrate on areas with large amounts of fresh spruce
debris which release high quantities of specific volatile substances (terpenes and alcohols). The research
continues at this time to identify the effects of some monoterpenes from spruce oleoresin (alpha-pinene
and limonene), on olfactory behaviour of Ips duplicatus bark beetles attracted by synthetic pheromones.
Key words: Ips duplicatus, research development, Romania.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The northern spruce bark beetle Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)
(Sahlberg, 1836) is, as the name implies, a characteristic species of the Eurasian boreal coniferous forests,
being native met from Scandinavia to the Siberian Taiga and Sachalin Island, but isolated in the Austrian
Alps (Pfeffer, 1995, Wood and Bright, 1992). The extension of this species areal to Central and Southeast
Europe was noted in faunistic records from the early part of the 20th century. Thus, Hagedorn (1910)
speaks about the presence of Ips duplicatus at that time, except for Finland and Russia, in the Upper
Silesia (South-West of Poland). Subsequently, the species was found in Steiermark Region (Southeast of
Austria) and in widnica Lower Silesia (West of Poland) (Reitter, 1916), and in 1920 was reported from
Lubore (South of Slovakia) (Roubal 1937-41 cited by Zbrik et al., 2006). After 1920, this species was
repeatedly collected in the Czech part of Silesia (Wanka, 1927; Pfeffer, 1955, cited by Kniec et al.,
2006). In the 1970s it became a common species of spruce stands located at altitudes below 1000 m a.s.l.

in Slovakia and Czech Republic (Zbrik et al., 2006; Mrkva, 1994; Holua and Kniek, 2007), in Poland
being frequently found in coniferous stands located in the Southwest of Sudetes Mountains and in
Northern Carpathians, also at elevations which do not exceed 1000 m a.s.l. (Holua and Grodzki, 2008).
The expansion to the west and southeast Europe of this species area was confirmed by records from
Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, etc. (EPPO/CABI,
1996). In Asia, important populations of Ips duplicatus have been reported in Inner Mongolia (China)
(Zhang et al., 1995), and some specimens have found in Japan (Honshu Island) (EPPO/CABI, 1996).
Ips duplicatus prefers as hosts various species of spruce (Picea abies, P. obovata, P. mongolica),
but it can also be found on different species of pine (Pinus sylvestris, P. sibirica, P. strobus) or larch
(Larix sibirica) (Schedl, 1981; Pfeffer, 1995; Zhang et al., 1995; Holua and Grodzki, 2008; Postner,
1974), and according to some authors, even on species of Abies and Juniperus (Stark, 1952; Mrkva, 1994;
1995). This bark beetle prefers weakened trees of 40-70 years, located in sunny places at the forest edges
or within thinned stands, and colonizes mainly the upper third of the stem (Stark, 1952; Pfeffer, 1955;
Postner, 1974; Bakke, 1975). It avoids the trees which were cut down or it colonizes them only slightly
(Bakke, 1975; Lekander el al., 1977).
The outbreaks of Ips duplicatus in its native range (boreal zone) are tightly correlated with those
of Ips typographus, and are caused by the accumulation of large quantities of favourable host material
resulting from the wind felled trees (Bake, 1975). Only rarely happens that Ips duplicatus is more
abundant than Ips typographus (Voolma, 2005). However, in areas where the northern bark beetle has
extended its range during the last hundred years (Central Europe and Inner Mongolia China), it was able
to develop local outbreaks, especially after the 1950 in China and after 1990 in Central Europe (Zhang et
al., 1995; Hrubrik, 2007; Holua and Kniec, 2006; Grodzki, 2003; Prizybyl et al., 2008; Olenici et al.,
2009, 2011). These outbreaks occurred within havily debilitated spruce stands after combined action of
various abiotic and biotic factors. Most of those stands were established on improper sites for spruce
species, frequently affected by summer drought and very high temperatures, or by fire, wood decay fungi,
defoliator insects, etc. (Zhang et al., 1995, Holua, 2001; Kniec, 2001; Stanovsk, 2002; Kniec et al.,
2006; Prizybyl et al., 2008; Olenici et al., 2009, 2011). The southward enlargement of species area and
the problems caused by its outbreaks in the new territories qualify Ips duplicatus as an invasive species in
the most countries in Central, West and South Europe (Vakula et al., 2007; Zbrik et al., 2007; DAISIE,
2009; Sauvard et al., 2010).
The occurrence of Ips duplicatus in Romania was proved by records from the years 1948-1953
(Negru and Ceianu, 1957), but the interest for this species remained very low until 2008, when it was
found that this species is the main actor in a bark beetle outbreak (Olenici et al., 2009). This fact has
stimulated the interest for Ips duplicatus, and studies concerning its distribution in Romania, outbreak
evolution, phenological and ecological aspects have been undertaken.

