TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9888-4:2013
IEC 62305-4:2005

BO V CHNG ST - PHN 4: H THNG IN V IN T BN TRONG CC KT CU

Protection against lightning - Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures
Li ni u
TCVN 9888-4:2013 hon ton tng ng vi IEC 62305-4:2010;
TCVN 9888-4:2013 do Ban k thut tiu chun quc gia TCVN/TC/E1 My in v kh c
in bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh cng b.
B tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305) Bo v chng st gm cc phn sau:
TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010), Phn 1: Nguyn tc chung
TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), Phn 2: Qun l ri ro
TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010), Phn 3: Thit hi vt cht n kt cu v nguy
him tnh mng
TCVN 9888-4:2013 (IEC 62305-4:2010), Phn 4: H thng in v in t bn trong cc
kt cu
BO V CHNG ST - PHN 4: H THNG IN V IN T BN TRONG CC KT
CU
Protection against lightning - Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within
structures
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny cung cp thng tin cho vic thit k, lp t, kim tra, bo tr v th
nghim bin php bo v h thng (SPM) in v in t gim ri ro hng vnh vin do
xung st in t (LEMP) trong cc kt cu.
Tiu chun ny khng bao gm vic bo v chng can nhiu in t do st c th lm
cho cc h thng bn trong hot ng sai. Tuy nhin, thng tin c nu trong Ph lc A
cng c th c s dng nh gi cc loi nhiu ny. Cc bin php bo v chng
can nhiu in t c cho trong TCVN 7447-4-44 (IEC 60364-4-44) [1] v trong b tiu
chun IEC 61000 [2].
Tiu chun ny cung cp cc hng dn cho vic hp tc gia ngi thit k h thng
in v in t v ngi thit k cc bin php bo v t c hiu qu bo v ti
u.
Tiu chun ny khng cp n cc thit k chi tit ca bn thn cc h thng in v
in t.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn di y l cn thit p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu
c ghi nm cng b, ch p dng cc bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu khng ghi nm
cng b, p dng bn mi nht (k c cc sa i).
TCVN 7447-5-53:2005 (IEC 60364-5-53:2001), Lp t in cho cc ta nh - Phn 5-53:
La chn v lp t thit b in - Cch ly, ng ct v iu khin
TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 1: Nguyn tc chung
TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 2: Qun l ri ro
TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 3: Thit hi vt cht n
kt cu v nguy him tnh mng
IEC 60664-1:2007, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests (Phi hp cch in cho thit b trong cc h
thng in h p - Phn 1: Nguyn l, yu cu v th nghim)
IEC 61000-4-5:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and
measurement techniques - Surge immunity test (Tng thch in t (EMC) - Phn 4-5: K
thut th nghim v o - Th nghim min nhim t bin)
IEC 61000-4-9:1993, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-9: Testing and
measurement techniques - Pulse magnetic feld immunity test - Basic EMC Publication

(Tng thch in t - Phn 4-9: K thut th nghim v o - Th nghim min nhim

trng t dng xung - Tiu chun EMC c bn)
IEC 61000-4-10:1993, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-10: Testing and
measurement techniques - Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test - Basic EMC
Publication (Tng thch in t - Phn 4-10: K thut th nghim v o - Th nghim
min nhim trng t dao ng tt dn - Tiu chun EMC c bn)
IEC 61643-1:2005, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 1: Surge protective
devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Requiments and tests
(Thit b bo v chng t bin in p thp - Phn 1: Thit b bo v chng t bin u
ni vi h thng phn phi in h p - Cc yu cu v th nghim)
IEC 61643-12:2008, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 12: Surge protective
devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Selection and application
principles (Thit b bo v chng t bin in p thp - Phn 12: Thit b bo v chng
t bin c ni vi h thng phn phi in h p - Nguyn tc la chn v ng dng)
IEC 61643-21, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 21: Surge protective devices
connected to telecommunications and signaling networks - Performance requirements
and testing methods (Thit b bo v chng t bin in p thp - Phn 21: Thit b bo
v chng t bin c ni vi mng vin thng v truyn tn hiu - Yu cu v tnh nng
v phng php th nghim)
IEC 61643-22, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 22: Surge protective devices
connected to telecommunications and signaling networks - Selection and application
principles (Thit b bo v chng t bin in p thp - Phn 22: Thit b bo v chng
t bin c ni vi mng vin thng v truyn tn hiu - Nguyn tc la chn v ng
dng)
3. Thut ng v nh ngha
Tiu chun ny p dng cc thut ng v nh ngha sau, cng vi cc thut ng v nh
ngha c nu trong cc tiu chun khc ca b tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305).
3.1. H thng in (electrical system)
H thng c cc thnh phn cp in h p.
3.2. H thng in t (electronic system)
H thng c cc thnh phn in t nhy nh thit b vin thng, my vi tnh, cc h
thng o lng v iu khin, h thng v tuyn in, h thng in t cng sut.
3.3. H thng bn trong (internal system)
H thng in v in t nm bn trong kt cu.
3.4. Bo v chng st (lightning protection)
LP
H thng bo v chng st hon chnh cho cc kt cu v/hoc cc h thng in v in
t bn trong kt cu khi nh hng ca st, ni chung gm c mt LPS v SPM.
3.5. H thng bo v chng st (lightning protection system)
LPS
H thng hon chnh c s dng gim cc thit hi vt cht do st nh vo kt
cu.
CH THCH: H thng ny bao gm c h thng bo v chng st bn ngoi v bn trong.
3.6. Xung st in t (lightning electromagnetic impulse)
LEMP
Tt c cc hiu ng in t ca dng in st t s ghp ni kiu in tr, in cm v
in dung sinh ra cc t bin v trng in t bc x.
3.7. t bin (surge)
Qu gy ra bi LEMP xut hin nh mt qu in p v/hoc qu dng in.
3.8. Mc in p chu xung danh nh (rated impulse withstand voltage level)

UW
in p chu xung do nh ch to n nh cho thit b hoc cho mt phn ca thit b, th
hin kh nng chu qu in p ca cch in.
CH THCH: Trong tiu chun ny ch xt n in p chu ng gia dy dn mang in
v t.
3.9. Mc bo v chng st (lightning protection level)
LPL
Ch s lin quan n mt tp hp cc gi tr tham s dng in st ng vi xc sut
cc gi tr ti a v ti thiu kt hp theo thit k s khng b vt qu khi st xut hin
t nhin.
CH THCH: Mc bo v chng st c s dng thit k cc bin php bo v theo
tp hp tng ng ca cc tham s dng in st.
3.10. Vng bo v chng st (lightning protection zone)
LPZ
Vng m mi trng st in t c xc nh.
CH THCH: Ranh gii ca LPZ khng nht thit phi l bin vt l (v d tng, sn v
trn nh).
3.11. Bin php bo v chng LEMP (LEMP protection measures)
SPM
Cc bin php thc hin bo v cc h thng bn trong chng li cc nh hng ca
LEMP.
CH THCH: Bin php bo v chng LEMP l mt phn ca bo v chng st ton phn.
3.12. Mn chn khng gian dng li (grid-like spatial shield)
Mn chn t c cc l.
CH THCH: i vi mt ta nh hoc mt cn phng, tt nht l mn chn nn lm tcc
thnh phn kt cu bng kim loi t nhin c ghp ni vi nhau (v d ct thp trong
b tng, khung kim loi v cc ct bng kim loi).
3.13. H thng u tip t (earth-termination system)
B phn ca LPS bn ngoi c thit k dn v phn tn dng st vo t.
3.14. Mng lin kt (bonding network)
Mng lin kt tt c cc phn dn in ca kt cu v ca cc h thng bn trong (ngoi
tr cc dy dn mang in) vi h thng u tip t.
3.15. H thng ni t (earthing system)
H thng hon chnh kt hp h thng u tip t v mng lin kt.
3.16. Thit b bo v chng t bin (surge protective device)
SPD
Thit b c dng hn ch qu in p qu v thot dng t bin; cha ti thiu
mt phn t phi tuyn.
3.17. SPD c th nghim vi Iimp (SPD tested with Iimp)
SPD chu c dng in st cc b vi dng sng in hnh 10/350 ms v i hi dng
in th nghim xung tng ng Iimp.
CH THCH: i vi cc ng dy ti in, dng in th nghim thch hp Iimp c xc
nh trong quy trnh th nghim cp I ca IEC 61643-1:2005.
3.18. SPD c th nghim vi In (SPD tested with In)
SPD chu c dng in t bin cm ng vi dng sng in hnh 8/20 ms v i hi
dng in th nghim xung tng ng In.
CH THCH: i vi cc ng dy ti in, dng in th nghim thch hp In c xc
nh trong quy trnh th nghim cp II ca IEC 61643-1:2005.

3.19. SPD c th nghim vi sng hn hp (SPD tested with a combination wave)

SPD chu c dng in t bin cm ng vi dng sng in hnh 8/20 ms v i hi
dng in th nghim xung tng ng ISC.
CH THCH: i vi cc ng dy ti in, th nghim sng hn hp thch hp c xc
nh trong quy trnh th nghim cp III ca IEC 61643-1:2005, xc nh in p h
mch UOC 1,2/50 ms v dng in ngn mch ISC 8/20 ms ca my pht sng hn hp 2W.
3.20. SPD kiu chuyn mch in p (voltage-switching type SPD)
SPD c tr khng cao khi khng c t bin nhng c th thay i t ngt tr khng
xung gi tr thp phn ng vi t bin in p
CH THCH 1: V d in hnh ca cc thnh phn c s dng lm thit b chuyn mch
in p l khe h pht tia la in, ng phng in kh (GDT), thyristor (b chnh lu silic
c iu khin) v triac. Cc SPD ny i khi c gi l kiu x beng.
CH THCH 2: Thit b kiu chuyn mch in p c ng c tnh in p/dng in
gin on.
3.21. SPD kiu gii hn in p (voltage-limiting type SPD)
SPD c tr khng cao khi khng c t bin nhng s gim tr khng mt cch lin tc
cng vi s tng ln ca in p v dng in t bin.
CH THCH 1: V d in hnh ca cc thnh phn c s dng lm thit b phi tuyn l
cc in tr phi tuyn v cc b trit t bin dng diode. Cc SPD ny i khi c gi l
kiu kp (clamping type).
CH THCH 2: Mt thit b gii hn in p c ng c tnh in p/dng in lin tc.
3.22. SPD kiu hn hp (combination type SPD)
SPD kt hp cc thnh phn ca c kiu chuyn mch in p v kiu gii hn in p.
SPD kiu ny c th c p ng nh kiu chuyn mch in p, kiu gii hn in p
hoc c hai, ty thuc vo c tnh ca in p t vo.
3.23. H thng SPD phi hp (coordinated SPD system)
Cc SPD c la chn, phi hp v lp t thch hp to thnh mt h thng nhm gim
hng hc ca cc h thng in v in t.
3.24. Giao din cch ly (isolating interfaces)
Cc thit b c kh nng lm gim cc t bin dn trn ng dy i vo LPZ.
CH THCH 1: Giao din cch ly bao gm c my bin p cch ly c mn chn ni t
gia cc cun dy, cp si quang phi kim loi v b cch ly quang.
CH THCH 2: Cc c tnh chu ng ca cch in trong thit b ny c th ph hp cho
ng dng ny do t n hoc thng qua SPD.
4. Thit k v lp t SPM
4.1. Quy nh chung
Cc thit b in v in t d b h hi bi xung st in t (LEMP). V vy cn phi s
dng SPM trnh cc h hi cho cc h thng bn trong.
Thit k ca SPM phi c thc hin bi cc chuyn gia v bo v chng st v bo v
chng t bin, nhng ngi c vn kin thc rng ln v tng thch in t (EMC) v
thc tin lp t.
Bo v chng LEMP da trn khi nim v vng bo v chng st (LPZ): vng cha cc h
thng cn c bo v phi c chia thnh cc LPZ. V l thuyt, cc vng ny c
chia theo khng gian (hoc theo h thng bn trong) trong s khc nghit ca LEMP
ph hp vi ngng chu ng ca cc h thng bn trong c bao trong (xem Hnh
1). Cc vng ni tip nhau c c trng bi cc thay i ng k v khc nghit ca
LEMP. Bin ca mt LPZ c xc nh bi cc bin php bo v c s dng (xem Hnh
2).

Lin kt cc dch v i vo kt cu mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua SPD thch hp
CH THCH: y l mt v d v phn chia mt kt cu thnh cc LPZ bn trong. Tt
ccc dch v bng kim loi i vo kt cu u c lin kt bin ca LPZ 1 thng qua
cc thanh lin kt. Thm vo , cc dch v dn i vo LPZ 2 (v d phng my tnh)
c lin kt bin ca LPZ 2 thng qua cc thanh lin kt.
Hnh 1 - Nguyn tc chung ca vic phn chia thnh cc LPZ khc nhau

Hnh 2a - SPM s dng mn chn khng gian v h thng SPD phi hp - Thit
b c bo v tt chng cc t bin dn (U2 << U0 v I2 << I0) v chng trng
t bc x (H2 << H0)

Hnh 2b - SPM s dng mn chn khng gian ca LPZ 1 v bo v SPD li vo

ca LPZ1 - Thit b c bo v chng cc t bin dn (U1 < U0 v I1 < I0) v
chng trng t bc x (H1 < H0)

Hnh 2c - SPM s dng mn chn ng dy bn trong v bo v SPD li vo

ca LPZ 1 - Thit b c bo v chng cc t bin dn (U2 < U0 v I2 < I0) v
chng cc trng t bc x (H2 < H0)

Hnh 2d - SPM ch s dng h thng SPD phi hp - Thit b c bo v chng

cc t bin dn (U2 << U0 v I1 << l0) nhng khng chng trng t bc x (H0)
CH DN:
ranh gii c bo v
ranh gii khng c bo v
CH THCH 1: Cc SPD c th c t cc im sau:
- ti ng bin ca LPZ 1 (v d bng phn phi chnh MB);

- ti ng bin ca LPZ 2 (v d bng phn phi ph SB);

- ti thit b hoc gn thit b (v d cm in u ra SA).
CH THCH 2: i vi cc quy nh chi tit v lp t, xem thm TCVN 7447-5-53 (IEC
60364-5-53).
Hnh 2 - V d v cc SPM (cc bin php bo v chng LEMP) c th c
Hng vnh vin cc h thng in v in t do LEMP c th do cc nguyn nhn:
t bin dn v t bin cm ng truyn n thit b theo dy ni.
nh hng ca trng t bc x tc ng trc tip ln bn thn thit b.
bo v chng cc nh hng ca trng t bc x tc ng trc tip ln thit b, nn
s dng SPD l cc mn chn khng gian v/hoc cc ng dy c che chn, kt hp
vi cc v bc thit b.
bo v chng li nh hng ca cc t bin dn v cm ng truyn n thit b
thng qua dy ni, nn s dng SPM l cc h thng SPD phi hp.
Cc hng hc do trng in t tc ng trc tip ln thit b c th coi l khng ng k
vi iu kin thit b ph hp vi cc tiu chun sn phm EMC v pht x v min nhim
tn s radio lin quan.
Thng thng, thit b c yu cu phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun sn phm v EMC
lin quan, v vy SPM c cha h thng SPD phi hp thng c coi l bo v cc
thit b chng li nh hng ca LEMP.
Vi cc thit b khng ph hp vi cc tiu chun sn phm v EMC lin quan th SPM
ch cha h thng SPD phi hp khng c coi l thch hp bo v cc thit b
chng li nh hng ca LEMP. Trong trng hp ny, Ph lc A s cung cp thm cc
thng tin v cch t c hiu qu bo v tt nht chng li tc ng trc tip ca
trng in t. Ngng chu ng ca thit b chng li trng t bc x cn c la
chn da theo IEC 61000-4-9 v IEC 61000-4-10.
Nu c yu cu cho cc ng dng c th, mt th nghim m phng mc h thng
bao gm SPD, i dy v thit b thc c th c tin hnh trong phng th nghim
kim tra s phi hp kh nng chu ng bo v.
4.2. Thit k SPM
SPM c th c thit k bo v thit b chng li cc t bin v trng in t. Hnh
2 ch ra mt vi v d v SPM s dng cc bin php bo v nh LPS, cc mn chn t v
cc h thng SPD phi hp:
SPM s dng cc mn chn khng gian v h thng SPD phi hp s bo v chng li
trng t bc x v cc t bin dn (xem Hnh 2a). Cc mn chn khng gian theo lp
v SPD phi hp c th gim trng t v cc t bin xung mc e da thp hn.
SPM s dng mn chn khng gian ca LPZ 1 v SPD u vo ca LPZ 1 c th bo v
thit b chng li trng t bc x v chng li cc t bin dn (xem Hnh 2b).
CH THCH 1: Bo v s l khng nu trng t gi mc qu cao (do hiu qu che
chn ca LPZ 1 thp), hoc nu bin ca t bin gi mc qu cao (do mc bo v
in p cao ca SPD v do cc tc ng cm ng ln dy pha sau SPD).
SPM s dng cc ng dy c che chn kt hp vi cc v bc che chn ca thit b
s bo v chng li trng t bc x. SPD u vo ca LPZ 1 s bo v chng li cc
t bin dn (xem Hnh 2c). t c mc e da thp hn (trong mt bc t LPZ 0
n LPZ 2), c th cn mt SPD c bit (c th l cc tng phi hp b sung bn trong)
t n mt mc bo v in p thp.
SPM s dng h thng SPD phi hp ch thch hp bo v cc thit b khng nhy vi
trng t bc x, v SPD s ch bo v chng li cc t bin dn (xem Hnh 2d). C
th t c mt mc e da thp hn ca t bin bng cch s dng cc SPD phi
hp.
CH THCH 2: Cc gii php cho trong cc hnh t Hnh 2a n 2c c bit c khuyn
dng cho cc thit b khng ph hp vi cc chun sn phm EMC lin quan.

