Aquifer Mapping - Inception Report

Aquif er Mapping and Dev elopment of GIS based data base for Assessm ent of v illag e wise GW P otential
and Str ategy for D evelopm ent
Inceptio n Report
Aquifer Mapping and Development of GIS based Database for

Assessment of V illage wise Groundwater Potential and Strategy for
Development
Executive Summary
On November 16th, ROLTA India Limited signed a Consultancy contract (hereinafter referred to as the
Project) with a commitment to provide support to Ground Water Department (GWD), Government
of Rajasthan (GoR) in its initiative to carry out an Aquifer Mapping and Development of GIS based
Database for Assessment of Village wise Groundwater Potential and Strategy for Development. The
European Union (EU), under its bilateral program provided the financial support for the project. The
project began with a presentation from ROLTA India on explaining its intended methodology in
presence of key GWD official and the EU representative. Present report is the mandatory Inception
Report of the project. It contains, among other things, a detailed approach for the ensuing actions,
timeline, manpower deployment and project outputs.
Rajasthan is a chronically water starved geographical entity with its western and southwestern
districts having distinct arid climates and a substantial geographical area of the state comprise the
Thar Desert. Despite this population of the State is on the rise, part of the land and water resource is
affected by salinity and brackishness. The western edge of Rajasthan borders with Pakistan, most of
the districts in this region are arid, sparsely populated and unexplored. Some of the vital information
of these areas may not be available.
The nodal Ground water agency of the GoR, the GWD has been maintaining its water resources data
in the form of reports and also in excel formats, MIS templates and in manually kept data files. This
data have been in use for the purpose of ground water development for various purposes. However,
micro level water resource balancing and regulated GW use was not generally practiced. The
intention of the initiatives of the consultancy task entrusted to Rolta India is to use the existing data
for micro-application of balanced water use and allocation at the village level.
Rolta India plans to carry out this systematically by collecting all available data from all concerned
agencies with the help of GWD. GWD will install a Geographical information system (GIS) for this
purpose with complete infrastructure together with hardware and software support. GIS system, as a
data management tool, helps to integrate, analyze and represent geospatial information and
Page i
Aquif er Mapping and Dev elopment of GIS based data base for Assessm ent of v illag e wise GW P otential and Str ategy for D evelopm ent
Inceptio n Report
database of any resource most conveniently. Rolta will provide the entire consultancy support in the
process of installation and operationalization of the GIS. The GIS will be activated using Survey of
India (SOI) maps on a 1:50,000 scale. All available data will then be converged at the village GP level.
It will eventually support the process of quantification of hydrologic parameters, Groundwater
monitoring and transmission to facilitate rapid analysis and overall planning and decision making. If
applied appropriately, GIS may prove extremely effective in the planning of groundwater resource
development, environmental protection and relevant scientific researches and investigations in
Rajasthan as well. GIS is also important a tool for convergence of spatial information from the Line
departments of the Government that in the long run will help study the impacts and influences of
different manmade actions that act upon the water resources system.
GWD has maintained a GW monitoring schedule since 1984 and the database is enormously huge.
This diverse and voluminous data will be brought under a single dynamic platform.
Water resources data will be analyzed and water balance shall be computed using watersheds as the
hydrological unit. Each of the villages will then be identified with such watersheds and each
watershed will have a water allocation plan. Accordingly the village community at the watershed
level shall have the access to information to arrive at village water use plan.
The GIS based data will result in creating access to community at village/Hydrological Unit level,
which may be useful for analyzing the data, trigger discussion and take necessary decisions. This
data/ information will be useful for the community for crop planning and reduce incidences of crop
failures due to water shortage.
Hence self regulatory system on water resources especially
groundwater can be established.
Capacity Building under the project will be accomplished through Infrastructural Development,
Organizational/Institutional Development and Human Resources Development. The entire up
gradation of the system of GW monitoring and evaluation using modern scientific tools will be
transferred at the end users level through enabling processes of outreach.
Page ii
Inceptio n Report
List of Acronyms
3D
3 - Dimension
BCM
Billion Cubic Meter
CGWB
Central Groundwater Board
Cum
cubic meter
CWB
Crop Water Budgeting
CWC
Central Water Commission
DB
Database
DSPC
Data Storage and Processing Cell
DSS
Decision Support System
EE
Executive Engineer
EU
European Union
GEC
Groundwater Estimation Committee
GIS
Geographical Information System
GoR
Government of Rajasthan
GoI
Government of India
GP
Gram Panchayat
GSF
GeoSpatial Fusion
GW
Groundwater
GWD
Ground Water Department
GPS
Global Positioning Systems
GWRI
Groundwater Resources Information
IMD
Indian Metrological Department
IT
Information Technology
LSE
Land Surface Elevation
MIS
Metadata Information System
MSL
Mean Sea Level
.NET
dot net Technology
NABARD
National Bank for Agriculture and rural development
NRSC
National Remote Sensing Centre
OGC
Open Geospatial Consortium
PRI
Panchayat Raj Institutions
QA
Quality Assurance
Page iii
Inceptio n Report
QC
Quality Control
RASA
Regional Aquifer System Analysis
RFP
Request for Proposal
RL
Reduced Level
RIF
Rainfall Infiltration Factor
SDK
Software Development Kit
SHG
Self Help Group
SOI
Survey of India
ToR
Terms of Reference
WL
Water Level
WLF
Water Level Fluctuation
WUA
Water User Association
WMC
Water Management Committee
Page iv
Inceptio n Report
Contents
Executive Summary
List of Acronyms
iii
Contents
List of figures
viii
References
ix
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
1.1.
General Description
1.2.
Overview
1.3.
Present Project
1.4.
Project Background
1.5.
Objectives as per ToR
Regional Setting
2.1
Geological Setting
2.2
Hydrogeological Conditions
Work Description
8
8
10
12
3.1
Scope of Work (as per ToR)
12
3.2
Final Outputs / Deliverables (as per TOR)
12
3.3
Process Flow Diagram
14
Proposed Approach and Methodology
15
4.1
Project Approach
15
4.2
Collection and Collation of Data
17
4.3
Required Software, Hardware, Database, GIS and RASA Tools for GWD
18
4.3.1
Detailed Solution
18
4.3.2
Proposed Tool for Desktop GIS
18
4.3.3
Proposed Tools for Web GIS
20
4.3.4
Proposed IT Infrastructure for Operation Purpose
27
4.3.5
Proposed RASA Tools for Operational Purpose
30
4.3.6
Summary of Proposed Tools
31
4.4
Geospatial Data Creation
32
4.4.1
Scanning of Hard Copy Maps
32
4.4.2
Geo referencing of SOI Toposheet
32
4.4.3
Geo-referencing of Scanned Maps and Layouts
33
Page v
Inceptio n Report
4.4.4
Generation of administrative boundary map up to Village level
34
4.4.5
Digitization of the Scanned Maps
36
4.4.6
Mosaicing / Edge Match of Digitized Maps
36
4.4.7
Topology Validation and GIS Creation
37
4.4.7.1
Polygon Feature Specifications
37
4.4.7.2
Line Feature Specifications
38
4.4.7.3
Point Feature Specifications
39
4.4.8
Integration of attributes with digitized features in the GIS database
39
4.4.9
Map Composition
40
4.4.10
Quality Control and Quality Assurance Schemes
40
4.5
Depiction and Analysis of Aquifer in 3D
42
4.5.1
Hydrogeological Characterization
42
4.5.2
Groundwater Flow Model
44
4.5.2.1
Model Development Process
44
4.5.2.2
Define Model Objectives
45
4.5.2.3
Model Conceptualization
45
4.5.3
Development of village wise resource quantification tool
47
4.6
Groundwater Resources Assessment
4.6.1
Review of the existing Methodology
4.6.2
Proposed approach for onetime assessment and Village wise apportion of
Groundwater resources and Development of technique for seasonal assessment
4.7
Development of Web Enabled GIS Application
49
49
50
50
4.7.1
Roltas Proposed System Architecture
51
4.7.2
Customization and Development
52
4.7.3
Web Application Functionalities
53
4.8
Capacity Building
54
4.8.1
The institutional capacity
57
4.8.2
Technical capacity
57
4.8.3
Peoples institutions
57
4.8.4
Gender Equity and Womens Participation
58
4.8.5
Trainings of trainers and Water Managers
58
4.8.6
Training of End Users
59
4.8.7
Rolta Approach for Training of Staff/Officials in GIS and Web GIS
59
4.8.8
Capacity Building for GIS
60
Page vi
Inceptio n Report
4.8.9
Capacity Building for Web GIS
60
4.8.10
Training Plan
63
4.9
Final Output and Deliverables
64
5.
Team Composition and Task Assignment
66
6.
Staffing Schedule
68
7.
Project Schedule
69
ANNEXURE
I - XV
Page vii
Inceptio n Report
List of figures
Fig. 1: Administrative Boundary of Study Area
Fig. 2: Geological Map of Rajasthan
Fig. 3: Hydrogeology Map of Rajasthan
11
Fig. 4: Process Flow Diagram for work flow and deliverables
14
Fig. 5: General view of Rolta Geomatica
19
Fig. 6: Solution Architecture
20
Fig. 7: Sample of Registered Toposheet
32
Fig. 8: Sample Geo-referenced Slope Map
34
Fig. 9: Sample Administrative Boundary Map of Jaipur District
35
Fig. 10: Sample Village Boundary Map of Jaipur District
35
Fig. 11: Sample Digitized Geological Map
36
Fig. 12: Sample Edge Matching with Adjacent Map
36
Fig. 13: A Sample Map of Attribute updation and linking
39
Fig. 14: A Sample Digital Groundwater Prospective Map and linking
40
Fig. 15: Basin Map of Rajasthan (Source: SWRPD)
42
Fig.16: Sample Profile of a Lithologs
43
Fig.17: Sample Geoelectric Cross section
43
Fig. 18: Sample Fence Diagram showing Aquifer geometry
44
Fig. 19: Conceptualization of Hydrogeology in GW model
46
Fig. 20: Sample Profile of a Calibration
46
Fig. 21: Process Flow Diagram for Groundwater Flow Model
48
Development
Fig. 22: A Sample Web enables Interface
50
Page viii
Inceptio n Report
References
1. State Water Policy, February 2010, Government of Rajasthan.
2. Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, SRSAC, DST, Government of Rajasthan.
3. Geological Setting http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/1geology.htm
4. Detailed guidelines for implementing the ground water estimation methodology CGWB 2009
5. Hydrology and water resources of India, By Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P.
Singh -2007
6. Hydrology Handbook - By American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Hydrology
Handbook
7. Ministry of Water Resources. Report of the groundwater estimation committee Groundwater
resource estimation methodology, Govt. of India, New Delhi (1997).
8. Ministry of Irrigation. Report of the groundwater estimation committee- Groundwater
resource estimation methodology, Govt. of India, New Delhi (1984).
9. Central Ground Water Board, Dynamic ground water resources of India (as on March 2004),
New Delhi, 2006.
10. Ground Water Second edition H.M.Raghunath -1987
11. Estimation of replenishable groundwater resources of India and their status of utilization
Rana Chatterjee* and Raja Ram Purohi 2009.
12. Rajagopalan, S. P., Sharma, S. K. and Tankhiwale, N. R., Detailed guidelines for implementing
the ground water estimation methodology 1997. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of
Water Resources, Govt of India, 1998.
13. Chatterjee, R. and Jha, B. M., Methods for estimation of replenishable ground water
resources adopted in India. In Paper presented at the International Conference on Ground
Water for Sustainable Development, New Delhi, 14 February 2006
14. Request for Proposal (RFP) Aquifer Mapping and Development of GIS Based Data Base for
Assessment Of Village wise Ground Water Potential and Strategy for Development Government of Rajasthan Office of The Chief Engineer, Ground Water Department, Jodhpur
Page ix
Inceptio n Report
1. Introduction
The water resources on earth for consumption by living beings have become scarce, both in terms of
quantity as well as in quality. Fresh water, the water that can be directly used for domestic and
agricultural purposes, too is shrinking on earth. This also is caused due to anthropogenic
interferences on the natural water resources regime. Presently, the demand for water has increased
enormously. This is attributed to the population explosion, changes in lifestyles that have adopted
water intensive habits and changes in cropping patterns, and food habits that demands more water
than what was traditional. Correspondingly, the dependency on groundwater has increased
simultaneously. Ground water resource at some locations is depleting with passing time due to
various factors like environmental degradation, unsustainable use and the hydrological imbalance.
Groundwater is among the most important natural resources, particularly for a region such as
Rajasthan. It is utilized here, like any other place for drinking, irrigation and various industries. The
resource can be optimally used and sustained only when quantity and quality of groundwater is
assessed and properly managed. It often is due to lack of standardization, inappropriate
methodology in estimating the groundwater and application of improper tools for, leads handling
the same to miscalculation of estimation of groundwater the practices adopted by the users in
managing water resources eventually fail to sustain. In Rajasthan it is rather imperative that proper
tools, standard and appropriate methodology is introduced at the users level in estimating the
groundwater with a view to conserve it till it is replenished by rainfall. It is essential to maintain a
proper balance between the groundwater quantity and its exploitation. Otherwise it leads to large
scale decline of groundwater levels, which ultimately cause a serious problem for sustainable
agricultural production. A possible solution for such problems is micro level planning, and use of
standard methodology for assessing the groundwater.
It is generally observed that the users of water are rather ignorant about the limitations in the water
resources system at any given geographical location. This problem has been addressed by introducing
legislations and improvising water use policies. But people, the users, by and large, are more
confused rather than being bluntly ignorant. This is because the users have limited access to the
information on the system of water resources; the flow and movement of water in the streams, open
water bodies, ground water bodies, wells, pumping systems and their interrelations. Hence they are
not in a position to relate their own actions with the adverse changes that are happening. It is
believed that if people at the users level, the farmers, ordinary household who is stressed with the
idea of collecting its daily domestic water need get the information on changes with counter actions,
may be a social action will emerge to control water misuse and adjust water needs with its
Page 1
Inceptio n Report
availability.
The advent of Geographical Information System (GIS) has added new vistas in the field of ground
water resources mapping and management. It helps in integrating remotely sensed and derived data
with ancillary data to have more precise and correct information about various factors involved in
the ground water resources management.
Geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with Satellite remote sensing, offers great
potential for water resource development and management. It supports in the quantification of
hydrologic parameter in data collection and transmission to facilitate rapid analysis of various facets
of water resources. GIS is one of the most important tools for integrating and analyzing spatial
information from different sources or disciplines. It helps to integrate, analyze and represent spatial
information and database of any resource, which can be appropriately used for planning of
groundwater resource development, environmental protection and relevant scientific researches and
investigations in Rajasthan as well.
1.1.
General Descripti on
Rajasthan is the largest state of the country having 33 (32+1) districts with 249 blocks (Panchayat
Samities). The State is located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded on the
west and northwest by Pakistan, on the north and northeast by the states of Punjab, Haryana, and
Uttar Pradesh, on the east and southeast by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and on
the southwest by the state of Gujarat. The Tropic of Cancer passes through its southern tip in the
Banswara district. The state has an area of 342,239 sq. kilometers. The capital city is Jaipur. As per
the Census 2001 the population of Rajasthan is 565.07 Lac.
Rajasthan is the largest state of the country. The status of water in the state is most critical. The State
with more than 10.4% of the country's geographical area, supporting more than 5.5% of the human
population & 18.70% of the livestock has only 1.16% of the total surface water available in the
country. 67% of the state is a part of the great Thar Desert. Out of the total 142 desert blocks in the
country, 85 blocks belong to the state of Rajasthan. This further aggravates the water crisis.
The groundwater condition is quite alarming. The condition has deteriorated very fast in the last two
decades. The stage of groundwater exploitation, which was just 35% in the year 1984, has reached a
level of 138% in 2008. Out of 249 blocks in the State, only 32 blocks are in safe category, 20 blocks
Page 2
Inceptio n Report
are in semi critical, 28 blocks are in critical and 168 are over exploited. This calls for immediate
remedial measures to address the critical water resources situation in the state.
In line with the best international practices in the water sector, Government of Rajasthan (GoR)
going to implement a State Partnership Program with assistance from the European Commission.
This will facilitate in establishing GIS based hydrological database in the state which will improve
facilities and strengthen the technical capabilities of the state organization.
1.2.
Overview
In the state of Rajasthan, surface water resources are meager and the entire state is principally
dependent on groundwater. The problem is a consequence of low precipitation and hence low
recharge to aquifers and high evapotranspiration. Annual rainfall across the state varies from more
than 950 mm in the South-Eastern part to less than 200 mm in the North-Western part.
The rainfall is erratic and there is a large variation in the rainfall pattern in the state. Average annual
rainfall of the state is 531 mm. The state has witnessed frequent drought and famine conditions in
the past 50 years. Groundwater is not available in many parts even for drinking purpose. Sometimes
water is being transported by trains, trucks and other means.
The growth of population, industry and agriculture coupled with increasing urban development has
resulted in over-abstraction of groundwater. A large portion of the state is covered by windblown
sands/sand dunes of varying thickness. Because of arid/semi-arid conditions, parts of Rajasthan
particularly the western and South-Western areas are infested by salinity. In some areas, salinity of
groundwater may be a result of marine transgression. During Eocene times, marine transgression
seems to have inundated a large part of western Rajasthan.
As per the State Water Policy, February 2010, the per capita annual water availability in the state is
about 780 cubic meter (Cum) on the basis of projected population for July, 2009 against minimum
requirement of 1000 Cum. It is feared that availability would fall below 450 Cum by the year 2050. As
per the international accepted norms, availability of water below 500 Cum is considered as absolute
water scarcity. There is a sharp increase in drinking water demand with increase in population and
greater consciousness about sanitary facilities. Correspondingly, non-agricultural water demand,
which was 3.28 BCM in 1995, is expected to reach 8.07 BCM in next four decades.
Total surface water available in the state is 21.71 BCM, out of which 16.05 BCM is economically
Page 3
Inceptio n Report
utilizable. State has so far harnessed 11.84 BCM which is 72% of economically utilizable portion. In
addition to it 17.89 BCM is allocated through Inter-State agreement. Increasing the irrigation
potential from 2.47 lac ha to 34.96 lac ha and leading thereby to increase agricultural productivity,
the available water is not enough to cater to the needs of the drinking, agriculture and nonagriculture demands. The problem of limited water availability is further aggravated by low
operational efficiency.
1.3.
Present Project
In line with the best international practices in the water sector, the GWD Rajasthan has selected and
awarded Rolta India Ltd to perform consultancy services for Aquifer Mapping and Development of
GIS based database for assessment of Village Wise Groundwater Potential and Strategy for
Development in the entire state (Fig. 1).
The main focus of the project is to develop village wise database on the GIS platform, Mapping and
delineation of aquifers on suitable scale, demystify the science of groundwater hydrology through
capacity building, review of existing methodology of groundwater resources assessment and suggest
suitable technique for seasonal assessment, strengthen local institutions on emerging water crisis
and Groundwater Management.
The outcome of this process leads to development of GIS based Integrated Groundwater Information
System for village level assessment of groundwater resources and data updation at local level.
1.4.
Project Background
The state of Rajasthan is one of the water stress states of the country. In the absence of dependable
perennial surface water sources, ground water plays a vital role for meeting various water sector
demand of the state. Because of the complex hydrogeology, hydrology, rainfall, extraction pattern in
different parts of the State, efficient planning and management of ground water resources require
creation of a sound database integrated with GIS. It is expected that this initiative will help making
decisions and the eventual actions will find a scientific base.
Presently, the groundwater information in the State organization are available either in isolated files
such as Excel, Dbase, Access or similar databases or in the form of paper maps/text reports. Since,
the assessment of GW resources of groundwater systems depends on many factors, collation and
integration of such data for assessment of resources, planning development and conservation is
Page 4
Aquif er Mapping and Dev elopment of GIS based data base for Assessm ent of v illag e wise GW P otential and Str ategy for Developm ent
Inception Report
Fig. 1: Administrative Boundary of Study Area
Page 5
Inceptio n Report
complex task and leads to delay in implementation of many schemes. The present practice of GW
resource estimation in the State is being carried out for the phreatic aquifer tapped by dug
wells/open wells and deeper/confined aquifers which are being used as source of irrigation or
domestic water supply, are either not assessed or being assessed based on empirical formulas. GW
resources assessment is carried out by the State Department at present by using the isolated
database lying in hard copies. The requirement of the day is to demarcate the aquifers system in the
State in three dimensions depicting their extensions in the space and time and further assessment of
the aquifer wise resources. Since, village / Panchayat are now the focal center of development,
aquifer wise resources need to be translated / apportioned into village / Panchayat wise for
implementation of the schemes on the administrative units for which a sound GIS based database is
pre-requisite. Some of the academic / research institutions in the country are carrying out studies in
the field of ground water hydrology using different models and suggested various methodologies for
GW resources estimation. There is need to test various existing groundwater resources estimation
methodologies in the field and adopt them by user departments.
From the rapid observations certain attributes are emerging:
That the wells, surface water bodies, rainwater harvesting structures, water use practices and
social norms thereof have attained unique features in this region. These are a result of
thousands of years of struggle of mankind with a scarce resource water. It can be assumed
that these traditional characteristic designs and practices hold the key to sustained water use
and they have to be seriously taken into account in any type of future scientific interventions.
That in recent years with introduction of some recently acquired technologies and
agricultural practices, the water use patterns have changed with adverse side-effects. It may
be that there has to be a reversal from such practices in some cases, at least.
That in the present day situation with favorable political environment, if the decision making
with regards to water use habits goes entirely in the hands of the users, the situation may
further aggravate since the decision makers at this stage do not have adequate, and often
proper, information to take decisions. The information base has to be strengthened and the
users must have access to it.
1.5.
Objecti ves as per ToR

