Module A

Module A
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.According to your text, in its most positive sense peace is

A.nothing more than the suppression of open conflict.
B.more than a tense, fragile, surface calmness.
C.the appearance of calm.
D.None of these choices.
2.Which of the following is true of peace?

A.Peace is more than the suppression of open conflict.
B.Peace always involves a real incompatibility of goals.
C.Social psychologists have studied interpersonal but not international peace.
D.Social psychologists have not been able to study peace in a laboratory setting.
3.Conflict is defined as
A.perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B.dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C.hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D.competition for mutually exclusive goals.
4.Dean and Mary have been saving money since they got married. Now Dean wants to buy a new car, but Mary
wants to continue saving for a new house. Dean and Mary
A.are experiencing conflict.
B.are experiencing dissonance.
C.have mirror-image perceptions.
D.are developing superordinate goals.
5.Billie and Tom used to have occasional conflicts in their relationship. Five years later, they have grown apart.
They still disagree occasionally, but they don't bother to argue about anything. This illustrates
A.that conflict is always bad.
B.that conflict can signify that people care about a relationship or situation.
C.that conflict always leads to estrangement.
D.that conflict can, over time, follow the biofeedback principle.
6.In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will __________; if neither confesses, each will
__________.
A.get a moderate sentence; get a light sentence

B.get a severe sentence; get a light sentence
C.get a severe sentence; go free
D.get a moderate sentence; get a severe sentence
7.In the Prisoner's Dilemma, taking the non-cooperative strategy of confession leads to a worse outcome if the
other person ________________.
A.also confesses
B.does not confess
C.cooperates
D.None of these answers.
8.As the text points out, threatening an enemy with "big sticks" doesn't deter war. Yet arms spending continues.
This fact is partly explained by the laboratory observation that
A.participants with "big sticks" control the severity of the conflict.
B.competition (e.g., armament) often breeds peaceful resolution.
C.unconditional cooperation (e.g., disarmament) often gets exploited.
D.unconditional cooperation (e.g., disarmament) often leads to peaceful resolutions.
9.In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

A.disputed border territory.
B.stolen goods or winnings.
C.any jointly used, finite resource.
D.private property that repeatedly changes ownership.
10.A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

A."I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B."the devil made me do it."
C."that's unfair."
D."cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."
11.In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

A.group discussion polarized competitive tendencies.
B.group discussion had no effect on the outcome.
C.group discussion led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.
D.group discussion led to escalated conflict and tension.
12.Deciding not to do something that you want to do would help to solve a social problem. But the decrease in
the social problem would be so very tiny that it's tempting for you to just go ahead and do it anyway. This is an
example of the concept of

A.a vicious cycle.
B.rejection of attractive alternatives.
C.somebody's business becoming everybody's business.
D.the tragedy of the commons.
13.In real life, which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons?
A.pollution of rivers and streams
B.littering in public places
C.use and overuse of natural resources
D.all of these choices.
14.In the commons dilemma people often consume more than they realize when
A.others take on a cooperative strategy.
B.resources are not partitioned.
C.the "commons" is divided into equal parts.
D.everyone cooperates.
15.Despite official government warning of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to conserve in the belief
that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply. The eventual
depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of
A.mirror-image perceptions.
B.individualistic calamity.
C.the tragedy of the commons.
D.rational disaster.
16.In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain their own
behaviour ____________ and others' behaviour ____________.
A.situationally; situationally
B.dispositionally; dispositionally
C.situationally; dispositionally
D.dispositionally; situationally
17.Which of the following is not a feature of the Prisoner's Dilemma and Commons Dilemma?
A.One party's wins necessarily equals the other party's losses.
B.Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C.Participants' motives change in the course of the entrapment.
D.Both are non-zero-sum games.
18.The Prisoner's dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons are examples of
A.zero-sum games.
B.non-zero-sum games.
C.mixed-motive situations.
D.Both B and C.
19.Facing the recurring dilemma of cookie-jar depletion within 24-hours of its being restocked, Mom decides
to do something to reduce this weekly tragedy of the commons. What strategy will be most effective in
protecting the commons?
A.Scold Dad for eating too many and then ask him to scold the children.
B.Give each family member just three cookies a day and keep the rest hidden.
C.Stop buying cookies for a month to illustrate the personal consequences of destroying the commons.
D.Call a family meeting and scold everyone all at once for eating too many cookies.
20.In which of the following groups are individuals LEAST likely to take more than their share of resources?
A.A class of 50 high school students.
B.A crowd of concert-goers.
C.Residents of a city block.
D.A small neighbourhood of 8 families.
21.Four women share a small house. Molly and Sarah work from 8am to 5pm every day in an office. Sue and
Margaret work from 5pm until 2am every night in a bar. There is a social dilemma regarding the hours during
which the housemates must be quiet in order to allow the others to sleep. If all four women decide to
communicate more with each other about the noise problem, which of the following is an unlikely outcome of
this decision?
A.They will become more concerned about each other's welfare.
B.There will be increased conflict with the women's neighbours in the next house.
C.They will cooperate more and trust each other more.
D.They will all clarify how they want each other to behave.
22.___________________ are mixed-motive situations in which both players can win (with cooperation) and
both can lose (with competition).
A.Non-zero-sum games
B.The plentiful commons
C.Social dilemmas
D.Approach-avoid conflicts
23.According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social
dilemma
A.is sufficient to convince people to behave cooperatively.
B.leads to greater mistrust of others.