CH THCH 3: Mt LPS ph hp vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) ch s dng cc SPD lin

kt ng th s khng cung cp bo v hiu qu chng h hi cho cc h thng in v
in t nhy. LPS c th c ci thin bng cch gim cc kch thc mt li v la
chn SPD thch hp, sao cho SPD tr thnh thnh phn hiu qu ca SPM.
4.3. Cc vng bo v chng st (LPZ)
Cc LPZ c xc nh nh di y (xem TCVN 9888-1 (IEC 62305-1)), da vo mc e
da ca st:
Cc vng bn ngoi:
LPZ 0

Vng m trng

LPZ 0A

Vng m e da

LPZ 0B

Vng c bo v

Cc vng bn trong: (c bo v chng li st nh trc tip)

LPZ 1

Vng m dng

LPZ 2...n

Vng m dng

Cc LPZ c thc hin bng cch lp t SPM, c th l h thng lp t SPD phi hp

v/hoc mn chn t (xem Hnh 2). Ty thuc vo s lng, kiu v mc chu ng ca
thit b cn bo v, c th xc nh c cc LPZ. Cc vng ny c th gm cc vng
nh cc b (v d nh cc v bc thit b) hoc cc vng ln tch hp (v d nh ton b
kt cu) (xem Hnh B.2).
Vic kt ni cc LPZ thuc cng mt cp c th l cn thit nu hai kt cu ring bit
c ni vi nhau bi cc ng dy in hoc ng dy tn hiu, hoc nu s lng cc
SPD cn thit cn phi gim xung (xem Hnh 3).

CH THCH Hnh 3a th hin hai LPZ 1 ni

vi nhau bng cc ng dy in hoc
dy tn hiu. Cn phi c bit quan tm
nu c hai LPZ 1 ny l hai kt cu c h
thng ni t ring r, cch nhau hng
chc hoc hng trm mt. Trong trng
hp ny, mt phn ln dng st c th
chy dc theo cc ng dy ni khng
c bo v ny.

CH THCH Hnh 3b cho thy rng vn

ny c th c gii quyt bng cch s
dng cp c bo v hoc cc ng ng
cp c bo v ni hai LPZ 1, vi iu
kin l cc mn chn bo v c kh nng
dn dng in st thnh phn. SPD c th
c b qua nu in p ri dc theo mn
chn bo v khng qu cao.
CH DN

CH DN

I1, I2 Cc dng in st thnh phn

I1, I2 Cc dng in st thnh phn

Hnh 3a - Kt ni hai LPZ 1 s dng
SPD

CH THCH Hnh 3c th hin hai LPZ 2

c ni vi nhau bng cc ng dy
in hoc dy tn hiu. V cc dy ny phi
chu mc e da ca LPZ 1 nn cn phi
c cc SPD u vo ca mi LPZ 2.
Hnh 3c - Kt ni hai LPZ 2 s dng
SPD

Hnh 3b - Kt ni hai LPZ 1 s dng

cp hoc ng ng cp c bo v

CH THCH: Hnh 3d cho thy rng nhiu

ny c th trnh c v b qua cc SPD
nu s dng cp hoc ng ng cp c
bo v ni hai LPZ 2.
Hnh 3d - Ni hai LPZ 2 s dng cc
cp hoc ng ng cp c bo v

Hnh 3 - Cc v d v kt ni LPZ
Vic m rng mt LPZ vo mt LPZ khc c th l cn thit trong cc trng hp c bit
hoc c th c s dng gim s lng cc SPD cn thit (xem Hnh 4).
Vic nh gi c th v mi trng in t trong 1 LPZ c m t trong Ph lc A.

CH THCH: Hnh 4a th hin mt kt cu c cp ngun qua my bin p. Nu my bin p t bn

CH THCH: Hnh 4c th hin mt LPZ 2 c cung cp bi ng dy in hoc dy tn hiu. ng d

Hnh 4 - Cc v d v vic m rng vng bo v chng st
4.4. SPM c bn
Cc bin php bo v c bn chng LEMP bao gm:
Ni t v lin kt (xem iu 5)
H thng ni t dn v phn tn dng st vo t.
Mng lin kt lm gim thiu chnh lch in th v c th gim trng t.
Mn chn t v nh tuyn (xem iu 6)
Mn chn khng gian lm gim trng t bn trong LPZ, sinh ra do st nh trc tip vo
hoc nh gn kt cu, v gim cc t bin bn trong.
Vic bo v cc ng dy bn trong, s dng cp hoc ng ng cp c bo v, s
gim thiu cc t bin cm ng bn trong.
Vic nh tuyn cho cc ng dy bn trong c th gim thiu cc vng cm ng v
gim cc t bin bn trong.
CH THCH 1: Mn chn khng gian, bo v v nh tuyn cho cc ng dy bn trong
c th s dng kt hp hoc ring r.
Vic bo v cc ng dy bn ngoi i vo kt cu lm gim cc t bin dn vo cc
h thng bn trong.
H thng SPD phi hp (xem iu 7)
H thng SPD phi hp s hn ch nh hng ca cc t bin bt ngun t bn ngoi v
cc t bin sinh ra bn trong.
Giao din cch ly (xem iu 8)
Giao din cch ly s hn ch cc nh hng ca t bin dn trong cc ng dy i vo
LPZ.
Vic ni t v lin kt lun lun cn c m bo, c bit l lin kt ca mi dch v
dn trc tip hoc thng qua SPD lin kt ng th, ti im i vo kt cu.
SPM khc c th s dng c lp hoc kt hp.
SPM phi chu c cc ng sut vn hnh d kin xy ra ti ni lp t (v d nh cc
ng sut do nhit , m, kh quyn n mn, rung, in p v dng in).
Vic la chn SPM thch hp nht phi c thc hin bng cch s dng nh gi ri ro
theo TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2), c tnh n cc yu t k thut v kinh t.
Thng tin thc t v vic lp t SPM cho cc h thng bn trong cc kt cu c sn c
cho trong Ph lc B.
CH THCH 2: Lin kt ng th st (EB) theo TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) s ch bo v
chng tia la in nguy him. bo v cc h thng bn trong chng t bin cn c
mt h thng SPD phi hp ph hp vi tiu chun ny.
CH THCH 3: Cc thng tin chi tit v thc hin SPM c th c trong TCVN 7447-4-44(IEC
60364-4-44).

5. Ni t v lin kt
5.1. Quy nh chung
Ni t v lin kt thch hp da trn mt h thng ni t hon chnh (xem Hnh 5) kt
hp
- h thng u tip t (phn tn dng st vo t), v
- mng lin kt (gim thiu chnh lch in th v gim trng t).

CH THCH: Tt c cc dy dn c v u l cc phn t kim loi kt cu c lin kt

hoc l cc dy lin kt. Mt s cc dy dn ny cng c th lm nhim v thu, dn v
phn tn dng st vo t.
Hnh 5 - V d v h thng ni t 3 chiu gm mng lin kt c ni vi h
thng u tip t
5.2. H thng u tip t
H thng u tip t ca kt cu phi ph hp vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3). Trong cc
kt cu ch c h thng in, cho php s dng b tr ni t kiu A nhng u tin s
dng b tr ni t kiu B. Trong kt cu c h thng in t, khuyn co s dng b
trni t kiu B.
in cc t vng xung quanh kt cu hoc in cc t vng trong b tng ng bao
ca mng cn c tch hp vi mng li bn di v xung quanh kt cu, mt li c
chiu rng thng thng l 5 m. iu ny ci thin ng k c tnh ca h thng u
tip t. Nu nn b tng ct thp ca mng to thnh mng lin kt tt v c ni vi
h thng u tip t thng c cch nhau 5 m th iu ny cng chp nhn c. V d
v h thng u tip t dng li ca mt nh my c c cho trong Hnh 6.

CH DN
1 ta nh vi mng li ca b tng ct thp
2 thp bn trong nh my
3 thit b ng c lp
4 mng cp
Hnh 6 - H thng u tip t dng li ca nh my
gim chnh lch in th gia hai h thng bn trong, c th cn thit trong mt s
trng hp c bit cch ly cc h thng ni t, c th p dng cc phng php
di y:
- mt s dy lin kt song song chy trong cng mt tuyn vi cc cp in, hoc cp
c chy trong cc ng ng b tng ct thp (hoc cc ng ng kim loi c lin
kt lin tc), m c tch hp vo c hai h thng u tip t;
- cp c bo v bng mn chn c tit din , v c ni vi cc h thng ni t
ring bit c hai u.
5.3. Mng lin kt
Mng lin kt tr khng thp l cn thit trnh chnh lch in th nguy him gia tt
c cc thit b bn trong LPZ bn trong. Hn na, mng lin kt ny cng lm gim
trng t (xem Ph lc A).
iu ny c th c thc hin bng mt mng lin kt dng li tch hp vi cc phn
dn in ca kt cu hoc cc phn ca h thng bn trong, v bng cc phn kim loi
hoc dch v dn lin kt ti bin ca mi LPZ mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua SPD
thch hp.
Mng lin kt c th c b tr dng kt cu li ba chiu vi rng thng thng
ca mi mt li l 5 m (xem Hnh 5). Kiu ny i hi nhiu mi ni lin kt gia cc
thnh phn kim loi bn trong hoc trn kt cu (v d nh ct thp trong b tng, thanh
ray ca thang my, cn trc, mi kim loi, mt tin bng kim loi, khung kim loi ca ca
v ca s, khung kim loi ca nn nh, cc ng ng cung cp dch v v mng cp).
Cc thanh lin kt (v d nh cc thanh lin kt vng, mt vi thanh lin kt cc tng

khc nhau ca kt cu) v cc mn chn t ca LPZ phi c tch hp theo cch tng
t.
V d v cc mng lin kt c cho trong Hnh 7 v Hnh 8.

CH DN
1 Dy thu st
2 Tm kim loi ca tng chn trn mi
3 Thanh ct thp
4 Li dn t chng ln ct thp
5 Mi ni ca li dn in
6 Mi ni dng cho thanh lin kt bn trong
7 u ni bng cch hn hoc kp
8 u ni bt k
9 Ct thp trong b tng (c li dn in t chng ln)
10 in cc t vng (nu c)
11 in cc t mng
a khong cch thng thng l 5 m cho li dn in t chng ln
b khong cch thng thng l 1 m ni li ny vi ct thp
Hnh 7 - S dng cc thanh ct thp ca kt cu lin kt ng th

CH DN
1 Thit b cp in
2 Rm thp
3 Tm ph kim loi ca mt tin
4 Mi ni lin kt
5 Thit b in hoc in t
6 Thanh lin kt
7 Ct thp trong b tng (c li dn t chng ln)
8 in cc t mng
9 Li vo chung cho cc dch v khc nhau
Hnh 8 - Lin kt ng th trong mt kt cu c ct thp
Cc phn dn in (v d nh t bng in, v my, gi ) v dy dn ni t bo v
(PE) ca cc h thng bn trong phi c ni vi mng lin kt theo cc cu hnh di
y (xem Hnh 9):

Tch h

CH DN
Mng lin kt
Dy lin kt
Thit b
im lin kt vi mng lin kt
EPR

im t chun

SS

Cu hnh im sao c tch hp bng im sao

MM

Cu hnh li c tch hp bng li

Hnh 9 - Tch hp cc phn dn ca h thng bn trong vo mng lin kt

Nu s dng cu hnh S th tt c cc b phn kim loi (nh t bng in, v my, gi )

ca cc h thng bn trong phi c cch ly vi h thng ni t. Cu hnh S phi c
tch hp vo h thng ni t ch bng mt thanh lin kt duy nht c vai tr nh im
t chun (EPR) to thnh kiu SS. Khi s dng cu hnh S, tt c cc ng dy gia cc
thit b ring l phi chy song song v gn vi cc dy lin kt theo cu hnh sao
trnh cc vng cm ng. Cu hnh S c th c s dng nhng ni m cc h thng
bn trong c t trong khng gian nh v tt c cc ng dy u i vo h thng ti
cng mt im.
Nu s dng cu hnh M th cc b phn kim loi (nh t bng in, v my, gi ) ca
cc h thng bn trong khng cn phi cch ly vi h thng ni t nhng phi c tch
hp vo h thng ni t ny thng qua cc im lin kt, to thnh kiu M M. Cu hnh M
thng c s dng cho cc h thng bn trong tri di trong mt vng rng hoc trong
ton b kt cu, ni m c nhiu ng dy chy gia cc phn ca mt thit b, v ni
m cc dy dn i vo kt cu ti mt s im.
Trong h thng phc, cc u im ca c hai cu hnh (S v M) c th c kt hp nh
minh ha trn Hnh 10, to thnh kiu kt hp 1 (SS kt hp vi MM) v kiu th 2 (MSkt
hp vi MM).

Tch hp vo mng lin kt

CH DN
Mng lin kt
Dy lin kt
Thit b
im lin kt vi mng lin kt
EPR

im t chun

SS

Cu hnh im sao c tch hp bng im sao

MM

Cu hnh li c tch hp bng li

MS

Cu hnh li c tch hp bng im sao

Hnh 10 - Kt hp cc phng php tch hp cc phn dn in ca h thng

bn trong vo mng lin kt
5.4. Cc thanh lin kt
Cc thanh lin kt c lp t lin kt:
- tt c cc dch v dn i vo LPZ (trc tip hoc thng qua SPD thch hp),
- dy ni t bo v PE,
- cc b phn kim loi ca h thng bn trong (t bng in, v my, gi ),
- cc mn chn t ca LPZ ti chu vi hoc bn trong kt cu.
Cc quy tc lp t sau l quan trng i vi lin kt hiu qu:
- tiu ch c bn cho tt c cc mng lin kt l mng lin kt c tr khng thp;
- thanh lin kt cn c ni vi h thng ni t qua mt tuyn ngn nht c th;
- vt liu v kch thc ca cc thanh lin kt v ca dy dn lin kt phi ph hp vi
5.6;
- SPD cn phi c lp t theo cch sao cho c th s dng cc u ni ngn nht c
th n thanh lin kt v n cc dy dn mang in gim thiu st p do cm ng.
- pha c bo v ca mch in (pha sau ca SPD), cc nh hng cm ng ln nhau
cn c gim thiu bng cch gim thiu din tch cc vng hoc s dng cp hoc
ng ng cp c bo v.
5.5. Lin kt ti bin ca LPZ
Trong trng hp xc nh LPZ, phi c lin kt cho tt c cc phn kim loi v dch v
kim loi (v d cc ng ng kim loi, ng dy in hoc ng dy tn hiu) i xuyn
qua bin ca LPZ.