The broad objective of the project as stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Request for
Proposal (RFP) (Ref-11) is to equip groundwater users / stakeholders with the necessary data,
Page 6
Inceptio n Report
skills and knowledge to manage groundwater resources available in a sustainable manner. The
basic concept is that access to scientific data and knowledge will enable farmers to make
appropriate choices and decisions regarding the use of groundwater resources and agricultural
practices.
The major objectives of the Project are to:
i.
Develop village wise database on the GIS platform involving all sources of water including
parameters related to ground water extraction and assessment.
ii.
Mapping and delineation of aquifers on suitable scale enabling intervention for managing
groundwater depletion through voluntary self regulation.
iii.
Demystify the science of ground water hydrology through capacity building and community
level participation in real time data collection and planning development.
iv.
Review of existing methodology of ground water resources assessment and suggest suitable
technique for seasonal assessment of the aquifer wise ground water resources.
v.
Strengthen local institutions at the habitation and hydrologic unit level to bring on center
stage discussions on emerging water crisis especially on groundwater
vi.
Transform the perception of groundwater from private property to that of a common good
( individual farmers take decisions for collective good)
vii.
Articulate and share information across hydrological units for crop planning.
The Rolta India Ltd have found the above objectives, as formulated at the Government of Rajasthans
level, are pertinent enough to address all interrelated issues and have internalized them in its project
approach.
Page 7
Inceptio n Report
2. Regional Setting
In the west, Rajasthan is relatively dry and infertile; this area includes some of the Thar Desert, also
known as the Great Indian Desert. In the southwestern part of the state, the land is wetter, hilly, and
more fertile. The climate varies throughout Rajasthan. On average winter temperatures range from
8 to 28 C (46 to 82 F) and summer temperatures range from 25 to 46 C (77 to 115 F).
The month of March marks the beginning of summer and the temperature starts rising progressively
through April, May and June. In the western part, the maximum daily temperature varies between
400C to 450C. On the eastern side of the Aravalli range, the day temperature is in a similar range but
night temperatures hover around 260C. January is the coldest month of the year.
2. 1
Geologi cal Setting
Rajasthan is endowed with a continuous Geological sequence of rocks from the oldest Archaean,
Metamorphites, represented by Bhilwara Super Group (more than 2,500 million years old) to subrecent, alluvium and windblown sand (Fig. 2). The western and northwestern parts of the state are
covered by vast blanket of young unconsolidated deposits including the blown sand of the Thar
Desert (Marusthal) of western Rajasthan. The remaining area exposes wide variety of hard rocks,
which include various types of metamorphic schists, quartzites, marbles and gneisses of PreCambrian age with associated acid, and basic intrusive rocks. The sedimentaries include the rocks of
Aravalli Super group, Delhi Super group, and upper Precambrian Vindhyan Super group and of
Cambrian to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. The southeastern extremity of the state is
occupied by a pile of basaltic flows of Deccan Traps of Cretaceous age.
(http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/1geology.htm)
The characteristic feature of the geology of Rajasthan is the presence of several groups of rocks
belonging to Archaean and Pre-Cambrian ages. They form the Aravalli mountain system, which runs
across the state from the north of Delhi in the north-east to the Gulf of Cambay in the south-west.
The central part of the Aravalli ranges is occupied by a great synlinorium composed of Aravalli and
Delhi rocks. Because of the thin deposits of sand in this region, the rock exposures are good but in
the west and the south-west, they are often engulfed in sandy alluvium and desert sands.
The other lithological formations consist of a thick series of sedimentary rocks comprising
sandstones, limestones and shales. These have been classified as upper and lower Vindhyans in the
east and Marwar in the west. The deposition of these rocks in western Rajasthan was preceded by
Page 8
Inception Report
SOURCE: GROUNDWATER ATLAS OF RAJASTHAN, SRSAC, DST, GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN
Fig. 2: Geological Map of Rajasthan
Page 9
Inceptio n Report
igneous activity, which included a thick pile of lava, mostly of an acidic nature. The plutonic
equivalents of this lava are seen in the form of granite bosses and sills in Jalor, Siwana, Mokalsar and
Jodhpur areas. Rocks of the above mentioned igneous activity have been designated as Erinpura
granite and Malani igneous suit.
The great Boundary Fault, through which the River Chambal has carved its course, passes through
south-eastern parts of the state. This fault is visible in Begun (Chittaurgarh district) and northern
parts of Kota. It reappears again in Sawai Madhopur and Dhaulpur districts. Besides this, several
mega lineaments also traverse in the state.
2. 2
Hydro geological Conditions
The State can be divided into three hydrogeological units namely, unconsolidated sediments, semiconsolidated sediments and consolidated rocks (Fig. 3). The unconsolidated sediments are of two
types alluvial sediments and aeolian deposits. The Alluvial deposits are confined to Barmer, Jalore
and Jodhpur district, consisting of sand, clay, gravel and cobbles. Valley fills have been reported from
Jhunjhunu, Ajmer, Bhilwara and Udaipur district. The Aeolian sediments constitute one of the major
aquifers east of major fault, east of Bikaner. It occupies an area of 1400 sq km. The aquifer thickness
is 40 to 80 m. The yield of wells ranges from 100 to 150 m3/hr. Semi-consolidated formations include
sandstone, limestone and Abur beds, covering Jaisalmer and Barmer districts. The dug wells in
Jaisalmer limestone yield 13 to 68 m3/day. The yield of wells in Lathi sandstone varies from 50 - 150
m3/hr. The consolidated rocks includes gneiss, granites, schist, phyllites, marble and Vindhyan
sandstones, limestone, quartzite and basaltic flows, mostly restricted to eastern part of the State.
The yield prospect is limited unless the well is located near major lineaments or any other weak
planes. The ground water quality is in general poor (brackish to saline) at deeper levels.
Page 10
Inception Report
SOURCE: GROUNDWATER ATLAS OF RAJASTHAN, SRSAC, DST,

GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN
Fig. 3: Hydrogeology Map of Rajasthan

Page 11
Inceptio n Report
3.
Work Description
3. 1
Scope of Work (as per ToR)
In order to achieve the goal set and based on the understanding and requirements of the assignment
the scope of the work includes: (all the below mentioned activities cover entire Rajasthan).
i.
Collection and collation of the ground water related data / information from State and
central agencies for development of the GIS based database system.
ii.
Digitize Mapping of the aquifers at suitable scale for planning development and management
of ground water at Panchayat / Community level through stakeholders participation.
iii.
Provide specifications for software, hardware, database/GIS tools and presentation/analysis

tools for developing GIS based databases and aquifer mapping for the State.
iv.
Depiction and analysis of the aquifer systems in 3 Dimension at suitable scale using standard
softwares and preparation of the isopach maps showing thicknesses of the individual
aquifers and their respective parameters.
v.
Review of the existing methodology, practices and status of ground water resources
assessment in the state and to suggest suitable technique for seasonal assessment of the
aquifer wise ground water resources.
vi.
Carry out onetime assessment of groundwater resources, Aquifer Wise on suitable

administrative/ hydrological units and standardize the appropriate technique / methodology
for seasonal assessment of ground water resources using real time data by stakeholders.
vii.
Suggest mechanism for collection of required data / parameters for seasonal assessment of
ground water resources and their regular updating at local level involving the end users.
viii.
Formulate appropriate strategies and methodologies for strengthening local institutions and
end users for ground water management.
ix.
Capacity building of staff/ officials and end users engaged in ground water development and
management.
3. 2
F inal Outputs / Deliverables (as per TOR)
The following are the specific deliverables. All reports will be delivered as hard copies as well as
digital documents in a suitable format.
i.
Inception Report within 30 days from signing the contract. The inception report should
include the strategy and work schedule for various activities.
ii.
Following the review and evaluation of existing information, consultants have to collect,
compile and collate the data from State and Central agencies in respect of aquifer
characteristics and parameters and submit the same in form of a report.
Page 12
Inceptio n Report
iii.
Consultants need to submit a strategy for creation of GIS based database to the client. After
approval of the client, consultants will provide specifications for software, hardware,
database/ GIS tools for development of the GIS based system. Consultants are also expected
to provide the specifications of the tools for Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) and
presentations tools.
iv.
Capture and digitization of the data from 1:50,000 scale maps in appropriate format. The
data should be cleaned and geo-referenced following the Survey of India referencing system
and brought in to suitable GIS format.
v.
Consultants will provide one hardcopy of the maps on suitable scale to the client for
validation purpose. After validation of the data by consultants and approval by the client, 2
copies of the GIS data set in appropriate format as decided in consultation with client shall
be submitted to the client.
vi.
Submission of the soft copy/hardcopy of the aquifer systems demarcated in 3 Dimension

using the secondary data available from the GW agencies. This would include hydrologic unit
wise demarcation of aquifers, preparing aquifer wise isopach maps etc
vii.
Report on review of the existing methodology, practices and status of ground water
resources assessment.
viii.
Report related to onetime assessment of ground water resource availability and

development potential in all the underlying aquifers in suitable scale. The report shall include
aquifer wise maps and table depicting annual replenishable resources, draft and balance.
ix.
Submit a report on the aquifer wise apportion the GW resources on the administrative units
up to the level of village.
x.
Capacity building of officers and staff of GWD engaged on working on the system. The
training shall include the Administrator training, End user training and Training of Trainers.
xi.
Complete document on training need analysis, training modules for various level of ground
water professionals.
xii.
Document suggesting mechanism for collection of required data / parameters at community

level for seasonal assessment of ground water resources and their regular updating. Suitable
format may be devised.
xiii.
Consultants are required to submit a document detailing the appropriate strategies and
action plan for strengthening local institutions and end users for ground water management.
Page 13
Aquifer Mapping and Development of GIS based database for Assessment of village wise GW Potential and Strategy for Development
3.3
Inception Report
Process Flow Diagram
Fig. 4: Process Flow Diagram for work flow and deliverables

Page 14
Inceptio n Report
4. Proposed Approach and Methodology

The methodology adopted will take into account the following tasks mentioned in the ToR (as
objectives). But the outputs will emerge at various steps of the approach.
1. Develop village wise database on the GIS platform involving all sources of water including
parameters related to ground water extraction and assessment.
2. Mapping and delineation of aquifers on suitable scale enabling intervention for managing
groundwater depletion through voluntary self regulation.
3. Demystify the science of ground water hydrology through capacity building and community level
participation in real time data collection and planning development.
4. Review of existing methodology of ground water resources assessment and suggest suitable
technique for seasonal assessment of the aquifer wise ground water resources.
5. Strengthen local institutions at the habitation and hydrologic unit level to bring on center stage
discussions on emerging water crisis especially on groundwater
6. Transform the perception of groundwater from private property to that of a common good
(individual farmers take decisions for collective good)
7. Articulate and share information across hydrological units for crop planning.
Task 1 has been discussed in the sections 4.1 and again in the sections 4.4 and 4.6
Task 2 is a major Task. This will entail introduction of the new technology and system as described
below in the sections 4.3 and 4.4
Task 3 above will be the outcome of the approach described in the section 4 and it will gain
qualitative superiority with committed involvement of the GWD scientists and engineers together
with the village community representatives. It will further improve when the policy makers will take
decisions and start getting results.
Task 4 above has been discussed in the section 4.6 and also in a detailed manner in Annexure. This is
guided by the paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the Scope of the Consulting Services as per the ToR
document of the contract agreement.
Task 5 above has been discussed in the sections 4.1
Tasks 6 above will be the outcome of the approach described in the section 4 in general and it will
gain qualitative superiority with committed involvement of the GWD scientists and engineers
together with the village community representatives. It will further improve when the policy makers
will take decisions and start getting results.
Tasks 7 above will be the outcome of the approach described in the section 4.6
4. 1
Project Approach
The approach, stated herein is designed in a manner that at the village level a computation on total
water use for irrigation and domestic purposes would be compared with rainfall and recharge factors
against cropping seasons and other. However, the infrastructures for the village level monitoring
systems and their operation will have to be in place in order to implement Village Level Water
Resource Regulating Systems with the involvement of the GWD.
Page 15
Inceptio n Report
The data will then be digitized and brought into a single compatible platform. The process flow of the
approach is described under section 3.2
The water balance approach would be overriding, which involves estimation of annual ground water
recharge and quantification of ground water extraction. The assessment units are categorized based
on the percentage of ground water withdrawal to net ground water availability and long term water
level trend. Ground water recharge is estimated season-wise and source wise.
For each village its watershed will be identified. The total watershed model will be comprised of land
use, soil profile, geology, surface and groundwater, water use and all other relevant parameters
together with a water balance computation.
The village watershed together with the village location and geographical boundary will be expressed
in a groundwater model which will have a simple 3D expression. Various parameters of this model
can be compared with the GWD historical data. The model can be verified with respect to all physical
changes observed through monitoring of surface and groundwater levels, Rainfall duration and
intensity, pumping and various other relevant factors.
A total water resources inventory will be taken on the basis of this watershed identification. This
inventory will help fixing the observation wells and surface water bodies for both, quantity and
quality monitoring. The interpreted data will be interpolated to village level. Observation points at
each village shall be identified to monitor surface and groundwater quantity and quality. Water use
too will be an important parameter for the village level models.
Standard ground water models shall be used in data analysis, identifying data gaps, and planning
further exploration/data collection. A basic model shall be developed using the available secondary
data base which will eventually be made more realistic by fresh data collection and through entry of
primary data.
This will facilitate in establishing GIS based hydrological database in the state which will improve
facilities and strengthen the technical capabilities of the state organization. The broad objective of
the project is to equip groundwater users / stakeholders with the necessary data, skills and
knowledge to manage periodic groundwater resources available in a sustainable manner.
Page 16
Inceptio n Report
Rolta will establish one full phased project office with necessary infrastructure facility such as
Desktops with appropriate software, scanner, printer etc at Jaipur and depute a project coordinator
with strong background of Hydrogeology for the entire project duration. This will enable day to day
coordination with the concerned Departments for smooth execution of the Project. The Rolta Project
Manager would take the whole responsibility for proper implementation of the project in the
assigned time frame. Data collection and other project related tasks will be carried out throughout
Rajasthan where the Team members (Rolta staff) will constantly move. Major bulk data entry into the
system (GIS Creation) will be carried out at Rolta Mumbai office where all facilities are available.
Team Leader will provide the overall guidance, interaction with various departments and will
facilitate the work. He shall be available at Jaipur in phases and for remaining time he will be
coordinating from Mumbai/Delhi. He will be also present in all meetings with the GWD as and when
required.
4. 2
Collection and Collati on of Data
Rolta will collect all the necessary input data (Quantitative, Qualitative and Descriptive data) from
GWD, Rajasthan and from other concerned departments like CGWB, PHED, WRD, GSI, SOI etc with
the facilitation from GWD, Rajasthan.
This will be carried out with a Team comprising of experts and field level Hydrogeologists, Geologist,
Geophysicist, Hydrologists, Hydrochemists, Civil engineers, Geographers and GIS experts. The Team
will be split into sub Teams that will be linked with the four circles (Jodhpur, Jaipur, Udaipu and
Bikaner) of GWD, Rajasthan.
Senior Hydrogeologist (DSPC) GWD, Jodhpur will provide the necessary support and facilitation to
collect the data from the circle and divisional GWD, Rajasthan offices and from other concerned
Department.
The below mentioned following data of various themes relevant to aquifer mapping and
groundwater resources assessment that would be integrated in GIS platform, need to collected;
1.
Geographical locations of all existing observation wells with RL values
2.
Administrative Boundary (state, district, block and village) and Demography data
3.
Hydrological unit and watershed maps
4.
SOI Toposheets (1:50,000 scale) for the entire state
5.
Groundwater Potential Maps of each district
6.
Land use and Geomorphology Map
7.
Soil Map and soil survey data
8.
Agriculture and Cropping Patten information

