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    | international’ ACI 515.1R-79 (Reapproved 1985) A Guide for the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 515 , american concrete institute P.O. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333 Seventh Printing, September 1998 Surface Barrier Systems Most ACI Standards and committee reports ate gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. The several volumes are arranged to group related material together and may be purchased individually or in sets. The ACI Manual of Concrete Practice is also available on CD-ROM. ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc- tural design and analysis, structural specifica- tions, and special products and processes. ‘A complete catalog of all ACI publications is available without charge. American Concrete Institute P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 ACI Certification Programs ‘The final quality of a concrete structure depends on qualified people to construct it. ACI certification pro- ‘grams identify craftsmen, technicians, and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications. The follow- ing programs are administered by ACI to fulfil the grow- ing demand in the industry for certified workers: Concrete Flatwork Finisher Conerete Flatwork Technician Concrete Field Testing Techniclan—Grade 1 Concrete Strength Testing Technician Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade | Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade I! Conerete Construction Inspector-In-Training Concrete Construction Inspector Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector-In-Training Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector This document may already contain reference to these ACI certification programs, which can be incorporated into project specifications or quality control procedures. I not, suggested guide specifications are available on request from the ACI Certification Department. Enhancement of ACI Documents The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omis- sions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incor- rect, To assist in the effort for accuracy and clarity, the Technical Activities Committee solicits the help of indi- viduals using ACI reports and standards in identifying and eliminating problems that may be associated with their use. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact the ACI Engi- neering Department in writing, with the following infor- mation: 2 1, Title and number of the document containing the problem and specific section in the document; 2. Concise description of the problem; 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem, ‘The institute's Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on all comments and suggestions received. Members as well as nonmembers of the Insti- tute are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy and usefuiness of ACI documents. Tis document has been approved fr us by agen. cles of the Departr ‘of Defense and for isting in the BoD ‘Inde of Speciiations and StandarGs, ‘ACI 515.1R-79 (Revised 1985) A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 515 Byron I. Zolin, Chairman Warner K. Babcock Arthur E. Blackman, Sr. Donald E, Brotherson Robert W. Gaul Clark R. Gunness Kenneth A. Heffner AL. Hendricks James B. Kubanick ‘The revising committee is listed at the end of the document. ‘This Guide updates and expands the scope of the ‘committee report “Guide for the Protection of Con- crete Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings and Other orrosion Resistant Materials,” which ap- peared in the December 1966 ACI Jounwat. The pre- vious Guide has been revised and is found in Chapter 6 of this Guide entitled “Protective Barrier Systems.” In addition, there are new chapters on “Waterproofing Barrier Systems,” ““Dampproofing Barrier Systems,” and “Decorative Barrier Systems.” A separate chapter on conditioning and surface preparation of concrete is included because itis rele- vant to all the other chapters. This Guide is not to be referenced as a complete unit. ‘Keywords shrsie blasting: aid veeunent (concrete rsstancs; a ‘stn’ apolar chemical otek: chemical cleaning: eating, concrete Sic conarstas: dtorgents emulsifying agent, epoxy ret nha, furan eins; lac Ser: inspection: yt salen tex ber metas (nae) pints penoleresinm panes, ples, nds payee ‘esos polyurethane rerns: protective caus opis eles silts ‘Rif Suracansfenpese teste vapors waterproobing Foreword ACI Committee 515 was urganized in 1936 and pub lished