CH THCH: Lin kt ca cc dch v i vo LPZ 1 cn c tho lun vi cc nh cung

cp dch v c lin quan (v d nh cc c quan qun l h thng in hoc h thng vin
thng) v c th s c nhng yu cu mu thun nhau.
Lin kt phi c thc hin thng qua cc thanh lin kt, cc thanh ny c t gn
nht c th vi im i vo ti ng bin.
Trong trng hp c th, cc dch v nn i vo LPZ cng mt v tr v c ni vi cng
mt thanh lin kt. Nu cc dch v i vo LPZ nhng v tr khc nhau, mi dch v phi
c ni vi mt thanh lin kt v cc thanh lin kt ny phi c ni vi nhau. lm
iu ny th nn dng mt thanh lin kt dng vng (vng dn).
Lun yu cu phi c SPD lin kt ng th ti li vo ca LPZ lin kt cc ng dy
i vo, m cc ng dy ny c ni vi cc h thng bn trong ca LPZ, vi thanh
lin kt. S dng LPZ lin kt hoc m rng c th gim s lng cc SPD cn thit.
Cp c bo v hoc ng ng cp kim loi c lin kt ti bin ca mi LPZ, c th
c s dng lin kt mt vi LPZ cng cp to thnh mt LPZ hoc m rng
mt LPZ n bin tip theo.
5.6. Vt liu v kch thc ca cc b phn lin kt
Vt liu, kch thc v cc iu kin s dng ph hp vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3). Tit
din nh nht ca cc b phn lin kt phi ph hp vi Bng 1 di y.
Kch thc ca g kp ph thuc vo cc gi tr ca dng in st ca LPL (xem TCVN
9888-1 (IEC 62305-1)) v cc phn tch chia dng (xem TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3)).
SPD phi c kch thc theo iu 7.
Bng 1 - Tit din nh nht ca cc b phn lin kt

Cc thanh lin kt (ng, thp m ng hoc thp m km)

Dy dn ni t cc thanh lin kt n h thng t hoc n cc thanh lin kt khc (mang ton b h

Dy dn ni t h thng lp t kim loi bn trong n cc thanh lin kt (mang mt phn dng in

Dy dn ni t cho SPD (mang ton b hoc mt phn ln dng in st)

a
b
c
d

Khi s dng cc vt liu khc th tit din phi m bo in tr tng ng.

mt s nc, cho php s dng kch thc dy dn nh hn vi iu kin l p ng cc yu cu v
i vi cc SPD s dng trong cc ng dng cp in, thng tin b sung ni cc dy dn c cho
Cc SPD khc bao gm c cc SPD s dng trong h thng vin thng v truyn tn hiu.

6. Mn chn t v nh tuyn dy
6.1. Quy nh chung
Mn chn t c th gim trng in t cng nh bin ca cc t bin cm ng bn
trong. Vic nh tuyn thch hp ca cc ng dy bn trong cng c th gim thiu
bin ca cc t bin cm ng bn trong. C hai bin php ny u c hiu qu trong
vic gim cc h hng vnh vin cho cc h thng bn trong.
6.2. Mn chn khng gian
Cc mn chn khng gian xc nh vng c bo v, m vng ny c th bao ph ton
b kt cu, mt phn kt cu, mt phng duy nht hoc ch l v thit b. Cc mn chn

ny c th l dng li hoc l cc mn chn kim loi lin, hoc l cc thnh phn c

bn ca bn thn kt cu (xem TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3)).
Cc mn chn khng gian thch hp bo v mt vng xc nh ca kt cu hn l bo
v mt s thit b ring l. Nn c k hoch lp t cc mn chn khng gian ngay trong
giai on u ca thit k mt kt cu mi hoc mt h thng bn trong mi. Vic ci to
h thng lp t c th lm tng chi ph v vic lp t kh khn hn.
6.3. Che chn cho cc ng dy bn trong
Vic che chn c th ch c s dng cho cc cp v thit b ca cc h thng cn bo
v; mn chn bng kim loi ca cp, cc ng ng cp bng kim loi khp kn v cc
vkim loi ca thit b c s dng cho mc ch ny.
6.4. nh tuyn cc ng dy bn trong
Vic nh tuyn thch hp cho cc ng dy bn trong s gim thiu cc mch vng cm
ng v gim c vic to ra cc in p t bin bn trong kt cu. Din tch mch vng
ny c th c gim thiu bng cch nh tuyn cho cp gn vi cc phn sn c ca
kt cu m chng c ni t v/hoc bng cch cho cc ng dy in v dy tn
hiu i cng vi nhau.
CH THCH: C th vn cn c khong cch gia cc ng dy in v cc ng dy
tn hiu khng c che chn trnh nhiu.
6.5. Che chn cho cc ng dy bn ngoi
Che chn cho cc ng dy bn ngoi i vo kt cu bao gm mn chn cp, cc ng
ng cp bng kim loi khp kn v cc ng ng cp trong b tng kt ni vi ct thp.
Vic che chn cho cc ng dy bn ngoi l c ch nhng thng khng phi ltrch
nhim ca ngi hoch nh SPM (v thng th ch s hu cc ng dy bn ngoi l
nh cung cp mng).
6.6. Vt liu v kch thc ca cc mn chn t
Ti bin ca LPZ 0A v LPZ 1, vt liu v kch thc ca cc mn chn t (v d nh cc
mn chn khng gian dng li, mn chn cp v v ca thit b) phi ph hp vi cc
yu cu ca TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) i vi dy thu st v/hoc dy dn st. C th
l:
- chiu dy nh nht ca cc phn kim loi dng tm, ng ng kim loi, mn chn cp
phi ph hp vi Bng 3 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62035-3:2010);
- b tr mn chn khng gian dng li v tit din nh nht ca cc dy dn ca n phi
ph hp vi Bng 6 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62035-3:2010).
Kch thc ca cc mn chn t khng c thit k dn dng st th khng yu cu
phi ph hp vi Bng 3 v Bng 6 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62035-3:2010):
- ti bin ca cc LPZ 1/2 hoc cao hn vi iu kin l khong cch ly s gia mn chn
t v LPS c m bo (xem 6.3 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62035-3:2010)),
- ti bin ca LPZ bt k, nu s lng cc trng hp nguy him N D do st nh vo kt
cu l khng ng k, tc l ND < 0,01 trong mt nm.
7. H thng SPD phi hp
Vic bo v cc h thng bn trong chng t bin i hi s tip cn c tnh h thng
bao gm cc SPD phi hp cho c ng dy in v ng dy tn hiu. Quy tc cho
vic la chn v lp t h thng SPD phi hp l ging nhau trong c hai trng hp
(xem Ph lc C).
Trong SPM s dng khi nim vng bo v chng st c nhiu hn mt vng LPZ bn
trong (LPZ 1, LPZ 2 v cao hn), (cc) SPD phi c t li ng dy i vo tng LPZ
(xem Hnh 2).
Trong SPM ch s dng LPZ 1, SPD phi c t t nht li ng dy i vo LPZ 1.
Trong c hai trng hp, c th yu cu cc SPD b sung nu khong cch gia v tr ca
SPD v thit b cn bo v l qu di (xem Ph lc C).
Cc yu cu th nghim SPD phi ph hp vi:
- IEC 61643-1 i vi cc h thng in,
- IEC 61643-21 i vi cc h thng vin thng v truyn tn hiu.

Thng tin v la chn v lp t h thng SPD phi hp c cho trong Ph lc C. La

chn v lp t h thng SPD phi hp cng phi ph hp vi:
- IEC 61463-12 v TCVN 7447-5-53 (IEC 60364-5-53) v bo v cc h thng in,
- IEC 61643-22 v bo v cc h thng vin thng v truyn tn hiu.
Thng tin v hng dn v bin ca t bin sinh ra bi st, dng xc nh kch
thc cc SPD lp t cc v tr khc nhau ca kt cu, c cho trong Ph lc D ca
tiu chun ny v Ph lc E ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).
8. Giao din cch ly
Giao din cch ly c th c s dng gim nh hng ca LEMP. Vic bo v cc giao
din cch ly ny chng qu in p, khi thit, c th t c bng cch s dng cc
SPD. Mc chu ng ca giao din cch ly v mc bo v in p ca SPD UP phi ph hp
vi cp qu in p ca IEC 60664-1.
CH THCH: Mc ch ca tiu chun ny nhm gii quyt vic bo v cc thit b bn
trong mt kt cu m khng phi bo v cc kt cu lin kt, vi cc kt cu lin kt th
vic dng my bin p cch ly c th mang li li ch no .
9. Qun l SPM
9.1. Quy nh chung
c c h thng bo v hiu qu v hp l v chi ph, vic thit k cn phi c
thc hin trong giai on thit k v trc khi xy dng. iu ny cho php ti u ha
vic s dng cc thnh phn sn c ca kt cu v la chn s tha hip tt nht cho b
tr cp v v tr t thit b.
ci to cc kt cu sn c, chi ph cho SPM thng cao hn so vi chi ph cho kt cu
mi. Tuy nhin, c th gim thiu chi ph bng cch la chn LPZ hp l, s dng cc h
thng lp t sn c hoc bng cch nng cp chng.
Bo v hp l ch c th t c nu
- cc iu khon c xc nh bi cc chuyn gia v bo v chng st,
- c s phi hp tt gia cc chuyn gia v xy dng v cc chuyn gia v SPM (v d nh
cc k s xy dng v cc k s in),
- tun th k hoch qun l trong 9.2.
SPM phi c bo tr bng cch kim tra v bo tr. Sau khi c cc thay i lin quan
n kt cu hoc bin php bo v, cn tin hnh li vic nh gi ri ro.
9.2. K hoch qun l SPM
Lp k hoch v phi hp cc SPM i hi phi c mt k hoch qun l (xem Bng 2),
bt u vi nh gi ri ro ban u (TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2)) xc nh cc bin
php bo v cn thit nhm gim ri ro n mc chp nhn c. t c iu ny,
phi xc nh cc vng bo v chng st.
Da vo LPL c xc nh trong TCVN 9888-1 (IEC 62305-1), v cc bin php bo v
cn p dng, phi thc hin cc bc sau:
- phi cung cp h thng ni t gm mng lin kt v h thng u tip t;
- phn kim loi bn ngoi v cc dch v i vo phi c ni trc tip hoc thng qua
SPD thch hp;
- h thng bn trong phi c tch hp vo mng lin kt;
- c th thc hin mn chn khng gian kt hp vi nh tuyn ng dy v che chn
ng dy;
- phi xc nh cc yu cu i vi h thng SPD phi hp;
- phi xc nh s ph hp ca giao din cch ly:
- i vi cc h thng sn c, c th cn cc bin php c bit (xem Ph lc B).
Sau t s chi ph/li ch ca bin php bo v c chn cn c tnh ton li v c
ti u ha bng cch s dng cc phng php nh gi ri ro.

Bng 2 - K hoch qun l SPM i vi cc ta nh mi v i vi cc thay i

ln trong xy dng hoc s dng ta nh
Bc
Phn tch ri ro ban u

Phn tch ri ro kt thc

Lp k hoch SPM

Thit k SPM

Lp t SPM cng vi gim st

Ph duyt SPM
Kim tra li
a

Xem TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2)

C kin thc su rng v EMC v kin thc v thc t lp t.

9.3. Kim tra SPM

9.3.1. Quy nh chung
Kim tra bao gm xem xt cc ti liu k thut, kim tra trc quan v php o/th
nghim. Mc ch ca vic kim tra nhm xc minh rng
- SPM ph hp vi thit k,
- SPM c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng theo thit k,
- bin php bo v b sung mi bt k c tch hp ng vo SPM.
Phi tin hnh kim tra
- trong sut qu trnh lp t SPM,
- sau khi lp t SPM,
- nh k,
- sau khi c s thay i cc thnh phn lin quan n SPM,

- c th sau khi st nh vo kt cu (v d nh khi c ch ra bi b m st, hoc khi

c ngi lm chng nhn thy st nh vo kt cu, hoc khi c bng chng nhn thy
c rng kt cu b h hi do st).
Phi xc nh tn sut kim tra nh k c lu n
- mi trng ti v tr lp t, v d nh cc iu kin v t n mn hoc kh quyn n
mn,
- kiu bin php bo v c s dng.
CH THCH: Trong trng hp khng c mt yu cu c th no t cc c quan c thm
quyn th nn s dng cc gi tr cho trong Bng E.2 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 623053:2010).
9.3.2. Quy trnh kim tra
9.3.2.1. Xem xt ti liu k thut
Sau khi lp t cc bin php SPM mi, cc ti liu k thut phi c xem xt s ph
hp vi cc tiu chun lin quan v s hon thin ca chng. Do vy, cc ti liu k thut
phi c cp nht lin tc, v d sau khi thay i hoc m rng SPM.
9.3.2.2. Kim tra trc quan
Kim tra trc quan phi c tin hnh xc nhn rng
- khng c s ni lng bt k hoc nt/v ngu nhin trong cc dy dn v mi ni.
- khng c phn no ca h thng b yu do n mn, c bit l mc mt t,
- dy lin kt v mn chn cp khng b h hi v c ni vi nhau,
- khng c b sung hoc thay i no i hi thm cc bin php bo v,
- khng c du hiu no cho thy cc SPD v cc cu chy hoc dao cch ly ca chng b
h hi,
- duy tr nh tuyn ng dy hp l,
- duy tr c khong cch an ton n mn chn khng gian.
9.3.2.3. Php o
Php o s lin tc v in cn c tin hnh trn cc phn ca h thng ni t v h
thng lin kt, cc phn ny khng nhn thy c kim tra.
CH THCH: Nu SPD khng c cc ch dn trc quan (c bo), php o cn c tin
hnh theo cc hng dn ca nh ch to xc minh trng thi hot ng ca n, khi
cn.
9.3.3. Ti liu kim tra
Ti liu hng dn kim tra cn c chun b to thun li cho qu trnh kim tra. Ti
liu hng dn cn cha cc thng tin y h tr ngi kim tra hon thnh cng
vic ca h, v vy phi lp ti liu kim tra c cha tt c cc kha cnh ca h thng lp
t v cc b phn ca h thng, cc phng php th nghim v s liu th nghim
c ghi li.
Ngi kim tra phi chun b bn bo co m s c nh km vi ti liu k thut v
cc bo co kim tra trc . Bo co kim tra phi cha cc thng tin bao gm:
- tnh trng chung ca SPM,
- sai khc bt k so vi ti liu k thut,
- kt qu ca cc php o thc hin.
9.4. Bo tr
Sau khi kim tra, tt c cc sai st ch ra phi c sa cha ngay. Nu cn, phi cp
nht cc ti liu k thut.
Ph lc A

(tham kho)
C s ca vic nh gi mi trng in t trong LPZ
A.1. Quy nh chung
Ph lc A cung cp thng tin nh gi mi trng in t bn trong LPZ, vic nh gi
ny c th c s dng cho vic bo v chng LEMP. nh gi ny cng thch hp cho
vic bo v chng nhiu in t.
A.2. nh hng ca thit hi do st ln h thng in v in t do st
A.2.1. Ngun gy thit hi
Ngun chnh gy thit hi l dng in st v trng t ca n, trng t ny c cng
dng sng vi dng in st.
CH THCH: Khi cn nhc bo v, nh hng ca trng in ca st thng t c quan
tm.
A.2.2. i tng thit hi
Cc h thng bn trong, c lp t trong hoc trn kt cu ch c mc chu t bin v
trng t gii hn, c th b hng hoc hot ng sai khi b nh hng ca st v trng
t i theo n.
Cc h thng lp bn ngoi kt cu c th b nguy him do trng t khng suy gim v,
nu t v tr khng c bo v, do cc t bin c ln nh hn hoc bng dng
in st ton phn ca st nh trc tip.
Cc h thng lp t bn trong kt cu c th b nguy him do trng t suy gim cn li,
do cc t bin dn hoc cm ng bn trong v do cc t bin bn ngoi dn theo cc
ng dy i vo kt cu.
Thng tin lin quan n mc chu ng ca thit b c nu trong cc tiu chun di
y:
mc in p xung danh nh ca h thng lp t in c xc nh trong Bng F.1 ca
IEC 60664-1:2007. Mc chu ng c xc nh bi in p chu xung danh nh 1,5 kV 2,5 kV - 4 kV v 6 kV i vi cc h thng in c in p 230/400 V v 277/480 V;
mc chu ng ca cc thit b vin thng c nu trong ITU-T K.20 [3], K.21[4] v K.45[5].
Mc chu ng ca thit b thng c xc nh trong t quy nh k thut i km vi
thit b hoc c th c th nghim
theo t bin dn s dng IEC 61000-4-5 vi cc mc in p th nghim: 0,5 kV - 1 kV
- 2 kV v 4 kV dng sng 1,2/50 ms v vi cc mc th nghim i vi dng in l:
0,25 kA - 0,5 kA - 1 kA v 2 kA dng sng 8/20 ms,
CH THCH: mt s thit b c th c th p ng cc tiu chun nu trn, chng c
th phi kt hp vi cc SPD bn trong. c tnh ca cc SPD bn trong ny c th nh
hng n cc yu cu phi hp.
theo trng t s dng IEC 61000-4-9 vi cc mc th nghim 100 A/m - 300 A/m - 1
000 A/m dng sng 8/20 ms v IEC 61000-4-10 vi cc mc th nghim 10 A/m - 30
A/m -100 A/m 1 MHz.
Thit b khng ph hp vi cc th nghim pht x v min nhim bc x tn s radio
(RF), c xc nh trong cc tiu chun sn phm EMC lin quan, c th b nguy him do
trng t bc x trc tip ln chng. Mt khc, c th b qua thit hi ca thit b ph
hp vi tiu chun ny.
A.2.3. C ch lin kt gia i tng thit hi v ngun gy thit hi
Mc chu ng ca thit b cn tng thch vi ngun gy thit hi. t c iu ny,
c ch lin kt cn c iu khin thch hp bng vic to ra cc vng bo v chng st
(LPZ).
A.3. Mn chn khng gian, nh tuyn ng dy v che chn ng dy
A.3.1. Quy nh chung

C th gim trng t bn trong LPZ do st nh vo kt cu hoc vo t gn kt cu

ch bng mn chn khng gian ca LPZ. t bin cm ng trong h thng in t c th
c gim thiu bng mn chn khng gian hoc bng nh tuyn v che chn ng
dy, hoc bng kt hp c hai phng php.
Hnh A.1 l mt v d ca LEMP trong trng hp st nh vo kt cu c cc vng bo v
chng st LPZ 0, LPZ 1 v LPZ 2. H thng in t cn bo v c lp t trong LPZ 2.