Page 17
Inceptio n Report
9.
Geological and Hydrogeological Maps
10. Hydrogeological Survey Data Drilling Logs and Pumping Test data
11. Geophysical Survey Data Electrical Resistivity data, Lithologs, Geophysical well logging data
12. Hydrological Data- Surface water levels in streams, open water bodies, Water levels in wells
and piezometers, stream gauze data, computed run-off data
13. Metrological Data Rainfall and Temperature are to be the major ones
14. Water Quality Data Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological parameters. Information on
delineated areas on salinity, Fluoride and their mitigation measures.
15. Groundwater recharge, demand and draft; Dilution initiatives in excess salinity and fluoride
affected areas
16. Data from surface water bodies such as quality, extent and quantity
17. Annual Groundwater Assessment Reports of the State Groundwater Department
18. Any other relevant literature, specific case studies, journal and materials available with GWD,
Rajasthan related to the project utilization
4. 3
Required Software, Hardware, Database, GIS and RASA Tools for GWD
4.3.1 Detailed Solution

Rolta has worked extensively on construction, deployment and support of large enterprise egovernance web based as well as desktop based application and has thus acquired a high level of
expertise in this area. Rolta is fully capable of providing services at all stages in implementing the
solution for GWD, Rajasthan
Rolta proposes to implement highly secure, scalable with high availability solution to GWD,
Rajasthan. The solution is based on proven technology components with .NET Web technology to
meet requirement of GWD, Rajasthan MIS/GIS application requirements. The solution provides for
seamless integration with its components.
4.3.2 Proposed Tool for Desktop GIS

Rolta Proposes Rolta Geomatica for GIS data creation, editing, updation, analysis and querying the
data. Following are the broad features of the Rolta Geomatica (Fig. 5);
Interactive, intuitive spatial analysis tools
Multi-layer buffer creation
Combine (dissolve) data based on attributes
Advanced overlay wizard for spatial, statistical, and suitability analysis
Page 18
Inceptio n Report
Fully
geo-referenced,
file-
based
visualization
tool
including editing in an easyto-use interface.
Cartographic map production
Standard image processing

capabilities including:
Image enhancements
Filtering
Resampling, reprojection and

clipping
Optical
Fig. 5: General view of Rolta Geomatica

satellite
image
analysis
Atmospheric correction
Pixel-based image classification
Contextual/fuzzy classification
Neural network classification
Spectral unmixing
Attribute management
Attribute Manager for viewing, editing and querying
Charting
Hyperspectral data analysis including
Comprehensive Metadata Support
Advanced Model-Based Atmospheric Correction
Spectral Mixing and Unmixing
Spectral Angle Mapper
Endmember Selection
Scatter and Spectra Plotting
A comprehensive desktop automation environment
Visual workflow modeling environment
Page 19
Inceptio n Report
Efficient batch-processing capabilities
Command-line scripting and modeling language
4.3.3 Proposed Tools for Web GIS

Rolta proposed solution consist of (Server based) solution depicted in the diagram (Fig. 6) below;
Fig. 6: Solution Architecture
Database Server
Rolta proposes to implement Oracle
Spatial database based storage layer
for GWD requirement. After analyzing
the business requirement of GWD,
Rajasthan Oracle Spatial DB Server
with clustering is the best suitable
architecture. Oracle Spatial DB Server
cluster
which
is
centralized
architecture, where all the end users

will work on the centralized server, so
that we can reduce hardware and software requirements. By using this architecture we can maintain
applications and database in single location, unlike distributed architecture, which will reduce the
maintenance cost for applications and database. Any changes made to the application and database
Page 20
Inceptio n Report
will reflect to all the users.

The proposed solution can be scaled up to provide high availability of database in case of system or
instance failure. It allows nodes to be added to the cluster to increase processing capabilities without
having to redistribute data or alter the user application. Web based architecture allows the users to
access application easily using a web browser through intranet or Internet.
GIS Server
GWD, Rajasthan desires to integrate GIS location information of Groundwater Data and its associated
physical, chemical and all valuable information. This can be achieved by deploying GIS infrastructure
that can store and render GIS (Spatial Information) data. Rolta proposes to deploy an Industry
Standard GIS platform for publishing spatial data Engine for this purpose. The proposed GIS platform
is OGC complaint.
The GIS platform is a proven open source engine to display dynamic spatial maps over the Internet.
Some of its major features include:
Support for display and querying of hundreds of raster, vector, and database formats
Ability to run on various operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, etc.)
Support for popular scripting languages and development environments (Java, .NET, etc)
On-the-fly projections
High quality rendering
Fully customizable application output
Rolta Proposed GIS platform supports WMS, WFS, and WCS services and is a CGI program that sits
inactive on your Web server. When a request is received, it uses information passed in the request
and the Map file (GIS information) to create an image of the requested map. The request may also
return images for legends, scale bars, reference maps, and values passed as CGI variables. A typical
request processing process is depicted below:
On Point Server and Application Server
Rolta proposes to deploy On-Point suite for GIS and MIS application development for GWD,
Rajasthan. Rolta OnPoint suite allows users to publish their GIS data quickly and securely over the
web and connect to any spatial and non spatial data throughout their organization, turning their
web-GIS into a true enterprise solution. OnPoint provides out-of-the-box implementation
capabilities, advanced security, powerful administration tools for customizing and managing web
portal, and unparalleled data and application integration features. In addition, OnPoint requires no
programming because it is fully configurable and it allows for complete extendibility by using
OnPoints SDK extension.
Rolta solution is based on On-Point customization and application development using .NET
Page 21
Inceptio n Report
technology with OnPoints SDK extension to provide integrated MIS/GIS solution. This will be
seamlessly integrated with the open source Map server to provide the intended GIS functionalities.
Security / Authentication Server
All users and groups must be configured on this server. Every incoming user must authenticate with
Authentication Server to gain access to the applications published on GWD website. Users have
restricted access to specific applications, data sets, languages, attributes, map layers and geographic
regions based on their privileges. All privileges are configured by GWD administrator and can be
administered through the Rolta Security Manager.
Roltas solution for GWD, Rajasthan will be an advanced and state-of-the-art tool for Groundwater
monitoring and management plan project/performance monitoring, activity mapping, measurement
and evaluation of existing plans. In addition to these add on modules can be incorporated like Water
Budget Management, Crop Advisory Services, and Reporting & Administration along with
coordination between partner agencies (CGWB, IMD, CWC, etc.) and proper execution of projects
and programs through a common web interface. The solution will leverage web technology for
spatial decision making process at different levels of planning viz., Principal Secretary Water Resource
Department, Chief Engineer GWD, Senior Hydro-geologist, Geologist, Senior Engineer, Executive
Engineer, Junior Hydro-geologist, of GWD etc and will help conservation and sustainable use of
Groundwater through People's Participatory Approach with the help of Self Help Group (SHG) and
Water User Association.
The MIS/GIS system developed will be compatible with other agency systems, and also serve as a
model for the rest of the agency. The new system will make use of the existing electronic data
sources and maximize the use of data entry made by SHG and WUA (People's Participatory
Approach), checked by Data Entry operator and validated by at Hydro-geologist at District Level. The
solution design will have a Coarse-grained security controls for different groups in order to
authorize/deny service access per user role, along with fine-grained security, to authorize/deny user
based layer and data access. Solution also provides advanced tools to enable data verification and
validation which will enable GWD's Senior Hydro-geologists / Technical Officers to verify and certify
information entered by SHG and Data Entry Operator.
Rolta solution provides a large set of tools and functionalities for the establishment of a robust
project monitoring and Decision Support System for higher management and other authorized users.
The users will be able to use these tools and applications to build the requisite DSS applications and
deploy them to identified users. Agency can deploy user / user group based solutions (project
specific, program specific, activity specific, etc) with defined access (security) as defined by the
administrator. Roltas solution has the unique capability of connecting to and consuming directly
Page 22
Inceptio n Report
data, both spatial and non-spatial, captured in multiple formats by various agencies without the use
of any data translators. This capability to integrate disparate and heterogeneous datasets will enable
GWD to seamlessly connect multiple agency datasets. The absence of data translators in the Rolta
solution ensures high level of data integrity as it negates any scope of data loss associated with data
translation. This will provide GWD a dependable and effective system to consume and build secure
decision support applications based on the datasets.
Rolta solution also provides a robust administration console having large toolset to configure deploy
user based applications quickly and easily without any software coding requirements.
This will provide GWD personnel a user friendly and coding free environment to develop
project/activity specific applications to track and monitor Groundwater management.
The tools and functionality of the proposed Rolta solution is briefly described below:
I.
Rolta Map Server incl. Spatial DB Connectors: Rolta Map Server is a fast map rendering
engine which supports various file formats like ESRI .Shp, MapInfo, Oracle Spatial, PostGIS
and OGC services (WFS/WMS) apart from multiple Raster data (Mr.Sid, GeoTiff, JPEG). This
will enable GWD to use data from multiple data creation agencies, partner agencies and
recipients to build a robust decision support system.
II.
Map Service Manager: Rolta Map Service Manager connects and manages data sources from
various Map Service Providers for Web GIS applications. It has the capabilities to integrate
data from Base Map Providers (such as Microsoft Virtual Earth, Google Maps, Yahoo Maps,
etc.) also. This will provide GWD the freedom to select the requisite base maps appropriate
for any given application.
III.
MapTab Manager: MapTab is an intelligent canvas with which layers from one or more map
services can be associated for Web GIS. It allows users to automatically create various
MapTabs when the Administrator adds Map Services to Rolta
IV.
Geospatial Solution: Administrators can also add (with already configured Data Sources),
edit, or delete MapTabs with the help of Rolta MapTabs Manager and related MapTab
management tools. This will enable GWD administrators to choose and add relevant map
layers and create multiple MapTabs for use under the applications. Such selection
capabilities will provide GWD the ability to restrict data access and define user based
information sharing.
V.
Map View Manager: This tool allows users to create individual Map Views by defining the
map extent by selecting features within a layer. It also allows users to specify the Map Tab to
which a Map View can be attached and thus manage layer visibility. Using this, GWD can fix
any project area, activity location, spread- over map view to limit data access/display to the
Page 23
Inceptio n Report
desired geographical extents.

VI.
Geo Search Manager: It provides tools to create simple searches very quickly and easily and
also provides tools to define how the results will be presented. User can perform Layer
Search, Location Search, Nearby Search, co-ordinate Search in this tab. It also provides a
Result Wizard to organize and format results of a search.
VII.
Advanced Geo Search Manager: It provides users the ability to search for information based
on, attribute values stored in a GIS Layer and/or a Business Database. Search can also be
performed by combination of searches based on coordinate search, layer/column search,
nearby search, location search, etc.
VIII. Application Setting Manager: It provides users with various options not only to view maps
but also to choose and add maps from various map providers for viewing purpose. Map
Control
allows
Settings,
user
to
select Map Image

Sizes,
Image
Overview
Size
Map
and
and
Navigation Factors.
The
user
can
create buffer and

select features on
a map and mark these features with the Buffer Feature Suffix.
IX.
Attribute Manager: Allows the user to present the attributes in a variety of ways depending
on what the input/output is expected to be as well as the extent to which the administrator
wants to control or validate the input. Administrator can describe and set validation rules for
columns using the application. The choice of appropriate Column Definition in this solution
depends on whether the administrator is configuring a Search or Edit or Export or Identify.
X.
Charting Manager: Helps users to create charts either independently or through report
generation feature as histograms, bar charts, Pie charts, etc. Users will also be able to change
display parameters like colours, fonts, symbols, etc. This will provide GWD with graphical
report generation and presentation capabilities with spatial information.
XI.
Tools and Command Manager: It consists of all Tools, Commands and Toolbars of Rolta
Geospatial Solution for better viewing. By using this tool user can carry out a specific task like
Zoom-In, Zoom-out, PAN, etc, . Command feature allows the user to perform an action based
Page 24
Inceptio n Report
on command. For example, Full View, zoom to previous extent etc.

XII.
Thematic Mapping Manager: It allows creation of spatial patterns within data by creating
themes. Users can create, edit, or apply themes from Rolta Web editor, based on their
requirements. Authorized users will also be able to specify color schemes, symbols and
manage, view and delete themes, create simple themes or render maps based on unique
values or class breaks. GWD can create thematic maps based on district, blocks, villages, etc.,
as per requirement.
XIII. Layer Manager: It allows the user to manage and work on the layers. User can cascade Maps
i.e. drop maps from multiple data sources into one map view and manage layer visibility.
XIV. Multilingual Configure Manager:
This tool will allow GWD to build
multi-lingual Web-GIS Applications
including languages based on nonLatin alphabet and/or multi byte
Characters such as Hindi, Arabic,
Chinese, etc,. User is also able to
set
attributes
from
different
columns of a database to be
presented
depending
on
the
language selected by the user.

