Purdue University

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International Compressor Engineering Conference

School of Mechanical Engineering

1976

Element Interactions and Dynamic Behaviour of

Multistage Intercooled Reciprocating Compressors
- an Analytical and Experimental Study
A. Sanjines
J.F. T. MacLaren

Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec

Sanjines, A. and MacLaren, J.F. T., "Element Interactions and Dynamic Behaviour of Multistage Intercooled Reciprocating
Compressors - an Analytical and Experimental Study" (1976). International Compressor Engineering Conference. Paper 203.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/203

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ELEMENT INTERACTIONS AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MULTISTAGE

INTERCOOLED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

A. Sanjines, Lecturer
Mechanic al Engineeri ng Departme nt
Universid ad de los Andes
Bogota, Colombia

J. F. T. MacLaren , Professor
Thermody namics & Fluid Mechanic s Departme nt
Universit y of Strathclyd e
Glasgow, U.K.

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a model which can simulate the

dynamic behaviour 'Of a multi stage, intercoole d
reciproca ting compress or. A mathemat ical model
was derived for each element of such a system,
accountin g for entropy changes due to friction or
uther irreversib le processe s. Numerica l solution of
the model was effected on a digital computer using
discrete time steps and a quasi -steady approach .
Results predicted using the model are compared with
correspon ding experimen tal results obtained from a
simple two-stage intercoole d air compress or.
INTRODU CTION
Some of the problems associate d with the presence
of pressure pulsation s due to the essential ly intE~r
mittent nature of the flow in a reciproca ting com-~
pressor system are (a) valve malfuncti on (flutter or
slamming ), which may lead to early valve failure
and reduced performan ce, (4): (b) loss or gain in
volumetri c efficiency due to ramming effects (3), (8):
(c) loosening of pipes and fixtures as a result of
unbalance d pressure forces, with associate d vibration and high noise levels (16). The complex
processes that take place during the operation of a
compress or made necessary in the past an empirical
approach to compress or design. Ready access to
computer s and advances in numerical and simulatio n
technique s have changed this situation in recent
years. Most early investiga tions followed the
pattern of setting up a mathemat ical model similar to
that developed by Costaglio la (5) and programm ing
the equations for solution by a digital computer usfrq
an 1terative method. These models accounted for the
interactio ns between the cylinder and the valves but
neglected any pressure variations in the valve planum
chambers . Such investiga tions were conducted by
MacLaren and Kerr (6), Wambsga nss and Cohen (17),
Tauber and Blomsa (15) and others: a review was
presented by MacLaren (7) to the 1972 Purdue Compressor Conferen ce. Each investiga tor claimed that
theoretica l prediction s showed agreemen t with exper-

282

imental results over a range of condition s and that

the model could be used with some confidenc e to
predict compress or and valve behaviour . However
their validity was limited to situations in which
pressure pulsation s in the suction and discharge
plenums were negligible and often this is not so
(4), (6).
Conseque ntly more advanced models were developed
which accounted for pressure pulsation s in the valve
plenum chambers and pulsating flow in the pipes.
Models of this type were developed by Brablik (3),
Blankespo or and Tauber (2), Benson and Ucer (1),
Schwerzle r and Hamilton (14), MacLaren et al (8)
and others. The agreemen t obtained between experimental and analytica l results was improved and
informatio n became available on the way in which
pressure pulsation s affect the behaviour of the
compress or, the valves and the system generally .
A review was presented by Singh and Soedel (12) to
the 1974 Purdue Compress or Conferen ce. These
models were limited to the simulatio n of single stage
compress ors due to certain simplifyin g assumptio ns
made.
SIMULATION MODEL FOR A MULTISTAGE INTERCOOLED COMPRESSOR
A model was developed to predict the dynamic behaviour of a multistag e reciproca ting compress or
within its associate d pipework . To this end aspects
which had been neglected in previous models had to
be incorpora ted. In particular : (a) entropy variations
to which the gas may be subjected were accounted
for and (b) unsteady gas flow in the pipes and plenum
chambers was described using one-dime nsional finite
amplitude theory accountin g for friction and heat
transfer (non homentrop ic flow). These advances
were necessary because of the limitation s imposed
by the use of gas equations in two variables of state
only (homentro pic flow) in which pressure and temperature are not independe nt variables . In the case
of a multistag e compress or it is required to predict
with accuracy the state of the gas at outlet from a

Simulation of the operation of the compressor consisted of the solution of a number of initial
value/boundary condition problems, one for each
element of the compresSOI' system. Thus, knowing
the values of all variables at time t and the interactions which take place across the boundaries of
each element during a time interval 4t, the values
of all variables at time t + .1 t can be uniquely determined. Successive application of this process allowed the study of the sequence of events which occur
during a compressor cycle. When starting the
analysis it was necessary to select arbitrary initial
conditions at a point in the cycle and continue the
computation through a number of cycles. Sufficient
convergence to an approximately repeatable cycle
was obtained at the end of the third or fourth cycle
of computation.

