Broadband Network and Technologies PART1

The Broadband Network
Technologies
Core and Access
Prepared and Edited by P.Eng .Mustapha Tannir

September 2015
intro
1
The Broadband Network

Technologies
Introduction to the story
Digital Multiplexing
Multiplexing Hierarchy
Transport Network
PDH and SDH
Transport Network Components
Optical Network
Optical Switching
MPLS-
Access Broadband Network

Passive Optical Network
Broadband ISDN
XDSL
intro
2
PDH / SDH Basics
The story:
Once there is a digital link between two sites, there is

still the question of how to transfer data between them.
Different practices are used for voice, digital and video
communications. This document explains some of the
methods used, and the terms in digital multiplexing.
intro
3
PDH / SDH Basics

The story:
Multiplexing and Synchronization
There are two problems that we need to solve:
We would like to be able to transmit more than just
64Kb/s
The receiving end should know where in the bit
stream is the beginning of a new 8 bit number.
These two problems are addressed by multiplexing
(Time Division Multiplexing) and the use of
synchronization bits.
intro
4
PDH / SDH Basics

The Output of a Multiplexer in PDH
Used for Synchronization
Used for Signaling
intro
5
PDH / SDH Basics

The PDH Multiplexing Structure:
intro
6
PDH / SDH Basics

The 140 Mbps Frame Structure:
Frame Size = 2928 bits in 21.02 sec
4 Service-bits
12 bit for frame Alignment
intro
7
PDH / SDH Basics

The De-multiplexing Process
The traffic rates through plesiochronous cross connect also

need to be limited to a manageable size since these cross
connect can only easily operate at a single rate.
Most choose to switch at the 64 Kbits/s level and interface at
2 Mbit/s.
This means that all traffic must be de-multiplexed to 2 Mbps
before it can be connected thus increasing equipment
requirement, sized and cost.
This also leads to difficulties in management and fault
detection especially when nodes are not synchronized.
intro
8
SDH Basics
SDH as a Transport Network
Synchronous
Transport
System (PDH)
STM-N
Video
34
Mbit/s
Fiber
Highway
Asynchronous
Transport
System (PDH)
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
...
2 Mbit/s
Introduced and Standardized in 1988
intro
9
SDH Basics
Definition of SDH
SDH STANDS FOR:
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
An international standard for high-speed
optical/electrical telecommunications networks

A synchronous digital transport system with a built-in
management channel for remote management of

complex topologies
intro
10
SDH Basics
SDH goal
Simplify interconnection between

network operators
Expand the compatibility
Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies
Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to
customers
With SDH the need for any justification of signals at the

interface with the cross connecting device is removed.
Respond to Demanding broadband services
intro
11
SDH Basics
SDH Benefits:
Reduce costs:
- simplified standard interfaces
- eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces
Integrated network elements

- enhanced operations capabilities (flexible
monitoring and fault identification and detection)
Survivability
- grants upgradability (modularity)
No bandwidth bottlenecks
Standardized reference clock
intro
12
PDH / SDH Basics

SDH Attainable Bit-Rates:
intro
13
SDH Basics
SDH Equipment
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER
ADD-AND-DROP
MULTIPLEXER
STM-N
STM-N
REGENERATOR
E1-E4
TM
ADM
STM-N
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
REG
STM-M
STM-M
ADD-AND-DROP MULTIPLEXER WITH

LOCAL CROSS-CONNECT CAPABILITY
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
CROSS-CONNECT
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
LXC
STM-N
SDXC
Optical Switch
STM-N
E1-E4
STM-M
STM-M
intro
14
SDH Basics
Optical Switch
Transparent switch: The incoming wavelengths are switched
to the output fibers optically, without having to convert them
to the electrical domain.
Opaque switch: The input optical signals are converted to
electrical signals, from where the packets are extracted.
Packets are switched using a packet switch, and then they
are transmitted out of the switch in the optical domain.
Possible Architectures
Lambda Switching with dynamic Re-configuration
Optical Burst Switching
Optical Tag or Packet Switching
intro
15
SDH Basics
Optical Switch Technologies
Several different technologies exist:
micro electronic mechanical systems (MEMS)
intro
16
SDH Basics
Optical Switch Technologies
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) :