C.tends to foster greater self-interest and competition.
D.has little real effect on people's behaviour.
24.Bailey's sports team has had a long-standing feud with another team over the rights to their favourite
baseball field. Which of the following would not be a recommendation to resolve this social dilemma?
A.Create regulations for fair use of the field.
B.Generate large group discussions to "add more voices" to each side.
C.Appeal to the altruistic norms of both teams.
D.Develop open communication and information about the use of the field.
25.Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A.communication
B.punishment
C.GRIT
26.Which of the following is not cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A.regulation
B.changing payoffs
C.communication
D.GRIT
27.In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

A.appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement decreased the rate at which people were
willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good.
B.appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement increased the rate at which people were
C.appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation decreased the rate at which people were
D.appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation increased the rate at which people were
28.Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas?
A.allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster, freeway lane
B.requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special, larger parking lots farther away from the office building
C.lowering the price of gasoline well below $1 per gallon
29.Ross and Ward (1996) had participants play a variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. When the
simulation was labelled ________________, two-thirds of the participants cooperated.
A."Community Game"
B."Wall Street Game"
C."War Games"
D."The Prisoner's Dilemma"
30.Jeffrey Scott Mio and colleagues found that after reading about the commons dilemma, theatre patrons
A.littered less.
B.demanded reserved seats.
C.were more likely to assist a handicapped person find a seat.
D.spent more for theatre refreshments.
31.John and Jane are friends who graduated from the same program at the same time. Two years later, both are
working in their fields, but John is making much more money than Jane. Which of the following statements is
true?
A.John will probably convince himself that he deserves his higher pay.
B.Due to the social exchange theory, Jane will probably convince herself that her employment is only shortterm.
C.In accordance with the redundancy hypothesis, Jane will quit her job.
D.None of these choices are correct.
32.Equity exists when

A.rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B.partners share equally in the rewards of collective effort.
C.rewards are distributed in relation to individuals' needs or deservingness.
D.group members decide among themselves how rewards are to be distributed.
33.Before they married, Melinda and Michael, who are both employed full time and collect the same pay,
agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping. In reality, Melinda is
now doing about 80 percent of the household work. This situation is an example of
A.an integrative disaster.
B.an inequitable relationship.
C.a social dilemma.
D.a zero-sum relationship.
34.What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?
A."Equity for strangers, equality for friends."
B."An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
C."Care most for those in greatest need."
D."Whoever has the gold makes the rules."
35.Research indicates that the more people value their inputs, the more likely they are to
A.feel incompetent and unworthy.
B.feel that a given outcome from a relationship is sufficient.
C.tolerate exploitation from others without any retaliation.
D.feel underbenefited in a relationship and inclined to retaliate.
36.Compared to North Americans, people socialized in China and India are more likely to favour
____________ as the basis for justice when rewards are distributed to those within their groups.
A.equity
B.equality
C.achievement
D.whatever the group leader pronounces
37."From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" is a motto that would most likely be
found in
A.a relationship characterized by equity.
B.a capitalist culture.
C.a noncapitalist culture.
D.a relationship characterized by conflict.
38.Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

A.equity; equality
B.need; equality
C.achievement; aptitude
D.equality; need
39.Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

A.equal distribution; proportionate distribution
B.proportionate distribution; equal distribution
C.unfairness; fairness
D.fairness; unfairness
40.What do self-serving bias, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?
A.They illustrate the power of the situation.
B.They are potential seeds of misperception.
C.They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
41.The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who regard each other
with suspicion and hostility, are usually
A.nonreciprocal.
B.unilateral.
C.mutual.
D.inequitable.
42.Groups in intractable conflict almost always experience all of the following except
A.taking pride in their own group and devaluing the outgroup
B.celebrate self-sacrifice and suppress criticism.
C.seeing their own goals as supremely important.
D.believing the outgroup to be victimized
43.Which of the following is not a seed of misperception that can lead to conflict?
A.outgroup bias
B.self-justification
C.fundamental attribution error
D.groupthink
44.Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

A.ingroup pride.
B.outgroup pride.
C.intergroup sharing.
D.intergroup conciliation.
45.Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to

A.believe themselves victimized.
B.suppress criticism.
C.celebrate self-sacrifice.
D.All of these choices.
46.Reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral
and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive defines
A.polarization.
B.the fundamental attribution error.
C.ingroup bias.
D.the mirror-image perceptions.
47.John believes he is hardworking but his wife, Rachel, is lazy. Rachel believes she is hardworking but John is
lazy. This is an example of
A.an inequitable relationship.
B.mirror-image perception.
C.a superordinate goal.
D.a social trap.
48.The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as
B.stereotypic reciprocation.
C.complementary images.
D.reciprocal illusions.
49.In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

A.views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B.political statements acknowledge that each country's motives are complex.
C.judgments about action are prolonged and postponed by time-consuming re-evaluations.
50.According to research on political rhetoric preceding attacks versus peace agreements,

A.simplistic rhetoric often precedes major peace agreements, and complicated rational thinking is employed
when planning strategic attacks.
B.simplistic we-are-good/they-are-bad thinking is often evident immediately prior to aggressive actions.
C.impediments to problem-solving are often blocked in the peace agreement process.
D.rational thinking becomes more difficult as tensions decrease.
51.Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between

A.countries.
B.small groups.
C.individuals.
52.One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

A.exaggerate the other's position.
B.see itself reflected in the way others see it.
C.see the situation as the reflection of evil leadership.
D.none of these choices.
53.Your text offers what advice when in conflict?