XV.
Symbol
Manager: Enables
users to manage symbols to

represent
features
and
graphics/annotations points,
lines, polygons and text on a
map.
Provides
separate
functionalities for Markers,

Polygon, Line and Labels. It
allows users to access existing
symbols and to create new symbols. User can also add, edit or delete symbol.
XVI. Selection List Manager: This will provide user with various options to define map selection
parameters. Users can save selection lists as private or public and also retrieve saved
selection lists for further processing.
XVII. Map Designer: Users can create maps from variety of data formats, both vector and raster,
Page 25
Inceptio n Report
without conversion. The created map can be shared by users on Web by publishing the map
file as a map service in Web-GIS application.
XVIII. Web Editing Manager: The tool provide the needs of organizations that want a simple
editing tool to make edits to corporate spatial data, as well as related attributes in business
systems, from any location with access to the internet/intranet. The tool gives users the
spatial data editing capabilities where users can edit attributes.
XIX. Redlining Manager: Markup tool gives user the option to markup directly on top of a map in
the map viewer using place symbols, lines, and text which can be edited directly on the map
viewer. Users can add point, line (including arrows), polygon and text, review and edit their
mark up and save their mark up and share through e-mail.
XX.
Metadata Manager: Metadata is used to facilitate the understanding, characteristics,

management and usage of data. Tool provides administrator, the option to add new
metadata record, search for, view, edit or delete existing metadata records and save these
records to the applications database.
XXI. Data Integrator: This

tool
combines
data
residing at different
sources and providing
the user with a unified
view of these data
which is referred as
join.
The
main
advantage of this tool is that by using a unique key common between the Layer and a
database table, additional attributes can be retrieved in real-time from external databases
and presented to the user. User can perform different Joins like One-to- Many, Many-to-One,
Many-to-Many and One-to-One.
XXII. Database Connection Manager: The tool dynamically provides content (spatial and nonspatial data) to the Web-GIS applications. The tool allows the user to connect to different
databases like ArcSDE, Oracle Spatial, MS SQL, ODBC and OLE DB, including legacy systems
using database specific parameters.
XXIII. Document Manager: The tool provides a mechanism to link features on a map to one or
more documents (MS Word, PDF, etc.) associated with the selected feature. This option will
enable GWD to add document link, edit document link, delete document link and document
format to map features representing project area, contractor location, etc.
Page 26
Inceptio n Report
XXIV. Security Manager: Security manager authenticates its users through a Web-based
(Membership) service which runs outside the application. Security Manager provides the
mechanism to manage all security aspects of users and user groups through Active Directory
services.
XXV. Report Manager: It provides accessibility to users to publish reports or export data
generated by selection, searches, and other queries in predefined templates. Users can also
add new reports or can edit/ delete existing reports.
XXVI. Print Manager: Print Manager allows users to print the contents of the map viewer in
defined templates and save the print files in HTML / PDF formats. Administrators can
configure multiple print templates and make it available to end users for printing.
XXVII. Units and Symbol Manager: This tool allows users to set default units or define new units by
defining the conversion parameters.
XXVIII. Notification Manager: Notification Manager allows a user to select a set of features on a
layer and prepare a Notification Report or Mailing List for addresses associated with the
selected features by extracting information from the Notification Features to generate a
Notification Report.
XXIX. Online Web Services Connector: This includes tools like Virtual Earth Connector and Google
which enables users to connect to online services of Virtual Earth and Google Maps, and use
these as base maps within the applications developed. Authorized Users will also be able to
use the tools and functionalities available within these applications.
XXX. GeoRSS Connector: Allows users to connect to various GeoRSS feeds (Rainfall, Temperature,
Web feeds, etc) and search or aggregate information with respect to geography.
XXXI. OGC Thematic Mapping: OGC thematic mapping tool allows users to perform thematic
mapping of OGC standard data formats. It also allows segregation of features available to the
administrators and the general users.
XXXII. URL Handler & Shape Link Manager: This tool allows users to generate multiple configurable
parameter URLs and also URLs that allow access to searches, selections, Map Tabs or Map
Views. Users can specify URL parameters to access Map Tabs, themes, languages, map
extents or coordinate system. It also provides users with option to generate a URL link to
shapes / features of current map and send to another user via e-mail.
4.3.4 Proposed IT Infrastructure for Operation Purpose

The above proposed Web solution will require supply, install and commissioning of the following
Servers and System software for Central Location (Data Center)
Web Server
- 1 Nos.
Page 27
Inceptio n Report
Application Server (MIS & GIS)
- 1 Nos.
Database Server
- 2 Nos.
Security and Anti-virus Server
- 1 No.
Firewall
- 1 No.
4.3.4. 1 Techni cal configuration of Servers (Rack type)

S. No.
1
(IBM/ HP/ Dell)
Numbers
Intel Xeon Quad Core (Nehalem Based) 5500 Series @ 2.53 GHz
5 Nos.
processor or higher
1. 4 MB cache
2. 8 GB RAM upgradable to 64GB
3. 3 x 300 GB SAS Hot Swap RAID 5 Configuration
4. DVD R/W
5. 19 TFT-SVGA Color Monitor
6. Integrated 8 MB SVGA graphics
7. Dual 10/100 /1000 NIC
8. 1 Serial, USB and 1 parallel port.
9. Redundant Power Supply (RPS)
10. Single monitor, Keyboard and Mouse with KVM Switch
11. Backup Gigabit Tape Drive
12. Anti Virus with 3 years warranty and updates
13. System software such as Windows/ Linux,
2
RDBMS Oracle Spatial (Cluster Server)
Switch : 24 Port 1000 Mbps (RJ45) Switch with 4 Giga Combo
1 No
slots
4
CAT6 UTP Patch Cord - 2m
20 Nos.
Structured networking & cabling
10 Nos.
Rack : 19 inch 42U 800mm Depth
2 Nos.
Online UPS 5KVA with 30 minutes battery backup
2 Nos.
Load balancing software as per requirements
Router
1 Nos.
10
Modem
1 Nos.
11
Firewall
1 Nos.
12
Rolta GSF
1 Nos.
Page 28
Inceptio n Report
4.3.4. 2 Techni cal Specification of Desktops

S. No.
Item
Description
Micro- processor
Intel Core 2 Quad Processor 2.5 GHz equivalent or

subsequently better
Mother Board Chipset
Intel Express chipset or subsequently equivalent/better
Bus Architecture
PCI & PCI Express or better
Expansion Slot
2PCI, 1PCI Ex, 1PCI EX graphics or more
Memory
4GB DDR/SD RAM 266 MHz
Graphics
6 MB PCI Express NVIDIA or subsequently

equivalent/better
Sound
Integrated 16 bit sound or better within built speaker
Bays
2 internal and 1 external or better
Hard Disk Drive
500GB SATA HDD or subsequently equivalent/better
10
Monitor
19" Color TFT (1148 cm2 Viewable) Monitor
11
Key Board
105 keys bilingual (Hindi and English) key board
12
Mouse
Two Button Optic Scroll Mouse or better with Anti static

pad
13
Network Card
10/100/1000 Network card with WOL
14
Power Management
Power supply shall be surge protected and should be able

to operate in Indian power condition.
15
Intelligent
Remote System Management & Administration. Pre
Manageability
failure warning on Hard Disk Drive / memory.
features
16
OS Preloaded
Windows 7.
OS should be capable of working on software as given in
software section of Setup Requirement.
17
Antivirus
Latest Version of Norton Antivirus or subsequently

equivalent/better in sync with data center.
18
Other Software
Preloaded Hindi fonts (20 or more with Kritdev, Agra,

Chandni and Amar) and Preloaded Latest Version of
Microsoft Office.
19
UPS
800 VA, min 15 min backup
Page 29
Inceptio n Report
4.3.5 Proposed RASA Tools for Operational Purpose

Rolta proposes the following RASA Tools to GWD, Rajasthan for further creation and analysis of the
hydrogeological, geochemical, geophysical data along with generation of 3D demarcation of aquifer
system and for groundwater modeling purpose ;
Surfer 9: is a contouring and 3D surface mapping program that runs under Microsoft Windows. It
quickly and easily converts data into outstanding contour, surface, wireframe, vector, image, shaded
relief, and post maps. Virtually all aspects of maps can be customized to produce exactly as per the
requirement. Producing publication quality maps has never been quicker or easier.
Aqua Chem 5.1: is developed specifically for graphical and numerical analysis and modeling of water
quality data. It features a fully customizable database of physical and chemical parameters and it
provides a comprehensive selection of analysis tools, calculations and graphs for interpreting,
plotting and modeling water quality data.
Visual MODFLOW pro: is the industry-standard for applications in 3D groundwater flow and
contaminant transport modeling. Visual MODFLOW Pro seamlessly integrates many powerful
features within an easy-to-use graphical user interface. Visual MODFLOW Pro 'power-features"
include: MODFLOW-2000, MODPATH, Zone Budget, MT3D, RT3D, Stream Routing Package, WinPEST,
VMOD 3D-Explorer.
RockWorks: is integrated geological visualization and analysis software developed for analyzing
subsurface data, and accepts many different data types, such as stratigraphy, lithology, quantitative
data, color intervals, fracture data and hydrology and aquifer data. A variety of easy-to-use graphical
tools with advanced interpolation algorithms give users the ability to visualize geologic data.
Page 30
Inceptio n Report
4.3.6 Summary of Proposed Tools

GIS Desktop, Web and RASA Tools
S.No
Softwares
Description
Oracle Spatial
Data base Server for database storage
Geomatica
Desktop GIS for Data Creation, Editing, updating, analysis and

Querying
Onpoint GeoSpatial
Web server for Web Publication of Geospatial data and MIS data
Fusion
4
For quickly and easily converting data into outstanding contour, 3D

Surfer 9
surface, 3D wireframe, vector, image, shaded relief, and post maps.

Virtually all aspects of maps can be customized to produce exactly as
per the requirement.
Specifically for graphical and numerical analysis and modeling of
water quality data. It features a fully customizable database of
Aquachem 5.1
physical and chemical parameters and it provides a comprehensive

selection of analysis tools, calculations and graphs for interpreting,
plotting and modeling water quality data.
For applications in 3D groundwater flow and contaminant transport
modeling. Visual MODFLOW Pro seamlessly integrates many powerful
Visual MODFLOW
features within an easy-to-use graphical user interface. Visual
pro
MODFLOW Pro 'power-features" include: MODFLOW-2000,

MODPATH, Zone Budget, MT3D, RT3D, Stream Routing Package,
WinPEST, VMOD 3D-Explorer.
For analyzing subsurface data, and accepts many different data types,
Rockworks
such as stratigraphy, lithology, quantitative data, color intervals,

fracture data and hydrology and aquifer data. Use full in creating Logs,
Sections, Fence diagrams, 3D solid models etc.
Page 31
Inceptio n Report
4. 4
Geospatial Data Creation
4.4.1 Scanning of Hard Copy Maps

Rolta would collect Hard copy maps such as Topographical maps, Administrative boundary maps,
Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Geo-hydrology, Soil and other required maps from GWD
Rajasthan and concerned authority. These maps will be scanned at Rolta, Mumbai premises.
Scanning would be done at 300 DPI or better resolution in required format. Scanning would be done
such that digital scanned map would be free from any distortion / rotation and scale modification
etc. and all the contents of the original maps would be clearly legible. While scanning due
importance will be given in retention of data, if during this process some data loss takes place, the
scanning activity for the same will be repeated. Rolta will adopt following scanning process of hard
copy maps;
The process would be done such that the digital scanned map would be free from any
distortion/ rotation and scale modification etc.
All the contents of the original maps would be clearly legible and readable.
The distance between the cross marks on the original maps would be compared with the
distance between same Cross marks on scanned map.
Checking of scanned maps and verification with original maps would be done
simultaneously.
To maintain the quality, regular quality processing will be performed. Scanned maps would
be cleaned and rectified to maintain the quality.
The cleaning of the digital scanned maps would be done by removing all unnecessary
captured pest images. Raster Image would be de-skewed to obtain the desired quality of
scanned output.
4.4.2 Geo referencing of SOI

Toposheet
The SOI Toposheets have the geographic
coordinates printed on the corners of each
sheet which will be assigned to the scanned
Toposheet during geo-referencing. There
are upto 16 ticks / point locations present
at
grid
intersections
for
which
the
coordinates can be ascertained from the

Toposheet. Rolta will carefully select these
ticks for using as Ground Control Points
Fig. 7: Sample of Registered Toposheet

Page 32
Inceptio n Report
(GCPs) and ensure that they are uniformly distributed throughout the Toposheet for better output
(Example in Fig. 7)
Following steps would be involved during Geo-referencing of the scanned topographic maps:
Importing the scanned Toposheets in GIS environment.
Conversion of scanned Toposheets into desired file format.
Finalization of Ground Control Points (GCPs).
Recording values of coordinates from the toposheets for selected GCP locations.
Assigning coordinates to corresponding grid intersections (GCP locations)
Selection of suitable transformation algorithm and projection parameters
Developing
polynomial
transformation
and
re-sampling
the
of
raw data at specified

pixel
spacing
and
selected projection.
Rolta will consider the

uniform
Projection
and Datum parameters for geo-referencing the toposheets.
4.4.3 Geo-referencing of Scanned Maps and Layouts

All the scanned maps like Administrative boundary maps, Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Geohydrology, Soil and other required maps will be georectified using geo-referenced SOI Toposheets
(Example in Fig. 8). Number of GCPs on identified permanent features on the maps like road
intersection, canal, drains etc. would be used for georeferencing, depending upon the length and
area covered in each map sheet.
For one secondary map, a minimum of four GCPs (uniformly distributed on a map) would be taken.
As per availability, more than four GCPs would be considered in order to achieve better rectification
and transformation. After identification of common Ground Control Points (GCPs) in secondary maps
as well as in the satellite imagery, the GCPs would be numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4 and their respective X,
Y values would be noted down from the geocoded satellite image. The GCPs selected for registration
of secondary maps would be uniformly distributed so as to achieve least RMS error. Following steps
would be involved during Geo-referencing of the scanned secondary maps:
Importing the scanned secondary maps in GIS environment.

Page 33
Inceptio n Report
Conversion
of
data
desired
into
scanned
file
format.
Finalization of GCPs.
Recording
values
of
from
the
coordinates
source
data
(SOI
Toposheets) for selected

GCP locations.
Assigning
coordinate
values to corresponding
GCP locations.
Selection
of
suitable
transformation algorithm
and projection parameters
Developing
transformation
polynomial
and
re-
sampling of the raw map
Fig. 8: Sample Geo-referenced Slope Map
data at specified pixel spacing and selected projection.
4.4.4 Generation of administrative boundary map up to Village level

Roltas qualified Skilled Technicians and Engineers would capture administrative boundary such as
State, District , Block, Village boundary maps etc. collected from GWD and concerned authority. Only
heads-up manual digitization would be carried out with high level of accuracy (Example show in Fig.
9 & 10)
The uniformity in layers, line type, color, units etc., during digitization would be maintained. While
digitization unique ids would be assigned to each boundary and scale factors would be maintained
accurately, So that output would be in 1:1 source map scale, hence digitized output would exactly
matches with paper original maps and will be replica of original boundary that depicted in the map.
The village boundaries demarcated will be for administrative reasons and will not indicate
hydrogeological boundary, since groundwater flow is bounded by a larger hydrological Unit/Basin.
For all water balance estimations (Recharge & draft), analysis and measure to address groundwater
issues hydrogeological /Basin boundary will be considered. Hence village boundary will form part of a
hydrogeological unit.
Page 34
Inception Report
Fig. 9: Sample Administrative Boundary Map of Jaipur District
Fig. 10: Sample Village Boundary Map of Jaipur District

Page 35
Inceptio n Report
4.4.5
Digiti zation of the Scanned Maps
All the geo-referenced maps like Geology,

Geomorphology,
Hydrology,
Geo-
hydrology, Soil and other required maps

will be digitized using standard GIS
Software.
Only
heads-up
manual
digitization would be carried out to attain

a high level of accuracy. Uniformity in
layers, line type, color, units etc. would be
maintained during digitization. The line /
polygon features would be vectorized in
such a manner that the original shape of
the feature is captured correctly and
retained in its original form. While
digitization unique ids would be assigned
Fig. 11: Sample Digitized Geological Map
to each feature and scale factors would be
maintained accurately, so that output would be in 1:1 source map scale, hence digitized output
would exactly match with used hard copy maps. Attribute data related to all the maps will be
attached to the corresponding features during the attribute data attachment. The unique IDs given to
each feature will be utilized for attaching the attribute data to corresponding geometries (Example of
a digitized geological map is shown in Fig. 11).
4.4.6 Mosaicing / Edge Match of Di giti zed Maps

A seamless data for each map
would be created by edge
matching and merging the
outer
boundaries
of
each
digitized maps. After edge

matching,
boundaries
the
duplicate
would
be
eliminated to confirm only one
Fig. 12: Sample Edge Matching with Adjacent Map
single boundary (as in Fig. 12).

The features meeting this boundary would be adjusted and cleaned so that dangles, overshoots or
slivers would be eliminated and feature geometry is maintained. During the edge matching process,
Page 36
Inceptio n Report
Rolta will ensure that the shapes of the features are maintained as the original.
The relative positions of features on both sides of the boundary of maps would be the same. Care
would be taken where the boundary is represented as double line like in case of rivers or roads
where the double line has to be edge-matched without any slivers or gaps. After the edge matching
process, each type of map for each category will be prepared into one single map.
4.4.7 Topology Validation and GIS Creation

Topology validation and GIS Creation would involve the removal of dangles, Undershoots,
overshoots, duplicate objects etc. All linear features would be confirmed to planarity requirement,
i.e., nodes are created at intersection of linear features after validation of geometry. The following
specifications are to be followed:
The boundary should be digitized in such a manner that the resulting vector line falls in the
center of the raster data image element being vectorized.
The feature should be digitized such that there is no overshooting or undershooting.
The feature should be captured with specified symbol.
The feature should be digitized with minimal number of vertices while at the same time
maintaining the smoothness or angularity of the lines as the case may be.
The feature should be a closed polygon without any dangles or slivers.
The tolerance values for arcs, node snapping and vertices should be such that the features
snap within the pixels defining that features and do not snap outside.
Following specifications for each type of feature would be followed during digitization:
4.4.7.1 Polygon Feature Speci fications
Each polygon will be assigned a unique id.
All polygon features identified as per the provided data dictionary and project specifications
will be delimited with appropriate codes
The polygon boundary will be digitized in such a manner that the resulting vector line falls in
the center of the raster data image element being vectorized.
The feature will be digitized in such a manner that there is no overshooting or undershooting
of arcs, or duplicate arcs.
The feature will be digitized with minimal number of vertices while, at the same time
maintaining the smoothness or angularity of the lines, as the case may be.
Page 37
Inceptio n Report
The feature will be a closed polygon without any dangles or sliver.
The tolerance values for arcs, node snapping and vertices will be such that the features snap
within the pixels defining that feature and do not snap outside.
All features like parcels, roads, rivers, etc., which form the polygons, will be digitized and
coded.
The connectivity of the rivers/roads will be maintained and will not be disjointed.
The polygon label will be incorporated as attribute data.
Nodes will be added wherever symbols are depicted on the polygon boundaries.
4.4.7.2 Line Feature Specifications
The linear features shown as single line arcs on the map or linear double line features or
symbols like rivers, roads, pipelines, etc. will be digitized and compiled into the line layer for
the map. The single line arc features, whether shown as continuous lines or broken lines, will
be captured from the map image. In addition to this, the double line roads, rivers, pipelines,
etc. from the polygon coverage will also be put into the line coverage.
The river/roads depicted on the image represent the outside edges in case of double line
features and will be digitized as such. These features will be captured only once and copied
into the appropriate layers before building the topological relationships.
The feature will be vectorized in such a manner that the shape is captured and retained as it
is.
The feature will be vectorized using optimum number of nodes/vertices so that the shape is
retained and does not appear jagged.
The continuity of the features such as rivers, roads, etc. will be maintained across the map
sheets.
At crossings, the features will be digitized with or without intersection, as the case maybe.
In case of single line features, they will be captured as a single continuous feature from one
end of the feature to the other end without break.
In case of double line features the center line will not be digitized. This will be represented by
appropriate symbol.
There will not be any gap between

two connecting features, nor any
overshoots; the features will be
snapped to connecting features.
Page 38
Inceptio n Report
The connectivity of the features would be logical with respect to each other i.e. a river would
not end or join on to a road, etc.
At crossings the features would be digitized in such a manner that they would not cross over
as illustrated
4.4.7.3 Point Feature Specifications