Switching time is about 100 picosec
2 m
= 1.3 1.5 m
L= 0.5 - 2 mm
intro
17
SDH Basics
Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces
Tributaries
1.5 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
6 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
45 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
STM-1 Elect.
STM-1 Optical
STM-4 Optical
LAN / MAN
FDDI
ISDN / BISDN
ATM
Video
Aggregates
STM-1 (155 Mbps)
STM-4 (622 Mbps)
STM-16 (2.4 Gbps)
STM-64 (10 Gbps)
A Multiplexer / Add Drop Multiplexer performs insertion/removal of tributary

Signals into SDH frame
intro
18
SDH Basics
REGENERATOR
STM-N
STM-N
REG
In PDH, A Regenerator is used to:

increase the physical range of a
transmission path
Convert optical signal to electrical signal,
remove any type of noise, amplify the signal,
reconvert it to optical signal and retransmit it
to destination
Check the coding rule
Fault localization
In SDH, A Regenerator is used to:
Evaluate transmission quality
Evaluate management information
Analyze the STM-N structure
Provide supplementary data and service
channels
intro
19
SDH Basics
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
CROSS-CONNECT
SDH cross-connect switch:
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
SDXC
STM-N
Permits to change the routing of tributary

signals carried in SDH frames
There are two types: SDXC 4/4 & SDXC 4/1
STM-M
The digital signals received at a

given input port can be connected
through the switching matrix to the
corresponding output port;
The multiplexed signals on one
input port can be disassembled
into individual signals and sent to
different output ports.
intro
20
SDH Basics
The higher order STM-N or OC-N,

signal is disassembled into
elementary STM-1 or STS-1
frames;
The basic frames are applied to
the signal extraction bus, the
Drop-Bus;
the extraction of elementary
PDH signal takes place.
The multiplexing / demultiplexing process doesnt

require the complete disassembling of the
SDH/SONET multiplex signal;
The multiplexer includes a switching module
of the input signals;
when no signal insertion/extraction is
performed the Add and Drop busses can be
interconnected; it is possible the switching
between different subscriber interfaces.
The subscriber signals which have to

be transmitted are applied to the
signal insertion bus, the Add-Bus;
the subscriber signals are
assembled into appropriate
data structures; then are
inserted in basic STM-1 or
STS-1 frames.
intro
21
SDH Basics
SDH Reconfigurable Add-Drop Multiplexer
The most flexible type of reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer employs a

1 N wavelength selective switch and a passive coupler; (N = 5 in this example).
Multiple wavelengths received from the upstream network node are amplified and
directed to the input port of the wavelength selective switch. The switch can
select up to four of the wavelengths and pass each one to any of the four drop
ports. Wavelengths not dropped are passed to the through port. Wavelengths are
added either with an identical wavelength selective switch employed in reverse or
with a simple passive N:1 fiber coupler.
intro
22
SDH Basics
At a network junction with many
incoming and outgoing fibers, each
carrying multiple wavelengths, how
can any wavelength on any incoming
fiber be switched to any outgoing
fiber?
In a simplified version of the answer, two incoming fibers each carry two
wavelengths. The light from each fiber is initially split into two parts and sent to
one of two 2 1 wavelength selective switches (WSS). At a switch, each
wavelength is either blocked or placed on the outgoing fiber. Thus, any
incoming wavelengths on either fiber can be switched to either of the outgoing
fibers.
intro
23
SDH Basics
WSS: Wavelength Selective Switch

1XN WSS = 1 INPUT and N outputs
intro
24
SDH Basics
Synchronous Add-Drop Multiplexer Interfaces
ROADM
Reconfigurable Optical
Add-drop Multiplexer
intro
25
SDH Basics
4x1 WSS
WSS = Wavelength
Selectable Switch
intro
26
SDH Basics
ROADM
intro
27
SDH Basics
SDH Network Segments
Multiplexer
Section
Tributaries
Regenerator
Section
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
SDH
Add & Drop
Multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
Tributaries
Multiplexer
Section
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
SDH
Regenerator
VC
Assembly
SDH
Regenerator
VC
Disassembly
Path
intro
28
SDH Basics
Network Topologies
RING
CHAIN
MESH
POINT-TO-POINT
STAR (HUB)
ADM / DXC
Add-drop Mux/ Digital Cross-connect)
TM (Terminal Mux)
intro
29
SDH Basics
Network Topologies
There are 4 types of network topologies:
Linear topology: used in access networks in a high speed network and
when is not necessary a high protection to faults.
Ring topology: most often used; ensures a high management flexibility
and good protection to faults.