a report “Guide for the Protection of Concrete ‘Against Chemical Attack by Means of Coatings and Other Corrosion Resistant Materials,” in the De- = ACI Commitee Reports, Guides, Standard Fraction. nd Commen ‘aves ate intended for gidance im designing, lansing, eet, Sringpetingconrrcton, sd in preparing pecans, Refer. Shee fo these documents sll ot be mado in tho Pec Doc ‘sits i ems found in thes documents se dese tb par of they shouldbe incorporated del int the Dorothy M. Lawrence Stella L. Marusin Charles J. Parise Charles O. Pratt Andrew Rossi, Jr. Donald L. Schlegel Lawrence E. Schwietz cember 1966 ACI jour'at. William H. Kuenning was chairman when this Guide was published. Albert M. Levy was chairman from 1974 to 1977 when some of the information, found in the chapters on “Water- proofing Barrier Systems” and “Dampproofing Bar- rier Systems,” was developed. CONTENTS Chapter 1—Introduction, page 515.1R-2 1—General discussion 1.2—The systems concept for bariers 113—Barser performance dificult to define 14—Beonomie factors for barter selection 15—Inspection during application 1.6 Safety requirements Chapter 2—Barvier systems: types and performance requirements, page 515.1R-3 24—Defiiions of tain systems 22—When seaterproofing is used 2.3 When dampprocing is used 2.4 When protective borer systems ar used 25—Susceptbilty of concrete to attack by chemicals 2.6-—When decorative pointing barrier systems are used Chapter 3—Concrete conditioning and surface preparation, page 515.1R-12 3.1—Goneral requirements 3.2—Repal of surface defects topping or rerouting of water urlace preparation Tapp e 100, erica Coc neal A sight reserved ec SSE ct omcton aus many orm ob ay aes ‘Se making of apne yey pot pros oby sn laconic or mechan ite. prtod of writes ov or ov coding for sound or ial Traduca for vein any alge ete sym oF ein ‘ln perso a ang canned om the copy propio sis.aRA 515.1R2 Chapter 4—Waterproofing barrier systems, page §15.1R-18 A1—Characterstics of waterproofing 4.2—Guide to selection 43—Design and application 44—Inspection and sampling 45—Preconstruction conference checklist Chapter 5—Dampproofing barrier systems, page 515.1R-29 5.1—Characterstes of dampprooting 5.2-Guide to selection of dampproofing barriers 5.3-—Application Chapter 6—Protective barrier systems, page 515.1R-30 6.1-Characterstics of a protective barrier system 6.2-Elements ofa protective barror system {63-Guide for selection of protective barrier systems 6.4—Description of barrier materials 6.5—Special composite barriers .6—Testing of completed bale systems Chapter 7—Decorative paint barrier systems, page 515.1R-38 7A—Characteristice of decorative pnt systems 72—Gulde to selection of decorative paints 73—ypes of paints 74 Painting procedures 75—Repainting procedures CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.4—Goneral discussion Many concrete structures are designed and built to i) contain water within the structure, or (2) main- iain dry conditions within the structure when it is subject to water conditions on the outside. Since concrete is not always completely impermeable to water and since concrete may sometimes develop cracks after placement, it is sometimes necessary to cover the surface with a barrier material to meet these requirements. In this Guide, they will be iden- tified as waterproofing barrier systems (Chapter 4) and dampproofing barrier systems (Chapter 5). See definitions in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 and discus- sion in Sections 2.2 and 2.3. Some concrete structures may be subjected to chomical attack on one or muse surfaces by wales, acids, alkalies, salt solutions, or a wide variety of organic chemicals. Damage may be merely surface discoloration or surface roughening, or it may be a5, catastrophic as acid attack with the resulting loss of structural integrity. The affected surfaces are gener- ally covered with barrier materials. These materials with the supporting concrete are designated in Chap- ter 6 of this Guide as protective barrier systems. See discussion in Sections 1.2, 2.4, and 2.5. Some concrete surfaces require a change in color for esthetic reasons. A wide variety of paints are commercially available for this purpose. In this Guide they will be called decorative paint barrier systems (Chapter 7). See Sections 2.1.4 and 2.6 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE All the barrier systems discussed in this Guide will be limited to those that are made up of poly- ‘meric cementitious and ceramic materials. 