The features shown on maps as
points, like wells, temples, etc.,
will
be
digitized
features.
The
as
point
guidelines
followed are as given below;
The
feature will
digitized
as a
be
point
placed at the center of

the
raster
image
defining it.
There will be only one

point at one location.
Each feature will have a
Fig. 13: A Sample Map of Attribute updation and linking
unique ID.
4.4.8 Integration of attributes with di giti zed features in the GIS database
Attribute data are descriptive data of point, line and area features. For points, this may be the name
of the location, its elevation, etc. For lines attribute data could be the name of a road, or canal and
other descriptions associated with them. For polygons, the attribute data may relate to name of a
district and its population, area, area under specific crops in the district, etc. (Example in Fig. 13)
Attribute data about points/ lines/ areas features will be entered into different database files. The
files will be linked to the default spatial database generated after digitizing by creating an
identification key in each data file which is also common to the spatial database generated by the GIS
after digitization. Attribute data updation will be undertaken simultaneously along with creation of
the GIS data / layer as per data specification requirements by GWD. Attribute data, will be attached
with the spatial data. Rolta will attach this attribute data following a definite data model. This can be
used for analysis and data interpretation by the concerned authority in a flawless manner. This
attribute data will be linked to the GIS database through some common fields so that map based
Page 39
Inceptio n Report
query can fetch data from attribute database or vice versa.
4.4.9 Map Composition

Map preparation would be done
using various maps, layouts and
survey data. Rolta will use
standard GIS, Map conversion
software
to
perform
the
digitization work for preparation

of different Maps. At first data
which is in .tiff format would be
imported
into
the
GIS
environment / software. These

geo-referenced maps would be
vectorized into point, line and
polygon
features.
During
minor
attribute
digitization,
attachment to the features

would be done with unique ids.
The
heads
up
manual
digitization techniques would be

used to get high level of
Fig. 14: A Sample Digital Groundwater Prospective Map and

linking
accuracy by avoiding omission /

irregularities. The uniformity in layers, line type, color, units etc., during digitization would be
maintained. The Final output of this process would be an exact replica of the paper maps along with
necessary legends, scale bar, north arrow, borders etc. in a standard shape (.shp) GIS format
(Example shown in Fig. 14).
4.4.10 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Schemes

Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC / QA) will be undertaken in every step of the work flow to
meet the quality standard and achieve the high accuracy of the data. Rolta adapts its QC/QA
procedures for each customer project, based on the scope of work and required output. Rolta will
follow a comprehensive quality control program for ensuring the quality of data, based on the
criteria provided by GWD, Rajasthan. The measure of accuracy derived based on the allowable limits
will fall under physical and logical accuracy.
Page 40
Inceptio n Report
To ensure the final data Quality, Rolta will follow some important steps before delivery, like:
Validating features against approved symbology
Verifying that attribute data entries are valid
Verifying that updated feature is having the attribute data in correct division
Verifying that features are in the correct state
Verifying attribute information against tables for attribute correctness
Verifying the number of components and occurrences match the database attributes
Verifying that no required database records are left blank
Verifying the database to graphic relationship
Verifying uniqueness of ID numbers
Verifying final Deliverables
Rolta's Quality System is accredited to international quality standards and has been awarded the ISO
9001 certification by BSI-QA (UK) and ISO 9001:2000 Certification by STQC. Rolta is positioned among
the leaders in the domestic and global market place, as a result of this quality culture.
Page 41
Inceptio n Report
4. 5
Depiction and Analysis of Aquifer in 3D
4.5.1 Hydrogeological Characterization

The concepts of groundwater
storage used in the analysis are
important
to
understand.
Although the final determination

is basically a volume calculation
of an aquifers storage space
(length
width
height),
hydrogeologic aspects must be

brought into the equations for a
thorough analysis. These include
the top and bottom elevations of
the aquifers or model layers, the
land surface elevation (LSE), the
groundwater levels in each of the
aquifers, whether the aquifer is
confined
or
unconfined,
and
values for the specific yield and

confined storage coefficients.
Basin
wise
aquifer
3D
Fig. 15: Basin Map of Rajasthan (Source: SWRPD)
demarcation will carry out by

Rolta for 14 River basins and one outside basin of Rajasthan (as shown in Fig. 15). For that Rolta will
follow the following process.
Collection and review the published documents about topography, hydrology, hydrogeology
and related information of the area.
Collection and review of site specific data concerned about the aquifer system like
lithological and geophysical data
Understanding of hydrogeological frame work
Even though there is no specific procedure that leads to conceptual model for all types of situations
and conditions imaginable, Rolta will combine all relevant information and observations, advice and
commonsense to define appropriate conceptual model for particular case.
The conceptual model of the hydrogeological frame work will be visualized by means of the following
items:
Page 42
Inceptio n Report
A contour Map (Isopach map) showing extent and Thickness of Aquifer system.
Lithologs of the boreholes
Geological Cross-sections perpendicular to each other, crossing the key parts of the aquifer
system and showing sequence of aquifers.
Fence Diagram, A graphical display of three-dimensional data and interpretations in twodimensional perspective View. Geological Cross sections are displayed in a network to form
Fence diagram.
3D Model
Aquifers will be identified using geophysical data / Lithologs and will be analyzed for preparation of
3D maps using standard software.
Description of the conceptual model does not necessarily require a lot of writing. A good illustration
is often equivalent to many words, and two example figures are given below in Figs. 16 & 17)
4.5.2
Fig.16: Sample Profile of a Lithologs
Fig.17: Sample Geoelectric Cross section

Page 43
Inceptio n Report
4.5.2 Groundwater Flow Model

Numerical groundwater
flow model is a good
tool to understanding
groundwater
flow
system in aquifer (as in

Fig. 18). Groundwater
flow Models can be
extremely
useful
determining
in
the
directions and rate of

groundwater flow. Rolta
by
doing
analysis
Sensitivity
using
the
Fig. 18: Sample Fence Diagram showing Aquifer geometry
model will show where

the data are lacking or understanding is poorly constrained. The use of groundwater models is
prevalent in the field of Groundwater science. Models have been applied to investigate a wide variety
of hydrogeologic conditions. In general, models are conceptual descriptions or approximations that
describe physical systems using mathematical equations; they are not exact descriptions of physical
systems or processes. By mathematically representing a simplified version of a hydrogeological
system, reasonable alternative scenarios can be predicted, tested, and compared. The applicability or
usefulness of a model depends on how closely the mathematical equations approximate the physical
system being modeled. In order to evaluate the applicability or usefulness of a model, it is necessary
to have a thorough understanding of the physical system and the assumptions embedded in the
derivation of the mathematical equations.
Application of existing groundwater models include water balance (in terms of water quantity),
gaining knowledge about the quantitative aspects, simulating water flow and chemical migration in
the saturated zone including river-groundwater relations, assessing the impact of changes of the
groundwater regime on the environment, setting up/optimizing monitoring networks, and setting up
groundwater protection zones.
4.5.2.1 Model Development Process

A groundwater model application can be considered to be two distinct processes. The first process is
model development resulting in a software product, and the second process is application of that
Page 44
Inceptio n Report
product for a specific purpose. Groundwater models are most efficiently developed in a logical
sequence.
Rolta will follow the following steps in building and conceptualizing groundwater flow model of each
hydrologic unit.
4.5.2.2 Define Model Objectives

Model objectives should be defined which explain the purpose of using a groundwater model. The
modeling objectives will profoundly impact the modeling effort required.
4.5.2.3 Model Conceptualization

Proper characterization of the hydrogeological conditions at a site is necessary in order to
understand the importance of relevant flow or solute transport processes. Without proper site
characterization, it is not possible to select an appropriate model or develop a reliably calibrated
model.
Model conceptualization is the process in which data describing field conditions are assembled in a
systematic way to describe groundwater flow and contaminant transport processes at a site. The
model conceptualization aids in determining the modeling approach and which model software to be
used.
Selecting Modeling Tools
After hydrogeological characterization of the site has been completed and the conceptual model
developed, computer model software is selected. The selected model should be capable of
simulating conditions encountered at a site. For example, analytical models can be used where field
data show that groundwater flow or transport processes are relatively simple. Similarly, onedimensional/ two-dimensional/ three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport models should
be selected based upon the hydrogeological characterization and model conceptualization.
In this case Rolta is proposing Visual MODFLOW for groundwater model development which is based
on block centered Finite Difference Method. It integrates many powerful features with in an easy to
use graphical user interface with 3D visualization.
Numerical Model Design

Model design includes all parameters that are used to develop a calibrated model. The input
parameters include model grid size and spacing, layer elevations, boundary conditions, hydraulic
conductivity / transmissivity, recharge, any additional model input, transient or steady state
modeling, dispersion coefficients, degradation rate coefficients etc.
Page 45
Inceptio n Report
Physical properties for each aquifer or layer

in each grid cell must be entered into the
model. The following data grids files are to
be prepared (Fig. 19):
Top of layer elevation
Bottom of Layer elevation
Hydraulic conductivity
Specific Yield
Storage Coefficient
Boundary conditions will be established as

either no flow, head dependent, or general
heads based on the boundary conditions in
the Hydrogeologic unit.
Model Calibration
Model calibration consists of changing
values of model input parameters in an
attempt to match field conditions within
Fig. 19: Conceptualization of Hydrogeology in GW model
some acceptable criteria. Model calibration

requires that field conditions at a site be properly characterized. Lack of proper site characterization
may result in a model calibrated to a set of
conditions that are not representative of
actual field conditions.
After construction of the model, it will run
for a steady state calibration for water year,
this was a relatively stable year. Physical
parameters of hydraulic conductivity and
aerial recharge will be adjusted within set
bound limits until a suitable calibration
(Example shown in Fig. 20) was reached
when compared to actual water levels for
Fig. 20: Sample Profile of a Calibration
that year.
Sensitivity analysis
A sensitivity analysis is the process of varying model input parameters over a reasonable range (range
of uncertainty in value of model parameter) and observing the relative change in model response.
Page 46
Inceptio n Report
Typically, the observed change in hydraulic head, flow rate or contaminant transport are noted. Data
for which the model is relatively sensitive would require future characterization, as opposed to data
for which the model is relatively insensitive.
Model Verification
A calibrated model uses selected values of Hydrogeologic parameters, sources and sinks and
boundary conditions to match historical field conditions. The process of model verification may result
in further calibration or refinement of the model. After the model has successfully reproduced
measured changes in field conditions, it is ready for predictive simulations.
Predictive Simulations
A model will be used to predict some future groundwater flow or contaminant transport condition.
The model may also be used to evaluate different remediation alternatives. However, errors and
uncertainties in a groundwater flow analysis make any model prediction is act as a scientific support
to an approximation. For this reason, all model predictions should be expressed as a range of
possible outcomes that reflect the assumptions involved and uncertainty in model input data and
parameter values.
4.5.3 Development of vill age wise resource quanti fication tool

In this tool, the grid data for the surfaces generated in Modflow (GWE, TOL, BOL, SY and SC) have to
convert to feature class / Shape (.shp) file, with standardized process and used in village wise
quantification of available resources based on present water level. In calibration process of the
groundwater flow model, the confined, unconfined and mixed aquifer situations and aquifer
parameters will be fixed. This site specific fixed parameters will be used in tool for quantification of
village wise resources for planning of activities for villagers. This tool will design to work on desktop
computers. (The flow chart for modeling is given in Fig. 21.)
Page 47
Inceptio n Report
Fig. 21: Process Flow Diagram for Groundwater Flow Model Development
Page 48
Inceptio n Report
4. 6
Groundwater Resources Assessment
4.6.1 Review of the exi sting Methodol ogy

The ground water over exploration committee (1979), constituted by NABARD attempted a
nationwide ground water assessment at the Block level. This approach was accepted by the
administrative system at the state levels. As per the Constitution of India, water (resources
management) is a State subject. As per the accepted norms fixed by the authorized agencies of the
GoI, the groundwater estimation has two components i.e. dynamic and static (in-storage). The
dynamic resource is replenished annually by precipitation, irrigation return flow, canal seepage,
tanks and influent seepages etc.
The two approaches adopted for estimation of rainfall by Groundwater Estimation Committee (1984
& 1997) are;
Water Level Fluctuation (WLF) method and Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method
Rainfall recharge computed by WLF method has been compared with RIF method. In case difference
between the two sets of the data are more than 20%, Then RIF Figure has been considered,
otherwise monsoon recharge from WLF has been considered. While adopting the rainfall recharge
figure, weightage has been given to WLF method over RIF.
The annual Groundwater draft being computed for irrigation, domestic, & industrial uses which
includes the groundwater extraction from all existing groundwater structures during monsoon as
well as non monsoon period.
Categorization for groundwater development will be done according to the GEC norms as :
safe Area
Semi critical Area
Critical Area
Over exploited Area
Existing Practices:
Presently, the groundwater resources in the country are being assessed jointly by CGWB and State
groundwater departments by adopting GEC-1997 methodology. During the HYDROLOGY PROJECT I,
the GEC-1997 methodology of groundwater assessment was made fully automated by GEMS
software. In present attempt will be made to review the technicality and compatibility of existing
module of groundwater assessment. (Annexure for more details)
Page 49
Inceptio n Report
4.6.2 Proposed approach for onetime assessment and Village wise apporti on of
Groundwater resources and Development of technique for seasonal assessment
The perception of this one-time assessment is based on a quantified value of the existing level of
draft, as against annual replenishment values. This will be computed on a defined watershed that
represents the village. The modified water balance figures can be read at the village level and the
village GP, GramSabha with the help of GWD will be in a position to use the information for taking
decisions on water allocation for various uses at the village. More details to this approach is provided
in Annexure.
4. 7
Development of Web Enabled GIS Application
Rolta being one of the major

providers
Geospatial
worldwide,
of
IT
and
services
provides
comprehensive solution to
develop Web enabled GIS
system along with its tools
and
functionalities
with
multi-level security for GWD

Rajasthan. Rolta will design a
cost-effective, scalable and
efficient
hardware
and
Fig. 22: A Sample Web enables Interface
software architecture for the establishment of the state-of-the-art integrated Web based GIS
solution. Rolta will introduce an advance system which is scalable in nature (Example given in Fig.
22). This will enable GWD, Rajasthan to integrate the data sources of alike agencies.
One of the important aspects of an effective Web based solution is its decision support capabilities.
Rolta will enable the proposed solution with ease of use advanced decision support tools and
functionalities that would help GWD and other identified users to configure applications to address
Groundwater related issues.
The Proposed solution will publish the entire GIS and MIS data which will act as Decision Support
System for administrators / scientists and other end users. The end user can access and query the
data for their planning.
Web enabled interface will be designed for updation of periodical data interactively which will
facilitate to update data from field / local offices / up to community level.
Page 50
Inceptio n Report
The MIS/GIS system developed will be compatible with other Agency systems, and also serve as a
model for the rest of the Agency. The solution design will have a Coarse-grained security controls for
different groups in order to authorize/deny service access per user role, along with fine-grained
security, to authorize / deny user based layer and data access.
Rolta will follow SEI CMMI level 5 compliant SDLC for the development of the proposed system. Rolta
will use Microsoft .NET technology for the application server with industry standard RDBMS and
Rolta Map Server as Web Map engine.
4.7.1 Roltas Proposed System Architecture

This section outlines a preliminary and general architecture of the GWD, Rajasthan MIS/GIS
application and provides high level descriptions of the various modules within the system which will
be suitably modified based on the requirement. In addition to high level system architecture, this
section also describes the architecture principles and choice of technology frameworks to build the
application.
Architecture Goals
The proposed solution is based on fundamental and important architecture goals. The
architecture goals that are considered in proposed solution includes Scalability, Performance,
Security, Manageability, Availability and Maintainability
Inter-operable Standards
The proposed solution is designed on web architecture, using proven open, interoperable
standards so as to be scalable in order to add or interface additional functionalities as part of
change request or future redevelopment, up gradation when required.
Modular Design
The entire design of the proposed integrated solution shall be modular. All the business
processes and sub-processes shall be structured in a modular way so that any changes,
modifications, additions or deletions of any process do not affect the entire flow of the
application. The solution shall be designed so as to easily accommodate any business process
changes in future.
High Level System View