Mesh topology: each node is connected with a number of other nodes;
high management flexibility; high protection to faults; high redundancy
of the physical channels between nodes.
Star topology: used to connect distant and less important nodes;

ensures low protection to faults.
intro
30
SDH Basics
Protection Schemes
1+1 Protection ( Dual Rings)
East / West Protection ( Loop-back)
intro
31
SDH Basics
Network Topologies
intro
32
SDH Basics
Network Topologies
Ring type SONET/SDH international network topology which
connects several national networks
1. The national networks:
OC-12 - SONET ring networks (equivalent with STM-4 SDH); networks
with 622Mbps bit rate.
2. The international network:
OC-48 - SONET ring (equivalent with STM-16 SDH); networks with
2488Mbps bit rate.
3. The multiplexers:
from the international network ensure the connection with the national
networks; some multiplexers from the national networks are also
telephone switches.
intro
33
SDH Basics
Network Topologies
Example of international SDH/SONET network which connects several
national networks
intro
34
SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
intro
35
SDH Basics
intro
36
SDH Basics
intro
37
SDH Basics
intro
38
SDH Basics
GFP Generic Framing

Procedure
VCAT Virtual Concatenation
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment
Scheme
intro
39
SDH Basics
SDH Network
B1 = Parity for entire frame
B2 = Parity for MSOH and AU-4
B3 = Parity for VC
intro
40
SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME
intro
41
SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME and Tributary Units
The VC-4 channel capacity, 149.76 Mbps, has
been defined specifically for the transport of a
fourth level (139.264 Mbps) PDH multiplex signal.
To enable the transport and switching of lowerrate tributary signals within the VC-4, several
special structures, called Tributary Units (TUs),
have been defined. The characteristics of each
TU type have been specifically selected to carry
one of the standardized PDH signal rates. In
addition, a fixed number of whole TUs may be
mapped within the container area of a VC-4.
intro
42
SDH Basics
TU-11: TU-11 frame consists of 27 bytes, structured as 3
columns of 9 bytes. At a frame rate of 8000 Hz, these bytes
provide a transport capacity of 1.728 Mbps and will
accommodate the mapping of a North American DS1 signal
(1.544 Mbps). 84 TU-11s are multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
TU-12: Each TU-12 frame consists of 36 bytes, structured as 4
accommodate the mapping of a CEPT 2.048 Mbps signal.
63 TU-12s may be multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
intro
43
SDH Basics
accommodate the mapping of a North American DS2 signal.
21 TU-2s may be multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
accommodate the mapping of a CEPT 34.368 Mbps signal or a
North American 44.768 DS3 signal. Three TU-3s may be
multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
intro
44
SDH Basics
Multiplexing Structure ( G.709)
139.264 Mbit/s
xN
STM-N
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
x1
x3
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
x3
44.736 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
Mapping
Multiplexing
Synchronization
AU-3
VC-3
C-3
x7
6.312 Mbit/s
Multiplexing is done byte-by-byte

C
VC
TU
TUG
AU
AUG
Container
Virtual Container
Tributary Unit
Tributary Unit Group
Administrative Unit
Administrative Unit Group
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
x3
C-2
2.048 Mbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
x4
C-12
1.544 Mbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
intro
45
SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
VC-12
Description
J2
LO path - trace.
N2
Tandem connection monitoring byte.
K4
Enhanced remote detect indication and APS.

R = Reserved bits; I = Info
O = Service ; S = Justification
C1,C2 = 1 ---> S1,S2 = Info
C1,C2 = 0 ---> S1,S2 = Justification
VC-12
140 Bytes/ 500sec
intro
Byte
Bits
Description
Bits 1 and 2
These are used to detect errors in the LO path end-to-end in

VC-12 excluding V1, V2 and V3
Bit 3
Remote Error Indicator (REI), formerly a far end block error

path (FEBE) alarm as a result of BIP-2.
Bit 4
Remote Failure Indication (RFI) alarm.
Bits 5 to 7
Signal Label (SL). Describes the VC-12 payload composition.

