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CENTER
CENTER
CENTER
CENTER
By
P. D. Desai and C. Y. Ho
CINDAS
i!
REPORT 51
April 1978
Prepared for
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CINDAS Rdport 51
___________________________________
7AUTHOR(s)
P. D. Deaai and C. Y. Ho
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10.
1logistics
11.
12.
Alexandria, VA 22314
74. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(It
REPORT DATEI
April 1978
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15.
46
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IS.
SUPPLEMLPNTARY NOTES
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ubr
OUCLASSIFIED
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20.
ABSTRACT (Cont)
and information. Data are synthesized for those stainless steels and
temperature values 'for which no data are, available.. General background
information on the stainless steels is given. The techniques of data
evaluation, analysis, and synthesis used in the generation of recoinanded
values is outlined.-.
UNCLASSIVIED
SRCURIT'r CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGRWhb"
'{
"..
Data 810OV6
ft
By
P.D. Desai and C. Y. Ho
A...salm leow
UTIS GRAb!
DTIC TAB
Unannouno$
__
CINDAS REPORT 51
__
__
__
Distribution/
',
__
__
._
April 1978
Availability Codon
4vAll and/or
Special
Dist
Prepared for
Washington, D.C.
20036
2 .
----
'r',"
IIpT-
-__
PREFACE
This technical report was prepared by the Center for Information and
Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS), Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana, for the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Washington, D.C.,
under AISI Project Number 67-371 entitled "Thermal and Electrical Properties
of Steels".
This project has been under the technical direction of AISI Panel
on Physical, Electrical and Magnetic Properties with Dr. C. A. Beiser as Chairman of the Panel and with Dr. G. L. Houze, Member of the Panel, being the designated point of contact on technical matters.
The initial scope of the project is to establish the best values of the
electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion of nine
selected AISI stainless steels over a wide range of temperatures.
This is the
second technical report to AISI which presents the results on the thermal expansion.
of the nine selected AISI stainless steels have already been presented in the
first technical report (CINDAS Report 45).
It is hoped that this work will prove useful not only to the iron and steel
industry and to engineers and scientists specializing in the field but also
to other engineering research and development programs and for applications
in other industries, as it provides a wealth of knowledge heretofore unknown
or inaccessible to many.
ation, analysis and synthesis of data and the reference data generation constitute a unique aspect of this work.
Y. S. TOULOUKIAN
Director of CINDAS
Distinguished Atkins Professor
of Engineering
Purdue University
Iv
'1
ABSTRACT
stainless steels.
The nine selected stainless steels are AISI 303, 304, 304L,
316, 317, 321, 347, 410, and 430. The recommended values include the percent
thermal linear expansion, the instantaneous coefficient, and the mean coefficient
cal evaluation, analysis, and synthesis of the available data and information.
Data are synthesized for those stainless steels and temperature values for
which no data are available.
steels is given.
I'...
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE.........................
..
..
. ..
.
..
. ....
ABSTRACT......................................................iv
I.
INTRODUCTION....................................................
II.
GENERAL BACKGROUND.............................................4
III.
*1
IV*
..
7
8
4.
5.
6.
9.
V.
CONCLUSIONS...................................................36
VI.
REFERENCES...................................................39
1.
INTRODUCTION
AISI
No.
ax.C Mx
SMax.
303
0.15
2.00
Max.
.
Max.
Max.
Max.
Cr
0.20
0.15
1.00
17.00/
Max.
304
0.08
Min.
2.00
0.045
0.030
19.00
1.00
Max.
18.00/
20.00
Ni
Mo
8.00
0.60*
10.00
Other Elements
Max.
8.00/
10.50
304L
0.030
Max.
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.00/ 8.00/
20.00 12.00
316
0.08
Max.
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
317
0.08
Max.
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
321
0.08
Max.
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
17.00/ 9.00/
19.00 12.00
Ti 5 x C Min.
347
0.08
Max.
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
17.00/ 9.00/
19.00 13.00
Nb-Ta 10 x C Min.
410
0.15
Max.
1.00
0.040
0.030
1.00
11.50/
13.50
430
0.12
1.00
0.040
0.030
1.00
16.00/
Max.