The GWD, Rajasthan MIS/GIS Server System consists of the MIS/GIS application that sits on top of the
Groundwater Management Program deployed centrally at one location and exposes various services
(Web Application) over a secure network. Main application modules are Groundwater monitoring
and management plan and Standard Operational Plan for program management. In addition to these
Page 51
Inceptio n Report
other functions such as Water Budget Management Information, Crop Advisory Services, and
Reporting and Administration are also part of the proposed GWD, Rajasthan MIS/GIS Server System.
On the other hand, GWD users / stakeholders can use and update the MIS/GIS information through
Internet Browser with valid, authenticate user id and password.
The proposed GWD's Solution Platform consists of the following layers:
Database Layer: This layer is provisioned to store MIS and GIS data in persistence and secure
framework.
Infrastructure layer : The Infrastructure layer is provisioned to provide components such as :
Computing Platform (Servers and Network Components) which will be procured by GWD
Application Server
Security and Intrusion Server
Application layer: The Proposed solution for GWD, Rajasthan application layer mainly consists
of the following components:
Rolta Map Server: This Server connects to database server for GIS and attributes information
and exposes services to render GIS information and functionality.
On-Point Server: On-Point Server connects to Database and GIS Severs for GIS and MIS to
allow publishing GIS data quickly and securely over the Web and connecting to any spatial
and non spatial data throughout their organization, turning their Web-GIS into a true
enterprise solution. Customized application specific to Groundwater including Groundwater
modeling will be developed using .NET Web technology to address functionality required by
GWD for MIS/GIS System. This application connects to database server and interfaces with
On- Point through an API.
Interface layer: The interface layer is the only way in which the GWD system can be accessed
by the outside world, it supports the key program management services for MIS and GIS System
as well as makes available portals and reports to both end users the GWD officials as well as the
GWD partners and Stakeholders including the general populace.
4.7.2 Customization and Development

The Web Implementation will be based on Three Tier Methodology as described below;
Presentation Layer
This layer presents the information to the end user. This represents the user interface for the
application, displays data and collects user inputs. It accesses enterprise data through the
Page 52
Inceptio n Report
middle layer.
Business Layer
This layer incorporates the
business
rules
for
the
application. This middle

layer receives requests for
data from the user layer,
evaluates them against the
business rules and passes them onto the data layer. It then receives data from the data layer
and passes this back to the user layer.
Database Layer
This layer communicates directly with the data store (e.g. Oracle) and passes data between
the data store and the business layer
4.7.3 Web Applicati on Functionalities

Rolta solution provides a large set of tools and functionalities for the establishment of a robust
project monitoring and Decision Support System for higher management and other authorized
users. The users will be able to use these tools and applications to build the requisite DSS
applications and deploy them to identified users. Agency can deploy user / user group based
solutions (project specific, program specific, activity specific, etc) with defined access (security)
as defined by the administrator.
User Creation and Management Module

User Group Management
User Management
User Authentication
Database Functionalities
Queries (Online)
Qualitative
Quantitative query
Standard Report Generation
Edit / Update
Data Analysis
Page 53
Inceptio n Report
Multi-lingual Support
Create Resource Files
Language Configuration
Web GIS Tools:

Map Viewer
Zoom in
Zoom out
Full view (Full Extent)
Pan
Identify
Find
Measure distance/area
Buffer
Refresh Map
Print
Toggle visibility of desired Map Layer
Scale bar display
North Arrow display
Spatial and Attribute Query

What-if Analysis
What lies where / Where lies this
Layer based Queries
Online Editing / Updating

Identify / Select /Edit / update
Easy integration with web-services such as Google Maps
Security Tool
User level security Application, Layer, Language, Geography, Tools, etc.
Attribute Level Security Feature level
4. 8
Capacity Building
The entire perspective of Capacity Building will have the following facets within the assigned
Tasks. The aspect of Capacity Building is designed keeping in view the inherent concerns of the
project. The concerns as spelt out in the ToR are that the overriding purpose of the project is:
Page 54
Inceptio n Report
To strengthen local institutions at hydrogeological unit level to bring on center stage

discussions on emerging water crisis especially on groundwater
To Transform the perception of groundwater from private property to that of a common

good (individual farmers take decisions for collective good)
To Articulate and share information across hydrological units for crop planning
The above is expected to emerge as outcome of the project.

Capacity Building under the project will be accomplished through the following actions:
i.
Infrastructural Development
Installation of the computerized data management system
Transfer of technology to GWD to operate in-house GIS and MIS and

their operationalization
Software installation and creation of specific software environment

for the GWD, Rajasthan
ii. Organizational/Institutional Development
The GWD will modify its internal management system to

accommodate this paradigm change of adapting a computerized data
management and communication system.
The multidisciplinary functions of the GWD will be strengthened with

the new communication system and a coordination link will
eventually
develop
between
the
hydrogeological,
drilling,
hydrochemical and meteorological disciplines.

With this new simplified system of understanding GW, a link is
expected to develop between the end users, the farmers and the
common people.
The computerized GW data system extending to village level will also

demand a corresponding institutional arrangement to accommodate
the new situation to get its best benefits and it is expected that the
process of interaction and institutional development of the village
community based organizations, non-governmental organizations
and other concerned civil society organizations, including the
Panchayat Raj Institutions will continue beyond the project period.
iii. Human Resources Development

With the process of technology transfer and creating more effective
infrastructural facilities, concerned people at all levels will have to be
provided with necessary training in the (i) operation of the new
Page 55
Inceptio n Report
devices (ii) data management systems (iii) data analysis and

interpretation in terms of GW scope and limitations at the village
level by GWD.
Water resource at the local levels is traditionally best controlled by the users themselves. The role of
scientists and administration therefore would be to empower the people with useful skills to monitor
and manage their own groundwater systems. The only alternative to control indiscriminate pumping
of an aquifer is to make the communities realize the enormity of the problem.
The need for monitoring, obvious in relation to the physical dimension of groundwater utilization is
equally important. To determine the impact of specific government policies and activities on the
ability of the poor to gain access to and benefit from the groundwater resource, it is necessary to
bring about all the institutional changes at the level of GWD as well at the village level.
A step towards demand side management is the willingness of the farmers to adopt low-water
intensive cropping. However, the development of marketing networks and other agricultural support
systems will have a major impact on cropping systems. Marketing organizations on crop production
are essential to accrue the benefit to farmers.
For implementation of the project a team of multi-disciplinary professionals from agriculture,

hydrogeology, social work, non-formal education and gender need to be put together. These teams
will be supported by very active village level organizers who have long experience in dealing with the
community.
Institutional capacity building is a means of enhancing performance. Building capacity involves

empowering and equipping people and organizations with the appropriate tools and sustainable
resources to solve their problems. For judicious water management, the State should increasingly
concern itself with overall public policy to create a conducive socio-economic environment through
capacity building and awareness programs for the efficient and productive use of water.
The scope of the work includes:

Demystification of the science of ground water hydrology would be the net effect of all
developments achieved through capacity building at the GWD level and community level
participation in real time data collection and planning development.
Page 56
Inceptio n Report
4.8.1 The institutional capacity

The capacity at the end users level will gain strength with the total measures stated above. The
synergy of the processes discussed will further be strengthened with the supportive actions.
Basin scale management to enable better integration of Hydrogeologic, socioeconomic and

environmental consequences of development options- apart from the intentions of the project under
discussion, this aspect will require further support and the Line Departments of the GoR will have to
have corresponding responses.
Stakeholders participation- this is discussed and measures will be devised under the project.
Sector-wide coordination amongst various water related institutions- GWD will have to take
appropriate measures to take it beyond the project period.
All factors in the groundwater development sectors should take responsibilities through sectoral
laws This too is expected to extend beyond the project period.
4.8.2 Technical capacity

The technical capacity of the entire process is expected to improve with the improvisation in the
following sectors:
Monitoring network and database management system.
Suitable and locally available groundwater development technology choice.
System maintenance.
The capacity building requirements include groundwater data collection, data analysis and
interpretation and groundwater data presentation using GIS.
4.8.3 Peoples insti tutions

A close partnership between the people and the Government is being promoted in order to achieve a
sustainable use of water resources. Some of these institutions are:
Water Users Associations
Watershed Associations
Self Help Group
Water Conservation and Utilization Committee
District, Block and village level PRI organizations
Capacity building at Government level will be directed towards
Page 57
Inceptio n Report
broadening their skills-base
reorienting their conceptual skills and approach towards the provision of more
responsive technical services
a new focus upon data processing, strategic planning and basin-level water resources
assessment
Deviating from the tradition of project planning and implementation the main function of Capacity
building will be directed towards the provision of advice and assistance to community and
institutions in the effective and purposeful utilization of ground water.
A process of awareness is expected to emerge through public education based on the knowledge
gained through the project interventions. This will hopefully have its obvious impacts in the areas of
community-based water management, improved water use efficiency, improved conservation
methods and water-related public health improved sanitation.
Inputs will be provided on building exclusive Groundwater management Institutions based on the
Hydrogeological/Basin boundaries. All village level institutions may have to be federated at
Hydrogeological /Basin level.
4.8.4 Gender Equity and W omens Participation

The development of institutional impacts can be effectively and efficiently achieved with the
integration of gender equity concerns. Though the projects and programmes may focus on different
activities with respect to the specific situation, the integration of gender concerns should be made
for the suitable activities within the project framework. Efforts will be made to ensure equal
representation of both men and women for Institution building and while conducting trainings.
4.8.5 Trainings of trai ners and Water Managers

The following are the conceptual training areas. Actual training plans will be finalized in consultation
with GWD, Rajasthan
Training on groundwater policies and strategic planning to achieve development

objectives.
Training on legal framework and implementation measures for integrated

groundwater management.
Training on groundwater operational plans.
Page 58
Inceptio n Report
Information management: databases and data analysis and interpretation and data
management including software/ hardware systems involved
Groundwater quality and pollution hazards.
Economic valuation of groundwater.
Hydrogeologic modeling, Groundwater hydrodynamics, Basin balance and mass

transport.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications to groundwater.
4.8.6 Training of End Users

Training of end users community on;
Water resources issues and primary health care.
Promoting and creation of local committee.
Local community conflict resolutions
Monitoring of water points and its importance for demand management.
Groundwater protection and policing of water legislation.
Operation and maintenance of rural water supply installations, such as hand pumps.
4.8.7 Rolta Approach for Traini ng of Staff/Officials in GIS and Web GIS
The following are the conceptual training areas. Actual training plans will be finalized in consultation
with GWD, Rajasthan. All these training proposals can materialize only through active and meaningful
GWD facilitation and support.
Rolta will organize a comprehensive Training Programs for Staff/Officials and end users engaged in
Groundwater Development and Management. In support of Roltas training activities, Rolta will
distribute user-friendly training materials to the staff of Groundwater Department and end users.
Most of the trainings were first given by Senior Specialists, Experts, or resource persons to the
project and staff of Groundwater Department.
These trainings will be useful in Collection of groundwater related data / information from
Groundwater Department, at Panchayat / Community level. In this project, Rolta will Organize its
trainings, awareness, demonstration of GIS software for handling the spatial and non spatial data,
follow up and continuous education on extension techniques, collection of field data (Depth to water
level from observation wells, soil and vegetation, crop Pattern, land use), and also suggest suitable
locations and equipments along with detailed specifications for atomization of ground water,
Page 59
Inceptio n Report
monitoring network with onsite data downloading facility and with telemetric system.
Several staff trainings will be conducted so that the staff gets acquainted with content and targets of
Groundwater Development and Management. While the Rolta manual written in the Project will
serve as a guide for field level operations.
It is obvious that the farmer is in a better position than anybody else to take preventive measures
and escape from consequences of the drought. In the absence of the information with the farmer, it
is proved beyond doubt that drought forecasting by experts can only help in documentation and will
not save the farmer from misery. Further, depletion of groundwater resource is best controlled by the
users themselves. The role of Experts and administration therefore would be to empower the people
with useful skills to monitor and manage their own groundwater systems.
4.8.8 Capacity Building for GIS

Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Lecture topics include history of GIS, GIS data structures and sources of data, GIS tools, and software,
applications, and resources. Exercises include spatial data display and query, map generation, and
simple spatial analysis using Rolta Geomatica software.
Data Acquisition and Database Management

This course explores various methods of capturing data for use in GIS, including digitizing from maps
and locating and reformatting existing digital data, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), scanning, and
address matching. Topics include data requirements analysis; relational database design; attributes
and entity definitions; table normalization; table creation and population; query optimization; and
data integration.
4.8.9 Capacity Building for Web GIS

In order to help GWD, Rajasthan to manage / maintain the complete system, Rolta will provide
hands-on training to core Staff of Ground Water Department identified by the GWD, Rajasthan which
will help them to independently handle the system and the available services.
The various modules, which will be covered, in the training are:
Application
Database Design
Page 60
Inceptio n Report
System Administration
Rolta would design and conduct the training program that would meet the requirements of GWD
with as batch size as mutually agreed by GWD and Rolta. The objective of the training program would
be to help the core staff of GWD to use the application and manage / maintain the Web based
GIS/MIS system with no or minimal support from Rolta in future. Rolta and GWD will agree mutually
on the content and schedule of the training program.
The training for GWD personnel would be conducted to enable both Users and System Administrator
to maintain/manage the web application after its successful implementation. Training would also
include on-the-job experience in system setup and day-to-day maintenance and management,
covering data base design, application design, program libraries and system configuration, web
application access, defining user access privileges, etc. The course outlines for each of the training
levels are as mentioned:
System Administrator
Topics to be covered are as follows
Installation of Server applications and database
Configuration of Server application, setting and functionalities
User Management and configuration
General troubleshooting of application and database.
For web portal users (Officials of GWD, Rajasthan)
User registration
Web portal functionalities

a) Data Query
b) Data Viewing
c) Map Query
d) Map Viewing
Application training
Entire system parameters settings
Changing Security policies
Defining Roles and Responsibilities
Backup
Trouble Shooting
Database Design
General concepts review - basic data relationships

Page 61
Inceptio n Report
Preparation of Real World Object Catalogue
Introducing entities, attributes and functional dependency.
Conceptual Data Model development
Modeling a Database at the Logical Level
Normalization and entity/relation models
Designing a Database Access Strategy
Designing for Secure Data Access
Designing User-Defined Functions
Application Software Analyst
Generating Customized Reports
Building Queries
Data Entry Forms
Updating / Deleting / Adding Master Tables
Selecting various components / menus
Interaction
Rolta will also provide appropriate Training Materials as required, defining the formal course outline
with the detailed training document for different levels.
Page 62
Inception Report
4.8.10 Training Plan

S.No
Theme
Stakeholder
Duration
Place
GIS, MIS & Web GIS

(i) Introduction to GIS, MIS & Web GIS (ii) Data acquisition and Data management
(iii) Geospatial data creation, display, query and analysis (iv) Map production in GIS
environment (v) Rational database design (vi) Data query, optimization and data integration (vi)
st
1 Phase:
Application design (vii) Program libraries and system configuration (viii) Web application access
3 Days
(ix) Defining user access privileges (x) security police (xi) Backup and (xii) Trouble shooting
1
RASA Tools
Circle
Office (4)
of GWD
GWD Officers and Staff
(i) Groundwater occurrence and movement (ii) Sustainable groundwater development (iii)
Groundwater assessment, monitoring and protection (iii) Groundwater data collection and data
management (iv) General principles of
hydrogeological modeling (v) Groundwater
hydrodynamics, basin balance and mass transport (vi) Contour & 3D generation and
nd
2 Phase:
(vii) Groundwater quality
2 Days
Complete hands on training on the GIS, MIS, Web GIS and RASA Tools
(i) Data Collection, data entry, compilation, validation and analysis at basin/hydrological
Administrator
unit/watershed level (ii) Institution, team and Linkage building (iii)Crop - water Budgeting (iv)
Local Institutions
Groundwater balance estimation (v) Annual water user plan (vi) Groundwater polices and
(PRI/SHG/WMG/WUA)
strategic planning and (vii) Training on legal frame work
District
2 Days
of GWD
Training of Trainers
(i) Data collection/data entry (ii) Crop planning (iii) Efficient water management (iii) Training on
3
roles and responsibilities, leadership qualities, book keeping, conflict management, developing
linkages with departments and agencies etc
Office (33)
District
End User
2 Days
Office (33)
of GWD
Page 63
Inceptio n Report
4. 9
Final Output and Del iverables
Rolta will submit the Following reports according to deliverables as per the specifications laid by
GWD, Rajasthan
Inception Report with strategy and work schedule for various activities.
Technical Report 1 consisting review and evaluation of existing information compiled and collated
data collected from State and Central agencies in respect of aquifer characteristics and parameters.
Technical Report 2A consisting strategy for creation of GIS and specifications for software, hardware,
database/ GIS tools for development of the GIS based system, also specifications of the tools for
Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) and presentations tools.
Technical Report 2B containing one set hardcopy GIS maps for validation purpose. After approval by
the GWD, 2 copies of the GIS data set in appropriate format decided in consultation with GWD will
be submitted to GWD.
Technical Report 3A this would include soft/ hard copy of hydrologic unit wise 3D demarcation of
aquifers and aquifer wise isopach maps which derived from secondary data collected from the GW
agencies. This also includes report on review of existing methodology, practices and status of GW
resources assessment.
Technical Report 3B would relate to onetime assessment of ground water resource availability and
development potential in all the underlying aquifers in suitable scale. The report also includes aquifer
wise maps and table depicting annual replenishable resources, draft and balance.
Technical Report 4A includes aquifer wise apportion of the GW resources on the administrative units
up to the level of village. (A Block / Village may comprise one or more watersheds in part or full.
First, the groundwater assessment in the sub-areas, non-command and command areas of the
watershed may be converted into depth unit, this parameter can be used to calculate the
contribution from all the sub-areas of the watershed.)
Aquifer wise quantification needs to be calculated and the same have to be apportioned to
administrative unit.
Page 64
Inceptio n Report
Technical Report 4B consists complete document on training need analysis, training modules for
various levels of ground water professionals.
Capacity building of officers and staff of GWD engaged on working on the system. The training shall
include the Administrator training, End user training and Training of Trainers.
Technical Report 4C suggest mechanism for collection of required data / parameters at community
level for seasonal assessment of ground water resources and their regular updating. Suitable format
may be devised.
Technical Report 4D is a document detailing the appropriate strategies and action plan for
strengthening local institutions and end users for ground water management.
Draft Final Report Report is a document consisting the entire milestones, processess,
methodologies, developments and all activities and developments from starting of the project to end
of the project. This report will be submitted by Rolta to GWD just before 30 days of end day of
project and Rolta expect that the observations and corrections of draft report will be communicated
with in 15 days from date of submission, so that the required corrections will be incorporated in final
report.
Final Report will be submitted with the suggestions made by GWD on draft report to GWD after 30
days from submission of draft report.
Page 65
Inception Report
5. Team Composition and Task Assignment