2.

IPS DUPLICATUS IN ROMANIA

2.1. Records of the Ips duplicatus

In Romania, the presence of Ips duplicatus was discoverd for the first time in 1948, in the
northern part of the Eastern Carpathians (Raru Mountains, Suceava County), when 9 beetle (3 males and
6 females) were found under bark of infested spruce, together with Ips typographus (Negru and Ceianu,
1957). The subsequent records, until 1953, were from different locations along the Bistria River (1949:
Secu-Taca, Galu, Bicaz, Buhalnia, Tarcu, Tazlu - Neam County), as well as in locations near that of
the first record (1951: Lucina and Cmpulung Moldovenesc; 1953: Cmpulung Moldovenesc Suceava
County), or from distant, isolated points as the Dendrological Park Roznov (Neam County) and
Hemeiui Park (Bacu County) (Negru and Ceianu, 1957). Since 1962 appeared new records of Ips
duplicatus from areas where the insect presence had been testified (Suceava County - 1965: Vama,
Iacobeni; Neam County - 1962: Roznov, 1965: Piatra Neam, 1967: Bicaz), but also from new locations,
mostly situated on western or southern part of the Eastern Carpathians (Maramure County 1965:
Dragomireti, Trgu Lpu; Harghita County 1965: Toplia, Snmartin; Mure County 1965: Lunca

10

Bradului; Covasna County 1965: Baraolt; Buzu County 1965: Nehoiu; Prahova County 1965
Mneciu) or in a isolated location in Southern Carpathians (Vlcea County 1965: Voineasa) (Vasiliu et
al., 1978).
In the most faunistic records from the years 1948-1967, Ips duplicatus is mentioned on infested
Norway spruce trees, usually along with Ips typographus and Ips amitinus, and less often together with
Pityogenes chalcographus, Orthotomicus laricis, Dryocoetes autographus. This bark beetle has been
found also on trees of Scots pine (at Tarcu 1949, Lucina 1951, Roznov 1962) and Pinus strobus (at
Roznov, 1952) (Negru and Ceianu, 1957; Vasiliu et al., 1978).
New records for Ips duplicatus have been reported since 2008. Thus, beetles of this species have
been found in captures obtained with pheromone traps for Ips typographus set up in several locations of
the mountain area of Suceava County (2008: Paltinu Ionu; 2010: Giumalu). It has also been collected
from under the bark of many infested trees in pure spruce stands growing outside the natural range of this
tree species, in the hilly zone of Suceava County (Calafindeti, Zamostea, Feteti, Flticeni, Dolhasca)
(Olenici et al., 2009; Duduman et al., 2011a). In the years 2010-2011 there have been some observations
on the presence of Ips duplicatus both in the areas where it had been already reported as well as in other
areas of Romania, where this species was expected to be present. Thus, Duduman et al. (2011b) have
verified the presence of the species in thirty-five representative locations using pheromone traps
(Intercept type) baited with specific pheromones of Ips duplicatus (ID Ecolure from Slovakia). These
were installed in the proximity (10-12 m distance) of the spruce stands that are located at elevation
between 200 and 1200 m a.s.l., and aged 35115 years. Ips duplicatus occurrence was noted in new
locations from all areas where it has been reported before: Suceava County - Giumalu, Ionu, Frasin,
Zamostea, Calafindeti, Feteti; Neam County - Bolovni, Brate, Aa, Valea Uzului; Bacu County Valea Uzului; Harghita County - Rchiti; Covasna County - Brecu; Mure County - Filipiu Mare;
Maramure County - Baia Mare, Tuii Mgheru, but also in other new areas like Botoani County Flmnzi, Bahlui; Iai County - Ttrui; Vaslui County - Ivneti; Braov County - Trlungeni, Poiana
Braov, Rnov, Tohanu Vechi; Sibiu County - Tlmcel; Hunedoara County Sibiel. The traps
installed in Vrancea County (Scnteia), Buzu County (Gura Teghii), Arge County (Berevoieti) and
Cara Severin County (Izvoarele Nerei) did not capture any Ips duplicatus beetle. In summary, it can be
stated that in Romania Ips duplicatus is present in almost all area of Norway spruce (except Banat
Mountains), situated at elevation bellow 1000 m a.s.l. (Duduman et al., 2011b).
2.2. Ips duplicatus outbreak in Romania
The first outbreak of Ips duplicatus in Romania was noted in 2008 (Olenici et al., 2009) and it
was located in spruce stands of 30-50 years, installed outside of the natural range of spruce in the
northeastern part of Romania, namely in the hilly zone of Suceava County (Forest Districts Adncata,
Ptrui, Flticeni, Dolhasca). Analysing the foci developed in these stands, it was found that Ips
duplicatus was the dominant species in the bark beetle assemblages, the other main species attacking the
trees being Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphus poligraphus, Pityophthorus
pityographus (Olenici et al., 2011). The beginning year of the outbreak was established using
chronological data for the number of bark beetle infested trees in spruce stands growing outside of the
natural range since 1995 to 2009. Thus, the number of attacked trees significantly increased after 20022004, reaching a level of 50,000 infested trees per year in 2007-2009 (Olenici et al., 2011). In August
2012 there were already reported over 100,000 trees infested during the current growing season. At the
same time, it was noted that the Ips duplicatus outbreak covered artificial spruce stands from Botoani
and Iai counties, as well as some spruce stands situated at the lower altitudinal limit of the spruce natural
range, in the premountain zone of Suceava County (Forest Districts Brodina, Putna, Marginea, Solca,
Gura Humorului, Mlini and Rca).
2.3. Factors that favoured the development of Ips duplicatus outbreak
Research carried out by Olenici et al. (2011) have demonstrated that the Ips duplicatus outbreak
in northeastern part of Romania has occurred in severe debilitated spruce stands from outside of this
species natural range, after the increase of bark beetle population since 2002. Population increase is most