18.0
*Optional.
II.
4i
The recommended values are generated through a process in which the available
11
More-
over, extrapolation of the thermal linear expansion values in and above the
melting region is meaningless.
they are for oil-quenched, and air-cooled and annealed states respectively.
In the majority of cases, the tabulated recommended values are given beyond the
physically significant figures.
ness of the tabulated values and should not be considered indicative of the
degree of accuracy or uncertainty of the values.
Wherever
possible, the effects of cold working on the thermal linear expansion are discussed individually in the text.
Conclusions of the present study are given in Section V.
The complete
bibliographic citations for the 30 references, which include all the major references on which the recommended values are based, are given in Section VI.
In this work, the recommended values are given for the percent thermal
linear expansion, AL/L 0 (%), the instantaneous coefficient of thermal linear
expansion, a, and the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion, am.
are defined as
,M
Theme
AL
LT-Lo
-
d, fL)
dT"[L,
1 dL
L. dT
and
LT-L
m OTL (T-To)
where LT and L. are lengths of the material (or lattice parameters) at temperature
T and at 293 K, respectively.
The thermal expansion of a solid which exhibits a phase transition has a
discontinuity (AISI 410 and 430 stainless steels) in the vicinity of the transition, at which the expansion coefficient is momentarily infinite.
II.
GENERAL BACKGROUND
1
-
and properties may then become important after a stainless steel with the desired corrosion resistance has been chosen.
tion, the heat treatment, and the cold-work state are the major factors that
determine the various properties of the steels.
8-12% in the 300 series stainless steels, serves to stabilize the austenite.
The fourth abundant element is manganese (52%), which also tends to stabilize
the austenite.
Other elements
are added to acquire certain desired properties for special service requirements.
The 400 series stainless steels differ from the 300 series by the complete absence of nickel.
In
order to maintain these steels in the metastable austenitic condition, they are
invariably quench-annealed from about 1300 K (1900*F) and perhaps stressed-relieved by heating up to -700 K (800*F).
at all temperatures and its properties are therefore unchanged by heat treatments.
On the other hand, AISI 410 stainless steel is subject to different heat
treatments.
!1300 K (1850*F) and is ferritic when cooled slowly from 1050 K (1450*F) after
annealing.
Cold work produces dislocations and metallurgical transformation in steels.
In the austenitic stainless steels, there is a tendency to form martensite.
The degree of transformation depends upon the deformation and on the type of
steel.
The effect of the cold working on the thermal linear expansion is dis-
cussed individually for each stainless steel and in greater length for AISI 304
stainless steel.
-*
III.
A
4
Indiscriminate
use of literature data for engineering design calculations without knowing their
reliability is dangerous and may cause inefficiency or product failure, which
at times can be disastrous.
the validity, reliability, and accuracy of the literature data and related information, to resolve and reconcile the disagreements in conflicting data, and
to synthesize often fragmentary data in order to generate a full range of internally consistent recommended values.
In the critical evaluation of the validity and reliability of a particular
set of experimental data, the temperature dependence of the data is examined
and any unusual dependence or anomaly is carefully investigated.
The experi-
is examined to see whether all the necessary corrections were appropriately applied.
all the possible sources of error, particularly systematic error, were considered
by the author(s).
depends, however, not only on the estimated inaccuracy of the data, but also
on the inadequacy of characterization of the material for which the data are
reported.
In many cases, however, research papers do not contain adequate information
for a data evaluator to perform a truly critical evaluation.
In these cases,
For instance,
NX 4
if several authors' data agree with one another and, more importantly, these
were obtained by using different experimental methods, these data are likely
to be reliable.
mental method, even though they all agree, the reliability of the data is still
subject to questioning, because they may all suffer from a common, but unknown
source of error.
of other materials and the results are reliable, and if the result of measurement on the new material is in the same range, the result for the new material
is likely to be reliable.
entirely inadequate to make any value judgment, the data assessment becomes
subjective.
such as the purpose and motivation for the measurement, general knowledge of
the experimenter, his past performance, the reputation of his laboratory, etc.