Key Professional Staff
Sr. No.
Name of Staff
Name of Agency
Area of Expertise
Position / Task assigned for this

job
Dilip Kumar Fouzdar
Rolta India Limited, Mumbai
Hydrogeologist / Water Resource management Team Leader / Project Planning,

specialist, Expertise in Groundwater technology, monitoring and management
assessment, planning and management, project
cycle and monitoring. Groundwater quantity and
quality dynamics. Associated with various
international studies and evaluation of database
creation and resource assessment.
S. A. Hirudia Raj
Hydrogeologist / Water Resource specialist, Senior Ground Water Expert Level

Analysis of Hydrological/Hydrogeological data of II / Analysis for aquifer
different aquifer. Development of capacity building parameters and Capacity Building
strategies at various levels.
Dr. N.S. Krishnamurthy
Hydrogeologist / Water Resource specialist,

Geophysical (Groundwater Exploration), Expertise
in Geological and Geophysical studies for ground
water, weathered and fractured aquifers and
conducting Pumping Tests, Infiltration tests.
Dr. Alpana Bohra
Expertise in Planning and Implementation and GIS Expert / GIS Team Lead and
executing of GIS projects
Application Development
Rama Kant Singh
Technical support, Monitoring the GIS projects
Manoj Kumar Kukreja
Expertise in Web based application for GIS/MIS, GIS Expert / GIS Project execution
Planning and Execution of integrated, GIS and MIS and Application Development
Project, built GIS data
Senior Ground Water Expert Level

II / Analysis 3 D conceptual model
depicting aquifer disposition and
assessment
GIS Expert / GIS Project Manager

and
Geospatial
Database
generation and analysis
Page 66
Inception Report
Sr. No.
Name of Staff
Name of Agency
Area of Expertise
Position / Task assigned for this

job
Pankaj Kumar Borah
Expertise in Spatial and Non Spatial Database GIS Expert / GIS & MIS creation
creation, GIS Map preparation, Web based and Integration. Web Application
application for GIS/MIS,
Development
Ashok Hasurkar
Expertise in
Database creation, Consumer Database Expert / Database
indexing and asset coding, Preparation
and Administrator, database design
Linkage of Database with GIS
specialist
Dr. C. R. Bannur
Expertise in Web GIS Application for Watershed

Management
System,
Planning
and
Implementation of Remote Sensing/GIS. Assessing,
evaluating and Mapping Ground water.
10
Surendra Nath Das
Web GIS project execution with Ground water, Ground water Expert Level I /
Assessment of water quality, Management, Groundwater assessment and
Monitoring and Evaluation of Water
management, Analysis of well log
and pumping test data
11
Mahesh Kumar Kodepaka
Expertise in conceptualize and building the

Groundwater Flow Models, Mass Transport
Modeling and Seawater Intrusion Studies,
Groundwater management
12
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey
Hydrologist, Expertise Ground Water Remote Ground water Expert Level I /

sensing, GIS and Mapping projects
Groundwater
specialist
and
experienced in groundwater
recharge structure planning. GIS
Mapping
13
Rakesh Gupta
Expertise in Hydrogeology, Dug well/Bore wells, Ground water Expert Level I /

geophysical investigation
Geohydrological , Geophysical
survey in different terrain
Ground water Expert Level I/

Groundwater
evaluation,
management, modeling and web
GIS application
Ground water Expert Level I /

Groundwater Flow Models, Mass
Transport
Modeling
and
Groundwater management
Page 67
Inception Report
6. Staffing Schedule
S. No.
Name of Staff/No.
Position
Activities
1
Project Planning,
management
Total
Months
Staff input
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Dilip Kumar Fouzdar
Team Leader
monitoring and
18
S. A. Hirudia Raj
Senior Ground Water Expect Analysis for aquifer parameters and

Level II
Capacity Building
18
Dr. N.S. Krishnamurthy
Senior Ground Water Expect Analysis 3 D conceptual model

Level II
depicting aquifer disposition and
assessment
18
Dr. Alpana Bohra
GIS Expert
GIS Team Lead

Development
Application
12
Rama Kant Singh
GIS Expert
GIS Project Manager and Geospatial

Database generation and analysis
13
Manoj Kumar Kukreja
GIS Expert
GIS Project execution and Application

Development
12
Pankaj Kumar Borah
GIS Expert
GIS & MIS creation and Integration.

Web Application Development
12
Ashok Hasurkar
Database Expert
Database Administrator,
design specialist
database
10
Dr. C. R. Bannur
Ground water Expert Level I Groundwater

evaluation,
management, modeling and web GIS
application
12
10
Surendra Nath Das

assessment
and
management, Analysis of well log and
pumping test data
18
11
Mahesh Kumar Kodepaka
Ground water Expert Level I Groundwater Flow Models, Mass

Transport Modeling and Groundwater
management
18
12
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey

specialist
and
experienced in groundwater recharge
structure planning. GIS Mapping
18
13
Rakesh Gupta
Ground water Expert Level I Geo-hydrological study, geophysical

survey in different terrain
12
and
Page 68
Inception Report
7. Project Schedule
Item Activity (work)
Sl.
No.
Activity Months
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total
Months
Preparation and Submission of Inception Report
Collection and Collation of Input Data
Review and evaluation of existing information, methodology and practices (Technical Report 1)
Provide specifications for software, hardware, database/GIS tools and presentation/analysis tools
and RASA / Strategy for GIS Creation (Technical Report 2A)
Scanning, Geo-referencing and Digitization of input maps
Compilation of the data for development of the database system
Development of GIS based Database system
Demarcation of Regional Aquifer Systems
Deliver of hardcopy of the GIS Maps on suitable scale (1:50000) to the client for validation purpose
(Technical Report 2B)
10
Building 3 D conceptual model depicting aquifer disposition at suitable scale as background data
for further planning and management of ground water
11
Submission of review of the existing methodology, practices and status of ground water resources
assessment (Technical Report 3A)
12
Carry out Aquifer Wise Assessment of Groundwater resources at a mutually agreed scale / unit
and Report related to onetime assessment of Groundwater Resource (Technical Report 3B)
13
Web enable GIS Application Development for the assessment and Management of Groundwater in
the Community level
14
Submit a report on the aquifer wise apportion the GW resources on the administrative units up to
the level of village. (Technical Report 4A)
15
16
Formulate appropriate strategies and methodology for strengthening local institutions and end
users for ground water management
Capacity building of staff/ officials and end users engaged in ground water development and
management and Complete document on training need analysis, training modules for various level
of ground water professionals (Technical Report 4B)
Page 69
Item Activity (work)
Sl.
No.
Inception Report
Activity Months
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total
Months
17
Suggest mechanism for collection of required data / parameters for seasonal assessment of ground
water resources and their regular updating (Technical Report 4C)
18
Submission a document detailing the appropriate strategies and action plan for strengthening local
institutions and end users for ground water management. (Technical Report 4D)
19
Submission of Draft Final Report
20
Submission of Final Report both in hard and soft copies
Page 70
Aquifer Mapping and Dev elopment of GIS bas ed data base for Ass essment of v illag e wise GW Potential and Strategy for Development
Inception Report
ANNEXURE
Estimation of Groundwater resources - Rolta
Hydrological units underlain by hard rock formations generally are devoid of primary porosity and poor
water bearing zones. However, these formations are subjected to fracturing and jointing due to the
tectonic forces acting on these formations, as a result, these formations have become water bearing
especially in the fractures and joints. Aquifers in these terrains are under confined and semiconfined
conditions.
Two approaches were recommended by GEC (1984) Groundwater level fluctuation method and rainfall
infiltration factor method. Retaining these approaches GEC (1997) suggested several improvements. In
the revised methodology distinctions have been made in hard rock and alluvial areas, canal command
areas and recharge due to rainfall in monsoon season. GEC (1997) recommended that recharge due to
rainfall in monsoon season is to be estimated by groundwater level fluctuation method. But if adequate
data is not available, the rainfall infiltration factor method may be used. The usable groundwater
resource is the dynamic resource, which is recharged annually by rainfall and other sources.
Groundwater Balance equation

The water level fluctuation method employs the ground water balance equation, in gross terms, for any
specific period, the equation for the unit (Block, watershed, etc.) is
Input Output = storage change

Here input refers to recharge from rainfall and other sources and subsurface inflow into the unit; and
output refers to groundwater draft, evaporation, base flow to streams and subsurface outflows from the
unit which holds good for any period: a year, season, a month etc. Typically this equation is applied
separately for different seasons (monsoon and non-monsoon) or crop season, such as Kharif, Rabi and
summer seasons.
This equation storage change (positive for storage increase, negative for storage decrease) is a function
of the groundwater level change and specific yield. Hence groundwater level measurements at the
beginning and end of the season/period are necessary to estimate storage change.
Page I
Inception Report
Unit for Groundwater resource assessment

Watershed with welldefined hydrological boundaries is the most appropriate hydrological unit for
groundwater resource estimation. It is advantageous to adopt this unit as the inflow/outflow across the
boundaries is likely to be negligible in most cases. In hardrock areas, the hydro-geological and
hydrological units normally coincide. This may not be the case in alluvial areas where the aquifer may
traverse the boundaries. For classification of an area into alluvial or hard rock areas, the predominant
hydrogeology of the unit is to be considered. The hard rock areas occupy about 2/3rd area of the country.
GEC (1997) recommended a procedure to delineate subareas within the unit, which may be a watershed
(Hard rock areas) or a block/taluka/mandal (Alluvium areas). First, out of the total geographic area of the
unit, hilly areas (Slope greater than 20%) are separated as these are not likely to contribute to ground
water recharge. However, the local topographical features such as valley, terrace and plateau occurring
within (>) 20% slope zone may be considered for recharge computations. Out of the remaining part,
areas where the quality of groundwater is beyond the usable limits should be identified and handled
separately. The area with brackish /saline ground water is delineated and the resource of these areas be
computed separately. Now the remaining area is to be delineated is as follows:
Non command areas which do not come under major /medium surface water irrigation
schemes.
Command areas under major / medium surface irrigation schemes.
If necessary, further subdivision based on geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics may be

made.
On the other hand, continuous increased withdrawals from a groundwater reservoir in excess of
replenishable recharge may result in regular lowering of water table. In such a situation, a serious
problem is created resulting in drying of shallow wells and increase in pumping head for deeper wells
and tube wells. This has led to emphasis on planned and optimal development of water resources. An
appropriate strategy will be to develop water resources with planning based on conjunctive use of
surface water and groundwater.
For a sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation of

the available water resources. For this, the first task would be to make a realistic assessment of the
surface water and groundwater resources and then plan their use in such a way that full crop water
requirements are met and there is neither water-logging nor excessive lowering of groundwater table. It
Page II
Inception Report
is necessary to maintain the groundwater reservoir in a state of dynamic equilibrium over a period of
time and the water level fluctuations have to be kept within a particular range over the monsoon and
non-monsoon seasons.
The National Water Policy adopted by the Government of India in 1987 and revised in 2002, regards
water as one of the most crucial elements in developmental planning. Regarding groundwater, it
recommends that:
There should be a periodical reassessment of the groundwater potential on a scientific basis,

taking into consideration the quality of the water available and economic viability of its
extraction.
Exploitation of groundwater resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the recharging

possibilities, as also to ensure social equity. The detrimental environmental consequences of
over-exploitation of groundwater need to be effectively prevented by the Central and State
Governments. Groundwater recharge projects should be developed and implemented for
improving both the quality and availability of groundwater resource.
Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and groundwater resources and their
conjunctive use should be envisaged right from the project planning stage and should form an
essential part of the project implementation.
Over-exploitation of groundwater should be avoided especially near the coast to prevent ingress
of seawater into sweet water aquifers.
A complexity of factors
hydrogeological, hydrological and climatological control the groundwater
occurrence and movement. The precise assessment of recharge and discharge is rather difficult, as no
techniques are currently available for their direct measurements. Hence, the methods employed for
groundwater resource estimation are all indirect. Groundwater being a dynamic and replenishable
resource, is generally estimated based on the component of annual recharge, which could be subjected
to development by means of suitable groundwater structures.
For quantification of groundwater resources, proper understanding of the behavior and characteristics of
the water bearing rock formation, known as aquifer, is essential. An aquifer has two main functions - (i)
to transit water (conduit function) and (ii) to store it (storage function). The groundwater resources in
unconfined aquifers can be classified as static and dynamic. The static resources can be defined as the
Page III
Inception Report
amount of groundwater available in the permeable portion of the aquifer below the zone of water level
fluctuation. The dynamic resources can be defined as the amount of groundwater available in the zone
of water level fluctuation. The replenishable groundwater resource is essentially a dynamic resource
which is replenished annually or periodically by precipitation, irrigation return flow, canal seepage, tank
seepage, influent seepage, etc.
The methodologies adopted for computing groundwater resources, are generally based on the
hydrologic budget techniques. The hydrologic equation for groundwater regime is a specialized form of
water balance equation that requires quantification of the components of inflow to and outflow from a
groundwater reservoir, as well as changes in storage therein. Some of these are directly measurable, few
may be determined by differences between measured volumes or rates of flow of surface water, and
some require indirect methods of estimation.
Water balance techniques have been extensively used to make quantitative estimates of water resources
and the impact of mans activities on the hydrological cycle. The study of water balance requires the
systematic presentation of data on the water supply and its use within a given study area for a specific
period. The water balance of an area is defined by the hydrologic equation, which is basically a
statement of the law of conservation of mass as applied to the hydrological cycle. With water balance
approach, it is possible to evaluate quantitatively individual contribution of sources of water in the
system, over different time periods, and to establish the degree of variation in water regime due to
changes in components of the system.
A basin wise approach yields the best results where the groundwater basin can be characterized by
prominent drainages. A thorough study of the topography, geology and aquifer conditions should be
taken up. The limit of the groundwater basin is controlled not only by topography but also by the
disposition, structure and permeability of rocks and the configuration of the water table.
Generally, in igneous and metamorphic rocks, the surface water and groundwater basins are coincident
for all practical purposes, but marked differences may be encountered in stratified sedimentary
formations. Therefore, the study area for groundwater balance study is preferably taken as a daub which
is bounded on two sides by two streams and on the other two sides by other aquifers or extension of the
same aquifer. Once the study area is identified, comprehensive studies can be undertaken to estimate for
Page IV
Inception Report
selected period of time, the input and output of water, and change in storage to draw up water balance
of the basin.
Groundwater balance equation

Considering the various inflow and outflow components in a given study area, the groundwater balance
equation can be written as:
Rr + Rc + Ri + Rt + Si + Ig = Et + Tp + Se + Og + S
Where,
Rr = recharge from rainfall;
Rc = recharge from canal seepage;
Ri = recharge from field irrigation;
Rt = recharge from tanks;
Si = influent seepage from rivers;
Ig = inflow from other basins;
Et = evapotranspiration from groundwater;
Tp = draft from groundwater;
Se = effluent seepage to rivers;
Og = outflow to other basins; and
S = change in groundwater storage.
Preferably, all elements of the groundwater balance equation should be computed using independent
methods. However, it is not always possible to compute all individual components of the groundwater
balance equation separately. Sometimes, depending on the problem, some components can be lumped,
and account only for their net value in the equation.
Computations of various components usually involve errors, due to shortcomings in the estimation
techniques. The groundwater balance equation therefore generally does not balance, even if all its
components are computed by independent methods. The resultant discrepancy in groundwater balance
is defined as a residual term in the balance equation, which includes errors in the quantitative
determination of various components as well as values of the components which have not been
accounted in the equation.
The water balance may be computed for any time interval. The complexity of the computation of the
water balance tends to increase with increase in area. This is due to a related increase in the technical
Page V
Inception Report
difficulty of accurately computing the numerous important water balance components.
Data requirements for a Groundwater balance study