1.2—The systems concept for barriers To understand the factors affecting the perform- ance of the various barrier systems, it is necessary to consider them not isolated but as part of a whole. As an example, consider a protective coating system for a concrete structure below grade; the specific ele- ments are: the barrier material, the interface of the barrier and concrete surface, concrete to a depth of % in. (6 mm}, the remainder of the concrete, the sta- bility of the ground supporting it, and the ground water pressures (see Section 6.2 for more details}. ‘Awareness of the systems concept will make one appreciate that selection of a barrier material is only one of many interrelated steps necessary to insure satisfactory performance. Equally important are placement, consolidation curing of the concrete, sur- face cleanliness, surface preparation, application procedures, and inspection. A decision whether to use a barrier and its selec- tion should be made when the concrete structure is being designed. Configuration of the structure, con- struction methods, and job sequencing can affect barrier installation and quality. Barrier penetrations ‘can be minimized and the barrier aspects of the job will be better planned. Placement and curing of the concrete should be in accordance with ACI 304 and ACI 308.** This should be followed by the appropriate surface preparation to remove any weak concrete, laitance, and foreign ma- terial. ‘This Guide will provide the best available informa- tion to assist in the selection, placement, installation and inspection of these barrier systems. Suggestions for the design and fabrication of the concrete struc- tures that are to receive a barrier system will also be included. The goal of this Guide is to ‘make the reader aware of the factors insuring satisfactory bar- rier performance. 1.3—Barrier performance difficult to define There are no formulae, such as those available to Uesigners uf cuucrete structures, (hal can be used in the selection, placement, application, and inspec- ‘tion of barrier systems because many of the factors affecting barrier performance are difficult to define and are intangible factors. Structural engineers intro- duce strength reduction factors, load factors, and fac- tors of safety into their design formulae to allow for variations in manufacturing or construction, and to compensate for those aspects of the design that can- not be precisely predicted. Surface cleanliness is a major factor affecting ad- hesion and subsequent performance of the barrier system, and yet we are unable to quantify it. The reader should be aware that the application of a bar- rier system is really an art not a science. Once this is ‘SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS sisARa recognized, action as outlined in this Guide can be taken to make sure the barrier system will meet the performance expectations of the owner or agency. 1 Economic factors for barrier selection Itis important for the owner or agency to recognize that selection, placement, installation, and inspec- tion of a barrier system can be dominated by eco- nomic considerations to the detriment of perfor mance. There may be pressures to select and install a barrier system that has the lowest initial cost per unit, However, these barriers may have @ low per formance potential. In addition to initial cost, some attention should be given to determine the cost of replacing @ barrier system failing prematurely and to other costs associated with the failure. Other costs may include damage to concrete structures or water damage to equipment or excavating to expose the waterproofing, Selection of a barrier system should be besed upon the life-time performance potential giving the lowest annual cost per unit per year. A system that costs less on an annual basis will most likely result in higher initial cost because the materiels and epplica- tion labor used may be more expensive, or @ larger quantity of material may be neede In addition, selection of a qualified applicator or use of an inspection program may increase initial costs but not annual costs. The manufacturer and applicator of the barrier material should be selected on the basis of past performance, financial responsi- bility, technical reliability, capability and willing- ness to supply technical assistance, and reputation for standing behind their product and work. 1.5—Inspection during application In conjunction with the decisions to select a bar- ier material and an applicator, plans should be for- mulated for establishing a suitable inspection program to oversee the surface preparation and ap- plication work, and to make sure the barrier is ap- plied in accordance with the specification. Inspec- tion should commence before the barrier is installed and the final inspection should be made after the barrier has been placed. Use technical assistance available from the materials manufacturer or retain an independent inspection agency familiar with the specified barrier system. 