In the process of critical evaluation of experimental data outlined above,
unreliable and erroneous data are uncovered and eliminated from further consideration.
and correlation in regard to the various factors that affect the property under
study.
In the cases where available data are scarce, estimated values can be
of thermal linear expansion are obtained by differentiation of empirical equations which are used to fit the thermal linear expansion values.
The resulting
values are sometimes adjusted slightly in order to be consistent with the general shape of the recommended thermal expansion curve and with those reported
by individual investigators.
.j.~~~~~~i
____
F4_____
IV.
77"7
AISI 303 stainless steel, which is a modification of the basic 18-8 austenitic
stainless steel, contains higher amounts of phosphorous (0.20% max) and sulfur
(0.15% min.).
This contains selenium (0.15%) which is added for the same reason
Since these elements are present in relatively small quantities
(:0.20%), the thermal expansion of these steels are very close to that of the
more common type, AISI 304, although their mechanical properties are quite
different.
There are only two data sets available for the thermal linear expansion
of this steel [1,21.
One data set is for temperatures below 293 K [11 and the
expansion values below 293 K of this steel are close to those of AISI 304 stainless steel (see next section) and furthermore, the composition of these two
steels are quite similar.
linear expansion due to the small difference in composition between AISI 303
and 304 is negligible and chat the recommended percent thermal linear expansion
values for AISI 304 stainless steel which are well established and reported in
the next section are applicable also to AISI 303 and 303Se stainless steels.
The values of the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion are calculated
from the percent linear expansion values.
....
'I.
.j
-%
Table 1.
Thermal Linear
Expansion
()
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(10- 6 K-1 )
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansionl
(10-')
10
20
30
40
50
-0.338
1.10
11.94
-0.334
-0.325
-0.316
-0.307
7.85
8.72
9.31
9.78
12.23
12.36
12.49
12.63
60
70
80
90
100
-0.297
-0.286
-0.276
-0.265
-0.254
10.17
10.49
10.80
11.09
11.39
12.75
12.83
12.96
13.05
13.16
150
-0.194
12.38
13.57
200
-0.130
13.22
13.98
250
273
293
-0.062
-0.029
0.000
14.05
14.38
14.71
14.37
14.57
--
300
350
400
500
600
0.010
0.086
0.167
0.338
0.519
14.90
15.60
16.27
17.50
18.58
14.78
15.18
15.61
16.33
16.91
700
800
0.709
0.907
19.49
20.20
17.42
17.89
900
1000
1100
1.112
1.323
1.536
20.69
21.04
21.25
18.32
18.71
19.03
1200
1.748
21.36
19.27
1300
1400
1500
1600
1.959
2.171
2.386*
2.601*
21.40
21.45
21.52*
21.61*
19.45
19.61
19.77*
19.90*
1670
2.753*
21.69*
19.99*
Temperature
(K)
* Extrapolated values.
t For the uncertainty in the recomendad values, see text.
Solidus temperature.
Mean coefficient from 293 K to indicated temperature.
J______
10
322
:24
20
16
2.0
0
126
C4
w
z
.cc
-4
400
800
1200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 1.
1600
11
2.
293 K and the remaining data sets [4-8] cover the temperature range 293-1400 K.
The recommended percent thermal linear expansion values are derived from and
agree well with the data reported by Furman [4], Valentich [5], Yaggee, Gilbert,
and Styles [61, Martin and Weir [7], and Droege [8].
AISI 300 series stainless steels have a tendency to undergo martensitic
transformation upon cold working.
tions.
It appears that in general cold working does not change the thermal expansion
appreciably.
creases.
no effect, additional cold working will have a large effect and then further
cold working will have little effect.
The values of the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion are calculated
from the percent thermal linear expansion values.
and of the mean coefficient is within 5%, and that of the instantaneous
coefficient is within 10%.
IA6
12
Table 2.