A.assume the other does not share your values
B.assume the other sees events exactly as you see them
C.compare perceptions, assuming the other sees the situation differently
D.simplify your thinking about the other
54.Three things that can cause conflict are

A.competition, social dilemmas, and equity.
B.social dilemmas, perceived injustice, and misperception.
C.equity, social dilemmas, and perceived injustice.
D.Jungian psychology, equity, and competition.
55.________________ occurs when conflicted parties seek an agreement through direct negotiation.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
56.______________ occurs when a neutral third party attempts to facilitate communication and offer
suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
57.______________ occurs when a neutral third party studies the conflict and imposes a settlement.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
58.Cialdini, Bickman and Cacioppo (1979) found that car dealers

A.were unwilling to bargain, under tough bargaining.
B.were willing to lower the price on average by $200, under tough bargaining.
C.were willing to bargain without tough bargaining.
59.When negotiators fail to realize common interests between conflicting patterns, they negotiate "lose-lose"
agreements that are mutually costly about ________ of the time.
A.10%
B.20%
C.35%
D.50%
60.Mediation is to ________________ as arbitration is to ________________.

A.bargaining; negotiations.
B.an imposed settlement; facilitated negotiation.
C.negotiations; bargaining.
D.facilitated negotiation; an imposed settlement.
61.Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

A.time delay
B.being tough
C.both A and B
D.none of these choices
62.Deidra was in a car accident and is trying to bargain with the opposing insurance company for a monetary
settlement for her medical bills and suffering. She demands $30,000 and states that she will accept no less. The
insurance company offers her $15,000, take it or leave it. Deidra's bargaining situation demonstrates how
A.time delay can negatively impact effective bargaining.
B.the give and take process of bargaining works.
C.taking a tough stance can sometimes deadlock bargaining positions.
D.effective bargaining involves inflated offers so that counteroffers seem more reasonable.
63.According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.

A.less enduring.
B.less likely to lead to a permanent settlement.
C.less likely to lead to better ongoing relationships.
D.both A and C.
64.A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a __________
orientation.
A.carefree
B.win-lose
C.win-win
D.submissive
65.Allan and Marianne are getting a divorce and have turned to a mediator to help resolve the disagreements
over the distribution of their assets, and the house in particular. Allan considers it a win if he gets the house, and
a loss if Marianne gets it, despite the fact that she is maintaining custody of the kids. The goal of the mediator is
to create a win-win situation where
A.Marianne gives up the house out of her own free will.
B.Allan keeps the house and gets Marianne an apartment instead.
C.Allan recognizes that the house should go to Marianne as it is in the best interest of her, the kids, and
maintaining a civil relationship.
D.Marianne gets the house and Allan gets custody of the children.
66.Mediators seek to establish _____________ that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.
A.arbitrated agreements
B.integrative agreements
C.mirror-image agreements
D.zero-sum agreements
67.According to research, which of the following factors has been shown to correlate positively with marriage
satisfaction and happiness?
A.communication that is direct and open
B.communication that is conditional
C.compromise
D.both B and C.
68.Gotlib and Colby have provided guidelines on how to avoid destructive quarrels and how to have good
quarrels. Which of the following behaviours is not recommended for constructive quarrels?
A.welcome feedback about your behaviour.
B.tell the other party how she or he is feeling.
C.clearly define the issue and repeat the other's arguments in your own words
D.ask questions that help the other find words to express the concern
69.All of the following are recommendations for how to fight constructively except
A.divulge your positive and negative feelings.
B.offer positive suggestions for mutual improvement.
D.apologize prematurely.
70.Gotlib and Colby argue that destructive quarrels involve all of the following except
A.apologize prematurely.
B.feign agreement while harbouring resentment.
C.divulge your positive and negative feelings.
D.tell the other party how he or she is feeling.
71.Johnson and Johnson (2003) put children grades one to nine through about a dozen of conflict resolution
training in six schools. They found that
A.the result was a more peaceful student community and increased academic achievement.
B.when implemented with a whole student body, there was no difference in the students' daily conflicts
C.the conflicts continued because the students did not trust the researchers.
D.None of the above.
72.According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your
relationship with your partner includes
A.mediation.
B.trust.
C.passion.
D.the threat of withdrawal.
73.Carnevale and Choi (2000) reported that, in the past, the Pope resolved a geographical dispute between
Argentina and Chile. In this context the Pope was a __________ who is trusted by both conflicting sides.
A.leader
B.mediator
C.lawyer
D.peacemaker
74.Kelman (1998) reported that South Africa achieved internal peace when ________________.
A.white and black Africans completed a war
B.white Africans gave up the power
C.white and black Africans granted each other's top priorities
D.white and black Africans reduced all arguments
75.Lisa and Andrew tried without success to reach a divorce settlement on their own. Lisa suggested that they
sell the house and split the proceeds. Andrew thinks this is a terrible idea, but when a divorce mediator suggests
the same thing, he agrees. What best accounts for this change?
A.The mediator has convinced Andrew to trust her.
B.The mediator has imposed this resolution on Lisa and Andrew.
C.The mediator appears to be a neutral third party.
D.The mediator convinces Andrew that the proposal will benefit him more than Lisa.
76.A mediator may try to improve relationship communication by having conflicting parties restrict their
arguments to statements of
A.the opposing side's underlying motives.

B.how they feel or think in response to the other's actions.
C.personal analysis of the probable causes of the conflict.
D.proposed solutions or conditions for reconciliation.
77.The phenomenon wherein a mutually agreeable proposal is dismissed if offered by either side is known as
A.proactive deregulation
B.proactive devaluation
C.reactive devaluation
D.reactive deregulation.
78.Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