1.6—Safety requirements Appropriate safety requirements should be fol- lowed with respect to all materials, operations and procedures described in this Guide.’ Plastic and rubber barrier surfaces may be slip- ery, especially when wet, and could bea safety haz- ard to personnel. The skid resistance of a barrier surface can be increased as required. A portable tester, identified as the NBS-Brungraber Slip- Resistance Testor, for the evaluation of the slip re- sistance of surfaces has been developed by the Na- tional Bureau of Standards.’ Also, the barrier manufacturer should be contacted for recommenda- tions. References 1. "Safety and Environmental Control,” Manuel of Cooting Work for Light Water Nuclear Power Primary Containment and Other Sofety Related Facilities, Publication No, 05-401079-14, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1979, Chapter 7. 2. "Coatings and Linings for Immersion Service,” TPC Publica: don No. 2, National Association of Conosion Engineers, Houston, 1072, Chapter 2, Safty, pp. 1-9. 2: Brungraber, RJ, "A New Portable Testr forthe Evaluation of the Slip-Resistance of Walkway Surfaces.” Technical Noto No. 953, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C, July 1877, St pp 4 ACI Committee 304, “Recommended Practice for Measuring Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete (ACT 308-73) [Re alfred 1983)" Ametican Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1978, 40 pp. Also, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 2 5. ACI Committee 208, “Standard Practice for Curing Concrete (ACI 300-81)" American Concrete Institute, Detolt, 1961, 11 pp. Also, ACI Manual of Concrete Proctce, Part 2 CHAPTER 2—BARRIER SYSTEMS: ‘TYPES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 2.1—Definitions of barrier systems 2.1.1 Waterproofing barrier systems—Waterproof- ing is a treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure! (see Chapter 4). Waterproofing barrier systems may be placed on the positive or negative side (see Fig. 24.1), 2.1.1 Positive side barrier systems—Positive side barrier systems are placed on the same side as the applied hydrostatic pressure (See Table 4.2). 2.1.1.2 Negative side barrier systems—Negative side barrier systems are placed on the side opposite to the applied hydrostatic pressure (See Table 4.2). 2.1.2 Dampproofing barrier systems—Dampproof- ing is a treatment of a surface or structure to resist the passage of water in the absence of hydrostatic pres- sure! (see Chapter 5). Another definition of damp- proofing given in ACI Special Publication 19° is: “Treatment of concrete or mortar to retard the pas- sage or absorption of water, or water vapor, either by application of a suitable coating to exposed surfaces, POSITIVE SIDE WATERPROOFING NEGATIVE SIDE HyoRostanic HyoRosTanic PRESSURE E PRESSURE Fig, 2.1.1—Comparison of positive side and negative side waterproofing 515.14 or by use of a suitable admixture or treated cement.” As these definitions indicate, dampproofing will only reduce the rate of transmission of water through concrete. The use of admixtures or special cements for dampproofing is not within the scope of this Guide. 2.1.3 Protective barrier systems—Protective bar- rier systems are used to protect concrete from degra- dation by chemicals and subsoquent loss of structural integrity, to prevent staining of concrete, or to protect liquids from being contaminated by the concrete (see Chapter 6) 2.14 Decorative paint barrier systems—Deco- rative paint barrier systems are used to stabilize or change the appearance or color of a concrete surface for esthetic reasons (see Chapter 7), 2.2—When waterproofing is used ‘Waterproofing is normally used to prevent leskage of water into, through, or out of concrete under hy- drostatic pressure. If freezing and thawing condi- tions exist, as in above-grade applications or if water is carrying aggressive chemicals which attack rein- forcing steel or concrete, then the waterproofing bar- rier will be used to prevent leakage into the concrete. If a dry surface is required for applying coatings, then waterproofing could be used to prevent moisture from leaving the concrete. Waterproofing is also used to minimize unsightly carbonates ot efflorescence. 