Hnh A.1 - Trng hp LEMP do st nh

Trong Bng A.1, cc im 1, 2, v 3 xc nh cc tham s l0, H0 v UW ca Hnh A.1; cc
tham s th nghim thch hp, m bo rng thit b c kh nng chu ng sut d
kin ni lp t, c cho trong cc im 4 v 5.
Bng A.1 - Cc tham s lin quan n ngun gy thit hi v thit b
Ngun chnh gy thit hi LEMP
c xc nh t cc tham s lin quan n LPL I n IV

1
TCVN 9888-1 (IEC 62305-1)

Mc in p xung danh nh ca h thng in

2

Nh xc nh i vi cp qu in p t I n IV vi in p danh ngha 2
IEC 60664-1

Uw

Cp qu in p I n IV

6 kV - 4 kV - 2,5 kV

Mc chu ng ca cc thit b vin thng

ITU-T K.20[3], K.21[4] v K.45[5]
Th nghim i vi thit b khng c tiu chun sn phm ph hp

Mc chu ng ca thit b nh c nh ngha cho cc nh hng ca st

IEC 61000-4-5

Th nghim i vi thit b khng ph hp vi cc chun sn phm

Mc chu ng ca thit b nh c nh ngha cho cc nh hng ca st

IEC 61000-4-9
IEC 61000-4-10
Ngun in t chnh gy thit hi cho h thng in t l dng in st I0 v trng tH0.
Cc dng in st thnh phn chy qua cc dch v i vo kt cu. Cc dng in ny
cng nh cc trng t c dng sng gn nh ging nhau. Dng in st c coi l gm
c st dng u tin IF. (thng l dng sng 10/350 ms c ui di), c st m u
tin IFN (dng sng 1/200 ms) v cc c st tip theo Is (dng sng 0,25/100 ms). Dng
in ca c st dng u tin IF to ra trng t HF, dng in ca c st m u
tin IFN to ra trng t HFN, v cc dng in ca cc c st tip theo Is to ra trng
t Hs.
nh hng ca cm ng t ch yu gy ra do sn tng ca trng t. Nh th hin trn
Hnh A.2, sn tng ca HF c th c c trng bng mt trng dao ng tt dn 25
kHz vi gi tr ln nht HF/MAX v thi gian t gi tr ln nht l TP/F l 10 ms. Theo cch
tng t, sn tng ca HS c th c c trng bng mt trng dao ng tt dn 1
MHz vi gi tr ln nht HS/MAX v thi gian t n gi tr ln nht TP/S l 0,25 ms. Tng
t, sn tng ca HFN c th c c trng bng mt
............................

Hnh A.2b - M phng s tng trng t ca c st tip theo (0,25/100 ms) bi

cc dao ng 1 MHz tt dn (nhiu xung 0,2/0,5 ms)
CH THCH 1: Mc d cc khi nim thi gian t gi tr ln nht TP v thi gian
tngT1 l khc nhau, nhng cho n gin, y chng c ly l bng nhau.
CH THCH 2: T l gia cc gi tr ln nht HMAX/HFN/MAX/HS/MAX = 4: 2: 1.
Hnh A.2 - M phng s tng trng t bng cc dao ng tt dn
A.3.2. Mn chn khng gian dng li
Trong thc t, mn chn cho th tch ln ca LPZ thng c to ra bi cc thnh phn
t nhin ca kt cu nh ct thp ca trn nh, tng v nn nh, khung kim loi, cc
phn kim loi ca mi v mt tin. Nhng thnh phn ny cng nhau to thnh mn chn
khng gian dng li. vic bo v c hiu qu th rng ca cc mt li thng nh
hn 5 m.
CH THCH 1: S hiu qu ca mn chn c th khng ng k nu LPZ 1 c to bi
mt LPS thng thng bn ngoi ph hp vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) vi rng cc
mt li v cc khong cch in hnh ln hn 5 m. Nu khng th ta nh khung thp
rng vi nhiu tr bng thp s to ra hiu qu bo v ng k.
CH THCH 2: Bo v LPZ bn trong tip theo c th c thc hin bng cch s dng
cc bin php mn chn khng gian, cc gi hoc t khp kn, hoc s dng v kim loi
ca thit b.
Hnh A.3 ch ra cch thc trong thc t s dng ct thp trong b tng v cc khung kim
loi (ca cc ca kim loi v cc ca s c che chn) to ra vng bo v th tch ln
cho mt cn phng hoc mt ta nh.

CH DN
c hn hoc kp mi thanh v cc giao im
CH THCH: Trong thc t, i vi cc kt cu c m rng th khng th hn hay kp
mi im. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc im c u ni mt cch t nhin bi cc tip xc
trc tip hoc bi cc dy dn b sung. Do vy, trong thc t c th mi mt li c mt
u ni.
Hnh A.3 - Mn chn khng gian rng c to bi ct v cc khung kim loi
Cc h thng bn trong c t trong mt khng gian an ton c lu n khong
cch an ton n mn chn ca LPZ (xem Hnh A.4). l v cc trng t tng i cao
gn mn chn, do cc dng st thnh phn chy trong mn chn (c bit i vi LPZ 1).

CH THCH: Khng gian Vs cn c gi khong cch an ton ds/1, hoc ds/2 vi bo v ca

LPZ n - xem iu A.4.
Hnh A.4 - Khng gian cho cc h thng in v in t trong LPZ n bn trong
A.3.3. nh tuyn v che chn ng dy
Cc t bin cm ng vo cc h thng bn trong c th c gim xung bng cch
nh tuyn ng dy mt cch hp l (gim thiu din tch cc vng cm ng), hoc
bng cch s dng cc cp hoc cc ng ng cp bng kim loi (gim thiu cc nh
hng cm ng bn trong), hoc c th kt hp c hai phng php (xem Hnh A.5).

CH DN
1. Thit b
2. Dy tn hiu
3. Dy in

4. Vng cm ng
Hnh A.5a - H thng khng c bo v

CH DN
1. Thit b
2. Dy tn hiu
3. Dy in
5. Mn chn khng gian
Hnh A.5b - Gim trng t trong LPZ bn trong bng mn chn khng gian

CH DN
1. Thit b
2. Dy tn hiu
3. Dy in
6. Mn chn ng dy
Hnh A.5c - Gim nh hng ca trng ln cc ng dy bng mn chn
ng dy

CH DN
1. Thit b
2. Dy tn hiu
3. Dy in
7. Vng cm ng b gim
Hnh A.5d - Gim din tch vng cm ng bng cch nh tuyn ng dy thch
hp
Hnh A.5 - Gim nh hng cm ng bng cc bin php nh tuyn v che chn
ng dy
Cc cp dn ni vi h thng bn trong cn c nh tuyn gn cc thnh phn kim loi
ca mng lin kt nht c th. Vic cho cc dy cp chy bn trong v kim loi ca mng

lin kt nh cc ng dn hnh ch U hay cc mng kim loi s mang li nhiu li ch (xem

thm IEC 61000-5-2 [6]).
Cn c bit quan tm khi lp t cp gn mn chn ca LPZ (c bit l LPZ 1) do gi tr
ng k ca trng t vng ny.
Khi cc cp, chy gia cc kt cu ring bit, cn c bo v th cc cp ny nn chy
bn trong cc ng ng cp bng kim loi. Cc ng ng ny cn c lin kt c hai
u vi cc thanh lin kt ca cc kt cu ring bit. Nu cc mn chn cp (c lin
kt c hai u) c kh nng dn dng in st thnh phn d kin th vic thm cc
ng ng cp kim loi l khng cn thit.
in p v dng in cm ng trong cc vng, to ra bi cc h thng lp t, sinh ra cc
t bin ch thng thng trong cc h thng bn trong. Vic tnh ton cc in p
v dng in cm ng ny c cho trong iu A.5.
Hnh A.6 m t mt v d v mt ta vn phng nh rng
Che chn dng cho LPZ 1 c thc hin bng ct thp v mt tin kim loi, v nh cc
v bc c che chn i vi cc h thng nhy bn trong LPZ 2. c th lp t mt
h thng li lin kt hp, mt s u ni lin kt c b tr trong tng phng.
LPZ 0 c m rng vo LPZ 1 cha ngun in 20 kV v vic lp t cc SPD vo
pha in p cao c thc hin ngay li ra l khng kh thi trong trng hp c bit
ny.

CH DN
u ni ng th
o thit b bo v chng t bin (SPD)
Hnh A.6 - V d v SPM ca mt ta nh vn phng
A.4. Trng t bn trong LPZ
A.4.1. Xp x trng t bn trong LPZ
Nu khng thc hin c mt nghin cu l thuyt (A.4.2) hay thc nghim (A.4.3) v
hiu qu che chn th suy gim c th c tnh ton nh sau.
A.4.1.1. Mn chn khng gian dng li ca LPZ 1 trong trng hp st nh
trc tip
Mn chn ca ta nh (mn chn xung quanh LPZ 1) c th l mt phn ca LPS bn
ngoi; cc dng in do st nh trc tip s chy dc theo n. Trng hp ny c m
t bng Hnh A.7a trong gi thit rng st nh vo kt cu ti mt im bt k trn
mi.

CH THCH: Cc khong cch dw v dr c xc nh cho im ang xem xt.

Hnh A.7a - Trng t bn trong LPZ 1

CH THCH: Cc khong cch dw v dr c xc nh cho bin ca LPZ 2.

Hnh A.7b - Trng t bn trong LPZ 2
Hnh A.7 - nh gi cc gi tr ca trng t trong trng hp st nh trc
tip
i vi cng trng t H1 ti mt im bt k bn trong LPZ 1, p dng cng thc sau
(A/m)

(A.1)

trong
dr (m) l khong cch ngn nht gia im ang xt vi mi ca LPZ 1 c che chn;
dw (m) l khong cch ngn nht gia im ang xt vi tng ca LPZ 1 c che chn;
l0 (A) l dng in st trong LPZ 0A;
kh (1/

) l h s cu hnh, thng thng kh = 0,01;

wm (m) l rng mt li ca mn chn dng li ca LPZ 1.

Kt qu ca cng thc ny l gi tr cc i ca trng t trong LPZ 1 (lu ch thch
di y):
-

gy bi c st dng u tin (A.2)

gy bi c st m u tin (A.3)

gy bi cc st tip theo (A.4)

trong
IF/MAX (A) l gi tr cc i ca c st dng u tin ng vi cp bo v ny;
IFN/MAX (A) l gi tr cc i ca c st m u tin ng vi cp bo v ny;
IS/MAX (A) l gi tr cc i ca cc c st tip theo ng vi cp bo v ny.
CH THCH 1: Trng t gim i hai ln nu lp t mng lin kt dng mt li ph hp
vi 5.2.
Cc gi tr ny ca trng t ch ng vi mt th tch an ton Vs bn trong mn chn
dng li vi khong cch an ton ds/1 t mn chn (xem Hnh A.4):
ds/1 = wm x SF/10 (m) vi SF 10

(A.5)

ds/1 = wm (m) vi SF < 10

(A.6)

trong :
SF (dB) l h s che chn tnh c t cc cng thc ca Bng A.3;
wm (m) l rng mt li ca mn chn dng li
CH THCH 2: Kt qu thc nghim ca trng t bn trong LPZ 1 vi mn chn dng li
ch ra rng tng trng t gn mn chn l nh hn so vi kt qu tnh c t cc
cng thc trn.
V D
Xt mt v d, xem xt ba mn chn dng li bng ng vi cc kch thc cho trong
Bng A.2 v c rng mt li trung bnh l wm = 2 m (xem Hnh A.10). iu ny to ra
khong cch an ton l ds/1 = 2,0 m, xc nh th tch an ton VS. Cc gi tr hp l
caH1/MAX bn trong VS c tnh vi l0/MAX = 100 kA v c th hin trong Bng A.2.
Khong cch ti mi bng na chiu cao: dr = H / 2. Khong cch ti tng bng na
chiu di: dw = L / 2 ( gia) hay bng: dw = ds/1 (trng hp xu nht gn tng).
Bng A.2 - Cc v d vi l0MAX = 100 kA v wm = 2 m
Loi mn chn
(xem Hnh A.10)
1
2
3
A.4.1.2. Mn chn khng gian dng li ca LPZ 1 trong trng hp st nh
gn
Trng hp st nh gn c th hin trn Hnh A.8. Trng t ti xung quanh th tch
c che chn LPZ 1 c th c xp x di dng mt sng phng

Hnh A.8 - nh gi cc gi tr ca trng t trong trng hp st nh gn

H s che chn SF ca cc mn chn khng gian dng li i vi mt sng phng c
cho trong Bng A.3 di y.
Bng A.3 - Suy gim trng t ca cc mn chn khng gian dng li i vi
sng phng
SF (dB)a, b

Vt liu

ng hoc nhm
Thp

wm rng mt li ca mn chn dng li

rc bn knh cc thanh ca mn chn dng li
a

SF = 0 trong trng hp cc cng thc ny cho kt qu m.

SF tng 6 dB nu lp t mng lin kt dng li ng vi 5.2.

t thm tng i mr 200.

Cng trng t ti H0 c tnh ton bng cng thc:

H0 = l0 / (2 x p x sa) (A / m) vi SF 10
trong
l0 (A) l dng in st trong LPZ 0A;

(A.7)

sa (m) l khong cch gia im st nh v tm ca th tch c che chn.

T dn n cc gi tr cc i ca cng trng t trong LPZ 0
- H0/F/MAX = IF/MAX / (2 x p x sa) (A / m) gy bi c st dng u tin

(A.8)

- H0/FN/MAX = IFN/MAX / (2 x p x sa) (A / m) gy bi c st m u tin

(A.9)

- H0/S/MAX = IS/MAX / (2 x p x sa) (A / m) gy bi cc c st tip theo

(A.10)

trong
lF/MAX (A) l gi tr ln nht ca dng in st ca c st dng u tin ng vi cp bo v
chn;
lFN/MAX (A) l gi tr ln nht ca dng in st ca c st m u tin ng vi cp bo v
chn;
lS/MAX (A) l gi tr ln nht ca dng in st ca cc c st tip theo ng vi cp bo v
chn;
S suy gim ca H0 xung cn H1 trong LPZ 1 c th c suy ra t cc gi tr ca SFtrong
Bng A.3:
H1/MAX = H0/MAX/10SF/20 (A/m)

(A.11)

trong
SF (dB)

l h s che chn tnh ton t cc cng thc trong Bng A.3

H0/MAX (A/m)

l cng trng t trong LPZ 0.