A.sympathy for the opposing side.
B.optimistic overconfidence.
C.pessimistic doubt.
D.empathy for the opposing side.
79.David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get her to
decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ____________ to resolve their conflict.
A.mediation
B.bargaining
C.conciliation
D.arbitration
80.Jean Paul and Michelle go to a third party to try and get their conflict resolved. The conflict resolution
practitioner listens to both of them, then develops a settlement which he then asks them both to sign. This
process is known as
A.mediation.
B.arbitration.
C.conciliation.
D.win-win negotiation.
81.McGillicuddy and others (1987) note that when people knew they would face an arbitrated settlement if
mediation failed, they
A.remained just as inflexible as before.
B.tried harder to resolve the problem, and thus were more likely to reach agreement.
C.exhibited even more hostility to each other.
82.In some disputes, the third-party chooses one of the two absolute offers, in order to motivate each party to
make a reasonable proposal. This process is called
A.conciliation.
B.mediation-by-proxy.
C.final-offer arbitration.
D.third-party justification.
83.Charles Osgood's GRIT strategy is an alternative to conflict that promotes _____________ rather than
retaliation.
A.contact
B.conciliation
C.communication
D.correction
84.Osgood's strategy called GRIT is an acronym for

A.gain and relative integrative tactics
B.good reconciliation in trust
C.graded and residual individual tension.
D.graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction.
85.Which of the following is not one of the steps in Charles Osgood's GRIT strategy?
A.Build up first-strike capability to negotiate from a position of strength.
B.Announce your conciliatory intent.
C.Carry out several verifiable conciliatory acts.
D.Maintain retaliatory capability.
86.Research by Lindskold and associates on the GRIT technique has found that
A.its effectiveness is limited to minor conflicts only.
B.conciliation does enhance negotiations but only when parties surrender their self-interest.
C.announcing cooperative intent does boost cooperation.
D.maintaining equality of power does not protect against exploitation.
87.According to the text, Lester B. Pearson helped negotiate a deal between several countries in a conflict crisis
over the Suez Canal. His attempts relied on getting all parties to ___________ one another.
A.make concessions to
B.forgive
C.resist
D.attribute positive motives to
88.Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
89.Describe three ways that individuals can be induced to cooperate and resolve social dilemmas.
90.Define equity and equality and discuss how both are related to perceptions of justice.
91.Explain how misperceptions influence conflict and provide an example to demonstrate factors that influence
views about conflict.
92.Define bargaining, mediation, and arbitration and discuss the similarities and differences between these
peace-making processes.
93.Pretend you are a marriage counsellor that is giving advice to a couple that has a great deal of destructive
quarrels. You instruct them that if managed constructively, conflict can provide opportunities for reconciliation
and more genuine harmony. Based on the work of Gotlib and Colby (1988), you give the couple a list of "Do's"
and "Do Not's". Identify 5 of the 8 recommendations for each column (i.e., 5 things to do, 5 things to avoid).
94.State and explain three ways, which the text lists under controlled communication, that conflicting parties
have to resolve their differences.
95.Identify what the "GRIT" technique is and describe the three main steps of this technique.
Module A Key
1.(p.457)According to your text, in its most positive sense peace is

A.nothing more than the suppression of open conflict.
B.more than a tense, fragile, surface calmness.
C.the appearance of calm.
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: ModA-01 Describe what factors lead to conflict
Myers - Module A... #1
2.(p.457)Which of the following is true of peace?

A.Peace is more than the suppression of open conflict.
B.Peace always involves a real incompatibility of goals.
C.Social psychologists have studied interpersonal but not international peace.
D.Social psychologists have not been able to study peace in a laboratory setting.
Blooms: Factual
3.(p.457)Conflict is defined as
A.perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B.dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C.hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D.competition for mutually exclusive goals.
Blooms: Definition
4.(p.457)Dean and Mary have been saving money since they got married. Now Dean wants to buy a new car, but
Mary wants to continue saving for a new house. Dean and Mary
A.are experiencing conflict.
B.are experiencing dissonance.
C.have mirror-image perceptions.
D.are developing superordinate goals.
Blooms: Conceptual
5.(p.457)Billie and Tom used to have occasional conflicts in their relationship. Five years later, they have grown
apart. They still disagree occasionally, but they don't bother to argue about anything. This illustrates
A.that conflict is always bad.
B.that conflict can signify that people care about a relationship or situation.
C.that conflict always leads to estrangement.
D.that conflict can, over time, follow the biofeedback principle.
Blooms: Conceptual
6.(p.458)In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will __________; if neither confesses, each
will __________.
A.get a moderate sentence; get a light sentence

B.get a severe sentence; get a light sentence
C.get a severe sentence; go free
D.get a moderate sentence; get a severe sentence
Blooms: Factual
7.(p.458)In the Prisoner's Dilemma, taking the non-cooperative strategy of confession leads to a worse outcome
if the other person ________________.
A.also confesses
B.does not confess
C.cooperates
D.None of these answers.
Blooms: Factual
8.(p.473)As the text points out, threatening an enemy with "big sticks" doesn't deter war. Yet arms spending
continues. This fact is partly explained by the laboratory observation that
A.participants with "big sticks" control the severity of the conflict.
B.competition (e.g., armament) often breeds peaceful resolution.
C.unconditional cooperation (e.g., disarmament) often gets exploited.
D.unconditional cooperation (e.g., disarmament) often leads to peaceful resolutions.
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: ModA-02 Describe what factors lead to peace
9.(p.460)In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

A.disputed border territory.
B.stolen goods or winnings.
C.any jointly used, finite resource.
D.private property that repeatedly changes ownership.
Blooms: Definition
10.(p.463)A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

A."I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B."the devil made me do it."
C."that's unfair."
D."cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."
Blooms: Factual
11.(p.463)In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

