Rock Components

04.2015 Dak

Basic Rock Components

Clastic Rock Components
non-move
fluids

hydrocarbons

free
water

hydrocarbons

Solidity: 1 - PhiT

residual
HC

water

water

clay&
OH-

water

residual
HC

matrix
quartz, feldspar, etc.

porosity

OH

dry clay

grains

moveable fluids

claybound
capillarybound

Clastic
Components

solid matrix

mud, silt

Clastic
Rock

nonmoveable
fluids

porosity

Simplified
Rock

Total porosity, PhiT

Grain volume

Bulk Volume Water

Bulk volume hydrocarbons

Carbonate Rock Components

Total porosity, PhiT

Bulk volume hydrocarbons

cap.-bound

hydrocarbons

free
water

resid. HC

porosity
interparticle

vuggy
cap.-bound

cement

grains

resid. HC

hydrocarbons

Bulk Volume Water

mud

by porosity

free water

Solidity: 1 - PhiT
Grain volume

Carbonate
Rock

non-move
fluids

non-move
fluids

porosity
cap.bound

grains

moveable fluids

free water

by fluid

solid matrix

cement

Carbonate
Rock

porosity

mud

Simplified
Rock

hydrocarbons

Solidity: 1 - PhiT

Grain volume

ads.gas

gas, oil

ads.gas

water

OH

gas, oil

free
water

clay & OH-

water

dry clay

quartz, carbonate, pyrite,

etc.

porosity

claybound

Organic Shale
Components

mineral matrix

kerogen

Organic
Shale

kerogen

Organic Shale Components

Total porosity, PhiT

BVW

Bulk Vol.HC

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

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Clastic Rock Components

clay&
OH-

water

hydrocarbons

free
water

hydrocarbons

Solidity: 1 - PhiT

residual
HC

water

water

OH

porosity

residual
HC

Clastic
Components

matrix
quartz, feldspar, etc.

moveable fluids

claybound
capillarybound

grains

dry clay

Clastic
Rock

mud, silt

solid matrix

non-mov.
fluids

nonmoveable
fluids

porosity

Simplified
Rock

Total porosity, PhiT

Grain volume

Bulk Volume Water

Bulk volume hydrocarbons

Component definitions
dry clay

Clay/Shale
Definitions

CBW

Vshale
V. wet shale
V. dry shale

Saturation
Definitions

PhiESwe
PhiESwt

PhiE (1-Swe)
PhiT (1-Swt)

Effective porosity, PhiE

Porosity
Definitions

Total porosity, PhiT

Water-filled porosity

Porosity Measurements
Apparent density porosity, PhiD

Water- or oil-filled; NOT gas.

(For all these measurements)

Porosity
from logs

Apparent neutron porosity, PhiN

Apparent sonic porosity, PhiS

High frequency resistivity/dielectric

PhiEPT
NMR total porosity

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

bound

NMR free fluids

NMR non-clay fluids

Porosity
from cores

Laboratory at net overburden pressure.

Porosity measured at ambient conditions will
be higher than that measured at overburden.

Humidity-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Vacuum oven-dried, gas injection or resaturation
Disaggregation of sample

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

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Carbonate Rock Components

by fluid type

free water

Saturation
Definitions

PhieSwe

Total porosity, Phit

NMR total porosity

Porosity
from cores

NMR free fluids

bound

NMR non-clay fluids

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

cap.-bound

hydrocarbons

cap.-bound

free water

grains

porosity
interparticle

vuggy

free
water

resid. HC

Water- or oil-filled; NOT gas.

hydrocarbons

Interparticle/Intercrystalline porosity

Porosity
Definitions
Porosity
from logs

Phit (1-Swt)

Water-filled porosity

cement

by porosity type

Phie (1-Swe)

Effective porosity, Phie

mud

Carbonate
Rock

hydrocarbons

PhitSwt

Porosity
Definitions
Porosity
from logs

non-mov.
fluids

non-move
fluids

porosity
resid. HC

grains

moveable fluids

cap.bound

solid matrix

cement

Carbonate
Rock

porosity

mud

Simplified
Rock

Total porosity, Phit

Vuggy porosity

Apparent density porosity, PhiD

Water- or oil-filled; NOT gas.