Temperature
(K)
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(M)
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(10- K - )
10
20
30
40
50
-0.338
-0.334
-0.325
-0.316
-0.307
1.10
7.85
8.72
9.31
9.78
11.94
12.23
12.36
12.49
12.63
60
70
80
90
100
-0.297
-0.286
-0.276
-0.265
-0.254
10.17
10.49
10.80
11.09
11.39
12.75
12.83
12.96
13.05
13.16
150
-0.194
12.38
13.57
200
-0.130
13.22
13.98
250
273
293
-0.062
-0.029
0.000
14.05
14.38
14.71
14.37
14.57
300
350
400
500
600
0.010
0.086
0.167
0.338
0.519
14.90
15.60
16.27
17.50
18.58
14.78
15.18
15.61
16.33
16.91
700
0.709
19.49
17.42
900
1.112
20.69
18.32
1000
1100
1200
1.323
1.536
1.748
211.04
21.25
21.36
18.71
19.03
19.27
1300
1400
1500
1600
1.959
2.171
2.386*
2.601*
21.40
21.45
21.52*
21.61*
19.45
19.61
19.77*
19.90*
1670
2.753*
21.69*
19.99*
* Extrapolated values.
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Kxpansionl
(10 - K')
7.7
124
3.2
2.8-
2.4-
121
z
0
to
i~i
IA
vi
w
4
.
U.
0.4-
I0
-0.41
800
400
1200
1600
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 2.
*~.
.__..
..
.-
1,'2
14
The reduced
Among these, one data set [9] is for temperatures above 293 K and
content between this steel and AISI 304 stainless steel is Judged to be insignificant in altering the thermal linear expansion values.
The recommended
values agree well with the low-temperature data reported by Arp, et al. [1] and
by NASA [10].
agree also well except that they are about 8% higher above 800 K.
The recommended values are tabulated in Table 3 and shown in Figure 3 for
the sake of completeness.
cent thermal linear expansion and of the mean coefficient is within 5%, and
that of the instantaneous coefficient is within 10%.
I.
*. .*,**
-
.,--
15
:1l
Table 3.
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(%)
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(10- 6 K 1 )
10
20
30
40
50
-0.338
-0.334
-0.325
-0.316
-0.307
1.10
7.85
8.72
9.31
9.78
11.94
12.23
12.36
12.49
12.63
60
70
80
90
100
-0.297
-0.286
-0.276
-0.265
-0.254
10.17
10.49
10.80
11.09
11.39
12.75
12.83
12.96
13.05
13.16
150
200
250
273
293
-0.194
-0.130
-0.062
-0.029
0.000
12.38
13.22
14.05
14.38
14.71
13.57
13.98
14.37
14.57
--
300
350
400
500
600
0.010
0.086
0.167
0.338
0.519
14.90
15.60
16.27
17.50
18.58
14.78
15.18
15.61
16.33
16.91
700
800
900
1000
1100
0.709
0.907
1.112
1.323
1.536
19.49
20.20
20.69
21.04
21.25
17.42
17.89
18.32
18.71
19.03
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1.748
1.959
2.171
2.386*
2.601*
21.36
21.40
21.45
21.52*
21.61*
19.27
19.45
19.61
19.77*
19.90*
1670
2.753*
21.69*
19.99*
Temperature
(K)
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion1
(10- K 1 )
* Extrapolated values.
.1,,.'.,
r-7
LF
16 3.2
I1
24
2.8-
10
,2
zz
z
wi
4(m
z
42'
4-
0.0-.
-0.4
400
800
1200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 3.
1600
17
4.
AISI 316 stainless steel is one of the two* most stable austenitic stainless
Asteels
It contains 2-3Z
The recom-
mended values for AISI 316 stainless steel are derived from the data reported
by Furmen [4], NASA [10], Lucks and Deem [121, Lucks, et al. (131, and Arthur
and Coulson 115]. The data reported by Fieldhouse, Hedge, and Lang [141 are
about 5-15% higher than the recommended values and those reported by Yaggee,
Gilbert, and Styles [61 and by Yaggee and Styles [11] are about 52 lower.
AISI 316 stainless steel has shown very little tendency for Uartensitic
transformation.
used to fit the thermal linear expansion values, with the resulting values
slightly adjusted in order to be consistent with the general shape of the thermal expansion curve.
The recommended values are tabulated in Table 4 and shown in Figure 4.
