INTRODUCTION

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

In the last few decades, the field of digital signal processing, and
particularly adaptive signal processing, has developed enormously
due to the increasingly availability of technology for the
implementation of the emerging algorithms. These algorithms have
been applied to an extensive number of problems including noise and
echo cancelling, channel equalization, signal prediction, adaptive
arrays as well as many others. Digital signal processing can involve
linear or nonlinear operations. Nonlinear signal processing is closely
related to nonlinear system identification and can be implemented in
the time, frequency, and spatio-temporal domains. The application of
digital computation to signal processing allows for many advantages
over analog processing in many applications, such as error detection
and correction in transmission as well as data compression. DSP is
applicable to both streaming data and static (stored) data.

APPLICATION
DSPs bring computing performance, real-time processing, and power
efficiency to diverse applications ranging from sensors to servers from
Machine vision to Audio/Video Encoding. Adaptive filtering algorithms,
which constitute the adjusting mechanism for the filter coefficients, are
in fact closely related to classical optimization techniques. Moreover,
an adaptive filter, due to its real-time self-adjusting characteristic, is
sometimes expected to track the optimum behaviour of a slowly
varying environment. In order to compare the wide variety of
algorithms available in the literature of adaptive filtering, the aspects
such as Filter structure, Rate of convergence, Misadjustment and
tracking, computational factor must be taken into account. Adaptation
algorithm adjusts the adaptive filter coefficients in order to minimize
the associated error norm. Mainly adaptive algorithms are either
Gradient-Based Adaptive Algorithms or Stochastic Gradient Algorithms.
But further most popular adaptive algorithms can be grouped into

three families, namely the LMS, the DR, and the RLS classes of
algorithms. Each group presents particular characteristics of
computational complexity and speed of convergence, which tend to
determine the best possible solution to an application at hand. So it
may be concluded adaption algorithms are application specific.

ADAPTIVE SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

The adaptive system identification is primarily responsible for
determining a discrete estimation of the transfer function for an
unknown digital or analog system. The same input x(n) is applied to
both the adaptive filter and the unknown system from which the
outputs are compared (see figure 1). The output of the adaptive filter
y(n) is subtracted from the output of the unknown 2 system resulting in
a desired signal d(n). The resulting difference is an error signal e(n)
used to manipulate the filter coefficients of the adaptive system
tending towards an error signal of zero.

After a number of iterations of this process are performed, and if the

system is designed correctly, the adaptive filters transfer function will
converge to, or near to, the unknown systems transfer function. For
this configuration, the error signal does not have to go to zero,
although convergence to zero is the ideal situation, to closely
approximate the given system. There will, however, be a difference
between adaptive filter transfer function and the unknown system
transfer function if the error is nonzero and the magnitude of that
difference will be directly related to the magnitude of the error signal.
Additionally the order of the adaptive system will affect the smallest
error that the system can obtain. If there are insufficient coefficients in
the adaptive system to model the unknown system, it is said to be

under specified. This condition may cause the error to converge to a

nonzero constant instead of zero. In contrast, if the adaptive filter is
over specified, meaning that there are more coefficients than needed
to model the unknown system, the error will converge to zero, but it
will increase the time it takes for the filter to converge.