% For modulo (showing remainder for division between 2 numbers) 5) \ To separate from rest of code( for e.g: There\s 6) [] For indexing (printing a certain letter of a word)(for e.g:m=MOM[2] 7) Print To show code output 8) .Lower() To remove all caps in a string. Placed after Print. (for e.g: Print MOM.lower() ) 9) .Upper() To change string into caps only. Placed after Print. (for e.g: Print parrot.upper() ) 10) Str() To change non-string into string. Placed after Print. (for e.g: Print str(pi)) 11) Len() To print length of string.(for e.g: print len(mom)) 12)