The uncertainty in the recommended values of the percent thermal linear expansion and of the mean coefficient is within 5,
coefficient is within 102.
*3
*The other is AISI 317 stainless steel.
18
Table 4.
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion1
(10- 6 K71)
()
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(0 - K1 )
10
20
30
40
50
-0.326
-0.325
-0.322
-0.317
-0.310
0.40
1.90
3.70
6.00
7.56
11.48
11.90
12.24
12.53
12.76
60
-0.302
8.68
12.96
70
80
90
100
-0.293
-0.283
-0.273
-0.262
9.50
10.16
10.70
11.20
13.14
13.29
13.45
13.58
150
-0.202
12.68
14.13
200
250
273
-0.136
-0.065
-0.030
13.76
14.66
15.06
14.62
15.07
15.24
293
0.000
15.40
---
300
350
400
500
600
0.011
0.090
0.173
0.348
0.533
15.50
16.20
16.89
18.06
19.03
15.44
15.80
16.17
16.81
17.36
700
800
900
1000
1100
0.727
0.928
1.133
1.342
1.552
19.80
20.36
20.76
20.97
21.13
17.86
18.30
18.67
18.98
19.23
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1.764
1.977
2.191
2.405
2.615
21.25
21.34
21.41
21.44
21.48
19.45
19.63
19.79
19.93
20.01
1644
2.705
21,49
20.02
Thermal Linear
Expansion
Temperature
(K)
t
_
_ ___ _
,'.,.-S - ''f<
,-.,A
19
-I
2.44
000
160o
~2.0
w
CL1.6-
w
z
wL
j.. 1.2
J
CI:
U.
~0.8-
z
U
0.4--
0400
Bo0
1200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 4. Thermal Linear Expansion of AISI 316 Stainless Steel
1600
:l
20
Because of its high molbydenum (3-4%) and nickel (11-15%) content, AISI
317 stainless steel is probably the most stable austenitic stainless steel.
Its properties are almost identical with those of AISI 316 stainless steel.
No experimental data are available for the thermal linear expansion of
this steel.
The recommended values are taken from those recommended for AISI
2"-
F-
-7
21
Temperature
(K)
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(Z)
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(.10 - K-1 )
10
20
30
40
50
-0.326
-0.325
-0.322
-0.317
-0.310
0.40
1.90
3.70
6.00
7.56
11.48
11.90
12.24
12.53
12.76
60
70
80
90
100
-0.302
-0.293
-0.283
-0.273
-0.262
8.68
9.50
10.16
10.70
11.20
12.96
13.14
13.29
13.45
13.58
150
-0.202
12.68
14.13
200
250
-0.136
-0.065
13.76
14.66
14.62
15.07
273
293
-0.030
0.000
15.06
15.40
15.24
---
300
350
0.011
0.090
15.50
16.20
15.44
15.80
400
500
600
0.173
0.348
0.533
16.89
18.06
19.03
16.17
16.81
17.36
700
0.727
19.80
17.86
800
900
1000
1100
0.928
1.133
1.342
1.552
20.36
20.76
20.97
21.13
18.30
18.67
18.98
19.23
1200
1.764
21.25
19.45
1300
1400
1.977
2.191
21.34
21.41
19.63
19.79
1500
1600
2.405
2.615
21.44
21.48
19.93
20.01
1644
2.705
21.49
20.02
&
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion1
(10-6 K- 1)
22
24
N-.cEF
2.8
2.410
16 0
*2.0
Iu
w
12
4
-11.2
w
X
I0
Lii
-81-
~0.8-
-0.40-0.0
400
8oo
1200
1600
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 5. Thermal Linear Expansion of AISI 317 Stainless Steel
23
6.
linear expansion values are based on the data reported by Arp, et al. [1],
NASA [101, Seibel and Mason [16], Crane, Lovell, and Johnson [17], Horton,
Smith, and Ruff [18], and Totskii (191.
is for lKhl8N9T steel which is a Russian equivalent of AISI 321 stainless steel.
In deciding the slope of the thermal linear expansion curve at 293 K, more
weight was given to the low-temperature data [1,10,181.
The values of the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion are calculated
from the percent linear expansion values.