T dn n cc gi tr cc i ca cng trng t trong LPZ 1

H1/F/MAX = H0/F/MAX / 10SF/20 (A / m) gy bi c st dng u
tin
(A.12)
H1/FN/MAX = H0/FN/MAX / 10SF/20 (A / m) gy bi c st m u tin

(A.13)

H1/S/MAX = H0/S/MAX / 10SF/20 (A / m)gy bi cc c st tip theo

(A.14)

Cc gi tr cng trng t ny ch ng vi th tch an ton VS bn trong mn chn

dng li vi khong cch an ton ds/2 tnh t mn chn (xem Hnh A.4).
ds/2 = wmSF/10(m) vi SF 10

(A.15)

ds/2 = wm (m) vi SF < 10

(A.16)

trong
SF (dB) l h s che chn tnh ton t cc cng thc trong Bng A.3
wm (m) l rng mt li ca mn chn dng li.
bit thm thng tin v vic tnh ton cng trng t bn trong cc mn chn
dng li trong trng hp st nh gn, xem A.4.3.
V D
Cng trng t H1/MAX bn trong LPZ 1 trong trng hp st nh gn ph thuc vo:
dng in st l0/MAX, h s che chn SF ca mn chn ca LPZ 1 v khong cchsa gia
knh st v tm ca LPZ 1 (xem Hnh A.8).
Dng in st l0/MAX ph thuc vo LPL chn (xem TCVN 9888-1 (IEC 62305-1)). H s
che chn SF (xem Bng A.3) ch yu l mt hm ca rng mt li ca mn chn
dng li. Khong cch sa l:
- khong cch cho trc gia tm ca LPZ 1 v mt vt th gn (v d mt ci ct)
trong trng hp st nh vo vt th , hoc
- khong cch ti thiu gia tm ca LPZ 1 v knh st trong trng hp st nh xung
t gn LPZ 1.
Vy nn iu kin xu nht l dng in ln nht l0/MAX kt hp vi khong cch sa gn
nht c th. Nh th hin trn Hnh A.9 th khong cch sa ti thiu ny l mt hm ca
chiu cao H v chiu di L (hay chiu rng W) ca kt cu (LPZ 1), v ca bn knh qu

cu ln r ng vi l0/MAX (xem Bng A.4), xc nh t m hnh in hnh hc (xem iu A.4

ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010))

Hnh A.9 - Khong cch sa ph thuc vo bn knh qu cu ln v cc kch thc

ca kt cu
Khong cch ny c th c tnh nh sau:
vi H < r

(A.17)

sa = r + L/2 vi H r

(A.18)

CH THCH: Vi cc khong cch gn hn gi tr ti thiu ny th st s nh trc tip vo

kt cu.
C th xc nh ba mn chn thng thng c cc kch thc cho trong Bng A.5. Mt
mn chn dng li bng ng gi thit c rng mt li trung bnh wm = 2 m. iu
ny dn n h s che chn l SF = 12,6 dB v khong cch an ton l ds/2 = 2,5 m, xc
nh mt th tch an ton VS. Cc gi tr ca H0/MAX v H1/MAX (gi s l hp l mi im bn
trong VS) c tnh vi l0/MAX = 100 kA v th hin trong Bng A.5.
Bng A.4 - Bn knh qu cu ln ng vi dng in st ln nht

Bng A.5 - V d vi l0/MAX = 100 kA v wm = 2 m ng vi SF = 12,6 dB

Loi mn chn
xem Hnh A.10
1
2
3
A.4.1.3. Mn chn khng gian dng li cho LPZ 2 v cao hn
cc mn chn dng li ca LPZ 2 v cao hn th khng c dng in st cc b ng
k no. Cho nn, trong cch tip cn u tin, s suy gim ca Hn xung cn Hn+1 c
thc tnh nh cho A.4.1.2 vi cc st nh gn:
Hn+1 = Hn/10SF/20 (A/m)

(A.19)

trong
SF (dB) l h s che chn t Bng A.3
Hn (A/m) l cng trng t bn trong LPZ n (A/m)
Nu Hn = H1 th cng trng t ny c th c tnh nh sau:
- Trong trng hp st nh trc tip vo mn chn dng li ca LPZ 1 th xem A.4.1.1
v Hnh A.7b, trong dw v dr l cc khong cch gia mn chn ca LPZ 2 vi tng v
mi.
- Trong trng hp st nh gn LPZ 1 th xem A.4.1.2 v Hnh A.8.
Cc gi tr cng trng t ny ch hp l trong th tch an ton VS bn trong mn
chn dng li vi khong cch an ton ds/2 t mn chn (nh nh ngha A.4.1.2 v
th hin trn Hnh A.4)
A.4.2. Tnh ton l thuyt cng trng t gy bi st nh trc tip
Trong A.4.1.1, cc cng thc nh gi cng trng t H1/MAX da trn cc php tnh
s i vi ba loi mn chn dng li thng thng nh th hin trn Hnh A.10. Trong cc
php tnh ny gi thit st nh vo mt cnh ca mi. Knh st c m phng bng
mt thanh dn thng ng vi di 100 m nh ca mi. Mt tm dn in l tng
m phng cho mt ni t.

Hnh A.10 - Cc loi mn chn dng li th tch ln

Trong tnh ton ny, trng t lin kt gia cc thanh trong mn chn dng li bao gm
tt c cc thanh v knh st m phng, c xem xt v to ra mt h phng trnh
tnh ton s phn b dng in st trn li. T s phn b dng in ny s suy ra
cng trng t bn trong mn chn. Gi thit rng in tr ca cc thanh c th
bqua. Vy nn s phn b dng in trn mn chn dng li v cng trng t l
khng ph thuc vo tn s. Ngoi ra b qua s lin kt in dung trnh cc nh
hng qu .
Vi trng hp ca loi mn chn 1 (xem Hnh A.10) th mt s kt qu c biu din
Hnh A.11 v A.12.

Hnh A.11 - Cng trng t H1/MAX bn trong mn chn dng li kiu 1

Hnh A.12 - Cng trng t H1/MAX bn trong mn chn dng li kiu 1 ng

vi rng mt li
CH THCH 1: Cc kt qu thc nghim ca trng t bn trong LPZ 1 vi mn chn dng
li ch ra rng tng ca trng t gn vi mn chn l nh hn tng tnh tcc
phng trnh trn
CH THCH 2: Cc kt qu tnh ton ny ch hp l vi cc khong cch ds/1 > wm ti mn
chn dng li.
Trong tt c cc trng hp th gi thit dng in st cc i l0/MAX = 100 kA. Trong c hai
Hnh A.11 v A.12 th H1/MAX l cng trng t cc i ti mt im, tnh theo cc
thnh phn Hx, Hy v Hz ca n:
(A.20)

Trong Hnh A.11 th H1/MAX c tnh dc theo on thng bt u t im st nh

(x =y = 0 m, z = 10 m) v kt thc tm ca khi (x = y = 5 m, z = 5 m). H1/MAX c v
di dng mt hm ca ta x cho cc im ca on thng ny, trong tham s l
rng mt li ca mn chn dng li.
Trong Hnh A.12, H1/MAX c tnh cho hai im bn trong mn chn (im A: x = y =
5m, z = 5 m; im B: x = y = 3 m, z = 7 m). Kt qu c v di dng hm ca rng
mt li wm.
C hai hnh u th hin cc nh hng ca cc tham s chnh chi phi s phn b trng
t bn trong mn chn dng li: khong cch t tng hay mi v rng mt li.
Trong Hnh A.11 quan st thy rng dc theo cc on thng khc xuyn qua th tch ca
mn chn c th c giao ct vi trc 0 v s i du ca cc thnh phn ca cng
trng t H1/MAX. V vy cc cng thc trong A.4.1.1 l cc xp x bc nht ca phn b
trng t thc (v phc tp hn) trong mn chn dng li.
A.4.3. Tnh ton thc nghim trng t gy bi st nh trc tip
C th xc nh trng t bn trong cc kt cu c che chn bng cch o c thc
nghim. Hnh A.13 th hin mt xut m phng st nh trc tip vo mt im bt
kca kt cu c che chn, s dng my pht dng in st. C th thc hin cc th
nghim nh th ny nh dng mt ngun dng in st m phng c mc dng in nh
hn nhng th hin cng dng sng vi phng in st thc t.

Hnh A.13 a - B tr th nghim

CH DN:
U thng c gi tr vi chc kV
C thng c gi tr vo chc nF
Hnh A.13b - My pht dng in st

Hnh A.13 - Th nghim mc thp tnh ton trng t bn trong mt kt cu

c che chn
A.5. Tnh ton cc in p v dng in cm ng
A.5.1. Quy nh chung
Ch xt n cc mch vng ch nht ng vi Hnh A.14. Cc mch vng c hnh dng
khc cn c bin i v cu hnh ch nht c cng din tch mch vng.

Hnh A.14 - Cc in p v dng in cm ng trn vng to bi cc ng dy

A.5.2. Tnh hung bn trong LPZ 1 trong trng hp st nh trc tip
i vi cng trng t H1 bn trong th tch VS ca LPZ 1 th p dng (xem A.4.1.1):
H1 = kh x I0 x wm/(dw x

) (A/m)

(A.21)

in p h mch UOC cho bi:

(A.22)
Gi tr nh UOC/MAX xut hin trong thi gian sn trc T1
(A.23)
trong
mo bng 4 x p x 10-7 (Vs)/(Am);
.........................
in p v dng in cm ng bi trng t ca cc st tip theo (T1 = 0,25 ms) cho bi:
(A.31)
(A.32)

trong
lF/MAX (kA) l gi tr cc i ca dng in ca c st dng u tin;
lFN/MAX (kA) l gi tr cc i ca dng in ca c st m u tin;
lS/MAX (kA) l gi tr cc i ca dng in ca cc st tip theo;
A.5.3. Tnh hung bn trong LPZ 1 trong trng hp st nh gn
Cng trng t H1 bn trong th tch VS ca LPZ 1 c gi s l ng nht (xem
A.4.1.2).
in p h mch UOC cho bi:
(A.33)
Gi tr nh UOC/MAX xut hin trong thi gian sn trc T1
(A.34)
trong
mo bng 4 x p x 10-7 (Vs)/(Am);
b (m) l rng ca mch vng;
H1 (A/m) l cng trng t ph thuc thi gian bn trong LPZ 1;
H1/MAX (A/m) l cng trng t cc i bn trong LPZ 1;
l (m) l chiu di ca mch vng;
T1 (s) l thi gian sn trc ca cng trng t, ging ht vi thi gian sn trc
ca dng in st nh vo.
Dng in ngn mch ISC cho bi:
ISC = mo x b x I x H1/LS (A)

(A.35)

trong in tr thun ca dy dn c b qua (trng hp xu nht).

Gi tr cc i lSC/MAX cho bi:
ISC/MAX = mo x b x I x H1/MAX / LS (A)

(A.36)

trong LS (H) l t cm ca mch vng ( tnh LS xem A.5.2)

in p v dng in cm ng bi trng t H1/F ca st dng u tin (T1 = 10 ms) cho
bi:
UOC/F/MAX = 0,126 x b x i x H1/F/MAX (V)
-6

ISC/F/MAX = 1,26 x 10 x b x I x H1/F/MAX / LS (A)

(A.37)
(A.38)

in p v dng in cm ng bi trng t H1/FN ca st m u tin (T1 = 1 ms) cho bi:

UOC/FN/MAX = 1,26 x b x I x H1/FN/MAX (V)
-6

ISC/FN/MAX = 1,26 x 10 x b x I x H1/FN/MAX / LS (A)

(A.39)
(A.40)

in p v dng in cm ng bi trng t H1/S ca cc st tip theo (T1 = 0,25 ms) cho

bi:
UOC/S/MAX = 5,04 x b x I x H1/S/MAX (V)

(A.41)

ISC/S/MAX = 1,26 x 10-6 x b x I x H1/S/MAX / LS (A)

(A.42)

trong
H1/F/MAX (A/m) l gi tr cc i ca cng trng t bn trong LPZ 1 gy ra bi c st
dng u tin;
H1/FN/MAX (A/m) l gi tr cc i ca cng trng t bn trong LPZ 1 gy ra bi c st
m u tin;
H1/S/MAX (A/m) l gi tr cc i ca cng trng t bn trong LPZ 1 gy ra bi cc c
st tip theo;

A.5.4. Tnh hung bn trong LPZ 2 v cao hn

Cng trng t Hn bn trong LPZ n vi n 2 c gi s l ng nht (xem A.4.1.3)
Vy nn p dng cng cc cng thc tnh ton cc in p v dng in cm ng
(A.4.1.2) trong H1 thay th bi Hn.
Ph lc B
(tham kho)
Lp t SPM cho mt kt cu c sn
B.1. Khi qut
i vi thit b bn trong cc kt cu c sn th khng phi lc no cng c th ph hp
vi SPM quy nh trong tiu chun ny. Ph lc ny nhm m t cc im chnh cn
nhc v cung cp cc thng tin v cc bin php bo v tuy khng bt buc nhng c th
gip tng cng s bo v chung c.
B.2. Danh mc kim tra
i vi cc kt cu c sn th cc bin php bo v thch hp cn phi tnh n kt cu
cho, iu kin ca kt cu v cc h thng in v in t c.
Mt b cc danh mc kim tra s to iu kin d dng cho vic phn tch ri ro v chn
cc bin php bo v thch hp nht.
c bit i vi cc kt cu c sn, cn thit lp mt s h thng cho vic tng
phn vng v cho vic ni t, lin kt, nh tuyn ng dy v che chn.
Nn s dng cc danh mc kim tra cho trong cc Bng B.1 n B.4 thu thp cc d
liu cn thit v kt cu c sn v kt cu lp t ca n. Da trn nhng d liu ny,
cn thc hin nh gi ri ro ph hp vi TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2) xc nh nhu cu
bo v v xc nh cc bin php bo v hiu qu nht v chi ph cn c s dng.
CH THCH 1: bit thm thng tin v bo v chng li nhiu in t (EMI) trong cc
kt cu lp t, xem TCVN 7447-4-44 (IEC 60364-4-44) [1]
Cc d liu thu thp nh danh mc kim tra cng c ch trong qu trnh thit k.
Bng B.1 - Cc c tnh kt cu v xung quanh
Mc

Cu hi

Khi xy, gch, g, b tng ct thp, kt cu khu

Mt kt cu ring l hay l cc khi c lin kt v

Kt cu phng v thp hay cao tng? (cc kch th

Ct gia c ct thp c ni v in trong ton k

Loi, kiu v cht lng ca vt liu kim loi mi

Mt tin kim loi c lin kt?

Khung kim loi ca ca s c lin kt?

C ca ca s?

Kt cu c trang b mt LPS bn ngoi?

10

Kiu v cht lng ca LPS ny?

11

Vt liu lm nn (, t)?

12
Chiu cao, khong cch v cch ni t ca cc
bit thng tin chi tit hy xem TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
Bng B.2 - Cc c tnh lp t
Mc
1

Cu hi

Kiu cc dch v ti (di t hay trn

Kiu trn khng (anten hay cc thit b

Kiu ngun cp (cao p, h p, trn u

i dy (s lng v v tr ca cc ng c

Dng ng cp kim loi?

Cc thit b ny t cha trong kt cu?

7
Dy dn kim loi ti cc kt cu khc?
bit thng tin chi tit hy xem TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
Bng B.3 - Cc c tnh thit b
Mc
1

a
b

Cu hi

a, b

Kiu lin kt ngoi ca h thng (cp nh

2
Cp chu ng ca h thng in t c
bit thng tin chi tit hy xem TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
bit thng tin chi tit hy xem ITU-T K.21[4], IEC 61000-4-5, IEC 61000-4-9 v IEC 61000-4-10.
Bng B.4 - Cc cu hi khc xem xt v khi nim bo v
Mc

Cu hi

Cu hnh ni t ngun cung cp - TN (T

V tr ca thit b

Cc lin kt gia dy dn chc nng n

bit thng tin chi tit hy xem Ph lc A.