(For all these measurements)

Apparent neutron porosity, PhiN

Apparent sonic porosity, PhiS

Laboratory at net overburden pressure.

Porosity measured at ambient conditions will
be higher than that measured at overburden.

Humidity-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Vacuum oven-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Disaggregation of sample

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

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Carbonate Rock Components by fluid type

by fluid type

free water

Saturation
Definitions

Porosity
from cores

hydrocarbons

PhieSwe

Phie (1-Swe)

PhitSwt

Phit (1-Swt)

Effective porosity, Phie

Porosity
Definitions
Porosity
from logs

non-move
fluids

non-move fl

porosity
resid. HC

grains

moveable fluids

cap.bound

solid matrix

cement

Carbonate
Rock

porosity

mud

Simplified
Rock

Total porosity, Phit

Water-filled porosity
NMR total porosity

Water- or oil-filled; NOT gas.

bnd

NMR free fluids

NMR non-clay fluids

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Humidity-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Laboratory at net overburden pressure.

Porosity measured at ambient conditions will
be higher than that measured at overburden.

Vacuum oven-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Disaggregation of sample

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

cap.-bound

hydrocarbons

free
water

hydrocarbons

resid. HC

porosity
interparticle

vuggy
free water

by porosity type

grains

cement

Carbonate
Rock

mud

Carbonate Rock Components by porosity type

Interparticle/Intercrystalline porosity

Porosity
Definitions

Total porosity, Phit

Vuggy porosity

Apparent density porosity, PhiD

Porosity
from logs

Water- or oil-filled; NOT gas.

(For all these measurements)

Apparent sonic porosity, PhiS

NMR total porosity

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Porosity
from cores

Apparent neutron porosity, PhiN

Laboratory at net overburden pressure.

Porosity measured at ambient conditions will
be higher than that measured at overburden.

NMR non-clay fluids

Humidity-dried, gas injection or resaturation

Vacuum oven-dried, gas injection or resaturation
Disaggregation of sample

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

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ads.gas

gas, oil

ads.gas

water

gas, oil

free
water

clay & OH-

water

OH

dry clay

quartz, carbonate, pyrite,

etc.

porosity

claybound

Organic Shale
Components

mineral matrix

kerogen

Organic
Shale

kerogen

Organic Shale Components

Component definitions

Clay/Shale

dry clay

CBW

Vshale
Effective porosity, Phie

Porosity

Total porosity, Phit

Water-filled

Saturation

Phie
Swe

PhitSwt

Phie (1-Swe)
Phit (1-Swt)

Clavaud, 2006; Eslinger & Pevear, 1988; Lewis, 2011, American Petroleum Institute, 1998; Wikipedia, 2012; Ingraham & Shipps, 2012

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Comments:
The illustrations here attempt to show basic components of clastic and carbonate reservoirs, and of
organic shales. The original work was done by J.B. Clavaud at Chevron in 2006, and has been
expanded since then. This is a work in progress, especially in organic shales, as our understanding of
the physical properties of the shales and the responses of the logging measurements to those
properties increases.
References
American Petroleum Institute, 1998, Recommended Practices for Core Analysis, Second Edition,
Recommended Practice (RP) 40, February.
Clavaud, J.B., 2006, personal communication, from figure Basic Petrophysical Definitions.
Eslinger, E. and Pevear, D., 1988, Clay Minerals for Petroleum Geologists and Engineers, SEPM
Short Course No.22.
Ingraham, Andrew, James Shipps, 2012, personal communication at Weatherford Labs, Golden,
Colorado, August 1.
Lewis, Rick, 2011, AAPG Basic Well Log Analysis course, figures from course notes.
Wikipedia, 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_porosity; accessed 06.11.2012.

This document is intended to be updated periodically as necessary to include new and corrected
information.
Questions and comments about this document are welcomed and encouraged. Please contact Dan
Krygowski at The Discovery Group; DanKrygowski@Discovery-Group.com.

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