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C3
9V
R10
680kVCC
1F
VCC
VCC
9V
R7
R3
9V
8
R4
R6
R11
1nF
100k
680k
1.0k
2
4
R2
10k
C1
100pF
C2
U1A
C4
1
100k
VCC
U2A
10k
R8
100k
0%
Key=A
10k
R1
15k
R9
9V
9V
TL072ACD
R5
10k
100 %
Key=A
100pF
TL072ACD
VCC
9V
R3
10k
R1
15k
VCC
9V
8
U1A
3
1
R4
1.0k
2
4
R2
10k
TL072ACD
C1
100pF
R5
10k
0%
Key=A
Figure 3 Oscillator
The oscillator in the circuit serves as the source of the carrier signal. In this configuration, as we
move the potentiometer, we change the frequency of the signal that is being generated. The circuit is able
to produce signal from 233 kHz (at 100%) to 1.4 MHz(at 0%), which covers mostly of the AM band.
The oscillator and the modulator is connected by a high-pass filter to remove the DC offset from
the oscillator output. It also isolates the oscillator from the modulator to prevent it from interfering.
XFG1
VCC
C3
9V
R10
680k
1F
VCC
R7
U2A
C4
10k
R8
100k
0%
Key=A
9V
8
R9
9V
VCC
1
2
4
100k
C2
R6
R11
1nF
100k
680k
100pF
TL072ACD
In this circuit, it uses a difference amplifier with equal gain to both signals. The two pots are used
to make minor adjusments to either the audio or the carrier gain. The difference amplifier topology is
basically:
So if we set
Rf Rg
=
R 1 R2
Rf
V
=
(V 2V 1) .
0
, then the output is
R1
Even though the technique used in this circuit is different from the usual technique, which is
multiplying, it still ends up with an AC riding on the carrier that looks like the image below.