11

likely due to the introduction into the hilly area of significant quantities of infested wood from the
mountain area (located about 50 km away) in the years after the huge windfall that occurred in Suceava
county in March 2002 (Simionescu et al., 2007). The debilitation of those spruce stands was due to the
common action of several factors, including severe droughts in the years 1986-1987, 1990, 1992, 19951996, 2000-2004 and 2007, whose effects were revealed by the analysis of the tree radial growth, or
Pristiphora abietina attacks which started in the years 1993-1994 and continued every year with varying
intensities. The strongest Ips duplicatus foci have developed in the most debilitated spruce stands. They
were typically very dense stands (2,0003,200 trees per hectare), installed in less favourable soil
conditions (pseudogleyzation) (Olenici et al., 2011). The development of Ips duplicatus outbreaks in
Romania has occurred in conditions similar to those of the outbreaks recorded in Central Europe
(Stanovsk, 2002; Grodzki, 2003; Holua & Kniec, 2006; Hrubrik, 2007).
2.4. Ecology of Ips duplicatus
Phenological studies about the flight activity of Ips duplicatus versus Ips typographus, conducted
in different elevation conditions, using pheromone traps baited with the specific pheromones, showed
that, at least in 2010, Ips duplicatus started the flight activity in spring earlier than Ips typographus, and
that both species developed two complete generation per season at low altitudes (Zamostea, 375 m)
(Duduman et al., 2011a). The monitoring of the flight activity and insect development under the bark of
infested trees in Suceava hilly area (Zamostea, Calafindeti and Feteti) during the growing season in
2011 has confirmed that Ips duplicatus develops two generations per year in this zone, and that flight
activity dynamics has three maxima, by the end of April, end of June beginning of July, end of August
beginning of September.
The chemoecological researches were started with the study of influence of spruce natural
volatiles released by fresh debris on Ips duplicatus response to the characteristic synthetic pheromones.
We found that in pheromone traps installed within the areas with important quantities of fresh spruce
debris there were captured significantly larger numbers of Ips duplicatus beetles than in the traps installed
within the areas where no debris were present, concluding that the beetles were concentrated (as with
other species of bark beetles) within the areas with large amounts of specific natural volatiles (terpenes
and alcohols) from spruce (Duduman and Vasian, 2012). Currently, there are in progress researches on
identifying the effect of some monoterpenes from spruce oleoresin (()alpha-pinen and (+)limonene) on
the olfactory response of Ips duplicatus beetles to the characteristic synthetic pheromones. Preliminary
results indicate that the response to pheromones (pheromone blend release rate of 23 mg/day) is
intensified as the release rates of ()alpha-pinen and (+)limonene increase from 50 to 1000 mg/day
(Duduman, 2012).

3.

CONCLUSIONS

Although Ips duplicatus was recorded in Romania since 1948, and in the meantime extended its
territory in almost all area of Norway spruce, except Banat Mountains and mountain zone above 1000 m
a.s.l., this species has not attracted significant attention until 2008, when the first outbreak got underway
in spruce stands installed outside of the natural range in the hilly zone of northeastern part of Romania.
Before 2008, the research conducted on this species in Romania had mostly a faunistical character. After
2008, the research, focussed especially on aspects related to the development of Ips duplicatus outbreak,
but also on aspects of the ecology of this species (phenology, chemoecology).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by The National Authority for Scientific Research CNCSISUEFISCSU, PN II-RU 563/2010 Role of the Norway Spruce volatile substances upon Ips

12

typographus and Ips duplicatus bark beetles response to aggregative pheromones, contract number
204/2010 and MOTIVE ProjectModels for Adaptive Forest Management, funded by 7th EU Framework
Programme.

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