24
Table 6.
Temperature
(K)
Thermal Linear
Expansion
()
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(O - 6 K')
10
20
30
40
50
-0.325
-0.325
-0.323
-0.321
-0.317
0.38
0.94
1.70
2.70
4.00
11.48
11.90
12.28
12.69
13.04
60
70
80
90
100
-0.313
-0.307
-0.299
-0.290
-0.280
5.50
6.82
8.34
9.75
10.86
13.43
13.77
14.04
14.29
14.51
150
200
250
273
293
-0.217
-0.145
-0.068
-0.032
0.000
13.80
14.90
15.62
15.89
16.17
15.17
15.59
15.91
16.01
--
300
350
400
500
600
0.011
0.093
0.176
0.347
0.523
16.21
16.50
16.81
17.34
17.81
16.18
16.32
16.44
16.76
17.04
700
800
900
1000
1100
0.703
0.886
1.073
1.261
1.452
18.18
18.48
18.75
18.98
19.17
17.27
17.47
17.68
17.84
17.99
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1.645
1.839
2.035
2.233
2.433
19.35
19.50
19.70
19.90
20.12
18.14
18.26
18.38
18.50
18.62
2.582
20.30
18.72
1672
Tw
24
3.2
20
2.4
EF
40
o10
zz
01.6-
4c
w4
1.2
w
*
9-
U-
w
0
0.44
-0.4
400
800
I0
1200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6. Thermal Linear Expansion of AISI 321 Stainless Steel
1600
.........
i2
7.
steel.
lizing elements.
of AISI 321 stainless steel, except that AISI 347 stainless steel has a better
stability because niobium does not oxidize as easily as titanium does.
There are thirteen sets of experimental data available for the thermal
linear expansion of AISI 347 stainless steel [1,4,5,10,12-15,18,20-22].
temperature range covered by these data sets is 18-1494 K.
The
The recommended
values of the percent thermal linear expansion for AISI 347 stainless steel
agree well with the data reported by Arp, et al. [1], Furman [4], NASA [10],
Lucks and Deem [12], and Lucks, et al. [13].
[5], Horton, Smith, and Ruff [18], Aerojet Corporation [20], and Watrous [221
are about 4-10Z lower and those reported by Fieldhouse, Hedge, and Lang [14]
and Rhodes, et al. [21] are about 4% and 5-25% respectively higher than the
recommended values.
The values of the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion are calculated
from the percent linear expansion values.
'1
;kl
27
Table 7.
Mean
~1Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion1
Temperature
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(K)
(Z)
10
-0.315
0.30
11.13
20
30
40
50
-0.315
-0.314
-0.313
-0.311
0.69
1.16
1.80
2.68
11.54
11.94
12.37
12.80
60
70
80
90
100
-0.307
-0.301
-0.294
-0.285
-0.275
4.54
6.69
8.40
9.70
10.69
13.18
13.50
13.80
14.04
14.25
150
200
250
-0.214
-0.143
-0.068
14.97
15.38
15.81
16.00
(10'
K7)
(10
K- )
273
-0.032
293
0.000
13.35
14.68
15.48
15.81
16.11
300
350
400
500
600
0.011
0.094
0.179
0.358
0.545
16.19
16.80
17.36
18.35
19.18
16.14
16.49
16.73
17.29
17.75
700
800
900
0.741
0.942
1.149
19.89
20.44
20.84
18.21
18.58
18.93
1200
1.783
21.37
19.65
1300
1.998
21.48
19.84
1400
1500
2.213
2.429
21.55
21.61
19.99
20.12
1600
2.645*
21.64*
20.24*
1672
2.801*
21.66*
20.31*
1000
1100
1.358
1.570
21.09
21.26
Extrapolated values.
t For the uncertainty in the recommended values, see text,
*
Solidus temperature.
Mean coefficient from 293 K to indicated temperature.
4d&_
---
19.21
19.45
28
24
3.2
2.8N
20
2.4
00
z
CL
.6
12
z
-1. 1.2
GNP
4
S0.8-
0.44
-0.4
0
400
800
1200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 7. Thermal Linear Expansion of AISI 347 Stainless Steel
di
0
1600
.,
29
8.