2.2.1 Water leakage into and through concrete— Water: may-be forced.through concrete by hydrostatic pressure, water vapor gradient, capillary action, wind-driven rain, or any combination of these. This movement is aggravated by porous concrete, cracks or structural defects, or joints that ere improperly designed or installed. Leakago of water into struc- tures may cause structural damage, and invariably causes damage to the contents of the structure. Leak- age of water out of water-storage structures may also cause structural damage or damage to adjacent facili- ties. Waterproofing membranes are intended pri- marily to provent the passage of water in liquid form, They also retard the passage of water vapor in vary- ing degrees depending on the type of membrane. 2.2.2 Water leakage out of concrete—To prevent moisture from leaving the concrete and coming in contact with moisture sensitive materials, the water- proofing barrier should be placed on the concrete surface on which the moisture sensitive material will be applied. This could prevent delamination, blister- ing, and deterioration of moisture sensitive paints, wall and floor coverings, and adhesives. 2.2.3 Minimize efflorescence—Efflorescence is & deposit of salts, usually white, formed on a surface, the substance having emerged in solution from within concrete or masonry and deposited by evap- oration. Also, soluble salts of various kinds, chiefly sulfates, may be carried by water into the concrete from the soil or other environmental source. These MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE salts may later be brought to an exposed surface as moisture moves out of the concrete. Barrier systems help prevent efflorescence on the surface of concrete walls. 2.3—When dampproofing is used ‘A dampproofing barrier system is used to perform the same functions as a waterproofing system but cannot be used to protect against water under pres- sure. A drainage system may be required to prevent the development of a head of water. Dampproofing is a low-cost system because the material thickness is relatively low and minimum surface preparation is required, ‘A dampproofing barrier system will minimize ‘water vapor transmission through concrete as long as the concrete will not be subjected to @ continuous or even an intermittent head of water. 2.4—When protective barrier systems are used Protective barrier systems are required to protect concrete from deterioration when exposed to chem- {cals (see Sections 2.4.1, 2.4.2, and 2.4.3}. See Refer- ences 3, 4, and 5 for more comprehensive informa- tion on the durability of concrete. In some cases @ barrier is required to prevent chemicals from being contaminated when they contact a concrete surface. ‘Waterproofing and dampproofing barrier systems, as well as decorative painting barrier systems, may also perform roles as protective barriers because they cover a concrete surface so that direct contact with aggressive chemicals is greatly reduced or in some cases eliminated. However, when the primary func- tion of a barrier system is to improve the durability of concrete, other types of barrier systems are generally used and these are described in Chapter 6. 2.4.1 Acid and alkali attack—Acids, some salt so- lutions, and water (depending on purity and tem- perature) will react with the Ca(OH), in the hydrated portland cement binder of concrete to form water soluble reaction products resulting in the disintegra- tion of the concrete. Strong alkalies (over 20 percent) attack other constituents in the cement resulting in concrete disintegration. Section 2.5 discusses the susceptibility of concrete to attack by chemicals. The rate of attack will not only depend on the above reaction but also on how quickly the reaction products are leached or removed from the surface and on the ability of the chemical to penetrate into the hardened cement paste. Limestone and dolomite aggregates are susceptible to acid attack and may also cause disintegration of the concrete, but in other in- stances they may function as sacrificial materials and prolong service life. 2.4.2 Sulfate attack—Sulfate solutions (sodium, potassium, magnesium) can cause disintegration of concrete by reacting with the tricalcfum aluminate in portland cement to form calcium sulfo-aluminate {ettringite) which has a volume larger than the origi- nal reactant materials. The internal volume increase ‘SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS. can result in cracking of the concrete. Sulfate attack is normally controlled by using sulfate resistant port- land cement and/or pozzolan materials such as fly ash. Sulfate resistance is also improved by using @ dense concrete with a low water-cement ratio.