CHAPTER 4

CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
In this topics, students will learns and able to understand or
know:
a) The position and distribution of reinforcement bar.
b) The cutting and bending method of reinforcement bar.
c) Know the relationship between formwork and reinforced
concrete.
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4.1

POSITION & DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR

4.1.1 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT:

a) There are 2 types of reinforcement: Bar Reinforcement & Mesh Reinforcement.
b) In Reinforced Bar, it consists of 3 main types:
iii. Cold Worked High Stress
i. Mild Steel Bars:
Rebars:
Created with the heat in accordance
It is a twisted mild steel in
with BS 449: 1974.
accordance with BS 4461: 1978.
It was formed in a smooth surface and
The strength of stress is
twisted.
460N/mm with a permitted
It has the strength of stress
extension of 12%.
250N/mm.
However, for large
The extension that allowed is 22.0%.
reinforcements, the strength
ii. High Stress Twisted Rebars:
stress is 425N/mm with allowed
It is made of metal BS 4449: 1978.
lengthening is 14%.
Its different from mild steel bar
because it surface is twisted and the
strength of stress 460N/mm.
Minimum elongation is 12% unless
the reinforcement is greater than
16mm where the strength of stress is
425N/mm with 14% elongation.
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c) In Mesh Reinforcement;
Its a wire made from various sizes.
These mesh typically consist of fine wires and welded in a net.
It priority is should be easy to use and easy to bend if necessary, especially in sharp corner.
Its function is easy to give shape and support concrete.
In Mesh Reinforced, it consists of 3 main types:
iii. Reinforced Frame:
i. Hexagonal Wire Mesh Reinforcement:
Its use for the structure that
These wire are easily recognizable &
tied to the mesh layers.
cheapest.
The reinforcement is placed
This wire is also known as 'chicken wire
with a distance of 30cm
mesh' and normally the size used is between
square.
10-25mm in diameter.
Size of 4.2 mm and
6.25mm diameter
ii. Welded Wire Mesh Reinforcement:
reinforcement is the most
The wires that form mesh is made from
commonly used.
small & medium strength steel.
This wire is stronger and harder than
hexagonal wire type.
It can be formed into a curved structure.
The disadvantage of this wire is a weakness
of the connection between two wires when
the welding is often not done well.
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4.1.2 STORAGE REINFORCED:

a) Reinforcement has arrived at the construction site must be fastened according to the size
used.
b) It is arranged by type, length and size of the reinforcement.
c) If the reinforcement is corroded, then it should be removed and replaced.
d) The ribs should be kept clean and away from oil stains, rust, soil and other materials (see
Figure Below).

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4.1.3 INSTALLATION OF REINFORCEMENT ON SITE:

a) Reinforcement was installed according to engineering drawings that are attached to a
building.
b) It is important to ensure that the reinforcement has concrete cover.
c) Steel is bound with gauge iron fasteners 16 or 18.
d) This Iron fasteners are used for stabilize and facilitate the placement of the reinforcement
wire.
e) In the CP 110, we can know the requirements in the design of reinforced structures.
f) All bending shall be made in accordance with engineering drawing tolerance is 25% work.

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4.2

POSITION & DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR

4.2.1 BENDING METHOD FOR REINFORCED BAR:

a) The work of bending reinforcement bars is carried out after cutting jobs.
b) It uses a hand bending tool which is placed on the table.
c) Tables must be long enough to put a long bar reinforcement (see Figure below).
d) If the bar is too long, then the two bending devices are used.
e) Bar bending is done slowly to avoid capillary (RETAK) cracking.
f) For large diameter bars, it should be heated first.
g) For the high yield bar, it cannot be heated before bending.

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4.2.2 METHOD OF SORTING, TIE SPACING & STEEL INSTALLATION:

a) After the cutting bar, tie bar works fine with the wire.
b) It purposes for avoid movement, especially when the concreting work in progress.
c) The wire bonding used a diameter of 0.8 mm to 1.6 mm.
d) To get the suitable distance between the mold and the reinforcement bars, so the spacer
blocks are used (see Figure below).

TIES METHOD

SPACER BLOCKS

4.2.3 CONNECTION METHOD:

a) There are 3 types of joints:
i. Lap Joint (Lekap)
ii. Butt Joint (Kimpal)
iii. Fillet Joint (Kimpal Tertekan)

(ii)

(i)

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(iii)

4.2.4 CONNECTION FOR POLE

a) The best of connections to be made in 1/3 the height of the pile.
4.2.5 CONNECTION FOR BEAM:
a) The connection of the beam should be formed distance beam from both ends.
4.2.6 MOORINGS (Tambatan):
a) Occurs when connecting build two sections of reinforced concrete which bar is served in the
other.
b) Examples; between the pillars and beams or between the base of the column (see Figure
below).

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4.2.7 THE SORTING AND SPACING REINFORCEMENT:

a) Reinforcement shall be placed in the points where the maximum stress is located such as
below the structure surface.
b) This is because the inclusion of reinforcement can lead a bar to rust and this will weaken the
bond with concrete.
c) The distance from the concrete surface to reinforcement (known as concrete cover) is
between 15 mm to 40 mm.

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4.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMWORK &

REINFORCED CONCRETE:
1. Formwork is the term given to either temporary or
permanent moulds into which concrete or similar
materials are poured.