For example: 000= Unequipped 001= Equipment non-specific
010= Asynchronous 011= Bit synchronous 100= Byte
synchronous 111= Virtual Circuit (VC)-AIS
Bit 8
Remote defect indication (bit set to 1), formerly a FERF alarm.
Path Over Head

46
SDH Basics
TU-12
TU = Tributary Unit
V1+V2 = Pointer for V5
V3 = Justification Byte
V4 = Reserved
1 Byte
36 bytes / 125 sec
36 bytes
TU-12
TU-12
4x9 Bytes
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
TU-12
36 bytes
36 bytes
12x9 Bytes
TUG-2
V4
intro
47
SDH Basics
TU-12
TU = Tributary Unit
V1+V2 = Pointer for V5
V3 = Justification Byte
V4 = Reserved
1 Byte
36 bytes / 125 sec

V2
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
V1
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
VT-6
VT-3
VT-2
VT-1.5
36 bytes
N
36 bytes
V4
36 bytes
I bits inverted = Positive Justification = V3 carries stuffing bits

D bits inverted = Negative Justification = V3 carries Data bits
N bits inverted = New data
intro
48
SDH Basics
TU-12
Pointer offset numbering
1 Byte
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
105
139
0
34
35
69
70
The TU-12 pointer value contained in V1 and V2

indicates the offset from V2 (V3, V4 bytes are
not counted) to the first byte of the VC-12.
0-139 which indicates the offset between the
pointer and the first byte of the VC-12.
That is, the value of the pointer for a TU-12 has
a range of 0 to 140. For example, if the TU
Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC12 begins in the byte adjacent to the V2 byte.
if the TU Payload Pointer has a value of 35,
then the VC-12 begins in the byte adjacent to
the V3 byte.
The V5 byte is the first byte of the VC-12 in the
first multiframe.
104
intro
49
SDH Basics
TU-12 (4x9 bytes)
TUG = Tributary Unit Group

TUG-2 (12x9 bytes)
7xTUG-2
Null Pointer Indicator ( NPI)

indicates If TUG-3 contains
TU-3 or TUG-2 signals
Null Pointer
Overhead Bytes
TUG-3 86x9 Bytes

intro
50
SDH Basics
3xTUG-3
AU-4 Pointer
86 X 9 Bytes
AU-Pointer
POH
STM-1
C-4
intro
51
SDH Basics
POH
POH
Virtual Container
VC-4
C-4
9 Bytes Path Over Head
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
(From receiver to sender)
K3
N1
VC-4 Pointer
intro
52
SDH Basics
3xTUG-3
86 X 9 Bytes
STM-1
AU-Pointer
POH
RSOH
C-4
MSOH
intro
53
SDH Basics
Regenerator and Multiplexer Section Overhead
( Hex: F6 28)
9x3 Bytes Regenerator Section Over-Head

A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
intro
54
SDH Basics
9x5 Bytes Multiplexer Section Over-Head

B2
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
S1
B2
Z1
B2
Z1
Z2
Z2
M1
E2
intro
55
SDH Basics
RSOH
POH
MSOH
intro
56
SDH Basics
Administrative Unit Pointer
261 Bytes
AU-Pointer
POH
POH
9 Bytes
J1
261
C-4
C-4
intro
57
SDH Basics
AU- 4 Pointer : H1 and H2
9 Bytes
261 Bytes
9 Rows
VC-4 / E4 Mapping
H1
N-Bits = New Data Flag

I-Bits = Increment bits
D-Bits = Decrement bits
S-Bits = Size bits
H2
H3
SS
Size
00
TU-2
10
TU-12
11
TU-11
Negative Justification
Opportunity: H3 can carry
Traffic data
intro
58
SDH Basics
AU-3 Pointer
9 Bytes
261 Bytes
9 Rows
3xVC-3
V1
V2
V3 Pointer Action
V4 Future Use
TU-1 / TU-2 Pointer