* 2.4.3 Corrosion of embedded steel—Penetration of chemical or salt solutions through concrete is likely to cause localized corrosion of reinforcing steel. For- mation of rust results in expansive pressures which cause deterioration of the concrete near the steel.* Chapter 4 of Reference 3 above discusses this prob- em and possible solutions. Two of the solutions in- volve the use of barrier systems. A protective barrier may be factory applied to reinforcing steel before use and/or a waterproofing barrier may be applied to the positive side of the concrete. 2.4.4 Product contamination—Solutions, such as high purity water or chemicals, may become con- taminated by direct contact with concrete. Also, the flavor and odor of food products may be adversely affected by concrete. 2.5—Susceptibility of concrete to attack by chemicals 2.5.1 Factors affecting attack*—In general, the vul- nerability of concrete to chemical attack results from three of its characteristics: permeability, alkalinity, and reactivity. Permeability to liquids and gases varies consider- ably with different concretes. Even the best concrete has some small degree of permeability. Permeability increases rapidly with increasing water-cement ratio and with decreasing moisture curing time. Penetra- tion of fluids into the concrete is sometimes accom- panied by chemical reactions with cement, aggre- gates, and/or embedded steel (if present). Leaching of cement hydration compounds, o deposition of ex- traneous crystals or crystalline reaction products can also degrade the system. ‘The alkaline, hydrated portland cement binder re- acts with acidic substances. This reaction is usually accompanied by the formation and removal of solu- ble reaction products, resulting in disintegration of the concrete. When the reaction products are insolu- ble, deposits are formed on the concrete surface or in the concrete causing a considerably reduced reaction rate. 2.8.1.1 Rate and extent of attack—Usually the rate of attack will be increased by an increase in the concentration of aggressive agents in sélution. The pH of a solution indicates whether it is al- kaline, neutral, or acidic. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. Acid solutions have pH values less than 7 and alkaline ones have values over 7. When the pH de- creases from 7, the solution becomes more acidic and it will become more aggressive in its attack on con- crete. ‘The physical state of the chemical agent is also of significance. Dry, nonhygroscopic solids do not at- tack dry concrete, but some will attack moist con- 515.185 crete. A moist, reactive solid can attack concrete, as can aggressive liquids and solutions. Dry gases, if aggressive, may come into contact with sufficient moisture within the concrete to make attack possi- ble. Moist, aggressive gases would tend to be more destructive. ‘Temperature may affect the rate of attack in two different ways. The common effect is that chemical activity usually increases exponentially, approx- imately doubling with each 10 C (18 F) rise in tem- perature. Temperature may also affect the rate of attack indirectly. As temperature rises, the moisture content of the concrete is reduced, making it drier but more permeable to additional fluid. As tem- perature falls, it may sometimes cause sufficient nor- ‘al shrinkage to open small cracks and allow greater penetration of liquid into the concrete. In addition to considering the rate of attack, it is desirable to determine how extensive the attack might be. For example a concrete structure may be placed in an acid soil, but if the acidity is not re- plenished, the available acid may be quickly neu- tralized with little or no damage to the concrete. Alternate wetting and drying can be harmful; in- creased destruction due to alkali-aggregate reaction is possible. Dissolved substances may migrate ‘through the concrete and deposit at or near a surface from which evaporation occurs. The deposit may be the original substance or some reaction product formed in the concrete. This effect can be seen in the familiar “efflorescence” on walls of concrete, brick, or stone. Salt solutions can also be more disruptive to con- crete subjected to freezing and thawing than water alone. This is commonly observed after the applica- tion of deicing salts to non-airentrained highway pavements. However, damage from either can be minimized by the use of an adequate amount of in- tentionally entrained air in an otherwise high quality concrete producing air bubbles of the correct size, spacing, and distribution. 