A.group discussion polarized competitive tendencies.
B.group discussion had no effect on the outcome.
C.group discussion led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.
D.group discussion led to escalated conflict and tension.
Blooms: Factual
12.(p.461)Deciding not to do something that you want to do would help to solve a social problem. But the
decrease in the social problem would be so very tiny that it's tempting for you to just go ahead and do it anyway.
This is an example of the concept of
A.a vicious cycle.
B.rejection of attractive alternatives.
C.somebody's business becoming everybody's business.
D.the tragedy of the commons.
Blooms: Conceptual
13.(p.461)In real life, which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons?
A.pollution of rivers and streams
B.littering in public places
C.use and overuse of natural resources
Blooms: Factual
14.(p.461)In the commons dilemma people often consume more than they realize when
A.others take on a cooperative strategy.
B.resources are not partitioned.
C.the "commons" is divided into equal parts.
D.everyone cooperates.
Blooms: Factual
15.(p.461)Despite official government warning of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to conserve in the
belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply. The
eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of
B.individualistic calamity.
C.the tragedy of the commons.
D.rational disaster.
Blooms: Conceptual
16.(p.461)In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain their own
behaviour ____________ and others' behaviour ____________.
A.situationally; situationally
B.dispositionally; dispositionally
C.situationally; dispositionally
D.dispositionally; situationally
Blooms: Factual
17.(p.462)Which of the following is not a feature of the Prisoner's Dilemma and Commons Dilemma?
A.One party's wins necessarily equals the other party's losses.
B.Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C.Participants' motives change in the course of the entrapment.
D.Both are non-zero-sum games.
Blooms: Factual
18.(p.462)The Prisoner's dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons are examples of
A.zero-sum games.
B.non-zero-sum games.
C.mixed-motive situations.
D.Both B and C.
Blooms: Factual
19.(p.462)Facing the recurring dilemma of cookie-jar depletion within 24-hours of its being restocked, Mom
decides to do something to reduce this weekly tragedy of the commons. What strategy will be most effective in
protecting the commons?
A.Scold Dad for eating too many and then ask him to scold the children.
B.Give each family member just three cookies a day and keep the rest hidden.
C.Stop buying cookies for a month to illustrate the personal consequences of destroying the commons.
D.Call a family meeting and scold everyone all at once for eating too many cookies.
Blooms: Conceptual
20.(p.463)In which of the following groups are individuals LEAST likely to take more than their share of
resources?
A.A class of 50 high school students.
B.A crowd of concert-goers.
C.Residents of a city block.
D.A small neighbourhood of 8 families.
Blooms: Conceptual
21.(p.463)Four women share a small house. Molly and Sarah work from 8am to 5pm every day in an office. Sue
and Margaret work from 5pm until 2am every night in a bar. There is a social dilemma regarding the hours
during which the housemates must be quiet in order to allow the others to sleep. If all four women decide to
communicate more with each other about the noise problem, which of the following is an unlikely outcome of
this decision?
A.They will become more concerned about each other's welfare.
B.There will be increased conflict with the women's neighbours in the next house.
C.They will cooperate more and trust each other more.
D.They will all clarify how they want each other to behave.
Blooms: Conceptual
22.(p.462)___________________ are mixed-motive situations in which both players can win (with cooperation)
and both can lose (with competition).
A.Non-zero-sum games
B.The plentiful commons
C.Social dilemmas
D.Approach-avoid conflicts

Blooms: Factual
23.(p.463)According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a
social dilemma
A.is sufficient to convince people to behave cooperatively.
B.leads to greater mistrust of others.
C.tends to foster greater self-interest and competition.
D.has little real effect on people's behaviour.
Blooms: Factual
24.(p.463)Bailey's sports team has had a long-standing feud with another team over the rights to their favourite
baseball field. Which of the following would not be a recommendation to resolve this social dilemma?
A.Create regulations for fair use of the field.
B.Generate large group discussions to "add more voices" to each side.
C.Appeal to the altruistic norms of both teams.
D.Develop open communication and information about the use of the field.
Blooms: Conceptual
25.(p.462-464)Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A.communication
B.punishment
C.GRIT
Blooms: Factual
26.(p.462-464)Which of the following is not cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A.regulation
B.changing payoffs
C.communication
D.GRIT
Blooms: Factual
27.(p.464)In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

A.appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement decreased the rate at which people were
B.appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement increased the rate at which people were
C.appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation decreased the rate at which people were
D.appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation increased the rate at which people were
Blooms: Factual
28.(p.464)Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social
dilemmas?
A.allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster, freeway lane
B.requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special, larger parking lots farther away from the office building
C.lowering the price of gasoline well below $1 per gallon
Blooms: Factual
29.(p.463-464)Ross and Ward (1996) had participants play a variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. When the
simulation was labelled ________________, two-thirds of the participants cooperated.
A."Community Game"
B."Wall Street Game"
C."War Games"
D."The Prisoner's Dilemma"
Blooms: Factual
30.(p.464)Jeffrey Scott Mio and colleagues found that after reading about the commons dilemma, theatre
patrons
A.littered less.
B.demanded reserved seats.
C.were more likely to assist a handicapped person find a seat.
D.spent more for theatre refreshments.
Blooms: Factual
31.(p.465)John and Jane are friends who graduated from the same program at the same time. Two years later,
both are working in their fields, but John is making much more money than Jane. Which of the following
statements is true?
A.John will probably convince himself that he deserves his higher pay.
B.Due to the social exchange theory, Jane will probably convince herself that her employment is only shortterm.
C.In accordance with the redundancy hypothesis, Jane will quit her job.
D.None of these choices are correct.
Blooms: Conceptual
32.(p.465)Equity exists when

