Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

UNIT I

ELASTICITY

Analysis of stress and strain, equilibrium equations - Compatibility

equations

Stress strain relationship - Generalized Hookes law.

UNIT II FORMULATION AND SOLUTION OF ELASTICITY PROBLEMS
Methods of formulation of elasticity problems, methods of solution of elasticity
problems, Plane stress and plane strain - Simple two dimensional problems in
Cartesian and polar co-ordinates.
UNIT III ENERGY METHODS
Numerical and Energy methods - Castiglianos theorem - Principle of Virtual work Principle of stationary potential energy - Principle of least work Rayleighs method
- Rayleigh-Ritz method- Finite difference method - Simple applications.
UNIT IV TORSION
Introduction, general solution of torsion problems, boundary conditions, stress
function method - Torsion of non-circular sections, Prandtls membrane analogy,
Torsion of thin walled open and closed sections - Thin walled multiple cell closed
sections.
UNIT V INTRODUCTION TO PLASTICITY
Physical assumptions Criterion of yielding, plastic stress and strain relationship Elastic plastic problems in bending Torsion and thick cylinder.

UNIT I ELASTICITY
Stress and strain
The stress is not a new term to a human being and it should be a
common to both living and non-living things. Every individual and body
responds to stress. Stress is normally defined as the internal resistive force
per unit area offered by an object or body to an externally applied load,
moment or torque and may be the combination of these. So whenever you
disturb a body or a system, stress gets induced in it. Strain is the response
arising due to the stress induced in a body. The body responds by straining.
The strain is the measure of deformation. It is a relative phenomenon.
Consider a prismatic bar of cross sectional area A and length L. Assume
that the bar is fixed at one end and free at the other end. Apply a force P
which is gradually increasing. The bar will respond to the incremental value
of the applied tensile force. Various scientists and researchers have
concluded that the elongation has the following relationship with the
parameters P, A and L.
P; -----------(1) (If you increase the load the elongation increases)
L ;-----------(2) (The elongation will be more for lengthy specimens)

1
A

;------------(3) (The elongation diminishes as you increase the cross

section)
The above three equations can be summed up and thus

PL
AE

said to be Youngs modulus of elasticity. The expression for

P 1
= .
rewritten as L
A E

P
A

and strain

---(4)

where E is

could be

Now we can define the formula for stress

and hence the equation (4) could be further


reworded as = E

and from this the very fundamental relation between

stress and strain could be arrived.

E=

----- (5). Now this relation could be narrated as Hookes law which

states that with in the elastic limit , stress is directly proportional to strain. It
could be noted down that both the stress and the Youngs modulus have the
same unit i.e., MPa. So, how will you differentiate them? The answer is E
could be defined as the stress induced due to unit strain. The stress here is
P
only in one direction and that could be represented as y = A . The subscript
represents the direction of the stress. But stress is a tensor quantity and a
ij
more generalized expression could be
, where i and j = x,y,z. The stress
needs magnitude, direction and the plane on which it acts and hence it is
called tensor quantity. From this point we could use the stress tensor by
substituting the corresponding values of i and j for the stress tensor.

xx xy xz
ij = yx yy yz
zx zy zz