2.5.2 Materials that attack concrete—Table 2.5.2 gives a summary of the effects of many materials on concrete. This information, based both on literature sources and experience, must be considered a guide to assist in designing a test program using the con- crete mixes and chemicals for a specific application. In addition to individual organic and mineral acids which may attack concrete, acid-containing or acid-producing substances such as acidic industrial wastes, silage, fruit juices, sour milk, salts of weak bases, and some untreated waters may also cause de- terioration of concrete. Most ammonium salts are déstructive because in the alkaline environment of concrete they release ammonia gas and hydrogen ions. These are replaced by dissolving calcium from the concrete. The result isa leaching action, much like acid attack. Animal wastes contain substances which may ox- idize in air to form acids which attack concrete. The 51516 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2—Etfect of chemicals on concrete (see end of Table 2.5.2 for special notations) Material Effect Material rect *Acatic acid all Disintegrates slowly Ashes Harmful if wet, when sulfides and concentrations sulfates loach out (See sodium sulfate) Acetone ‘Liquid loss by penetration. May Ashes, hot Cause thermal expansion ‘Acid waters (pH of 6.5 Disintegrates slowly. In porous or orless) (a) ‘conta acetic acid as impurity (which cracked concrete, attacks steel ‘Automobile and diesel May disintegrate moist concrete by exhaust gases (n) action of carbonic, nitric, or sulfurous acid ‘See sodium bicarbonate *Baking soda “Alcohol See thy alcohol, methyl alcohol eee eee ere eee | Barium hydronic Not harmful Alizasin Not harmful Oo Bak See tanning bask “Almond oil Disintegrates slowly a — ee Bett Solid ft disintagrates slowly, melted fat “alum ‘See potassium aluminum sulfate more rapidly Aluminum chloride Disintagrates rapidly: In porous “Beet an * Aluminum sulfate Disintegrtes. In porous or cracked *Ammonia, liquid ‘May disintegrate moist concreto slowly ‘Ammonia vapors ‘Ammonium bisulfate Disintogrates. In porous or cracked cracked concrete, attacks steel concrete attacks steel Harmful only if contains harmful ammonium salts (se below) forattack steel in porous or cracked moist conerete concrete, attacks steel Benzol {benzene} aceti, carbonic, lactic, of tannie acids (which see) ‘Liquid loss by penetration Bleaching solution See specificchemical. suchas hypochlorous acid, sodiy hypochlorite, sulfurous acid, ete “Amaroni Givbonate * ammonium chloride Disinteprates slowly, In porous or ‘Ammonium cyanide Disintogrates slowly Ammonium fluoride Ammonium hydroxide ‘Ammonium nitrate Disintegrates. In porous or cracked "Not hareful cracked concroto, attacks stool Disintogrates slowly "Not harmful concrate attacks steel “Borax Not harmful *Borie acid Negligible effect “Brine ‘Sov sodium chloride or other salt Bromine Gaseous bromine disintegrates. Liquid bromine disintegrates if it contains Ihydrobromic acid and moisture “Buttermilk Disintegrates slowly Buty! stearate Disintegrates slowly Calcium bisulite Calcium chloride Disintogrates rapidly In porous or cracked concreteatachs steel. (b) Stel corrosion may cause ‘concrete to spall ‘Ammonium oxalate Not harmful Calcium hydroxide Not harmful “Ausniom sulle Dison a pase ached Calcium nitrate Not harmful Jaume bmmegune Tatum ee Disniogats cont of inaeqate ‘Ammonium sulfite Disintegratos Carbezole Not harmful ‘Ammonium Disintegrates. In porous or cracked Gamal See phenol superphosphate concrete attacks steal ‘Ammonium thiosulfate ‘Animal wastes ‘Anthracene Disintegrates See slaughter house wastes Not harmful [Not harmful Arsenious acid ‘Gas may cause permanent shrinkage (Gee also carbonic acid) “Carbon dioxjde Carbon disulfide “Carbon tetrachloride May disintegrate slowly Liquid loss by penetration of concrete carbonic acid Disintegrates slowly (c) ‘SURFACE BARRIER SYSTEMS. s15.1R7 Table 2.5.2—(Continued) Material Effect Material Btfect Castor oll Disintogrates, especially in presenceaf | Cottonseed ofl Disintogrates, especially in presence of Chile satpeter Seo sodium nitrato creosote Phenol present disintegrates slowly China wood oit Liquid disintegrates slowly. resol Phenol present disintegrates slowly Chlorine gas Slowly disintegrates moist concrete Cumol Liquid loss by penetration Chrome plating Disintogrates