A.rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B.partners share equally in the rewards of collective effort.
C.rewards are distributed in relation to individuals' needs or deservingness.
D.group members decide among themselves how rewards are to be distributed.
Blooms: Definition
33.(p.465)Before they married, Melinda and Michael, who are both employed full time and collect the same pay,
agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping. In reality, Melinda is
now doing about 80 percent of the household work. This situation is an example of
A.an integrative disaster.
B.an inequitable relationship.
C.a social dilemma.
D.a zero-sum relationship.
Blooms: Conceptual
34.(p.465)What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?
A."Equity for strangers, equality for friends."
B."An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
C."Care most for those in greatest need."
D."Whoever has the gold makes the rules."
Blooms: Factual
35.(p.465)Research indicates that the more people value their inputs, the more likely they are to
A.feel incompetent and unworthy.
B.feel that a given outcome from a relationship is sufficient.
C.tolerate exploitation from others without any retaliation.
D.feel underbenefited in a relationship and inclined to retaliate.
Blooms: Factual
36.(p.465)Compared to North Americans, people socialized in China and India are more likely to favour
____________ as the basis for justice when rewards are distributed to those within their groups.
A.equity
B.equality
C.achievement
D.whatever the group leader pronounces
Blooms: Factual
37.(p.465)"From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" is a motto that would most likely
be found in
A.a relationship characterized by equity.
B.a capitalist culture.
C.a noncapitalist culture.
D.a relationship characterized by conflict.
Blooms: Factual
38.(p.465)Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

A.equity; equality
B.need; equality
C.achievement; aptitude
D.equality; need
Blooms: Conceptual
39.(p.465)Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

A.equal distribution; proportionate distribution
B.proportionate distribution; equal distribution
C.unfairness; fairness
D.fairness; unfairness
Blooms: Conceptual
40.(p.466)What do self-serving bias, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?
A.They illustrate the power of the situation.
B.They are potential seeds of misperception.
C.They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
Blooms: Factual
41.(p.466-467)The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who regard
each other with suspicion and hostility, are usually
A.nonreciprocal.
B.unilateral.
C.mutual.
D.inequitable.
Blooms: Factual
42.(p.466-467)Groups in intractable conflict almost always experience all of the following except
A.taking pride in their own group and devaluing the outgroup
B.celebrate self-sacrifice and suppress criticism.
C.seeing their own goals as supremely important.
D.believing the outgroup to be victimized
Blooms: Factual
43.(p.466)Which of the following is not a seed of misperception that can lead to conflict?
A.outgroup bias
B.self-justification
C.fundamental attribution error
D.groupthink
Blooms: Factual
44.(p.466)Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

A.ingroup pride.
B.outgroup pride.
C.intergroup sharing.
D.intergroup conciliation.
Blooms: Factual
45.(p.467)Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to

A.believe themselves victimized.
B.suppress criticism.
C.celebrate self-sacrifice.
D.All of these choices.
Blooms: Factual
46.(p.467)Reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as
moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive defines
A.polarization.
B.the fundamental attribution error.
C.ingroup bias.
D.the mirror-image perceptions.
Blooms: Definition
47.(p.467)John believes he is hardworking but his wife, Rachel, is lazy. Rachel believes she is hardworking but
John is lazy. This is an example of
A.an inequitable relationship.
B.mirror-image perception.
C.a superordinate goal.
D.a social trap.
Blooms: Conceptual
48.(p.467)The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as
B.stereotypic reciprocation.
C.complementary images.
D.reciprocal illusions.
Blooms: Definition
49.(p.467)In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

A.views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B.political statements acknowledge that each country's motives are complex.
C.judgments about action are prolonged and postponed by time-consuming re-evaluations.
Blooms: Factual
50.(p.467)According to research on political rhetoric preceding attacks versus peace agreements,

A.simplistic rhetoric often precedes major peace agreements, and complicated rational thinking is employed
when planning strategic attacks.
B.simplistic we-are-good/they-are-bad thinking is often evident immediately prior to aggressive actions.
C.impediments to problem-solving are often blocked in the peace agreement process.
D.rational thinking becomes more difficult as tensions decrease.
Blooms: Factual
51.(p.467)Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between

A.countries.
B.small groups.
C.individuals.
Blooms: Factual

52.(p.467)One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

A.exaggerate the other's position.
B.see itself reflected in the way others see it.
C.see the situation as the reflection of evil leadership.
Blooms: Factual
53.(p.468)Your text offers what advice when in conflict?

A.assume the other does not share your values
B.assume the other sees events exactly as you see them
C.compare perceptions, assuming the other sees the situation differently
D.simplify your thinking about the other
Blooms: Factual
54.(p.457-468)Three things that can cause conflict are

A.competition, social dilemmas, and equity.
B.social dilemmas, perceived injustice, and misperception.
C.equity, social dilemmas, and perceived injustice.
D.Jungian psychology, equity, and competition.
Blooms: Conceptual
55.(p.468)________________ occurs when conflicted parties seek an agreement through direct negotiation.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
Blooms: Definition
56.(p.468)______________ occurs when a neutral third party attempts to facilitate communication and offer
suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
Blooms: Definition
57.(p.468)______________ occurs when a neutral third party studies the conflict and imposes a settlement.
A.Bargaining
B.Amelioration
C.Mediation
D.Arbitration
Blooms: Definition
58.(p.468)Cialdini, Bickman and Cacioppo (1979) found that car dealers

A.were unwilling to bargain, under tough bargaining.
B.were willing to lower the price on average by $200, under tough bargaining.
C.were willing to bargain without tough bargaining.
Blooms: Factual
59.(p.469)When negotiators fail to realize common interests between conflicting patterns, they negotiate "loselose" agreements that are mutually costly about ________ of the time.
A.10%
B.20%
C.35%
D.50%
Blooms: Factual
60.(p.468)Mediation is to ________________ as arbitration is to ________________.