2. In the context of concrete construction, the false

work supports the shuttering moulds.
3. There are two types of formwork:

a) Permanent Structure.
b) Temporary Structure:
Temporary structure required to safely

support concrete until it reaches adequate

strength.
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FUNCTION OF FORMWORK:
1.
Forms mold the concrete to desired size and shape and control
its position and alignment
2.
To place the fresh concrete before it can be compressed to
achieve the required strength.
3.
To obtain an attractive finishes.
4.
Formworks also act as a temporary structure that support:
a) Its own weight.
b) The freshly placed concrete.
c) Construction live loads (material, human & logistic).
A good formwork would have the following characteristics that is:
i. The form should be strong enough to withstand the deflection during placement
of fresh concrete.
ii. Must be strong enough to bear the working load.
iii. Must be built correctly without exceeding the prescribed limits.
iv. All connections should be tight to prevent loss of mortar from the fresh
concrete.
v. Panel size and the unit should be easy to run and design should take into
account the method of enforcement and opening.
vi. Economical & Cost effective.
vii. High quality of material that used to make form.
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MATERIAL FOR FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION:

1. Among the material that can be used for construction of formwork:
a) Timber
b) Steel
c) Glass Reinforced Plastic

Timber Formwork:
After Concrete Was
Casting

Timber Formwork :
For The Slab

ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
FORMWORK:
i.

Easy handling because its light

weight.
ii. Easy to disassemble.
iii. Damaged parts can be replaced
with new one.
iv. Very flexible.

DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
FORMWORK:

a)
b)

c)

Cant be used for long. Have limited re-use. Can

only be re-used 5 or 6 times
If the timber is dry, it will absorb moisture from
wet concrete which could weaken the resultant
concrete member.
Timber with high moisture content (more than 20
% moisture content), wet concrete will shrink &
cup leading to open joints & leakage of grout.

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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORMWORK:

a)
Very strong and able to carry heavy load
b)
Easy to be fixed
c)
Uniform size and surface
d)
Can be used for a very long time

The first floor circular columns were

constructed using steel column
forms.
The steel column form should be
oiled before concreting.

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
FORMWORK:
a) Limited size or shape
b) Excessive loss of heat
c) A very smooth surface will be produced
After concreting to the first floor
which would give problems for finishing
columns, the steel column forms
process
were dismantled easily.
d) Limited fixing (Pemasangan terhad)
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ADVANTAGES OF GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC:

a)

Very useful for complex shape and special features

b)

Easy to disassemble

c)

Light (not heavy)

d)

Damages on the formwork can be easily be repaired

DISADVANTAGES OF GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC:

a)

Expensive at first

Loads include in design process are as follows:

a)
Fresh concrete
b)
Rebar
c)
Formwork material
d)
Wind and lateral loads
e)
Live loads due to Formwork construction
Reinforcing installation
Concrete placement
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FORMWORK DESIGN

The minimum time before removing formwork after concreting:

a) Duration of opening the formwork is depend on the type of concrete used, weather, methods of
preservation and others.
b) The formwork is open when it is strong enough to bear its load and others.

FORM PLACED

TIME REMOVING

Floor with 3.3 m width

21 days

Floor that exceed 3.3 m width

28 days

Concrete Beam

28 days

Column

14 days

Wall

7 days
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CAUSES OF FORMWORK FAILURE:

1. Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur during concrete
construction which usually happen when fresh concrete is placed.

2. Generally some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others become overloaded or
misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses.
3. There are several failures that can cause formwork failure:

Improper stripping and shore removal.

Inadequate bracing.

Vibration.

Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not plumb.

Inadequate control of concrete placement.

Lack of attention to formwork details.

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b) Vibration:

a) Inadequate bracing:
More frequent causes of formwork failure.
Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal
bracing of shores is one of the factors
most frequently involved in formwork
accidents.

Forms sometime collapse when their shores/

jack are displaced by the vibration caused:
Passing traffic.
Movement of workers & equipment on
the formwork.
The effect of vibrating concrete to

consolidate it.
c)

Unstable Soil Under Mudsills, Shoring Not Plumb:

Formwork should be safe if it is adequately braced and constructed so all loads are
carried to solid ground through vertical members.
Site drainage must be adequate to prevent a washout of soil supporting the
mudsills.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING FORMWORK:

Among the precautions that can be taken to ensure formwork function as it suppose to be are as follow:
Material used for the construction of formwork must fulfill the specification.
Formwork is fixed firmly & properly
Construction area must be protected to prevent vandalism of formwork.
Warning sign must be put up at the area where the formwork is fixed to prevent entrance of people
that may damage the formwork.
The formwork must be inspected before the concrete is poured.

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Permanent Formwork:
a) Its a part of the permanent structure of the building.
b) Permanent formwork is a structural element that is used to contain the placed concrete, mould it to

the required dimensions and remain in place for the life of the structure.
c) Among the Advantages:

Reducing the skill level needed on site.

Increasing the potential for standardization and repetition.

Permitting off-site fabrication in factory conditions followed by scheduled and appropriate

deliveries.

Speeding up erection times, particularly in building works.

Eliminating the need to strike formwork and false work.

Allowing early access for following or concurrent operations.

Eliminating the programmed limitations of reuse of formwork.

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d) The used of Permanent Formwork:

Reduce construction and maintenance costs

Shorten construction time

Improve safety by reducing hazards during construction.

Reduces construction waste generation during construction.

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4.4 DEFECTS IN CONCRETE:

HONEYCOMBING
o When too much coarse aggregate appears on the surface.
Causes:
o Poor compaction, segregation during placing or paste leakage from forms.
o A poor concrete mix with not enough fine aggregate causing a rocky mix.
Prevention:
o Use a better mix design.
o Take care during placing concrete to avoid segregation.
o Compact concrete properly.
o Good watertight formwork.

Repair:
o If honeycombing happens only on the surface it can be rendered.
o If honeycombing happens throughout the concrete it may need to be removed and replaced.

o The surface may require rendering.

o Rendering means to cover the surface with a layer of mortar.
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WORK HARD AND PRAY FOR YOUR SUCCESS

SYUKRAN JAZILAN = THANK YOU

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