The recom-
mended values of the percent thermal linear expansion are derived from the data
reported by Rhodes, et al. [21], Johnston, Altman, and Rubin [23], Sander and
Hidnert [24], Laquer [25], Lement and Averbach [261, and Shulga and Zamora [281.
A sudden drop in the percent thermal linear expansion values at 1125 K is due
to the ot-B transformation.
expansion values possibly due to the improper heating and cooling rates used
are observed by Sander and Hidnert [241.
are extrapolated.
The values of the mean coefficient of thermal linear expansion are calculated
from the recommended values of percent thermal linear expansion.
The values
The
30
:'
The uncertainty in the recommended values of the percent thermal linear expaision and of the mean coefficient is within 5% below 800 K and about 10% above
that temperature.
is within i15%.
IV
I.I
___________________________
731
Table 8.
Temperature
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(K)
(Z)
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
(I0-6 K71 )
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion1
(10
K7,14
10
20
30
40
50
-0.177
-0.177
-0.177
-0.177
-0.175
0.01
0.05
0.20
0.50
1.00
6.25
6.48
6.73
7.00
7.20
60
70
80
90
-0.174
-0.172
-0.169
-0.166
1.65
2.40
3.15
3.90
7.47
7.71
7.93
8.18
100
-0.162
4.55
8.39
150
-0.132
7.05
9.23
200
250
273
-0.092
-0.044
-0.021
8.85
10.00
10.37
9.89
10.23
10.50
293
0.000
10.65
---
300
0.008
10.72
10.70
350
400
0.062
0.119
11.22
11.58
10.95
11.12
500
0.238
12.08
11.50
600
0.362
12.43
11.80
700
800
900
0.488
0.618
0.748
12.80
13.10
13.30
12.00
12.20
12.32
1000
0.882
13.55
12.48
1100
.1100
1.019
0.770
13.75
18.13
12.63
9.54
1150
1200
1250
1300
0.862
0.961
1.065*
1.170*
19.07
20.03
21.01*
21.99*
10.06
10.60
11.13*
11.62*
1350
1400
1450
1500
1.282*
1.396*
1.520*
1.660*
23.19*
24.30*
25.42*
26.55*
12.13*
12.61*
13.14*
13.75*
* Extrapolated values.
=.
i,.im
32
i.6
34
1.2
28T
z
0
z
41
.8
20
zK
4E
C.
0.4
F-
-----
0.0
40I120a
0J
Fiue4
hra
TEPEAUR
fAS
ierEpnio
now""
tils
te
33
tought it may develop some austenitic structure upon heating. The amount of
austenite is probably insufficient to alter its properties significantly. Similarly, no significant martensite is formed on cooling.
tible to embrittlement at 750 K
(890 0F),
34
Table 9. Thermal Linear Expansion of AISI 430 Stainless Steelt
10
20
30
40
50
-0.187
-0.187
-0.186
-0.185
-0.183
Instantaneous
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion
k- 1 )
0.01
0.32
1.02
1.70
2.35
60
70
80
90
100
-0.180
-0.177
-0.173
-0.169
-0.164
2.98
3.57
4.15
4.69
5.21
7.73
7.94
8.12
8.33
8.50
150
200
250
273
293
-0.132
-0.091
-0.044
-0.021
0.000
7.39
8.89
9.90
10.25
10.50--
9.23
9.78
10.15
10.38
300
350
400
500
600
0.007
0.062
0.119
0.239
0.365
10.60
11.18
11.63
12.35
12.90
10.50
10.80
11.12
11.55
11.89
700
800
900
1000
1100
0.497
0.633
0.772
0.915
1.060
13.40
13.80
14.10
14.37
14.60
12.21
12.49
12.72
12.94
13.14
1200
12509
1250
1300
1350
1.206*
1.282*
1.065*
1.170*
1.282*
14.77*
14.85*
21.01*
21.99*
23.19*
13.30*
13.40*
11.13*
11.62*
12.13*
1400
1450
1500
1.396*
1.520*
1.660*
24.30*
25.42*
26.55*
12.61*
13.14*
13.75*
Temperature
(K)
Thermal Linear
Expansion
()(10-6
*Extrapolated values.
t For the uncertainty in the recommended values, see text.
c-y phase transformation.
a
1Mean coefficient from 293 K to indicated temperature.
