Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

ES 623/ PE 610
DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Lecture 18
Analog Filters

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Last Session
Computation of DFT
Fast Fourier Transforms(FFT)
DIT FFT

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Todays Session
Introduction to DIF FFT Algorithm
Introduction to analog filters
Design of Butterworth filters

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Decimation-in-frequency FFT
N=2p & input is separated into two parts .
The first set consists of first N/2 input samples with
n ranging from 0 to N/2-1
Second set consists of the remaining N/2 input
samples with n ranging from N/2 to N-1
X(k) is decimated into even & odd numbered points
(DIF) decomposing an N point DFT into 2 N/2
Point DFTs
The procedure is repeated till we get a 2-point
DFT.
The 2-point DFT is then converted to butterfly to
get the complete structure.
21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

DIF FFT Algorithm.

The number of computations involved is
N log2N
Here again the computations are done in-place
The input-output points are in bit reversed
manner.

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Filters
Filter is a frequency selective network which
allows certain range of frequencies of input
signal to pass & to suppress other frequencies
not desired.
Also Filtering is a process by which the
spectrum of a signal can be modified, reshaped
or manipulated according to some desired
specifications.

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Digital Processing of continuous time signals

Bandlimiter

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Filter types:
Analog filters:
Used in analog signal processing
To bandlimit the input to DSP
To reconstruct analog signals
To design Digital Filters

Digital filters
Used for DSP applications
21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Ideal Low Pass prototype analog filter

Passband

Stopband

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Types of filters based on frequency selection

Band pass

High pass

Band stop
21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Low pass filter specifications (practical)

Passband ripple

Stopband ripple
Passband frequency
21 October 2010

Stopband frequency

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Filter specifications

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Low pass filter specifications(practical in dB)

Passband

lH(j )l
0

Transition band

Gp
Passband Gain
Gs
Stopband gain

21 October 2010

Stopband

p
Passband frequency

s
Stopband frequency

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Classical analog filters

Butterworth: Monotonic response in passband
& Stopband
Chebyshev (Type I): Ripples in Passband
Inverse Chebyshev (Type II): Ripples in
Stopband
Elliptic: Ripples in Passband & Stopband
Bessel: Designed for phase specifications

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Design of Low pass Filters

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Butterworth Filters
Magnitude squared frequency response :
2

H N ( j) =

1 +
c

2N

N is the order
c is the 3 dB cut off frequency in rad/sec
HP(j ) is prototype BW filter with c =1
21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Normalized Butterworth filter response

(Prototype)
1
H ( j ) =
2N
1 + ( )

H NP ( j)

P
N

0.707

c=1

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

is called maximally flat at the origin

since all order derivatives exist and are zero.

H N ( j)

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Next Session
Butterworth filter design
Design examples on Butterworth filters

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

23

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Thank You

21 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

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