Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pdf
2015.12.25
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P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
Introduction
Ceramic filters (CERAFIL *) have now become an
indispensable component in a multitude of electronic
equipment.
The IC, developed in military and space applications,
has found wide use in the field of commercial
equipment, such as stereo systems, TV sets,
automotive radios, etc. For this reason, new highperformance miniature integrated filters. extremely
desirable for use in IF circuits.
Moreover, radio wave disturbance due to the
remarkable sophistication of communication
networks and the rapid progress of data transmitting
rates have become significant problems. As a result,
the demand for filters with high selectivity and wide
pass bandwidth has increased.
The IC application of the active elements will
continue to progress, increasing the demand for highly
selective, non-adjustable, miniature and wide pass
bandwidth IF circuits.
Ac c o rd i n g l y, C E R A F I L i s t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e
component for a broad range of product. However,
there is very little reference literature on application
and design features. This CERAFIL Application
Manual has been compiled to help you design with the
superior characteristics of CERAFIL, to utilize them
more efficiently and without any problem. This edition
explains the CERAFIL principle, the features and the
specific criteria for the application of CERAFIL.
We intend to assist you to utilize all of these features
effectively by matching the purpose with the
application.
EU RoHS Compliant
All the products in this catalog comply
with EU RoHS.
EU RoHS is "the European Directive
2011/65/EU on the Restriction of the
Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in
Electrical and Electronic Equipment."
For more details, please refer to our
website 'Murata's Approach for EU RoHS'
(http://www.murata.com/eneu/support/compliance/rohs).
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Contents
Product specifications are as of December 2015.
P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
2 Filter
1. Filter p03
2. Operating Principles and Features of Filters p03
p06
1. Trap p14
2. Ceramic Trap p14
8 Ceramic Discriminator (CERAFIL)
1. Discriminator p15
2. Detection methods p16
1. Ratio Detection p16
2. Quadrature Detection p17
3. Differential Peak Detection p17
3. Ceramic Discriminator Application p18
4. Correct Use of Ceramic Discriminator p20
5. Applied IC Reference Table for Ceramic Discriminator p20
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
1 Types of Filter
RoHS
Portable Audio
Car Audio
TV / VCR
RKE / TPMS
Wireless Data
Communication
Mobile Phone
Cordless Phone
10.7MHz
Ceramic
Discriminator
4.5MHz
5.5MHz
6.0MHz
6.5MHz
10.7MHz
Ceramic Trap
Ceramic Filter
SMD Type
4.5MHz
5.5MHz
6.0MHz
6.5MHz
Radio Communication
Equipment
Hi-Fi Audio
Types of Filter
Typical Center
Frequency
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
2 Filter
RoHS
1. Filter
The Range of
Function
Applicable Frequency
Ceramic
Filter
10kHz
to 100MHz
B.P.
B.E.
LC Filter
100Hz
to 150MHz
L.P.
H.P.
B.P.
B.E.
Crystal
Filter
3kHz
to 200MHz
L.P.
H.P.
B.P.
B.E.
Mechanical
Filter
Active
Filter
100Hz
to 800kHz
B.P.
100Hz
to 80kHz
L.P.
H.P.
B.P.
B.E.
Operating Principle
Feature
L.P. : Low Pass Filter, B.P. : Band Pass Filter, H.P. : High Pass Filter, B.E. : Band Eliminate Filter
100
Active Filter
LC Filter
Ceramic Filter
10
10-1
Mechanical Filter
Crystal Filter
10-2
10-3
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
Frequency (Hz)
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2015.12.25
RoHS
Dielectrics
Piezoelectricity
Pyroelectricity
Ferroelectricity
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P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
1k
Flexural
mode
Length
mode
Area
expansion
mode
Thickness
shear
mode
Thickness
expander
mode
Note : Arrows signifies the directions of the vibrations.
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2015.12.25
The symbols as shown in Fig. 3-2 are used for the electricalmechanical transducer in an electrical circuit. The
equivalent circuit with two-terminal type transducer near
the resonating point is shown in Fig. 3-3 even if the vibrating
mode used is different. Each parameter can be considered
as spring-pendulum shown in Fig. 3-4.