B.3. Thit k SPM cho mt kt cu c sn

Bc u tin ca qu trnh thit k l lm vic vi danh mc kim tra ng vi iu B.2
v dn ra cc nh gi ri ro.
Nu vic phn tch ny ch ra rng cn c SPM th n cn c thc thi theo cc bc nu
Hnh B.1
Ch nh cc LPZ thch hp ti tt c cc v tr c thit b cn c bo v (xem 4.3).
Nn ca SPM ny cn l mt mng lin kt che chn bn ngoi. Mng ny cn c rng
mt li nh hn 5 m theo mi hng. Nu cch b tr ca kt cu khng cho php mng
lin kt che chn ny th t nht cn lp t mt vng dy dn bn trong tng bao ngoi
ca kt cu trn mi tng. Vng dy dn ny cn lin kt vi cc dy dn st ti LPS bn
ngoi.
CH THCH: Vic b sung cc bin php che chn vo mt ton nh c sn thng l
khng thc t v khng kinh t. Trong trng hp ny vic dng cc SPD cho mt la
chn hiu qu.
B.4. Thit k cc bin php bo v c bn cho LPZ
B.4.1. Thit k cc bin php bo v c bn cho LPZ 1
Cc bin php bo v cn da trn mng lin kt v che chn bn trong hay vng dy
dn bn trong tng bao ngoi, thng l bin ca LPZ 1. Nu tng bao ngoi khng
phi l bin ca LPZ 1 v khng th dng mt mng lin kt v che chn th mt vng
dy dn cn c lp t bin ca LPZ 1.
Vng dy dn ny cn phi ni vi vng dy dn ca tng bao ngoi ti t nht hai im
xa nhau nht c th.
B.4.2. Thit k cc bin php bo v c bn cho LPZ 2
Cc bin php bo v cn da trn mng lin kt v che chn bn trong hay vng dy
dn bn trong tng bao ngoi. Nu khng th dng mt mng lin kt v che chn th
mt vng dy dn cn c lp t bin ca cc LPZ 2. Nu mt LPZ 2 ln hn 5 m x 5

m th cn chia nh to ra cc mt li nh hn 5 m x 5 m. Vng dy dn ny cn phi

ni vi vng dy dn xung quanh LPZ 1 ti t nht hai im xa nhau nht c th.
B.4.3. Thit k cc bin php bo v c bn cho LPZ 3
Cc bin php bo v cn da trn mng lin kt v che chn bn trong hay vng dy
dn bn trong LPZ 2. Nu khng th dng mt mng lin kt v che chn th mt vng
dy dn cn c lp t bin ca cc LPZ 3. Nu mt LPZ 3 ln hn 5 m x 5 m th cn
chia nh to ra cc mt li nh hn 5 m x 5 m. Vng dy dn ny cn phi ni vi
vng dy dn xung quanh LPZ 2 ti t nht hai im xa nhau nht c th.
B.5. Lp t h thng SPD phi hp
Mt h thng SPD phi hp cn c thit k bo v cc cp ct qua bin ca cc LPZ
khc nhau.
Thit k cc bin php b sung s ci thin rt nhiu vic bo v bng cc h thng lin
kt v SPD.
Vic thit k cc khay cp, thang cp v nhng ci ging nh vy cn c ci thin
lm chng che chn thch hp cho cc cp chy trong v/hoc trn chng.
Nu c th, cn cn nhc cc bin php b sung v d che chn tng, sn, trn, v.v.,
cung cp thm bo v cho bo v p dng (xem iu 6).
Thit k cc bin php tng cng lin kt gia kt cu ang cn nhc v cc kt cu
khc (xem iu B.11).
Trong trng hp cc h thng bn trong mi c lp t vo mt kt cu c trang
b cc bin php bo v th quy trnh thit k phi c lm li cho v tr ca cc h thng
bn trong ny.
Mt qu trnh thit k hon chnh c minh ha trn lu (xem Hnh B.1)

Hnh B.1 - Cc bc thit k SPM dng cho mt kt cu c sn

B.6. Ci thin mt LPS c sn nh dng mn chn khng gian ca LPZ 1
Mt LPS c sn (ng vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3)) xung quanh LPZ 1 c th c ci
thin nh
- Tch hp mt tin v mi kim loi c sn vo LPS bn ngoi,

- S dng cc ct gia c kt cu ni lin tc v in t mi pha trn ti h thng u

tip t,
- Gim khong cch gia cc dy dn st v gim c mt li ca h thng u thu st
xung di 5 m (thng thng),
- Lp t cc dy dn kt ni linh hot qua cc mi ni b gia cc khi ct thp k nhau
nhng tch bit v mt kt cu.
B.7. Thit lp cc LPZ cho cc h thng in v in t
Ty thuc vo s lng, loi v nhy ca cc h thng in v in t th cc LPZ thch
hp bn trong c xc nh t cc khu vc cc b nh (v ca mt thit b in t ring
l) cho ti cc khu vc tch hp ln (ton b th tch ta nh).
Hnh B.2 th hin cc cch lp t LPZ thng thng cho vic bo v ca cc h thng
bn trong cung cp cc gii php thch hp khc nhau cho cc kt cu c sn c th:
Hnh B.2a th hin vic lp t mt LPZ 1 ring l, to ra mt th tch c bo v bn
trong kt cu tng th, v d tng cng cc mc in p chu ca cc h thng bn
trong:
- c th to ra LPZ 1 nh dng mt LPS theo TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3), gm m LPS
bn ngoi (u thu st, dy dn st v h thng u tip t) v mt LPS bn trong (lin
kt ng th st v ph hp vi cc khong cch tch bit).
- LPS bn ngoi bo v LPZ 1 chng st nh ti kt cu nhng trng t bn trong LPZ 1
vn gn nh khng b suy gim. iu ny l do cc u thu st v cc dy dn st c
rng mt li v khong cch thng ln hn 5 m, vy nn tc dng che chn khng gian
l rt nh nh gii thch trn.
- LPS bn trong cn lin kt tt c cc dch v i vo kt cu bin ca LPZ 1, bao gm
c vic lp t cc SPD i vi tt c cc ng dy in v tn hiu. iu ny m bo
rng cc t bin truyn trn cc dch v ti c gii hn ca vo nh cc SPD.
CH THCH: Cc giao din cch ly c th hu ch bn trong LPZ 1 trnh cc nhiu tn
s thp.

CH DN
E cc ng dy in
S cc ng dy tn hiu
Hnh B.2 a - LPZ1 khng c che chn s dng LPS v cc SPD li cc ng
dy i vo kt cu (v d i vi mc chu in p tng cng ca cc h thng
hoc i vi cc mch vng nh bn trong kt cu)

CH DN
E cc ng dy in
S cc ng dy tn hiu
Hnh B.2b - LPZ 1 khng c che chn vi bo v cho cc h thng mi bn
trong bng cch s dng cc ng dy tn hiu c che chn v cc SPD phi
hp trong cc ng dy in

CH DN
E cc ng dy in
S cc ng dy tn hiu
Hnh B.2c - LPZ1 khng c che chn v LPZ 2 c che chn c ln cho cc h
thng mi bn trong

CH DN
E cc ng dy in
S cc ng dy tn hiu
Hnh B.2d - LPZ 1 khng c che chn v hai LPZ 2 cc b cho cc h thng
mi bn trong
Hnh B.2 - Cc kh nng thit lp LPZ trong cc kt cu c sn
Hnh B.2b ch ra rng trong mt LPZ 1 khng c che chn th thit b mi cng cn c
bo v chng cc t bin dn. V d cc ng dy tn hiu c th c bo v nh dng
cc cp c v bc v cc ng dy in c th c bo v nh dng mt h thng SPD
phi hp. iu ny c th cn cc SPD ph tr th nghim vi lN v cc SPD ph tr
th nghim vi mt sng kt hp, cc SPD ny c lp t gn thit b v phi hp vi
cc SPD ca vo ca cc dch v. N cng c th cn loi cch in kp II ph tr ca
thit b.
Hnh B.2c th hin vic lp t mt LPZ 2 tch hp c ln bn trong LPZ 1 thch ng vi
cc h thng mi bn trong. Mn chn khng gian dng li ca LPZ 2 lm gim trng
t st ng k. pha tay tri, cc SPD c lp t bin ca LPZ 1 (chuyn tip
gia cc LPZ 0/1) v sau l bin ca LPZ 2 (chuyn tip gia cc LPZ 1/2) cn c
phi hp ph hp vi IEC 61643-12. pha tay phi, cc SPD c lp t bin
ca LPZ 1 cn c chn cho s chuyn tip trc tip gia cc LPZ 0/2 (xem C.3.5).
Hnh B.2d th hin vic to ra hai LPZ nh hn (cc LPZ 2) bn trong LPZ 1. Cc SPD ph
tr cho cc ng dy in cng nh tn hiu bin ca mi LPZ 2 cn c lp t. Cc
SPD ny cn c phi hp vi cc SPD bin ca LPZ 1 ph hp vi IEC 61643-12.
B.8. Bo v s dng mng lin kt
Cc h thng ni t tn s li c c th khng cung cp mt mt ng th tha mn
cc dng in st vi tn s ti vi MHz, v tr khng ca chng c th qu cao nhng
tn s ny.
Ngay c mt LPS c thit k ph hp vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) (cho php rng
mt li thng ln hn 5 m v cha c lin kt ng th st di dng mt phn bt

buc ca LPS bn trong) cng c th cha cho cc h thng bn trong nhy. iu ny

l do tr khng ca h thng lin kt ny c th vn qu cao cho ng dng ny.
Mt mng lin kt tr khng thp vi rng mt li thng nh hn hoc bng 5 m
thng c gi .
Thng thng mng lin kt khng nn dng lm dy dn in, tn hiu hay dy tr v.
Vy nn dy dn PE nn c tch hp vo mng lin kt cn dy dn PEN th khng.
c php lin kt trc tip dy dn ni t chc nng (v d t sch ring cho mt h
thng in t) ti mt mng lin kt tr khng thp v trong trng hp ny nhiu lin kt
vi cc ng dy in hay tn hiu s rt thp. Khng cho php lin kt trc tip vi dy
dn PEN hay ti cc phn kim loi no ni vi n trnh nhiu tn s li trong h
thng in t.
B.9. Bo v bng thit b bo v chng t bin
gii hn cc t bin truyn ti do st nh vo ng dy in th nn lp t cc
SPD ca vo ca tt c cc LPZ bn trong (xem Hnh B.2 v Hnh B.8, s 3).
Trong cc ta nh c cc SPD khng phi hp th c th gy ra cc h hi ti h thng
bn trong nu mt SPD pha di hay mt SPD bn trong thit b ngn cn s hot ng
thch hp ca SPD li vo dch v.
duy tr hiu qu ca cc bin php bo v thc hin, cn lp h s cc v tr ca tt
c cc SPD lp t.
B.10. Bo v bng cc giao din cch ly
Cc dng in nhiu tn s li chy qua cc thit b v cc ng dy tn hiu lin kt
vi cc thit b c th gy bi cc mch vng ln hay s thiu mt mng lin kt tr
khng thp. chng li nhiu ny (ch yu trong lp t TN-C) th mt s tch bit
thch hp gia cc lp t c v mi c th thu c nh dng cc giao din cch ly, v
d:
- thit b cch ly loi II (tc l cch ly kp khng c dy dn PE),
- my bin p cch ly,
- cp si quang khng kim loi,
- b ghp quang.
CH THCH: Cn cn thn rng cc v bc thit b kim loi khng c c lin kt in
ha khng mong mun ti mng lin kt hay ti cc phn kim loi khc, nhng nh vy
ngha l chng c cch ly. y l tnh hung trong phn ln cc trng hp v thit b
in t lp t trong phng gia nh hay cng s u c ni ti im t ch thng qua
cc cp lin kt.
B.11. Cc bin php bo v bng cch nh tuyn v che chn ng dy
Vic i dy v che chn thch hp l cc bin php hiu qu gim s qu p cm ng.
Cc bin php ny c bit quan trng nu hiu qu che chn khng gian ca LPZ 1 l rt
nh. Trong trng hp ny, cc nguyn tc sau cho s bo v ci thin hn:
- gim thiu din tch mch vng cm ng
- cn trnh vic cp in cho thit b mi t ng dn chnh c v vic ny to ra mt
in tch mch vng cm ng khp kn ln, lm tng ng k nguy c h hi. Ngoi ra,
vic i dy in v tn hiu k bn nhau c th trnh c cc mch vng ln (xem Hnh
B.8, s 8);
- dng cp c v bc - v ca cc dy tn hiu cn lin kt t nht mt trong hai u,
- dng ng cp kim loi hay cc tm kim loi lin kt - cc ming kim loi ring bit cn
lin kt tt v in vi nhau v chiu di tng hp cn lin kt mt trong hai u. Cc
lin kt cn c thc hin bng cch bt bu lng cc phn chm ln nhau hoc bng
cch dng dy dn kt ni. gi cho tr khng ca cp l thp th nhiu bu lng hoc
ai cn c phn b trn chu vi ca ng cp (xem IEC 61000-5-2) [6].
Cc v d i dy v cc k thut che chn tt c cho trn cc Hnh B.3 v B.4.

CH THCH: Khi khong cch gia cc dy tn hiu v cc thit b in t trn cc din

tch chung (din tch ny khng c thit k ring cho cc h thng in t) l ln hn
10 m th nn s dng cc dy tn hiu cn bng vi cc cng cch ly in ha thch hp
(v d cc b ghp quang), cc my bin p cch ly tn hiu hay cc b khuch i cch
ly. Ngoi ra vic dng cp ba trc cng c li.

CH DN
1 PE, ch khi dng thit b loi I
2 V bc cp ty chn cn lin kt hai u
3 Tm kim loi lm tm che ph tr (xem Hnh B.4)
4 Din tch mch vng nh
CH THCH: Do c din tch mch vng nh nn in p cm ng gia v cp v tm kim
loi l nh.
Hnh B.3 - Gim din tch mch vng nh dng cp c v bc gn vi mt tm
kim loi

CH DN
1 C nh cp c hay khng c lin kt v cp vi tm kim loi
2 cc bin, trng t l cao hn gia tm kim loi
E Cc ng dy in
S Cc ng dy tn hiu
Hnh B.4 - V d mt tm kim loi che chn thm
B.12. Bin php bo v cc thit b lp t bn ngoi
B.12.1. Quy nh chung

Cc v d cc thit b lp t bn ngoi gm: mi loi cm bin k c anten; cc cm bin

kh tng; camera TV gim st; cc cm bin tip xc trc tip vi cc qu trnh trong
nh my (p sut, nhit , lu lng, v tr van...) v bt k thit b in, in t, v
tuyn no v tr bn ngoi cc kt cu, cc ct tr, cc bnh cha.
B.12.2. Bo v cc thit b bn ngoi
Bt c khi no c th, cn a cc thit b ny vo vng bo v LPZ 0B v d bng cch
dng mt u thu st ti ch bo v n khi b st nh trc tip (xem Hnh B.5).
cc kt cu cao th phng php qu cu ln (xem TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3)) cn
c p dng xc nh cc thit b c lp t nh hay cnh ca ta nh l c th
b st trc tip. Nu c nh vy th cc u thu st ph tr cn c dng. Trong rt nhiu
trng hp th cc lan can, thang, ng... c th thc hin mt cch y nhim v ca
mt u thu st. Tt c cc thit b, tr mt s loi anten, c th c bo v theo cch
ny. Cc anten thnh thong phi c t cc v tr khng c bo v hot ng
ca chng khng b nh hng xu bi cc dy dn st gn . Mt s thit k anten bn
thn n c tnh t bo v v ch cc phn t dn c ni t tt mi l ra cho st. Cc
anten khc c th cn c cc SPD lp t cp tip sng ca chng trnh cc qu
qu mc chy theo cp xung ti b thu hay b chuyn pht. Khi c sn mt LPS bn
ngoi th b ca anten cn c lin kt vi n.

CH DN
1 Thanh thu st
2 Tr thp c cc anten

3 Lan can
4 Ct thp c ni vi nhau
5 ng dy n t LPZ 0B cn mt SPD u vo
6 Cc ng dy n t LPZ 1 (bn trong tr thp) c th khng cn cc SPD li vo
r Bn knh qu cu ln
Hnh B.5 - Bo v anten v cc thit b bn ngoi khc
B.12.3. Gim qu in p trong cp
Cc in p v dng in cm ng cao c th c ngn chn bng cch i cp trong cc
ng dn kim loi c lin kt. Tt c cc cp dn ti mt thit b c th cn ri ng cp
mt im duy nht. Mi khi c th, nn tn dng ti a c tnh che chn vn c ca kt
cu bng cch i tt c cc cp cng nhau trong cc thit b dng ng ca kt cu. Khi
khng th, nh trng hp bnh cha qu trnh, cc cp nn i pha ngoi v gn vi kt
cu v s dng cng nhiu cng tt s che chn t nhin ca cc ng kim loi, cc thang
thp c thanh lm bc v bt k vt liu dn in no c lin kt tt (xem Hnh B.6).
cc ct dng cc phn t gc hnh ch L th cp nn t trong gc ca ch L c
bo v ti a (xem Hnh B.7).