A.bargaining; negotiations.
B.an imposed settlement; facilitated negotiation.
C.negotiations; bargaining.
D.facilitated negotiation; an imposed settlement.
Blooms: Conceptual
61.(p.469)Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

A.time delay
B.being tough
C.both A and B
D.none of these choices
Blooms: Factual
62.(p.469)Deidra was in a car accident and is trying to bargain with the opposing insurance company for a
monetary settlement for her medical bills and suffering. She demands $30,000 and states that she will accept no
less. The insurance company offers her $15,000, take it or leave it. Deidra's bargaining situation demonstrates
how
A.time delay can negatively impact effective bargaining.
B.the give and take process of bargaining works.
C.taking a tough stance can sometimes deadlock bargaining positions.
D.effective bargaining involves inflated offers so that counteroffers seem more reasonable.
Blooms: Conceptual
63.(p.469)According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.

A.less enduring.
B.less likely to lead to a permanent settlement.
C.less likely to lead to better ongoing relationships.
D.both A and C.
Blooms: Factual
64.(p.469)A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a __________
orientation.
A.carefree
B.win-lose
C.win-win
D.submissive
Blooms: Factual
65.(p.469)Allan and Marianne are getting a divorce and have turned to a mediator to help resolve the
disagreements over the distribution of their assets, and the house in particular. Allan considers it a win if he gets
the house, and a loss if Marianne gets it, despite the fact that she is maintaining custody of the kids. The goal of
the mediator is to create a win-win situation where
A.Marianne gives up the house out of her own free will.
B.Allan keeps the house and gets Marianne an apartment instead.
C.Allan recognizes that the house should go to Marianne as it is in the best interest of her, the kids, and
maintaining a civil relationship.
D.Marianne gets the house and Allan gets custody of the children.
Blooms: Conceptual
66.(p.469)Mediators seek to establish _____________ that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual
benefit.
A.arbitrated agreements
B.integrative agreements
C.mirror-image agreements
D.zero-sum agreements
Blooms: Definition
67.(p.470)According to research, which of the following factors has been shown to correlate positively with
marriage satisfaction and happiness?
A.communication that is direct and open
B.communication that is conditional
C.compromise
D.both B and C.
Blooms: Factual
68.(p.471)Gotlib and Colby have provided guidelines on how to avoid destructive quarrels and how to have good
quarrels. Which of the following behaviours is not recommended for constructive quarrels?
A.welcome feedback about your behaviour.
B.tell the other party how she or he is feeling.

D.ask questions that help the other find words to express the concern
Blooms: Factual
69.(p.471)All of the following are recommendations for how to fight constructively except
A.divulge your positive and negative feelings.
B.offer positive suggestions for mutual improvement.
D.apologize prematurely.
Blooms: Factual
70.(p.471)Gotlib and Colby argue that destructive quarrels involve all of the following except
A.apologize prematurely.
B.feign agreement while harbouring resentment.
C.divulge your positive and negative feelings.
D.tell the other party how he or she is feeling.
Blooms: Factual
71.(p.470)Johnson and Johnson (2003) put children grades one to nine through about a dozen of conflict
resolution training in six schools. They found that
A.the result was a more peaceful student community and increased academic achievement.
B.when implemented with a whole student body, there was no difference in the students' daily conflicts
C.the conflicts continued because the students did not trust the researchers.
D.None of the above.
Blooms: Factual
72.(p.470-471)According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your
relationship with your partner includes
A.mediation.
B.trust.
C.passion.
D.the threat of withdrawal.
Blooms: Factual
73.(p.471)Carnevale and Choi (2000) reported that, in the past, the Pope resolved a geographical dispute
between Argentina and Chile. In this context the Pope was a __________ who is trusted by both conflicting
sides.
A.leader
B.mediator
C.lawyer
D.peacemaker
Blooms: Factual
74.(p.471)Kelman (1998) reported that South Africa achieved internal peace when ________________.
A.white and black Africans completed a war
B.white Africans gave up the power
C.white and black Africans granted each other's top priorities
D.white and black Africans reduced all arguments
Blooms: Factual
75.(p.471)Lisa and Andrew tried without success to reach a divorce settlement on their own. Lisa suggested that
they sell the house and split the proceeds. Andrew thinks this is a terrible idea, but when a divorce mediator
suggests the same thing, he agrees. What best accounts for this change?
A.The mediator has convinced Andrew to trust her.
B.The mediator has imposed this resolution on Lisa and Andrew.
C.The mediator appears to be a neutral third party.
D.The mediator convinces Andrew that the proposal will benefit him more than Lisa.
Blooms: Conceptual
76.(p.472)A mediator may try to improve relationship communication by having conflicting parties restrict their
arguments to statements of
A.the opposing side's underlying motives.
B.how they feel or think in response to the other's actions.
C.personal analysis of the probable causes of the conflict.
D.proposed solutions or conditions for reconciliation.
Blooms: Factual
77.(p.472)The phenomenon wherein a mutually agreeable proposal is dismissed if offered by either side is
known as
A.proactive deregulation
B.proactive devaluation
C.reactive devaluation
D.reactive deregulation.
Blooms: Definition
78.(p.473)Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

A.sympathy for the opposing side.
B.optimistic overconfidence.
C.pessimistic doubt.
D.empathy for the opposing side.
Blooms: Factual
79.(p.473)David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get her
to decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ____________ to resolve their conflict.
A.mediation
B.bargaining
C.conciliation
D.arbitration
Blooms: Conceptual
80.(p.473)Jean Paul and Michelle go to a third party to try and get their conflict resolved. The conflict resolution
practitioner listens to both of them, then develops a settlement which he then asks them both to sign. This
process is known as
A.mediation.
B.arbitration.
C.conciliation.
D.win-win negotiation.
Blooms: Conceptual
81.(p.473)McGillicuddy and others (1987) note that when people knew they would face an arbitrated settlement
if mediation failed, they
A.remained just as inflexible as before.
B.tried harder to resolve the problem, and thus were more likely to reach agreement.
C.exhibited even more hostility to each other.
Blooms: Factual
82.(p.473)In some disputes, the third-party chooses one of the two absolute offers, in order to motivate each
party to make a reasonable proposal. This process is called
A.conciliation.
B.mediation-by-proxy.
C.final-offer arbitration.
D.third-party justification.
Blooms: Factual
83.(p.473)Charles Osgood's GRIT strategy is an alternative to conflict that promotes _____________ rather than
retaliation.
A.contact
B.conciliation
C.communication
D.correction
Blooms: Factual
84.(p.473)Osgood's strategy called GRIT is an acronym for

A.gain and relative integrative tactics
B.good reconciliation in trust
C.graded and residual individual tension.
D.graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction.