Two-terminal Transducer
Three-terminal Transducer
C1
L1
R1
C1 : Equivalent Compliance
L1 : Equivalent Mass
R1 : Equivalent Resistance
C0 : Parallel Equivalent Capacity
C0
fr =
Za
fa =
1
L1 C1
1
2 L1 C1 C0
C0+C1
fr : Resonant Frequency
fa : Anti-Resonant Frequency
Zr : Resonant Impedance
Za : Anti-Resonant Impedance
Zr
fr
fa
Frequency
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
RoHS
Input Level
[dB]
Attenuation
3
(or 6)
20
(or 40)
Frequency
Terminology
Symbol
Unit
Center Frequency
f0
Hz
Pass Bandwidth
(3dB)
B.W.
Hz
Insertion Loss
Loss
dB
Ripple
dB
Attenuation Bandwidth
(dB bandwidth)
(20dB)
B.W.
Hz
Selectivity
dB
Spurious Response
sp
dB
Spurious
Bottom Level
dB
Shape Factor
Other
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2. Other Terminologies
1. Input/Output Impedance
Signifies the internal impedance value of the input and
output side at the center frequency of CERAFIL , and it
is expressed in . It causes no problem even if the input
and the output are used in reverse with CERAFIL , since
the input and the output impedance are in a symmetry of
substantially the same value.
2. Impedance Matching
When connecting one electric circuit to another, or
a component to another, or one electric circuit to a
component, the electric energy is supplied most efficiently
from the signal source to the load if the signal source
impedance and the load impedance are the same. If these
impedances are mismatched, electric energy escapes in the
form of a reflection. To match the signal source impedance
and the load impedance is called the impedance matching.
This is very important for CERAFIL , as an improper
impedance matching may cause various problems (refer to
the advised points in chapter 6-1).
3. dB (Decibel)
Decibel is the logarithmic ratio value by comparing the two
levels. It is also used with CERAFIL when expressing the
frequency characteristics, the insertion loss, the spurious
response, etc.
dB is defined and calculated by the ratio of the electric
power, the voltage and the current, as follows:
Electric Power Ratio dB = 10log10P2/P1
(electric power at two points as P1 and P2)
Voltage Ratio dB = 20log10E2/E1
(voltage at two points as E1 and E2)
Current Ratio dB =20log10I2/I1
(current at two points as I1 and I2)
The merit of using the decibel:
(1) As exemplified above, the decibel is expressed as a
logarithm.
(2) The amplitude, attenuation, etc. are simply calculated by
merely adding or subtracting.
P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
4. dB
The dB has been used only for comparing the two volumes
such as the electric power ratio, voltage ratio, current ratio,
etc. In addition dB may be also used for expressing electric
power or voltage by deciding on some reference values. In
CERAFIL, dB is used for expressing voltage value such as
the input level. Here the reference value is 0 dB = 1 V. In
other words, the volume that represents a level of 60 dB
equals 1 mV. It is important to clearly distinguish dB from
dB.
TD =
d
d
Amplitude
Characteristic
Amplitude
Characteristic
Attenuation
Attenuation
GDT
Characteristic
GDT
Characteristic
Frequency
Frequency
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5 Features of CERAFIL
1. No Peaking Needed
Because CERAFIL is employing a mechanical resonance,
it is almost unaffected by the surrounding circuits: its
characteristics do not deviate when it is implanted in the
printed circuit and no adjustment is required.
10
2015.12.25
RoHS
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
RoHS
1. Impedance Matching
0
R1+Rg=R2=150
R1+Rg=R2=200
R1+Rg=R2=330
10
R1+Rg=R2=470
Attenuation (dB)
R1+Rg=R2=680
20
30
40
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
Frequency (MHz)
R1
Rg
R2
S.S.G
RF
Voltmeter
Test Circuit
11
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12
P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
3. Bias Circuit
Although a bias is required to drive the transistor, CERAFIL
does not pass D.C. This means that the bias circuit is
required. But since CERAFIL requires matching resistance,
the matching resister can play a double role as both
matching and bias resistor. (Refer to Fig. 6-2,)
In this case, check the impedance of the transistors side
from CERAFIL side, and always take the parallel circuit
of both the bias resistance and the transistor s internal
resistance into consideration to meet the resistance value
with one of the specification because the internal resistance
of the transistor is changed by the bias resistance.
VB
Matching
VB
Bias
Matching
C.F.
IFT
IF
Amp.
OSC.
Mix.
VB
13
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
RoHS
1. Trap
As mentioned above, ceramic filters pass only a particular
frequency. However a Band Eliminate Filter (B. E. F.), which
blocks or attenuates a particular frequency, is called a trap.
A sound trap for TV set is one famous example of B. E. F.