SS
Size
00
TU-2
10
TU-12
11
TU-11
N-Bits = New Data Flag

I-Bits = Increment bits
D-Bits = Decrement bits
S-Bits = Size bits
intro
59
SDH Basics
Synchronization time
Frame N+1
Frame N
Synchronization time
intro
60
SDH Basics
Positive, Negative Justification
intro
61
SDH Basics
Positive, Negative Justification
Suppose the incoming clock is

faster than the outgoing clock.
Then an extra byte is
accumulated in our receive
buffer, compared to what we can
transmit. Now this extra byte is
put into H3 location. So when we
transmit one SONET frame of
810 bytes, we actually transmit
784 bytes of payload (86
columns times 9 rows, plus one
H3 octet), rather than 783 bytes
of payload.
A similar problem occurs if the incoming clock is slower than

the outgoing clock. Then there will be a deficit in the receiver
buffer. To overcome this problem a stuff byte in the location
after the H3 byte is sent. Moving of SPE backwards is called
negative justification and moving it forward is called positive
justification.
intro
62
SDH Basics
Positive Justification
The Pointer can vary from 0 to 782
which is 783 values.
Pointer = 0011010110 = 214
The counting starts from row 4
column 4 i.e. directly after byte H3
214
The Pointer at this stage has its I

bits inverted that is a positive
justification is needed and the
byte 4 in row 4 is filled with
stuffing bits. And the Pointer
value as a whole is invalid since it
does not indicate the new
position on the next STM-1 VC-4.
intro
63
SDH Basics
intro
64
SDH Basics
Positive Justification
intro
65
SDH Basics
intro
66
SDH Basics
STM-1 Virtual Container (VC-4)
F
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
Payload Capacity = 149.76 Mbit/s

Designed for 140 Mbit/s transport
260 Columns
9 Bytes x
1 Column
intro
67
SDH Basics
Tributary Unit Frame Structure
F
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
Tributary
Unit Frame
STM-1
Container
Capacity
260 Columns
intro
68
SDH Basics
Tributary Unit Frame Structure
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
For STM-1
N=9
M = 270
Total = 2430
Bytes / 125
sec
TU Pointer
VC Path
Overhead
Low-Rate
Tributary
Signal
Virtual
Container
Container
260 Columns
intro
69
SDH Basics
Different Sizes of Tributary Unit Frames
TU-12
TU-2
TU-3
4 columns
12 columns
86 columns
9 rows
TU-11
3 columns
1.728 Mb/s
2.304 Mb/s
Optimised for Optimised for
a N. American a European
DS1 (1.544
2 Mb/s signal
Mb/s) signal
6.912 Mb/s
Optimised for
a N. American
DS2 (6.312
Mb/s) signal
49.54 Mb/s
Optimised for a N. American DS3
(44.736 Mb/s) signal, but will also
carry a European 34.368 Mb/s signal
intro
70
SDH Basics
Synchronous Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing
t
STM-1
SIGNAL A
t
STM-1
SIGNAL B
ByteInterleaved
Multiplexer
STM-1
SIGNAL C
STM-4
(4 x STM-1)
STM-1
SIGNAL D
DENOTES 8-BIT BYTE

AT STM-1 SIGNAL RATE
DENOTES 8-BIT BYTE

AT STM-4 SIGNAL RATE
intro
71
SDH Basics
STM-4 Frame Structure
Serial Signal Stream
STM-1 A
125 usec.
F
622.08 Mb/s
9720 Bytes / Frame
9 Rows
STM-1 C
ByteInterleaved
Multiplexer
9 Rows
STM-1 B
STM-1 D
9 columns
Section
Overhead
261 columns
VC-4
36 columns
Interleaved
Section Overhead
1044 columns
4 Interleaved VC-4s
9720 Bytes / Frame x 8 Bits / Byte x 8000 Frames / Sec. = 622.08 Mbit/s
intro
72
SDH Basics
STM-4 Section Overhead Byte Structure
36 columns
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
Administrative Unit Pointer

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
S1
D12
M1
OVERHEAD Functions
E2
Bytes reserved for national use
Define and build the SDH frame structure

Provide data transportation monitoring indicators
Provide alarm state indications
Enable maintenance activities
Provide routing functions (protection switching)
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SDH Basics
Network Management
Alarm/Event Management
Configuration Management
Performance Management
Access and Security Management
Ethernet
Gateway
Management Station
Site 1
Site 2
SDH
Multiplexer
Network
Site 3
Site 4
Network Management: The SNMP

protocol is the basis of
The remote management of the SDH
network.
The SNMP manager is embedded in
the Management station and the
SNMP agent in the Gateway at sites
1,2,3 and 4
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SDH Basics
Management Functions
AIS and FERF Alarms