CH DN
1 Bnh cha qu trnh
2 Thang c thanh lm bc
3 ng
CH THCH: A, B, C l cc la chn tt lm v tr khay cp.
Hnh B.6 - T che chn nh cc thang v ng c lin kt

CH DN
1 Cc v tr l tng cho cp gc ca dm ch L
2 Cc v tr thay th cho khay cp lin kt trong ct
Hnh B.7 - Cc v tr l tng cho cc dy dn trong mt ct (mt ct ngang
ca ct thp mng kim loi)
B.13. Tng cng lin kt gia cc kt cu
B.13.1. Khi qut
Cc ng dy lin kt gia cc kt cu khc nhau c th l
- Cch in (cp si quang khng kim loi), hoc
- Kim loi (v d cp dy dn, cp nhiu rut, ng dn sng, cp ng trc hay cp si
quang c thnh phn kim loi lin tc).
Cc yu cu bo v ph thuc vo loi ng dy, s lng ng dy v h thng u
tip t ca kt cu c c ni vi nhau khng.
B.13.2. Cc dy cch in
Nu cc cp si quang khng kim loi (ngha l khng c v kim loi, mng chng thm
kim loi v dy kim loi) c dng lin kt cc kt cu ring bit th khng cn
bin php bo v no cho cc cp ny.
B.13.3. Cc dy kim loi
Khng c s kt ni thch hp gia h thng u tip t ca cc kt cu tch bit th cc
dy kt ni s to ra mt ng dn tr khng thp cho dng in st. iu ny c th
dn n kt qu l mt phn ng k ca dng in st s chy trong cc dy kt ni
ny. Trong trng hp ny:
- Lin kt yu cu, trc tip hay qua mt SPD, li vo c hai LPZ 1 s ch bo v thit b
bn trong, trong khi cc ng dy bn ngoi vn khng c bo v.
- Cc ng dy ny c th c bo v bng cch lp t mt dy dn lin kt b sung
song song. Dng in st khi s c chia s gia cc ng dy v dy dn lin kt
ny;
- Khuyn co rng cc dy ny nn i trong cc ng cp kim loi gn v lin kt vi nhau.
Trong trng hp ny cc dy cng nh cc thit b u c bo v.
Khi thc hin kt ni thch hp gia cc h thng u tip t ca cc kt cu tch ri
ny th vic bo v cc ng dy bng cc ng dn kim loi lin kt vi nhau vn c
khuyn co. Trng hp c nhiu cp i gia cc kt cu c kt ni th o gip ca cc
cp ny (lin kt c hai u) c th c dng thay cho cc ng dn cp.
B.14. Tch hp cc h thng mi bn trong vo kt cu c
Khi thm cc h thng mi bn trong vo mt kt cu c th h thng lp t hin c
c th hn ch cc bin php bo v c th chn.
Hnh B.8 th hin mt v d trong mt s lp t c trc (th hin bn tri) c
lin kt vi s lp t mi (th hin bn phi). S lp t c trc c cc hn ch ln
cc bin php bo v c th s dng. Tuy nhin vic thit k v quy hoch h thng lp
t mi c th cho php p dng mi bin php bo v cn thit.

CH DN
1 li in c (TN-C, TT, IT)

E ng dy in

2 li in mi (TN-S, TN-CS, TT, IT)

S ng dy tn hiu (bc hoc khng bc)

3 thit b bo v chng t bin (SPD)

ET h thng u tip t

4 cch in chun cp I

BN mng lin kt

5 cch in kp cp II khng c PE

PE dy ni t bo v

6 my bin p cch ly

FE dy ni t chc nng (nu c)

7 b ghp quang hoc cp si quang

ng dy in ba si: L, N, PE

8 tuyn dy in v dy tn hiu cnh

nhau

ng dy in hai si: L, N

9 ng cp c v bc

im lin kt (PE, FE, BN)

Hnh B.8 - Nng cp SPM trong cc kt cu c

B.15. Tng quan v cc bin php bo v c th thc hin
B.15.1. Ngun in
Ngun li c (xem Hnh B.8, s 1) trong kt cu thng l loi TN-C, loi ny c th
to ra nhiu tn s li. Nhiu ny c th trnh bng cc giao din cch ly (xem di
y).
Nu ngun li mi (xem Hnh B.8, s 2) c lp t th thng khuyn dng loi TN-S.
B.15.2. Thit b bo v chng t bin
iu khin cc t bin truyn trn cc dy th cc SPD cn c lp t li vo ca
tt c cc LPZ v c th thit b cn bo v (xem Hnh B.8, s 3 v Hnh B.2).
B.15.3. Giao din cch ly
trnh nhiu c th dng cc giao din cch ly gia cc thit b c v mi: thit b
c cch in loi II (xem Hnh B.8, s 5), cc bin p cch ly (xem Hnh B.8, s 6), cc
cp si quang hay si ghp quang (Hnh B.8, s 7).
B.15.4. nh tuyn v che chn ng dy
Cc mch vng ln c th dn n cc dng in v in p cm ng rt cao. C th
trnh iu ny bng cch i dy in v tn hiu cnh nhau (xem Hnh B.8, s 8), nh

gim thiu din tch mch vng. Nn s dng cc dy tn hiu c v bc. i vi cc kt

cu m rng th vic bao bc ph tr (v d bng cc ng cp kim loi c lin kt) cng
c ngh. Tt c cc v bc ny cn c lin kt hai u.
Cc bin php i dy v che chn tr nn quan trng hn khi hiu qu chn ca mn
chn khng gian ca LPZ 1 gim xung v khi din tch mch vng tng ln.
B.15.5. Mn chn khng gian
Mn chn khng gian ca mt LPZ chng trng t st cn rng mt li nh hn 5 m.
Mt LPZ 1 to bi mt LPS thng thng bn ngoi ng vi TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3)
(u thu st, dy dn st v h thng u tip t) c cc rng mt li l thng ln
hn 5 m, to ra cc hiu ng che chn rt nh. Nu cn hiu qu che chn cao hn th
LPS bn ngoi cn c nng cp (xem iu B.4).
LPZ 1 v cao hn c th cn mn chn khng gian bo v cc h thng bn trong
khng ph hp vi yu cu v pht x v min nhim tn s radio bc x.
B.15.6. Lin kt
Lin kt ng th cho cc dng in st vi tn s ti vi MHz cn mt mng lin kt
dng li tr khng thp c rng mt li thng l 5 m. Tt c cc dch v i vo mt
LPZ cn c lin kt trc tip hay qua mt SPD thch hp, cng gn vi bin ca LPZ
cng tt.
Nu trong cc kt cu c sn m cc iu kin ny khng th c y th cn cung
cp cc bin php bo v thch hp khc.
B.16. Nng cp ngun cung cp v vic lp t cp trong mt kt cu
H thng phn phi in trong cc kt cu c (xem Hnh B.8, s 1) thng l TN-C. Nhiu
tn s 50/60 Hz xut hin do s kt ni gia cc dy tn hiu c ni t vi dy dn
PEN c th trnh c nh
- Cc giao din cch ly s dng thit b in loi II hay cc my bin p cch ly kp. iu
ny c th l gii php nu ch c mt lng nh cc thit b in t (xem iu B.5).
- Thay i h thng phn phi in sang loi TN-S (xem Hnh B.8, s 2). y l mt gii
php ngh, c bit cho cc h thng m rng ca cc thit b in t.
Yu cu ni t, lin kt v nh tuyn ng dy cn c thc hin.
Ph lc C
(tham kho)
La chn v lp t h thng SPD phi hp
C.1. Gii thiu
St nh vo kt cu (ngun gy thit hi S1), nh gn kt cu (S2), nh vo dch v
ni ti kt cu (S3) v nh gn dch v ni ti kt cu (S4) c th gy ra cc li hay hot
ng sai cho cc h thng bn trong (xem 5.1 ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 623051:2010)).
Ph lc ny cung cp cc thng tin v vic la chn v lp t mt h thng SPD phi
hp. Cc thng tin thm c th c trong IEC 61643-12 v IEC 60364-5-53 trong cp
ti vic bo v chng qu dng v cc hu qu trong trng hp hng mt SPD.
Li do cc t bin vt qu mc min nhim ca thit b in t khng c cp n
trong b tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305). Tham kho IEC 61000-4-5 gii quyt vn
ny.
Tuy nhin cc t bin st thng gy sai li cho cc h thng in v in t do s nh
thng cch in hoc khi cc qu in p vt qu cp cch in thng thng ca thit
b.
Thit b c bo v nu in p chu xung danh nh Uw cc u ni ca n (in p
chu ch thng thng) l ln hn qu in p t bin gia cc dy dn mang in v
t. Nu khng SPD phi c lp t.
SPD nh vy s bo v thit b nu mc bo v in p hiu qu UPIF ca n (mc bo
v UP nhn c khi dng in phng danh ngha In cng thm st p cm ng DU ca

cc dy ni) l nh hn UW. Cn lu rng nu dng phng in xy ra im lp t

ca SPD vt qu In ca SPD th mc bo v UP phi ln hn, v UPIF c th vt qu mc
chu ca thit b UW. Trong trng hp ny thit b khng cn c bo v na. Ko theo l
dng in danh nh In ca SPD cn c chn ln hn hoc bng dng phng in st
c k vng thi im lp t.
Xc sut mt SPD vi UPIF UW khng bo v thit b m n c d kin bo v l
bng xc sut dng in phng ti im lp t SPD ny vt qu dng in m ti
UP c xc nh.
Vic tnh ton cc dng in k vng ti cc im khc nhau trong h thng lp t c
cho trong Ph lc E ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010), v da vo LPL c xc
nh theo TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2). Mt phn tch hon chnh v vic phn chia dng
in l cn thit khi xem xt s kin S1. Ph lc D ca tiu chun ny cung cp cc thng
tin thm.
Cng nn lu rng vic chn mt SPD vi gi tr UP thp hn (so vi UW ca thit b) to
ra mt in p thp hn cho thit b v vic ny khng ch lm gim xc sut h hng m
cn ko di tui th.
Cc gi tr xc sut PSPD di dng hm ca LPL ny c cho trong Bng B.3 caTCVN
9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).
CH THCH: Cc gi tr ca PSPD i vi cc SPD cung cp cc c tnh bo v tt hn c
th c xc nh nu c c tnh in p theo dng in ca SPD .
Cui cng, tm quan trng ca vic p dng SPD bo v mch in cng nh mch tn
hiu l hin nhin nu cn to ra mt h thng SPD phi hp.
C.2. La chn cc SPD
C.2.1. La chn theo mc bo v in p
Vic chn mc bo v in p thch hp ca SPD ph thuc vo
- in p chu xung UW ca thit b cn bo v;
- di ca cc dy dn ni ti SPD;
- di v cch i dy ca mch in gia SPD v thit b.
in p chu xung UW ca thit b cn bo v cn c xc nh cho
- Thit b ni vi ng dy in theo IEC 60664-1 v IEC 61643-12,
- Thit b ni vi ng dy vin thng theo IEC 61643-22, ITU-T K.20 [3], K.21[4] v K45[5],
- Cc ng dy khc v cc u cc khc ca thit b theo cc thng tin thu c t nh
ch to.
CH THCH 1: Mc bo v Up ca mt SPD lin h vi in p d lc dng in bng dng
danh nh nh ngha In. Vi cc dng in ln hn hoc nh hn i qua SPD ny th gi
tr in p gia cc cc ca SPD s thay i cho ph hp.
CH THCH 2: Mc in p bo v Up cn c so snh vi in p chu xung UW ca thit
b, cn c th nghim trong cng cc iu kin nh ca SPD (dng sng qu p v qu
dng v nng lng, thit b c in, v.v...). Vn ny ang c xem xt.
CH THCH 3: Thit b c th c cc thnh phn SPD bn trong. Cc c tnh ca cc SPD
bn trong ny c th nh hng n s phi hp.
Khi mt SPD c ni vi thit b cn bo v th in p cm ng ri DU trn cc dy dn
kt ni s cng thm vo mc bo v UP ca SPD . Mc bo v hiu qu UPIF, nh ngha
l in p u ra ca SPD to ra t mc bo v v in p ri trn dy dn cc dy
ni (xem Hnh C.1) c th c gi s nh sau:
UPIF = UP + DU i vi cc loi SPD gii hn in p
UPIF = max(UP, DU) i vi cc loi SPD o mch in p
CH THCH 4: i vi mt s loi SPD o mch in p cn thm in p h quang
vo DU. in p h quang ny c th ln c vi trm vn. i vi cc loi SPD phi hp
th c th cn nhng cng thc phc tp hn.

Khi SPD ny c lp t ln ng dy li vo ca kt cu th cn gi s DU = 1 kV
trn 1 m chiu di. Khi chiu di ca cc dy dn kt ni l 0,5 m th c th gi
s UPIF= 1,2 x UP. Khi SPD ny ch mang cc t bin cm ng th DU c th b qua.
Trong trng thi lm vic ca mt SPD th in p gia cc cc ca SPD b gii hn
tiUPIF v tr ca SPD. Nu chiu di ca mch in gia SPD ny v thit b l qu di th
s lan truyn ca cc t bin c th dn n hin tng dao ng. Trong trng hp cc
cc ca thit b h mch th iu ny c th lm tng qu in p ti 2 x UPIF v c th
gy ra li thit b ngay c khi UPIF < UW.
Cc thng tin v dy dn kt ni, cu hnh kt ni v cc mc chu dy chy ca cc SPD
c th thy IEC 61643-12 v IEC 60364-5-53.
Ngoi ra nhng st nh ti kt cu hay xung t gn kt cu c th cm ng ra mt
qu in p U1 trong mch vng gia SPD v thit b, in p ny thm vo UPIF nn lm
gim hiu qu bo v ca SPD ny. Cc qu in p cm ng tng cng vi kch thc
ca mch vng (cch i dy: di ca mch, khong cch gia PE v cc dy dn tch
cc, din tch mch vng gia cc dy in v dy tn hiu) v gim cng vi s suy gim
ca cng trng t (che chn khng gian v/hoc che chn dy).
CH THCH 5: tnh ton qu in p cm ng U1 hy p dng iu A.4.
Cc h thng bn trong c bo v nu
chng c phi hp nng lng vi cc SPD pha trn v
mt trong s cc iu kin sau c thc hin:
1) UPIF UW: khi chiu di mch gia SPD v thit b l rt nh (trng hp thng thng
khi mt SPD c lp t cc cc ca thit b).
2) UPIF 0,8 UW: khi chiu di mch nh hn 10 m (trng hp thng thng khi mt SPD
c lp t bng phn phi in th cp hoc mt cm).
CH THCH 6: Trong trng hp sai li ca cc h thng bn trong c th gy cht ngi
hoc mt dch v cng cng th cn xt n s tng gp i in p do dao ng v i
hi tiu ch UPIF UW/2
3) UPIF (UW - Ul)/2: khi chiu di mch ln hn 10 m (trng hp thng thng khi mt
SPD c lp t li vo ca dy dn i vo kt cu hoc mt s trng hp bng
phn phi in th cp).
CH THCH 7: i vi cc ng dy vin thng c v bc th c th p dng cc yu cu
khc do dc ca u sng. Thng tin v hiu ng ny c cho Chng 10 ca s
tay v st ITU-T[7].
Nu s che chn khng gian ca kt cu (hay ca cn phng) v/hoc s che chn dy
(dng cc cp c v bc hay cc ng cp kim loi) c cung cp th qu in p
cmng Ul thng rt b v c th b qua trong phn ln cc trng hp.

CH DN
I dng in st cc b
UL qu in p cm ng
UPIF = UP + DU in p t bin gia dy mang in v thanh lin kt
UP in p gii hn ca SPD
DU = DUL1 + DUL2 in p cm ng ri trn cc dy lin kt
H, dH/dt cng trng t v o hm theo thi gian ca n.
CH THCH: in p t bin UPIF gia dy dn c in v thanh lin kt l cao hn mc
bo v UP ca SPD, v c in p cm ng ri DU cc dy dn lin kt (ngay c khi cc
gi tr cc i ca UP v DU khng cn thit xut hin cng mt lc). Ngha l, dng in
st cc b chy qua SPD ny s cm ng ra in p ph vo mch vng pha c bo
v ca mch in theo sau SPD . Vy nn in p cc i nguy him cho thit b ni
vo c th ln hn nhiu mc bo v UP ca SPD .
Hnh C.1 - in p t bin gia dy dn mang in v thanh lin kt
C.2.2. La chn theo v tr v dng phng in
Cc SPD cn chu c dng phng in k vng khi c lp t ph hp vi Ph lc E
ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010). Vic s dng cc SPD ph thuc vo kh
nng chu ca chng, c phn loi trong IEC 61643-1 cho cc h thng in v trong
IEC 61643-21 cho cc h thng vin thng.
Vic chn gi tr danh nh ca dng phng in cho cc SPD b nh hng bi loi cu
hnh kt ni v loi mng phn phi in. Cc thng tin thm c th thy trong IEC
61643-12 v IEC 60364-5-53.
Cc SPD cn c chn ng vi v tr d nh s lp t chng, nh sau:
a) li vo ca dy i vo kt cu ( bin ca LPZ 1, v d bng phn phi in chnh
MB):
SPD th nghim vi Iimp (th nghim loi I)
Dng in xung yu cu Iimp ca SPD cn cung cp cho dng in st cc b k vng ti
thi im lp t ny da trn LPL chn ng vi iu E.2 (ngun gy thit hi S1)
v/hoc E.3.1 (ngun gy thit hi S3) ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).
SPD th nghim vi In (th nghim loi II)
Loi SPD ny c th dng khi cc dy dn i vo hon ton trong LPZ 0 B hay khi xc sut
xy ra li ca SPD ny gy ra do cc ngun gy thit hi S1 v S3 c th b qua. Dng
phng in yu cu In ca SPD ny cn cung cp cho mc t bin k vng thi im lp
t da trn LPL chn v cc qu dng in lin quan, ng vi E.3.2 ca TCVN 98881:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).