In a TV set, a video signal is used in picture amplitude circuit
after a video signal detection block; a ceramic resonator is
insert here and a trap circuit is formed in order to eliminate
the sound signal involved in the video signal.
15 H
330W
Rg=50W
50W
RF
Voltage Meter
1.0KW
Ceramic
Trap
S.S.G
7
0
Attenuation (dB)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
Frequency (MHz)
14
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
RoHS
I n t h e p re c e d i n g c h a p t e r, w e e x p l a i n e d f i l t e r i n g
characteristics and their principles. We have ceramic
discriminators which convert the changes in frequency into
an audio signal via the various detection methods based on
the impedance or phase characteristics of CERAFIL.
1. Discriminator
The detection of FM waves is made through the circuit in
which the relation between the frequency and the output
voltage is linear. The discriminator functions to convert
the change of frequency into audio frequency, a unique
system of detection only used for FM broadcasting. FM wave
detection methods, such as ratio detection, Foster-Seeley
detection, quadrature detection, differential peak detection,
etc. are known.
15
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
2. Detection methods
1. Ratio Detection
D1
V
Input
V 2 /2
Output
C2
C4
V 2 /2
R4
D2
D1
I1
R3
E1
C3
V2/2
V1
C4
E1 + E2
1
- E1 = (E2 - E1)
2
2
E1+E2
E0
-V2/2
R4
E2
D2
I2
E1 + E2
1
- E2 = (E1 - E2)
2
2
due to l1<l2
Also, the frequency characteristics becomes an S-shaped
cur ve as shown Fig. 8-1 (c). We can see that if the
impedance characteristic of a ceramic resonator is designed
into the circuit, then a coil as a detector is unnecessary.
Perhaps more interesting is the fact that adjustment is
eliminated.
E1+E2
E2
E1
fo
E1E2
Ceramic
Discriminator
16
R3
V1
C3
C1
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2. Quadrature Detection
This detection method was originally developed as a sound
detector for TV sets, but recently it has become popular
in the consumer market (FM tuners, car radios, etc.). The
fundamental circuit composition is illustrated in Fig. 8-2
(a) and the operating principle in Fig. 8-2 (b) and (c). This
detection method utilizes the phase characteristic. An FM
signal is supplied directly to one side of the multipliers input
with an IC to the other side of the multipliers input. An FMIF signal, which is passed through the phase shifting circuit
mainly composed of a tank circuit tuned to FM-IF, is applied.
According to the phase difference between e1 and e2 (passed
through the phase shifter). As shown in Fig. 8-2 (b) and
(c), the pulse width of output iL changes, and by passing it
through the low pass filter the average value of the outputpulse changes and the phase detection is performed. Up to
this time a coil has been used as a phase shifter. Again, by
taking advantage of the phase characteristic of the ceramic
resonator as a ceramic discriminator, we can eliminate
adjustment of the FM-IF circuit.
Phase
Shift Circuit
2015.12.25
Output
Low-pass
Filter
Multiplier
Input
eo
Audio Amp.
ei
Limiting Amp.
i3
Phase
Shift
Circuit
Input
Vout
is
i1
i2
e2
e1
I0
(b) Schematic
+
e1 0
i1
i2
i1
i2
i1
i2
i1
i1
i2
0
+
e2 0
Iav
iL
i4
is
i4
is
i4
is
Vcc
B
D
(a) Schematic
V
f1
f2
(b) S-Curve
17
P11E.pdf
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2015.12.25
CDSCB10M7GA113-R0
Applications : Small Radios, Headphone Stereos, etc.,
0.1
36
35
34
33
32
TEA5757HL
(PHILIPS)
6
7
8
100k
30
29
28
27
26
30
29
28
10
27
22
21
10
25
R:
C:F
10
11
18
17
12
13
14
1000
100
1
T.H.D.
10
T.H.D. (%)
10
10
10
1
T.H.D. [%]
0.1
0.1
Input =100dB
fdev. =75kHz
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =1.2V
Input =100dB
fdev. =75kHz
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
10.7
AF OUT
Output Voltage
100
10.6
2.2
10.5
15
D.C. OUT
S.S.G.
10.4
16
R:
C:F
1000
10.8
10.9
11.0
0.01
11.1
0.1
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
0.01
11.1
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
1.4
Input =100dB
Vcc =3.0V
1.0
Output Voltage (V)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.0
10.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
Input =100dB
Vcc =1.2V
0.2
0.2
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Frequency (MHz)
10.9
11.0
11.1
18
19
0.01
0.1
0.1
AFC (p)
AFC (n)
AF OUT
0.1
10.3
20
C.D.