For carrying out a groundwater balance study, following data may be required over a given time period:
Rainfall data: Monthly rainfall data of sufficient number of rain guage stations lying within or around the
study area, along with their locations, should be available.
Land use data and cropping patterns: Land use data are required for estimating the evapotranspiration
losses from the water table through forested area. Cropping pattern data are necessary for estimating
the spatial and temporal distributions of groundwater withdrawals, if required. Monthly pan evaporation
rates should also be available at few locations for estimation of consumptive use requirements of
different crops.
River data: Monthly river stage and discharge data along with river cross-sections are required at few
locations for estimating the river-aquifer interflows.
Canal data: Month wise water releases into the canal and its distributaries along with running days
during each month are required. To account for the seepage losses through the canal system, the
seepage loss test data are required in different canal reaches and distributaries.
Tank data: Monthly tank gauges and water releases should be available. In addition, depth vs. area and
depth vs. capacity curves should also be available for computing the evaporation and seepage losses
from tanks. Field test data are required for computing infiltration capacity to be used to evaluate the
recharge from depression storage.
Water table data: Monthly water table data (or at least pre-monsoon and post-monsoon data) from
sufficient number of well-distributed observation wells along with their locations are required. The
available data should comprise reduced level (R.L.) of water table and depth to water table.
Groundwater draft: For estimating groundwater withdrawals, the number of each type of wells operating
in the area, their corresponding running hours each month and discharge are required If a complete
inventory of wells is not available, then this can be obtained by carrying out sample surveys.
Aquifer parameters: Data regarding the storage coefficient and transmissivity are required at sufficient
number of locations in the study area.
Groundwater Resource Estimation Methodology
The Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) was constituted by the Government of India in 1982 to
Page VI
Inception Report
recommend methodologies for estimation of the groundwater resource potential in India. It was
recommended by the committee that the groundwater recharge should be estimated based on
groundwater level fluctuation method. However, in areas, where groundwater level monitoring is not
being done regularly, or where adequate data about groundwater level fluctuation is not available,
adhoc norms of rainfall infiltration may be adopted. In order to review the recommended methodology,
the Committee was reconstituted in 1995, which released its report in 1997. This Committee proposed
several improvements in the existing methodology based on groundwater level fluctuation approach.
Salient features of their recommendations are given below.
(a) Watershed may be used as the unit for groundwater resource assessment in hard rock areas, which
occupies around 2/3rd part of the country. The size of the watershed as a hydrological unit could be of
about 100 to 300 sq. km. area. The assessment made for watershed as unit may be transferred to
administrative unit such as block, for planning development programs.
(b) For alluvial areas, the present practice of assessment based on block/taluka/mandal-wise basis is
retained. The possibility of adopting doab as the unit of assessment in alluvial areas needs further
detailed studies.
(c) The total geographical area of the unit for resource assessment is to be divided into subareas such as
hilly regions (slope > 20%), saline groundwater areas, canal command areas and non-command areas,
and separate resource assessment may be made for these subareas. Variations in geomorphological and
hydrogeological characteristics may be considered within the unit.
(d) For hard rock areas, the specific yield value may be estimated by applying the water level fluctuation
method for the dry season data, and then using this specific yield value in the water level fluctuation
method for the monsoon season to get recharge. For alluvial areas, specific yield values may be
estimated from analysis of pumping tests. However, norms for specific yield values in different
hydrogeological regions may still be necessary for use in situations where the above methods are not
feasible due to inadequacy of data.
(e) There should be at least 3 spatially well-distributed observation wells in the unit, or one observation
well per 100 sq. km. whichever is more.
(f) The problem of accounting for groundwater inflow/outflow and base flow from a region is difficult to
solve. If watershed is used as a unit for resource assessment in hard rock areas, the groundwater
inflow/outflow may become negligible. The base flow can be estimated if one stream gauging station is
located at the exit of the watershed.
(g) Norms for return flow from groundwater and surface water irrigation are revised taking into account
Page VII
Inception Report
the source of water (groundwater/surface water), type of crop (paddy/non-paddy) and depth of
groundwater level.
Estimation of Groundwater Balance Components

The various inflow/outflow components of the groundwater balance equation may be estimated through
appropriate empirical relationships suitable for a region, Groundwater Estimation Committee norms
(1997), field experiments or other methods, as discussed below.
Recharge from Rainfall : Rainfall is the major source of recharge to groundwater. Part of the rain water,
which falls on the ground, is infiltrated into the soil. A part of this infiltrated water is utilized in filling the
soil moisture deficiency while the remaining portion percolates down to reach the water table, which is
termed as rainfall recharge to the aquifer. The amount of rainfall recharge depends on various
hydrometeorological and topographic factors, soil characteristics and depth to water table. The methods
for estimation of rainfall recharge involve the empirical relationships established between recharge and
rainfall developed for different regions, Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee norms,
groundwater balance approach, and soil moisture data based methods.
Empirical Methods
Several empirical formulae have been worked out for various regions in India on the basis of detailed
studies. Some of the commonly used formulae are:
Chaturvedi formula: Based on the water level fluctuations and rainfall amounts in Ganga-Yamuna doab,
Chaturvedi in 1936, derived an empirical relationship to arrive at the recharge as a function of annual
precipitation.
Rr = 2.0 (P - 15)0.4
where,
Rr = net recharge due to precipitation during the year, in inches; and
P = annual precipitation, in inches.
This formula was later modified by further work at the U.P. Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee and the
modified form of the formula is
Rr = 1.35 (P - 14)0.5
The Chaturvedi formula has been widely used for preliminary estimations of groundwater recharge due
to rainfall. It may be noted that there is a lower limit of the rainfall below which the
recharge due to rainfall is zero. The percentage of rainfall recharged commences from zero at P =
14 inches, increases upto 18% at P = 28 inches, and again decreases. The lower limit of rainfall in the
Page VIII
Inception Report
formula may account for the soil moisture deficit, the interception losses and potential evaporation.
These factors being site specific, one generalized formula may not be applicable to all the alluvial areas.
Tritium tracer studies on groundwater recharge in the alluvial deposits of Indo-Gangetic plains of
western U.P., Punjab, Haryana and alluvium in Gujarat state have indicated variations with respect to
Chaturvedi formula.
Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee Norms

If adequate data of groundwater levels are not available, rainfall recharge may be estimated using the
rainfall infiltration method. The same recharge factor may be used for both monsoon and non-monsoon
rainfall, with the condition that the recharge due to non-monsoon rainfall may be taken as zero, if the
rainfall during non-monsoon season is less than 10% of annual rainfall. Groundwater Resource
Estimation Committee (1997) recommended the following rainfall infiltration factors:
(a) Alluvial areas:
Indo-Gangetic and inland areas
:22 % 9
East coast
:16 %
West coast
:10 %
(b) Hard rock areas:

Weathered granite, gneiss and schist with low clay content
:11 %
Weathered granite, gneiss and schist with significant clay content
:8%
Granulite facies like charnockite etc
:5 %
Vesicular and jointed basalt
:13 %
Weathered basalt
:7 %
Laterite
:7 %
Semiconsolidated sandstone - 1
:2 %
Consolidated sandstone, Quartzites,

Limestone (except cavernous limestone)
:6 %
Phyllites, Shales
:4 %
Massive poorly fractured rock
:1 %
An additional 2% of rainfall recharge factor may be used in areas where watershed development with
associated soil conservation measures is implemented. This additional factor is separate from
contribution due to water conservation structures such as check dams, nalla bunds, percolation tanks
etc., for which the norms are defined separately.
Page IX
Inception Report
Groundwater Balance Approach

In this method, all components of the groundwater balance equation, except the rainfall recharge, are
estimated individually. The algebraic sum of all input and output components is equated to the change
in groundwater storage, as reflected by the water table fluctuation, which in turn yields the single
unknown in the equation, namely, the rainfall recharge. A pre-requisite for successful application of this
technique is the availability of very extensive and accurate hydrological and meteorological data. The
groundwater balance approach is valid for the areas where the year can be divided into monsoon and
non-monsoon seasons with the bulk of rainfall occurring in former.
Groundwater balance study for monsoon and non-monsoon periods is carried out separately. The former
yields an estimate of recharge coefficient and the later determines the degree of accuracy with which
the components of water balance equation is estimated.
Recharge from Canal Seepage

Seepage refers to the process of water movement from a canal into and through the bed and wall
material. Seepage losses from irrigation canals often constitute a significant part of the total recharge to
groundwater system. Hence, it is important to properly estimate these losses for recharge assessment to
groundwater system. Recharge by seepage from canals depend upon the size and cross-section of the
canal, depth of flow, characteristics of soils in the bed and sides, and location as well as level of drains on
either side of the canal. A number of empirical formulae and formulae based on theoretical
considerations have been proposed to estimate the seepage losses from canals. Recharge from canals
that are in direct hydraulic connection with a phreatic aquifer underlain by a horizontal impermeable
layer at shallow depth, can be determined by Darcy's equation, and provided the flow satisfies Dupuit
assumptions.
Recharge from Field Irrigation

Water requirements of crops are met, in parts, by rainfall, contribution of moisture from the soil profile,
and applied irrigation water. A part of the water applied to irrigated field crops is lost in consumptive use
and the balance infiltrates to recharge the groundwater. The process of re-entry of a part of the water
used for irrigation is called return flow. Percolation from applied irrigation water, derived both from
surface water and groundwater sources, constitutes one of the major components of groundwater
recharge. The irrigation return flow depends on the soil type, irrigation practice and type of crop.
Page X
Inception Report
Therefore, irrigation return flows are site specific and will vary from one region to another.
For a correct assessment of the quantum of recharge by applied irrigation, studies are required to be
carried out on experimental plots under different crops in different seasonal conditions. The method of
estimation comprises application of the water balance equation involving input and output of water in
experimental fields.
The recharge due to irrigation return flow may also be estimated, based on the source of irrigation
(groundwater or surface water), the type of crop (paddy, non-paddy) and the depth of water table below
ground surface, using the norms provided by Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee (1997), as
given below (as percentage of water application):
Source
of Type of crop
Water Table below ground level
Irrigation
<10 m
10- 25 m
> 25 m
Groundwater
Non Paddy
25
15
Surface water
Non -Paddy
30
20
10
Ground water
Paddy
45
35
20
Surface water
Paddy
50
40
25
For surface water, the recharge is to be estimated based on water released at the outlet from the
canal/distribution system. For groundwater, the recharge is to be estimated based on gross draft. Where
continuous supply is used instead of rotational supply, an additional recharge of 5% of application may
be used. Specific results from case studies may be used, if available.
Recharge from Tanks

Studies have indicated that seepage from tanks varies from 9 to 20 percent of their live storage capacity.
However, as data on live storage capacity of large number of tanks may not be available, seepage from
the tanks may be taken as 44 to 60 cm per year over the total water spread, taking into account the agroclimatic conditions in the area. The seepage from percolation tanks is higher and may be taken as 50
percent of its gross storage. In case of seepage from ponds and lakes, the norms as applied to tanks may
Page XI
Inception Report
be taken. Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee (1997) has recommended that based on the
average area of water spread, the recharge from storage tanks and ponds may be taken as 1.4 mm/day
for the period in which tank has water. If data on the average area of water spread is not available, 60%
of the maximum water spread area may be used instead of average area of water spread.
In case of percolation tanks, recharge may be taken as 50% of gross storage, considering the number of
fillings, with half of this recharge occurring in monsoon season and the balance in non-monsoon season.
Recharge due to check dams and nala bunds may be taken as 50% of gross storage (assuming annual
desilting maintenance exists) with half of this recharge occurring in the monsoon season and the balance
in the non-monsoon season.
Influent and Effluent Seepage

The river-aquifer interaction depends on the transmissivity of the aquifer system and the gradient of
water table in respect to the river stage. Depending on the water level in the river and in the aquifer (in
the vicinity of river), the river may recharge the aquifer (influent) or the aquifer may contribute to the
river flow (effluent). The effluent or influent character of the river may vary from season to season and
from reach to reach. The seepage from/to the river can be determined by dividing the river reach into
small sub-reaches and observing the discharges at the two ends of the sub-reach along with the
discharges of its tributaries and diversions, if any.
The discharge at the downstream end is expressed as:

Qd. t = Qu. t + Qg. t + Qt (t - Qo. t - E. t Srb )
Where,
Qd = discharge at the downstream section;
Qu = discharge at the upstream section;
Qg
groundwater contribution (unknown quantity; -ve computed value indicates influent
conditions);
Qt = discharge of tributaries;
Qo = discharge diverted from the river;
E = rate of evaporation from river water surface and flood plain (for extensive bodies of surface
water and for long time periods, evaporation from open water surfaces can not be neglected);
Srb = change in bank storage ( + for decrease and - for increase); and
Page XII
Inception Report
t = time period.
The change in bank storage can be determined by monitoring the water table along the cross-section
normal to the river. Thus, using the above equation, seepage from/to the river over a certain period of
time t can be computed. However, this would be the contribution from aquifers on both sides of the
stream.
Inflow from and Outflow to Other Basins

For the estimation of groundwater inflow/outflow from/to other basins, regional water table contour
maps are drawn based on the observed water level data from wells located within and outside the study
area. The flows into and out of a region are governed mainly by the hydraulic gradient and transmissivity
of the aquifer. The gradient can be determined by taking the slope of the water table normal to water
table contour. The length of the section, across which groundwater inflow/outflow occurs, is determined
from contour maps, the length being measured parallel to the contour.
Evapotranspiration from Groundwater

Evapotranspiration is the combined process of transpiration from vegetation and evaporation from both
soil and free water surfaces. Potential Evapotranspiration is the maximum loss of water through
Evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration from groundwater occurs in waterlogged areas or in forested
areas with roots extending to the water table. From the land use data, area under forests is available
while the waterlogged areas may be demarcated from depth to water table maps.
Draft from Groundwater

Draft is the amount of water lifted from the aquifer by means of various lifting devices. To estimate
groundwater draft, an inventory of wells and a sample survey of groundwater draft from various types of
wells (state tubewells, private tubewells and open wells) are required. For state tubewells, information
about their number, running hours per day, discharge, and number of days of operation in a season is
generally available in the concerned departments. To compute the draft from private tubewells, pumping
sets and rahats etc., sample surveys have to be conducted regarding their number, discharge and
withdrawals over the season.
In areas where wells are energized, the draft may be computed using power consumption data. By
Page XIII
Inception Report
conducting tests on wells, the average draft per unit of electricity consumed can be determined for
different ranges in depth to water levels. By noting the depth to water level at each distribution point
and multiplying the average draft value with the number of units of electricity consumed, the draft at
each point can be computed for every month.
In the absence of sample surveys, the draft can be indirectly estimated from the net crop water
requirement which is based upon the cropping pattern and irrigated areas under various crops. The
consumptive use requirements of crops are calculated using the consumptive use coefficient and
effective rainfall. The consumptive use coefficient for crops is related to percentage of crop growing
season. The consumptive use for each month can be evaluated by multiplying consumptive use
coefficient with monthly pan evaporation rates. For the computation of net irrigation requirement, the
effective rainfall has to be evaluated. Effective rainfall is the portion of rainfall that builds up the soil
moisture in the root zone after accounting for direct runoff and deep percolation. Net crop water
requirement is obtained after subtracting effective rainfall from consumptive use requirement. The
groundwater draft can thus be estimated by subtracting canal water released for the crops from the net
crop water requirement.
Establishment of Recharge Coefficient

Groundwater balance study is a convenient way of establishing the rainfall recharge coefficient, as well
as to cross checks the accuracy of the various prevalent methods for the estimation of groundwater
losses and recharge from other sources.
The steps to be followed are:
1. Divide the year into monsoon and non-monsoon periods.
2. Estimate all the components of the water balance equation other than rainfall recharge for monsoon
period using the available hydrological and meteorological information and employing the prevalent
methods for estimation.
3. Substitute these estimates in the water balance equation and thus calculate the rainfall recharge and
hence recharge coefficient (recharge/rainfall ratio). Compare this estimate with those given by various
empirical relations valid for the area of study.
4. For non-monsoon season, estimate all the components of water balance equation including the
rainfall recharge which is calculated using recharge coefficient value obtained through the water balance
of monsoon period. The rainfall recharge (Rr) will be of very small order in this case. A close balance
Page XIV
Inception Report
between the left and right sides of the equation will indicate that the net recharge from all the sources
of recharge and discharge has been quantified with a good degree of accuracy.
By quantifying all the inflow/outflow components of a groundwater system, one can determine which
particular component has the most significant effect on the groundwater flow regime. Alternatively, a
groundwater balance study may be used to compute one unknown component (e.g. the rainfall
recharge) of the groundwater balance equation, when all other components are known. The balance
study may also serve as a model of the area under study, whereby the effect of change in one
component can be used to predict the effect of changes in other components of the groundwater
system. In this manner, the study of groundwater balance has a significant role in planning a rational
groundwater development of a region.
Page XV

Aquifer Mapping - Inception Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aquifer Mapping - Inception Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aquif er Mapping and Dev elopment of GIS based data base for Assessm ent of v illag e wise GW P otential

and Str ategy for D evelopm ent

Aquifer Mapping and Development of GIS based Database for

Hence self regulatory system on water resources especially

groundwater can be established.

Billion Cubic Meter

Central Groundwater Board

Crop Water Budgeting

Central Water Commission

Data Storage and Processing Cell

Decision Support System

Groundwater Estimation Committee

Geographical Information System

Ground Water Department

Global Positioning Systems

Groundwater Resources Information

Indian Metrological Department

Land Surface Elevation

Metadata Information System

Mean Sea Level

dot net Technology

National Bank for Agriculture and rural development

National Remote Sensing Centre

Open Geospatial Consortium

Panchayat Raj Institutions

Regional Aquifer System Analysis

Request for Proposal

Rainfall Infiltration Factor

Software Development Kit

Self Help Group

Water Level Fluctuation

Water User Association

Water Management Committee

Objectives as per ToR

Scope of Work (as per ToR)

Final Outputs / Deliverables (as per TOR)

Process Flow Diagram

Proposed Approach and Methodology

Collection and Collation of Data

Proposed Tool for Desktop GIS

Proposed Tools for Web GIS

Proposed IT Infrastructure for Operation Purpose

Proposed RASA Tools for Operational Purpose

Summary of Proposed Tools

Geospatial Data Creation

Scanning of Hard Copy Maps

Geo referencing of SOI Toposheet

Geo-referencing of Scanned Maps and Layouts

Generation of administrative boundary map up to Village level

Digitization of the Scanned Maps

Mosaicing / Edge Match of Digitized Maps

Topology Validation and GIS Creation

Polygon Feature Specifications

Line Feature Specifications

Point Feature Specifications

Integration of attributes with digitized features in the GIS database

Quality Control and Quality Assurance Schemes

Depiction and Analysis of Aquifer in 3D

Groundwater Flow Model

Model Development Process

Define Model Objectives

Development of village wise resource quantification tool

Groundwater Resources Assessment