CH THCH 1: Nguy c xy ra li ca cc SPD gy ra do cc ngun gy thit hi S1 v S3

c th b qua nu tng s cc st nh trc tip vo kt cu (ND) v vo ng dy (NL)
tha mn iu kin ND + NL 0,01
b) gn thit b cn bo v ( bin ca LPZ 2 v cao hn, v d bng phn phi in
th cp SB, hay mt cm SA).
SPD th nghim vi In (th nghim loi II)
Dng phng in danh nh cn thit In ca SPD ny cn cung cp cho dng in t bin
k vng thi im lp t ny, da trn LPL chn v cc qu dng in lin quan ng
vi iu E.4 ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).
CH THCH 2: Mt SPD c cc c tnh ca th nghim loi I v loi II c th dng v tr
ny.
SPD th nghim vi sng kt hp UOC (th nghim loi III)
Loi SPD ny c th dng khi cc ng dy i vo hon ton trong LPZ 0B hay khi nguy
c li gy ra do cc ngun gy thit hi S1 v S3 c th b qua. in p nh mc h
mch yu cu UOC ca SPD ny (t c th xc nh dng in ngn mch ISC, v th
nghim loi III c tin hnh nh dng mt my pht sng kt hp c tr khng 2 W)
cung cp mc t bin k vng im lp t, da trn LPL chn v cc qu dng in
lin quan, ph hp vi iu E.4 ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010).
C.3. Lp t h thng SPD phi hp
C.3.1. Quy nh chung
Hiu qu ca mt h thng SPD phi hp khng ch ph thuc vo vic la chn cc SPD
thch hp m cn ph thuc vo vic lp t chng ng n. Cc kha cnh cn xem xt
bao gm:
v tr ca SPD;
cc dy dn kt ni.
C.3.2. V tr lp t cc SPD
V tr ca cc SPD cn ph hp vi C.2.2 v b nh hng ch yu bi:
ngun gy thit hi c th, v d st nh vo kt cu (S1), vo ng dy (S3), xung
t gn kt cu (S2) hay xung t gn ng dy (S4),
c hi gn nht chuyn hng dng in t bin xung t (cng gn ti im vo
ca dy vo trong kt cu cng tt).
Tiu ch u tin phi cn nhc l: SPD cng gn vi im i vo ca ng dy ti
thSPD ny cng bo v c nhiu thit b bn trong kt cu (li ch kinh t). Sau tiu
ch th hai cn kim tra: SPD cng gn thit b c bo v th vic bo v n cng hiu
qu (li ch k thut).
C.3.3. Dy ni
Cc dy ni ca cc SPD phi c tit din ti thiu nh cho Bng 1.
C.3.4. Phi hp cc SPD
Trong mt h thng SPD phi hp, cc SPD ni tng cn c phi hp v nng lng ng
vi IEC 61643-12 v/hoc IEC 61643-22. Nhm mc ch ny, nh ch to SPD cn cung
cp y thng tin t c s phi hp nng lng gia cc SPD ca nh ch to
.
C.3.5. Quy trnh lp t mt h thng SPD phi hp
Mt h thng SPD phi hp cn c lp t nh sau:
li ng dy i vo kt cu ( bin ca LPZ 1, v d im lp t MB) lp SPD 1
thc hin cc yu cu ca C.2.2
Xc nh in p chu xung UW ca cc h thng bn trong cn bo v.
Chn mc bo v in p UP1 ca SPD 1
Kim tra cc yu cu ca C.2.1 tha mn hay cha.

Nu yu cu ny c tha mn th thit b ny c bo v y bi SPD 1. Nu

khng, cn mt (hoc nhiu) SPD 2 ph tr.
Nu cn SPD 2, ch gn hn vi thit b ( bin ca LPZ 2, v d im lp t SB hay
SA), lp t SPD 2 thc hin cc yu cu ca C.2.2 v cn c phi hp v nng
lng vi SPD 1 pha trn (xem C.3.4).
Chn mc bo v UP2 ca SPD 2.
Kim tra cc yu cu ca C.2.1 tha mn hay cha.
Nu yu cu ny c tha mn th thit b ny c bo v y bi SPD 1 v
SPD 2.
Nu khng, gn thit b (v d im lp t cm SA), cn mt (hoc nhiu) SPD 3
thc hin cc yu cu ca C.2.2 v cn c phi hp v nng lng vi SPD 1 v SPD
2 pha trn (xem C.2.3),
Kim tra iu kin UPIF3 UW c tha mn hay cha (xem C.2.1).
Ph lc D
(tham kho)
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn cc SPD
D.1. Gii thiu
Iimp, lmax v In l cc tham s th nghim s dng khi th nghim ch lm vic i vi
cc th nghim loi I v loi II. Chng lin h vi cc gi tr cc i ca cc dng phng
in, cc dng in ny c k vng s xut hin vi mc xc sut LPL v tr lp t
SPD trong h thng. lmax lin quan vi cc th nghim loi II v Iimp lin quan vi cc th
nghim loi I.
Cc gi tr u tin ca Iimp, Q, W/R ng vi IEC 61643-11[8] tng lai c sao li trong
Bng D.1.
Bng D.1 - Cc gi tr u tin ca Iimpa
Iimpb
kA
Q (C)
W/R (kJ/W)
a

Bng D.1 ni n cc SPD ni dy-trung tnh (kt ni CT1).

Thng th Iimp c kt hp vi cc dng sng di hn (v d 10/350 ms) so vi lmax.

Xem IEC 60365-5-53:2001.

D.2. Cc yu t xc nh ng sut m SPD phi chu

ng sut m mt SPD s phi chu trong cc iu kin t bin l mt hm ca rt nhiu
thng s phc tp v c quan h vi nhau. Chng bao gm:
V tr ca cc SPD trong kt cu - xem Hnh D.1;
Cch thc ghp st nh vi c cu (xem Hnh D.2) - v d st nh trc tip vo LPS
(S1) ca kt cu hay thng qua hin tng cm ng trn cc vng dy ca ta nh gy
bi mt st nh gn (S2), hay qua cc dch v cp vo kt cu (S3 v S4);
S phn b ca cc dng in st bn trong kt cu - v d phn no ca dng in st
chy vo h thng ni t v phn cn li no t tm mt li i ti t xa thng qua cc
dch v i vo kt cu nh h thng phn phi in, cc ng kim loi, cc dch v vin
thng,... v cc SPD lin kt ng th dng trong chng;
in tr v in cm ca cc dch v i vo kt cu, v cc thnh phn ny nh hng
n gi tr dng in nh I v h s phn b in tch Q;

 Cc dch v dn in ph khc ni vi c cu - chng s mang mt phn ca dng in

st nh trc tip v do lm gim phn chy qua h thng phn phi in qua cc
SPD lin kt ng th st. Cn ch ti tnh thng trc ca cc dch v ny bng cch
c th thay th bng cc phn cch in;
Loi dng sng ang xem xt - khng th ch xem xt n gin dng in nh m SPD
phi dn trong cc iu kin t bin, m cng phi xem xt dng sng ca t bin ny
(v d 10/350 ms bao gm dng in st trc tip v ring phn, 8/20 ms bao gm dng
in st cm ng) v khi in tch Q;
Bt k kt cu ph thm no lin kt vi kt cu chnh thng qua dch v nng lng, v
chng cng s nh hng ti s phn b dng in chia s

CH DN
1 im bt u lp t

7 thit b c nh cn c bo v

2 bng phn phi

8 thit b bo v chng t bin, th

nghim loi II

3 cm phn phi
4 cc hay thanh ni t ca mch in
li
5 thit b bo v chng t bin, th
nghim loi I hoc loi II
6 kt ni ni t (dy dn ni t) ca
thit b bo v chng t bin

9 thit b bo v chng t bin, th

nghim loi II hoc loi III
10 phn t kh ghp ni hoc mt on
ng dy
F1, F2, F3 cc dao cch ly bo v chng
qu dng in

CH THCH: Xem IEC 61643-12 bit thm thng tin.

Hnh D.1 - V d lp t cc SPD c th nghim loi I, loi II v loi III

Hnh D.2 - V d c bn v cc ngun gy thit hi khc nhau ti mt kt cu v

s phn b dng in st trong mt h thng
D.3. Lng ha mc e da thng k i vi mt SPD
D.3.1. Khi qut
c nhiu c gng nhm lng ha mi trng in v mc e da m mt SPD s
phi chu nhng v tr khc nhau trong mt c cu. V d, i vi SPD li vo ca dch
v ni m mt LPS kt cu thch hp, mc e da ph thuc vo LPL yu cu ty theo
s nh gi ri ro ca kt cu lin quan gii hn ri ro ny ti gi tr cho php (xem
iu 6 ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010)).
Tiu chun ny mc nhin cng nhn rng mc bo v st I (LPL I) th bin ca st
trc tip (S1) ti LPS ca kt cu c th ln n 200 kA vi dng sng 10/350 ms (xem
8.1 v Ph lc A ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010)). Tuy nhin, trong khi cc SPD
cn c chn tha mn LPL yu cu c xc nh trong ti liu nh gi ri ro, cn
c nhng yu t khc s nh hng n bin ca dng in st m SPD phi chu.
D.3.2. Cc yu t lp t nh hng n s phn b dng in
Khi khng thc hin tnh ton c th v s chia s dng in (xem iu E.2 ca TCVN
9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010)) th gi s chung chung rng 50% ca dng in ny
dn ti h thng ni t ca ta nh v 50% tr li qua cc SPD lin kt ng th. Vi LPL
I, iu ny ng rng phn phng in 200 kA ban u Iimp m mi SPD phi chu l 25
kA i vi h thng phn phi in ba pha c trung tnh - xem Hnh D.3.

Hnh D.3 - V d c bn v s phn b dng in cn bng

Tuy nhin, nu s dng ba dch v bng kim loi cp cho kt cu v m hnh ca iu E.2
ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010) th dng in tng cng Iimp ti mi SPD lin
kt ng th trong h thng ba pha ny tr thnh 8,3 kA.

S phn b ca dng in st trn h thng phn phi in b nh hng mnh bi cch

ni t ca cc dch v i vo kt cu. V d, trong h thng TN-C vi dy trung tnh ni
t ti nhiu im th mt ng dn trc tip hn, c tr khng thp hn c cung cp
cho cc dng in st so vi h thng TT.
Cc gi thit n gin ha v phn tn dng in l hu ch khi xem xt mc e da c
th c m cc SPD c th phi chu ng, nhng mt iu quan trng l gi trong vn
cnh cc gi thit thc hin. Ngoi ra, gi s rng dng sng ca thnh phn dng
in ny chy qua (cc) SPD s ging vi dng sng ca dng phng in ban u,
nhng trong thc t th dng sng c th b thay i bi tr khng ca dy in ca
ta nh...
Cc m phng trn my tnh c th l mt cng c hu hiu xem xt cc yu t ny
chn chnh xc cc SPD. c tnh s phn tn dng in st i vi mt h thng
phc tp, cn chuyn i h thng thc, nh th hin trong v d Hnh D.2 thnh mt s
mch in tng ng.
Rt nhiu tiu chun tm kim thay v da nhng xem xt ca n v mc e da m
mt SPD c th phi chu, vo kinh nghim thc t thu thp c theo thi gian. Bng E.2
ca TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010) da ch yu vo kinh nghim thc t (xem b
IEEE C62.41[9]).
D.3.3. Cn nhc la chn cc gi tr danh nh ca SPD: Iimp, lmax, In, UOC
T trn thy r l vic chn cc gi tr nh mc Iimp, lmax, In v UOC thch hp ca mt SPD
ph thuc vo rt nhiu thng s phc tp v lin quan n nhau.
Mt iu quan trng cn gi trong ng cnh l ri ro ca s h hi i vi cc h thng
bn trong mt kt cu gy bi cc t bin to ra t
- Cc hiu ng cm ng ghp i cc ng dy in, in thoi v d liu (S4),
- Cc hiu ng LEMP v ghp i do cc st nh gn kt cu (S2),
thng c th ln hn ri ro gy bi cc hiu ng ca cc t bin to ra t cc st trc
tip vo chnh kt cu (S1) hay vo cc ng dy (S3).
Nhiu ta nh khng cn c bo v chng st nh trc tip vo kt cu hay vo cc
dy dn ti v v th khng cn cc SPD th nghim loi I trong khi mt h thng SPD
th nghim loi II thit k chnh xc c th li thch hp.
Nhn chung, cch tip cn nn l s dng mt SPD th nghim loi I khi tnh n cc dng
in st trc tip hay cc b (S1/S2) v s dng mt SPD th nghim loi ll/lll i vi cc
hiu ng cm ng (S2/S4).
Khi gii quyt nhng phc tp nh th, cn lu rng kha cnh quan trng nht khi la
chn mt SPD l p ng gii hn in p ca n khi xy ra t bin k vng, v nng
lng chu (Iimp, lmax, In, UOC) m n c th mang (xem ch thch 4 sau Bng B.7
trongTCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010)).
Ti dng k vng In, mt SPD vi in p gii hn thp hn in p chu ca thit b s
m bo bo v thit b, c bit khi xem xt cc yu t bn ngoi m to ra cc in p
b sung (in p ri trn cc u kt ni, hin tng dao ng v cm ng). Ngc li,
mt SPD vi nng lng chu cao hn nng lng yu cu im lp t c th ch lm
cho SPD c tui th di hn. Tuy nhin mt sPD vi in p gii hn thp hn c th nhy
hn i vi h hi c th xy ra do cc qu in p ngn hn (TOV) nu c lp t trn
cc h thng in iu chnh km.
TH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] TCVN 7447-4-44 (IEC 60364-4-44), H thng lp t in h p - Phn 4-44: Bo v an
ton - Bo v chng nhiu in p v nhiu in t)
[2] IEC 61000 (all parts), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (Tng thch in t)
[3] ITU-T Recommendation K.20:2008, Resistibility of telecommunication equipment
installed in telecommunications center to overvoltages and overcurrents (Kh nng chu
ng ca cc thit b truyn thng lp t ti cc trung tm truyn thng i vi qu in
p v qu dng in).

[4] ITU-T Recommendation K.20:2008, Resistibility of telecommunication equipment

installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents (Kh nng chu ng ca
cc thit b truyn thng lp t ti ni s dng i vi qu in p v qu dng in).
[5] ITU-T Recommendation K.20:2008, Resistibility of telecommunication equipment
installed in the access and trunk networks to overvoltages and overcurrents (Kh nng
chu ng ca cc thit b truyn thng lp t ti cc mng li truy cp v vn ti i
vi qu in p v qu dng in).
[6] IEC 61000-5-2:1997, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 5-2: Installation and
mitigation guidelines - Earthing and cabling (Tng thch in t - Phn 5-2: Cc hng
dn lp t v tho d - Ni t v i cp)
[7] ITU-T Lightning handbook:1994, The protection of telecommunication lines and
equipment against lightning discharges - Chapter 10 (Bo v cc ng dy v thit b
vin thng khi b phng in st - Chng 10)
[8] IEC 61643-11: Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 11: Surge protective
devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Performance requirements
and testing methods (Thit b bo v chng t bin in p thp - Phn 11: Thit b bo
v chng t bin ni vi h thng phn phi in p thp - Cc c tnh yu cu v cc
phng php th nghim)
[9] IEEE C26.41:1991, Recommended practice on surge voltages in low-voltage a.c.
power circuits (khuyn co thc hnh v cc t bin in p trong cc mch in xoay
chiu in p thp).
MC LC
Li ni u
1. Phm vi p dng v mc ch
2. Ti liu vin dn
3. Thut ng v nh ngha
4. Thit k v lp t SPM
5. Ni t v lin kt
6. Mn chn t v nh tuyn dy
7. H thng SPD phi hp
8. Giao din cch ly
9. Qun l SPM
Ph lc A (tham kho) - C s ca vic nh gi mi trng in t trong LPZ
Ph lc B (tham kho) - Lp t SPM cho mt kt cu c sn
Ph lc C (tham kho) - La chn v lp t h thng SPD phi hp
Ph lc D (tham kho) - Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn cc SPD
Th mc ti liu tham kho

--------------------------