0.01
C.D.
150
0.47
4.7
0.22
23
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
330p
24
26
12
25
TA2154FN (TOSHIBA)
31
11
DC OUT
S.S.G.
T.H.D. (%)
680p
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37
+
100
0.01
0.01
10
+
0.01
Vcc (1.2V)
Vcc (3.0V)
0.1
0.0
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Frequency (MHz)
10.9
11.0
11.1
P11E.pdf
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CDSCB10M7GF072-R0
Applications : VICS, etc.,
CDSCB10M7GF107-R0
Applications : RKE, TPMS, etc.,
Vcc (3.0V)
C.D.
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
TA31272FN (TOSHIBA)
10p
15
14
13
12
11
10
TA31161 (TOSHIBA)
2
0.01
9 10 11 12
C.D.
0.01
R:
C:F
L :H
+
33
IF-IN
0.01
0.01F
0.01F
16
1000pF
820
0.01F
0.01F
0.01F
100F
4.7
0.01
AF OUT
Vcc (5.0V)
0.01
AF-OUT
2015.12.25
0.01F
S.S.G.
R:
C:F
L :H
1000
100
1000
100
Output Voltage
T.H.D.
1
0.1
10
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
10
10
T.H.D.
1
Input =100dB
fdev. =80kHz
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
0.1
10.3
Output Voltage
100
T.H.D. (%)
10
T.H.D. (%)
100
0.1
Input =100dB
fdev. =40kHz
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =5.0V
0.01
11.1
0.1
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
0.01
11.1
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
2.0
3.0
1.8
Input =100dB
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Frequency (MHz)
10.9
11.0
11.1
1.5
1.0
0.0
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Frequency (MHz)
10.9
11.0
11.1
12.0
fdev. =80kHz
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
10
10.0
8.0
AF output voltage
T.H.D. [%]
6.0
T.H.D. (%)
2.0
0.5
0.2
0.0
10.3
Input =100dB
fmod. =1kHz
Vcc =5.0V
2.5
Output Voltage (V)
1.6
4.0
20
2.0
30
20
40
60
80
Input level (dB)
100
0.0
120
19
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2015.12.25
GA
027 - R0
Product ID
IC Manufacturer
ATMEL
Infineon
Panasonic
Freescale
Renesas
NXP
Packaging
Code
Packaging
B0
Bulk
R0
ROHM
SAMSUNG
SANYO
20
IC Part Number
U4313B
U4490B
TDA1576T
TDA6160X
AN7004
AN7232
MC13156
MC13158
PC1391M
NE604
SA605
SA626
SA636DK
SA639
TDA1596T
TEA5710
TEA5757HL
TEA5762 / 5757
UAA3220TS
BA1448
BA4230AF
BA4234L
S1A0903
LA1225M
LA1814M
LA1823
LA1827M
LA1831
LA1832/M
LA1833
LA1835/M
LA1838/M
LA7770
LV23000M
LV23100V
Suffix Number
081
034V
051
038
011
053
049
073
056
020
042
047
096
085
120
040
105A
061
098
060
005
004
118A
108A
115
101
083
043
046
086
048
079
023
114
121
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IC Manufacturer
SONY
T.I.
TOKO
TOSHIBA
IC Part Number
CX1691M
CX-20029
CXA1111
CXA1238
CXA1238N
CXA1343M
CXA1376AM
CXA1538M/N/S
CXA1611
CXA3067M
TRF6901
TK14570L
TK14583V
TK14588V
TA2003
TA2007N
TA2008A/AN
TA2022
TA2057
TA2099N
TA2104AFN
TA2104F
TA2111N/F/FN
TA2132
TA2132BP
TA2142FN
TA2149AN
TA2149N
TA2154FN
TA2159F
TA31161
TA31272F
TA7303P
TA7640AP
TA8122AN/AF
TA8132AN/AF
P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
Suffix Number
078
001
093
027
027N
032
054
069
075
076
119
122
112
109
031
033
045
050
057
082
080
080A
077
092
092D
102
100A
100
113
116
072
107
008
006
016
018
21
P11E.pdf
2015.12.25
Global Locations
For details please visit www.murata.com
Note
1 Export Control
Aircraft equipment
Aerospace equipment
Undersea equipment
Medical equipment
Data-processing equipment
10
www.murata.com