LOS, LOF, and LOP alarms will render the whole signal unusable. In this case, the
missing or corrupted signal is replaced by an AIS consisting of continuous binary
1s. This will produce AIS alarms on all equipment downstream of the fault. The NE
detecting the fault also sends an indication to the distant (sending) end that an
alarm has been raised. This raises a FERF alarm at the appropriate level at the
transmitting NE. Thus, a fault at the MS level will produce an MS-FERF. At the VCintro 4 level, it will produce a VC-4 FERF.
75
SDH Basics
Management Functions
Distant Error Indications
intro
If the fault is at the LO, for example, the TU-12 level, the signal proper (customer
data) to the affected tributary is replaced by AIS and FERF being sent to the
appropriate distant transmitting element.
Errors detected in an incoming signal can be indicated to the distant originating
element in a similar fashion. In this case, the indication is a FEBE alarm, and is
indicated at the transmitting NE at the level at which the errors are detected. For
example, MS for B2 errors, VC-4 level for B3 errors, and V5 for VC-11/12 errors. The
term FEBE has been replaced by Remote Error Indication (REI).
76
SDH Basics
Light Paths and Wavelength Routing
Wavelength routing networks are circuit-switched networks.
In order for a user to send data to a another user, a connection
has to be first setup by allocating a wavelength on each hop
along the connections path.
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SDH Basics
When establishing a light-path over a wavelength routing
network, the same wavelength has to be used on every hop
along the path.
If the required wavelength is not available at the outgoing fiber
of an OXC through which the lightpath has to be routed, then
the establishment of the lightpath is blocked, and a notification
message is sent back to the user.
In order to decrease the probability that a lightpath is blocked,
the OXC can be equipped with converters.
A converter can transform the optical signal transmitted over a
wavelength to another wavelength.
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78
SDH Basics
In an OXC, for each output fiber with W wavelengths, there may
be c converters, where 0 c W.
No conversion: c=0
Partial conversion: 0 < c <W

Full conversion: c=W
A converter can only transform a signal on a wavelength to
another wavelength 1 = + (nm)
intro
79
WL utilization improvement through WL

conversion
Without conversion
2 optical connections from A to C, and from F to C
Assuming 2 WLs (lambda1, lambda2) per fiber and F is
connected to B
Without WL conversion, the path between F and C has to take the longer trace through node E, D and C.
In fact, if the connection originated at F were to be routed along F-B-C, it would need to use lambda1 on
all the links along this path (which is not possible). As such, it needs to be routed along another path,
longest one
.
1
D
B
2
1
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
80
80
WL utilization improvement through WL

conversion
With conversion
2 optical connections from A to C, and from F to C
Assuming 2 WLs (lambda1, lambda2) per fiber and F is
connected to B
2
1
A
C
D
1
2
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
81
81
An example of different lightpaths

Lightpaths
A -> C: 1
B -> D:1 and 2

C -> D:3 and 1
OXCs 1 and 2: no converters
OXC 3 has converters
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
82
82
Traffic grooming
A lightpath is exclusively used by a single client.
Often the bandwidth a client requires is significantly
less than the wavelengths bandwidth. This means
that part of the lightpaths bandwidth is unused. Also,
the user pays for more bandwidth than required.
Traffic grooming permits many users to share the
same lightpath.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
83
83
Sub-rate units
The bandwidth of a lightpath is divided into
sub-rate units so that it can carry traffic
streams transmitted at lower rates.
For instance a 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) bandwidth
can be available in sub-rate units of 50 Mbps
(OC-1) = 50Mbps x 48 2.5 Gbps
A client can request one or more of these subrate units. This improves wavelength
utilization and lowers users costs.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
84
84
An example of traffic grooming
Established lightpaths:
OXC 1 to OXC 3
OXC 3 to OXC 4
Transmission rate: 2.488 Gbps (OC-48/STM-16)

16 sub-rate units of 155 Mbps (OC3/STM-1)
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
85
85
A user attached to OXC 1 that wants to transmit data to a

user attached to OXC 3, can request any integer number of
OC-3/STM-1 sub-rate units up to a total of 16.
Additional lightpaths can be established between OXCs 1
and 3, if the traffic between these two OXCs exceeds 2.488
Gbps.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
86
86
Traversing more than one lightpath:

Let us consider a user attached to OXC 1 who requests a
connection to a user attached to OXC 4 for four sub-rate
units.
In this case, a new lightpath has to be established between
OXCs 1 and 4, say, over OXCs 6 and 5.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
87
87
Alternatively, the connection can be routed through the two

lightpaths (OXC 1 -> OXC 3 and OXC 3 -> OXC 4).
Provided that there is free capacity on each lightpath and
OXC 3 is equipped with a SONET/SDH DCS which permits it
to extract the data stream from the incoming SONET/SDH
frames on the first lightpath and place it into the
SONET/SDH frames of the second lightpath.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
88
88
SDH Optical Network Basics

Dimensioning Examples
An STM-1 ring is installed and connects 5 remote switches
to a main central switch. Two of the remote switches provide
Each- 8 PSTN channels and two 2Mbps PCs connected to the
SDH MUX.
For the remaining remote switches, each provides 16 PSTN
channels and four 2Mbps PCs.
Note: Assume that a channel is equivalent to 1Mbps
1. Calculate the amount of traffic generated on the ring
2. Calculate the number of channels supported by the STM-1
3. Calculate the utilization factor of the available capacity
4. Check if the STM-1 ring needs to be upgrade
intro
89

SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
PSTN Channels
16
16
16
Data Channels
Total Channels
12
12
24
24
24
96 Channels
Grand total Number of Channels : (12x2) + (24x3) = 96 Channels
The amount of Traffic generated on the ring is: 96 Channels

The STM-1 Frame carries: 63 x 2 Mbps = 126 Mbps = 126 Channels
The utilization factor is 96 / 126 75%
This means that 25% of the ring capacity is still free; So there is no need
to upgrade the network at this time and under these conditions.
intro
90

Consider the switching node B in the network shown below. Each

directed link is a single fiber. Assume that there are 3 s-d pairs: A-C, AD, and E-C. Each s-d pair sends and receives traffic at 4 Gbps. In
addition, assume that one wavelength channel can carry up to 10 Gbps.
(a) Assume the use of electronic switching architecture at node B.
Identify the amount of traffic (in Gbps) that must be processed
electronically at node B.
(b) Assume the use of transparent optical switching architecture at
node B, and that we bypass electronic processing of traffic at
node B. Identify the number of wavelength channels used on
the fiber from A to B.
(c) Repeat part (a) but with 8 Gbps for each source-destination pair.
intro
91

The central Point B has to process:
4 Gbps x 3 = 12 Gbps
By the optical routing rule: no two s

are alike on the same optical path.
2
1
We have to use:
1 on the optical path A-B-C

1 on the optical path E-B
2 on the optical path A-B
2 on the optical path B-D
2 on the optical path B-C
The Traffic Pattern is from:

A to C through B = 4 Gbps
A to D through B = 4 Gbps
E to C through B = 4 Gbps
intro
92

Consider the architecture of an optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM). Assume that

there are 4 wavelength channels in a fiber. The OADM shown consists of an
optical multiplexer (MUX), an optical de-multiplexer (DMUX), a 66 optical switch,
and 2 tunable transponders. (Each transponder contains a tunable transmitter and
a tunable receiver.)
Note that this OADM allows the node to drop and add any set of 2 wavelengths.
Suppose that, instead of a 66 optical switch, you only have available 44 switches.
Indicate how you can construct an OADM with the same functionality by drawing a
diagram of your OADM architecture
intro
93

OXC- Optical Cross Connect
An optical core
wavelength plane OXC,
consisting of a plane of
optical switches, one
for each wavelength.
With F fibers and W
wavelengths on each
fiber, each switch is a
2F 2F switch, if we
want the flexibility to
drop and add any
wavelength at the node.
The OXC Module will
have the dimension of:
W x (2FX2F) Switches
intro
94

An optical core wavelength
plane OXC with F = 4 fibers,
W = 32 per fiber. Therefore
the OXC has:
4 OLT
32 x (8X8) switches
intro
95

The Extra Optical Switch
is of
(TxWF) size.
The whole OXC Module
is of
(WF + T)(WF + T) size
intro
96

NxN Star Coupler
The Coupler Module
Is NxN dimension.
N being the number of
inputs/outputs.
The number of needed
stages is given by:
S = Log N / Log 2
The number of needed
couplers is given by:
C = (N / 2) x S
In our case, N = 8 Therefore:

S = Log8/Log2 = 3; C = 8/2 Log8/Log2 = 12
Total Attenuation = C x Attenuation per coupler
intro
97

Router Interfaces
The three routers labeled A, B, and
C, connected by WDM fiber links.
Also assume that all routers
interfaces operate at 10 Gb/s,
which is also the transmission
capacity on each wavelength on
the WDM links.
Now suppose, based on estimates
of the IP packet traffic, 50 Gb/s of
capacity is required between all
three pairs of routers: AB, BC,
and AC. The network can be
designed to handle this traffic in
two ways.
The Objective:
Redesign the network in figure (a) in
order to reduce:
The number of routers interfaces
and hence the cost.
By two methods:
1. With no optical add/drop facility
2. With optical add/drop facility
intro
98

Router Interfaces
The Solution with no add/drop facility:
Total traffic from A to (B,C) = 50 +50 = 100 Gbps
Traffic from B to C = 50 Gbps
Total Traffic through B and to C = 50 + 50 = 100 Gbps
Remember : 1 = = 10 Gbps
The number of router ports is:
Router A: needs 10 ports
Router C: needs 10 ports
Router B: needs 20 ports : 10 ports to the left side
10 ports to the right side
Thus we need a total number of 40 ports.
intro
99

Router Interfaces
The Solution with add/drop facility:
1. Router A: 10 Ports are needed
2. Router B: 10 Ports are needed
3. Router C: 10 Ports are needed
The total needed ports is 30 instead
of 40 ports in the without
add/drop facility which is 25%
more efficient.
The amount of traffic
leaving this router is 10 =
100 Gbps (50 Gbps from A
to B and 50 Gbps from A to
C = 10 ports (1 port per )
leading to a total of 10
The amount of traffic on

this router is 50Gbps
inbound (dropped) and
50 Gbps outbound
(added) which requires
10 ports in total
The total
amount of
traffic is 100
Gbps
inbound.
intro
100

Broadband Network and Technologies PART1

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Broadband Network and Technologies PART1

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The Broadband Network

Prepared and Edited by P.Eng .Mustapha Tannir

The Broadband Network

Introduction to the story

Access Broadband Network

PDH / SDH Basics

Once there is a digital link between two sites, there is

PDH / SDH Basics

PDH / SDH Basics

Used for Synchronization

Used for Signaling

PDH / SDH Basics

PDH / SDH Basics

PDH / SDH Basics

The traffic rates through plesiochronous cross connect also

Introduced and Standardized in 1988

optical/electrical telecommunications networks

management channel for remote management of

Simplify interconnection between

With SDH the need for any justification of signals at the

Respond to Demanding broadband services

Integrated network elements

PDH / SDH Basics

ADD-AND-DROP MULTIPLEXER WITH

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) :

A Multiplexer / Add Drop Multiplexer performs insertion/removal of tributary

In PDH, A Regenerator is used to:

SDH cross-connect switch:

Permits to change the routing of tributary

The digital signals received at a

The higher order STM-N or OC-N,

The multiplexing / demultiplexing process doesnt

The subscriber signals which have to

The most flexible type of reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer employs a

WSS: Wavelength Selective Switch

and good protection to faults.

Star topology: used to connect distant and less important nodes;

GFP Generic Framing

B1 = Parity for entire frame

B2 = Parity for MSOH and AU-4

Multiplexing is done byte-by-byte

Tandem connection monitoring byte.

Enhanced remote detect indication and APS.

These are used to detect errors in the LO path end-to-end in

Remote Error Indicator (REI), formerly a far end block error

Remote Failure Indication (RFI) alarm.

Signal Label (SL). Describes the VC-12 payload composition.

Remote defect indication (bit set to 1), formerly a FERF alarm.

Path Over Head

36 bytes / 125 sec

36 bytes / 125 sec

I bits inverted = Positive Justification = V3 carries stuffing bits

Pointer offset numbering

The TU-12 pointer value contained in V1 and V2

TUG = Tributary Unit Group

Null Pointer Indicator ( NPI)

TUG-3 86x9 Bytes

9 Bytes Path Over Head

(From receiver to sender)

9x3 Bytes Regenerator Section Over-Head

9x5 Bytes Multiplexer Section Over-Head

N-Bits = New Data Flag

TU-1 / TU-2 Pointer

N-Bits = New Data Flag