Blooms: Factual
85.(p.473-474)Which of the following is not one of the steps in Charles Osgood's GRIT strategy?
A.Build up first-strike capability to negotiate from a position of strength.
B.Announce your conciliatory intent.
C.Carry out several verifiable conciliatory acts.
D.Maintain retaliatory capability.
Blooms: Factual
86.(p.474)Research by Lindskold and associates on the GRIT technique has found that
A.its effectiveness is limited to minor conflicts only.
B.conciliation does enhance negotiations but only when parties surrender their self-interest.
C.announcing cooperative intent does boost cooperation.
D.maintaining equality of power does not protect against exploitation.
Blooms: Factual
87.(p.474-475)According to the text, Lester B. Pearson helped negotiate a deal between several countries in a
conflict crisis over the Suez Canal. His attempts relied on getting all parties to ___________ one another.
A.make concessions to
B.forgive
C.resist
D.attribute positive motives to
Blooms: Factual
88.(p.458-462)Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Analytical
89.(p.462-464)Describe three ways that individuals can be induced to cooperate and resolve social dilemmas.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Knowledge
90.(p.465)Define equity and equality and discuss how both are related to perceptions of justice.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Definition
Blooms: Knowledge
91.(p.466-468)Explain how misperceptions influence conflict and provide an example to demonstrate factors that
influence views about conflict.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Conceptual
92.(p.468-473)Define bargaining, mediation, and arbitration and discuss the similarities and differences between
these peace-making processes.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Analytical
Blooms: Definition
93.(p.471)Pretend you are a marriage counsellor that is giving advice to a couple that has a great deal of
destructive quarrels. You instruct them that if managed constructively, conflict can provide opportunities for
reconciliation and more genuine harmony. Based on the work of Gotlib and Colby (1988), you give the couple a
list of "Do's" and "Do Not's". Identify 5 of the 8 recommendations for each column (i.e., 5 things to do, 5 things
to avoid).
Answers will vary
Blooms: Knowledge
94.(p.469-472)State and explain three ways, which the text lists under controlled communication, that conflicting
parties have to resolve their differences.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Conceptual
Blooms: Knowledge
95.(p.473)Identify what the "GRIT" technique is and describe the three main steps of this technique.
Answers will vary
Blooms: Knowledge
Module A Summary
Category
Blooms:Analytical
Blooms:Conceptual
Blooms:Definition
Blooms:Factual
Blooms:Knowledge
LearningObjective:ModA-01Describewhatfactorsleadtoconflict
LearningObjective:ModA-02Describewhatfactorsleadtopeace
Myers-ModuleA...
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Module A

1.According to your text, in its most positive sense peace is

2.Which of the following is true of peace?

A.get a moderate sentence; get a light sentence

9.In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

10.A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

11.In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

example of the concept of

B.leads to greater mistrust of others.

27.In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

32.Equity exists when

D."Whoever has the gold makes the rules."

38.Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

39.Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

D.None of these choices.

44.Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

45.Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to

D.the mirror-image perceptions.

49.In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

50.According to research on political rhetoric preceding attacks versus peace agreements,

51.Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between

52.One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

D.none of these choices.

53.Your text offers what advice when in conflict?

54.Three things that can cause conflict are

58.Cialdini, Bickman and Cacioppo (1979) found that car dealers

60.Mediation is to ________________ as arbitration is to ________________.

61.Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

63.According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.

D.tell the other party how he or she is feeling.

A.the opposing side's underlying motives.

78.Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

84.Osgood's strategy called GRIT is an acronym for

1.(p.457)According to your text, in its most positive sense peace is

2.(p.457)Which of the following is true of peace?

A.get a moderate sentence; get a light sentence

9.(p.460)In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

10.(p.463)A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

D."cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."

11.(p.463)In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

Myers - Module A... #18

Myers - Module A... #26

27.(p.464)In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

32.(p.465)Equity exists when

38.(p.465)Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

39.(p.465)Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

44.(p.466)Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

45.(p.467)Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to

D.a social trap.

49.(p.467)In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

50.(p.467)According to research on political rhetoric preceding attacks versus peace agreements,

51.(p.467)Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between

Learning Objective: ModA-01 Describe what factors lead to conflict

52.(p.467)One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

53.(p.468)Your text offers what advice when in conflict?

54.(p.457-468)Three things that can cause conflict are

58.(p.468)Cialdini, Bickman and Cacioppo (1979) found that car dealers

60.(p.468)Mediation is to ________________ as arbitration is to ________________.

D.facilitated negotiation; an imposed settlement.

61.(p.469)Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

63.(p.469)According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.

B.tell the other party how she or he is feeling.

D.the threat of withdrawal.

D.proposed solutions or conditions for reconciliation.

38.Individualistic cultures are to as collectivistic cultures are to .

39.Equity is to _ as equality is to __.

60.Mediation is to as arbitration is to .

38.(p.465)Individualistic cultures are to as collectivistic cultures are to .

39.(p.465)Equity is to _ as equality is to __.

60.(p.468)Mediation is to as arbitration is to .