Mean
Coefficient of
Thermal Linear
Expansion'
(10-6 K')_
6.61
6.85
7.07
7.31
7.53
35
2.5-
30
.10
1.
z
z2
U)
20
1.0-
15
COI-
EFC
400
600
TEMPERATURE
1200
,K
_________
1600
36
V.
CONCLUSIONS
303, 304, 304L, 316, 317, 321, 347) stainless steels indicate that there
is consistent similarity in the magnitude and in the temperature dependence
"
the thunal linear expansion. For example, the thermal linear expansion
values of the stainless steels listed above are very close with the exception
of AISI 321 stainless steel whose values are about 2-7% lower.
of comparison, the recommended thermal linear expansion values for AISI 304
and 321 stainless steels are shown together in Figure 10, and the recommended
values of the instantaneous coefficient of thermal linear expansion are shown
in Figure 11.
The martensitic AISI 410 and the ferritic AISI 430 stainless steels are
quite different from the austenitic stainless steels.
linear expansion values of these two stainless steels are very close.
For com-
parison, the thermal linear expansion values of AISI 410 stainless steel are
also shown in Figure 10 and the values of the coefficient of thermal linear
expansion are also shown in Figure 11.
As evidenced by the available experimental data on the thermal linear
expansion of nine stainless steels reviewed and discussed in this work, it is
clear that for some of the stainless steels, the available data are very scarce
and serious gaps exist for the temperature dependence for most of them.
The
37
2.80
z/
0/
z/
(L
1.6
2.4
30
32
wx410
OD
-01.24
20
40/0
o
TEMERAUR
/K
10
40
10
Fiue10
hralLna Epnin fASI34 21ad40 tilssSel
38
25-
0/
w/(
q:/
wL
z
232/
W-
410
AII 04 31,n
tilste*
21
39
VI.
1.
REFERENCES
Arp, V., Wilson, J.H., Winrich, L., and Sikora, P., "Thermal Expansion
of Some Engineering Materials From 20 to 293 K," Cryogenics, 2, 230-5,
1962.
2.
3.
4.
and 1000 *F," Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 188, 230-5, 1962.
[N69-388261
11.
Yaggee, F.L. and Styles, J.W., "Autographic Dilatometer For Use With
Pyrophoric and Alpha-Active Materials," Argonne Nati. Lab. Rept. ANL7643, 19 pp., 1969.
40
12.
Lucks, C.F. and Deem, H.W., "Thermal Properties of Thirteen Metals," Am.
Soc. Test. Mater. Tech. Publ. 227, 29 pp., 1958.
13.
Lucks, C.F., Thompson. H.W., Smith, A.R., Curry, F.P., Deem, H.W., and
Bing, G.F., "The Experimental Measurement of Thermal Conductivities,
Specific Heats, and Densities of Metallic, Transparent and Protective
Materials.
14.
Part I," U.S. Air Force Rept. AF-TR-6145, 127 pp., 1951.
15.
Arthur, G. and Coulson, J.A., "Physical Properties of Uranium DioxideStainless Steel Cermets," J. Nucl. Mater., 13(2), 242-53, 1964.
16.
Crane, C.H., Lovell, D.T., and Johnson, H.A., "Study of Dissimilar Metal
Joining by Solid State Welding," NASA Rept., NASA-CR-91435, 73 pp., 1967.
18.
Horton, J.C., Smith, C.F., and Ruff, R.C., "The Temperature Thermal Ex-
20.
21.
Rhodes, B.L., Moeller, C.E., Hopkins, V., and Marx, T.I., "Thermal Expansion of Several Technical Metals From -255 to 300 *C," Adv. Cryog.
Eng., 8, 278-86, 1963.
22.
Watrous, J.P., "Thereal Expansion of SNAP Materials," USAIC Kept. NAASR-6047, 19 pp., 1961.
23.
41
24.
"Thermal
26.
27.
jgenics,
I!