slowly Deleting salts Scaling of non-airentrainod or solutions (0) insufficiently aged concrete (b) Chromic acid, all ‘Attacks ste! in porous or cracked Diesel gases ‘See automobile and diesel exhaust concentrations concrete gases Chrysen ‘Not harmful Dinitrophenol Disintogrates slowly “cider Disintogrates slowly (see acetic acid) Distillers slop Lactic acd causes slow disintegration Cinders Harmful if wet, when sulfides and Epsom salt See magnesium sulfate sulfates leach out (see for example, sodium sulfato) “Buy alcohol Liquid loss by penetration Cindars, hot (Cause thermal expansion Ethyl ether Liquid loss by penetration Coal Sulfides leaching from damp coal may | “Ethylene glycol ‘isintegrates slowly (2) ‘oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid or ferrous sullate (which see) Feces See manure Coal ta oils ‘See anthracene, benzo, carbazole, ‘fermenting frults, _ Industial fermentation processes chrysen, creosote, cresol, cumol, rains, vegetables, or produce lactic acid. (o) Disintegrates ‘paraffin, phenanthrene, phenol toluol, | extracts lowly (see lactic acid) xvod Ferric chloride Disintegrates slowly Cobalt sulfate Disintegrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistance Ferric nitrate ‘Not harmful “Cocoa bean oil Disintegrates, especially in presence of | Feric sulfate Disintogrates concrete of inadequate air quality "Cocoa butter Disintegrates, especially in presence of | Ferric sulfide Harmful ifit contains ferric sulfate air (which see) Coconut oi Disintegates, especially in presence of | Ferrous chloride Disintogrates slowly Ferrous sulfate Disintogrates concrete of inadequate *Co liver oil isintogrates lovely sulfate resistance Coke Sulfdes leaching from damp coke may ‘oxidize to sulfurous or sulfuric acid (oni s0e) Pertilizer See ammonium sulfate, emmonium ‘superphosphate, manure, potassium, nitrate sodium nitrate (Copper chloride Disintegrates slowly ich liquor Disintogrates() Copper plating Not harmful *Fish oil Disintogrates slowly solutions (p) —————— Flue gases Hot gases (400-1100 F) cause thermal Copper sulfate Copper sulfide Disintogrates concrete of inadequate sulfate resistence Harmful ft contains copper sulfate (whieh seo) stresses. Cooled, condensed sulfureus, hydrochloric acide disintegrate slowly Foot il Disntogratgs slowly “Formaldehyde, 37 Formic acid, formed in solution, “Com syrup Disintogrates slowly percent disintegrates slowly Corrosive sublimate See mercuric chloride Formalin ‘Soe formaldehyde sisaRe MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Table 2.5.2—(Continued) Material ‘lect ‘Material ect ‘Formic acid, 10 Disintogrates slowly Ligniteolls [fatty ols are prosent, disintegrates percent slowly ‘Formic acd, 30 Disintegrates slowly percent “Linseed oils Liquid disintegrates slowly. Dried or ‘Formic acd, 90 Disintegrates slowly dying films are harmless recat Losmcetie pane)‘ easing ml com — baloet catenin lms “Prt jis Mylo, et and ue fc relsatomobeand diel ‘cause disintegration (see also aust gases) femeningtate gine web, | engl aye rn dig lly Gas water (a) ‘Ammontum salts seldom present in Lye See sodium hydroxide taint quay teat ei | ine ‘iyo pent dang sony Gene igi lon by petaon Sate _tiilosbypevetaton _ | apnea cere Ding slow. pros or “hea Dispel cl coc ac oy Distgae dowly Mapesam atae_Ditntogts slowly Ses temeag at alm “Magen ule Dnt conc finda se, te maltese “Hons Nath ee ee lie ce Tene Sol dnp oy mer ily Moa Disngate dowly mie wid Disa lwiy “Nerpie Sold marine dsngae slows, ‘Hydrochloric aca, all Disintogrates rapidly including steel ‘concentrations Hydrofluoric acid, all, Disintogrates rapidly including stool concentrations Hydrogen sulfide Hypochlorous acid, 10 percent Todine [Not harmful dry. In moist, oxidizing ‘environments convert fo sulfurous acid and disintegrates slowly Disintogrtes slowly Disintogrates slowly Kerosene Liquid loss by penetration of concrete “Lactic acid, 5-25, percent “Lamb fat *Lard and lard oil Disintegrates slowly Solid fat disintegrates slowly, molted ft more apidly Lard disintegrates slowly, lard oll more Lend nitrate idly Disintegrates slowly ‘Lead refining solutions @ Disintograts slowly See ammonium nit Leung saltpoter sulfate ‘Mash, fermenting, Morcurichlorde Mercurous chloride ‘Methyl alcohol Methyl ethy ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone Mk ‘Mine water, waste "Mineral oil ‘Mineral spirits “Molasses Marit aid *afustard oft Nickel plating solutions (x) ‘melted margarine more rapidly ‘Aceticand lactic acids, and sugar

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