previous stage and to take into account the temperature variation along the intercooler so that the state
of the gas at inlet to a stage is accurately known.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATION MODEL
The model consisted of a set of equations which
describe each of the processes that occur during a
compressor cycle. (A summary of the equations is
given in Appendix A) Wave action in cylinders and
receivers was neglected. To account for heat transfer during the compression and re-expansion process
in the cylinder, a polytropic law for the change of
state of the ideal gas was assumed, the indices
being estimated from experimental data. (This
approach proved easier to apply than the alternative
of using a heat transfer correlation in the cylinder
which required estimation of cylinder wall temperature and certain empirical coefficients.) Compressor valves were treated as single degree of freedom
damped spring-mass systems, with damping assumed
to be proportional to valve speed and average gas
density. The force on the valve plate was assumed
to be a function of the pressure difference across the
valve and valve lift. An "effective force area" was
determined experimentally from steady flow tests.
(The analytical procedure suggested by Schwerzler
and Hamilton (13) was also used to estimate the
values of these coefficients, however results
obtained were not quite satisfactory.) The differential equation which described valve plate motion was
integrated using the Kutta Merson numerical integration method.
The unsteady non-homentropic flow (assumed onedimensional)in the pipes was described by a set of
hyperbolic differential equations which account for
heat transfer, friction and gradual change of cross
sectional area. The equations in characteristic
form were solved by the method of upstream differences, similar to that used by Benson (1). (Other
methods of solution were investigated with good
results and are reported in another paper (9) to this
Conference.) The mean pipe wall temperature and
heat transfer rate at each station along the discharge
and intercooler pipes was estimated using a steady
flow heat transfer model. This model was based on
the average flo:w conditions and individual heat
transfer modes present at a given pipe section.
The boundary equations relate the conditions found
at the pipe ends to those existing in adjacent items
(cylinders, receivers). The solution of these equations defines the values of the variables at the end
of the pipe and the amount of mass entering or
leaving the cylinder or receiver. These boundaries
were at pipe ends which were fully open, partially
open or closed (closed compressor valve). The
solution of the boundary equations was based on the
assumption that quasi-steady flow existed at the
boundary.

The computer program for the simulation model was

intended to be as general as possible. Each system
element (cylinder, receiver, pipe, valve, etc.) was
programmed as a separate module. A control program
input the data which described the configuration of
the particular system being studied and then called
the appropriate sequence of subroutines. Logic
subrountines continually monitored the conditions at
pipe ends in order to solve the corresp:>nding boundary
condition equations. A flow chart for the compressor
simulation program is given in Figure 1.
SIMULATION OF A TWO STAGE INTERCOOLED
COMPRESSOR
The model was first tested on each stage singly of
a two-stage water cooled air compressor (1st stage,
6 in bore x 4.5 in stroke; 2nd stage, 3.25 in bore x
3.5 in stroke; speed range 350 - 700 rev/min). Tests
were conducted over a wide range of speed, compressor pressure ratio and inlet and discharge pipe
lengths. Results obtained for the first stage working
as a single stage compressor were reported (8) to the
1974 Purdue Compressor Conference. l'he two stage
compressor (Figure 2) is now examined. The
system had a simple geometry, avoiding flow complecities due to acute pipe bends, pipe junctions or
sudden large changes in cross sectional area. The
experimental intercooler was a 21ft length of 1.375 in
internal diameter pipe, having large radius bends and
fitted externally with a water jacket. No dampers
were included, the only damping which had to be
accounted for was that due to friction in the pipes.
Results for the simulation of the two stage intercooled compressor are shown in Figure 3 which illustrates one test in the series conducted. The cranks
in the two stages were displaced by 1800, i.e. L. P.
top dead centre (OO on the L. P. diagrams) and H. P.
bottom dead centre (lSQO on the H .P. diagrams)
occur at the same instant of time. In the two diagrams shown at the top of Figure 3 the predicted
pressures in the suction plenum, discharge plenum

283

and cylind er are shown to the same scale. Valve

plate displa cemen t diagra ms are includ ed. The lower diagra ms in Figure 3 show the same predic ted
pressu re/tim e histor ies to a larger scale with the
experi menta l record s superi mpose d. Corre lation
betwe en experi menta l and analy tical result s was
consid ered to be satisf actory . Howe ver, the exper
imenta l metho ds used (11) have since been develop
ed
furthe r (1 0)
EFFECT OF UNSTEADY FLOW ON COMPRESSOR AND
VALVE PERFORMANCE
The study (8) of the first stage acting as a single
stage compr essor had shown the effect that pressu
re
pulsat ions in the inlet pipe may have on the volumetric efficie ncy of the compr essor, causin g
induct ion rammi ng and anti -ramm ing. A partic ular
aspec t of the pre sent study was the effect that pressure pulsat ions in the interc ooler have on the behavio ur of the compr essor valve s. From the traces
for the discha rge valve plenum pressu re of the L. P.
stage and the suctio n valve plenum pressu re of the
H. P. stage in Figure 3, the follow ing may be
obser ved. The compr ession pulse gener ated by the
L .P. stage during the discha rge proce ss at about
300 crank angle degre es after T .D.C. (120 for the
H .P. stage) arrive d at the suctio n plenum chamb er
of the H. P. stage when the piston was near B.D. C.
and the valve was startin g to close , forcin g the
suctio n valve to open again and rammi ng more air
into the cylind er. On the other hand, the rarefa ction
pulse gener ated at the start of the suctio n proce ss
in
the H .P. stage is reflec ted back (again , as a rarefactio n wave) , arrivin g at the suctio n plenum chamber appro ximat ely 2 0 before B.D. C. and momen tcrily
closin g the suctio n valve . A strong patter n of Plllsation s is being reinfo rced in this case becau se the
rarefa ction and compr ession pulses are occurr ing in
rapid succe ssion .
The marke d effect that inters tage pulsat ions have
on
the behav iour of the H.P. suctio n valve is illust rated in Figure 4. The dotted lines corres pond to the
result s predic ted when the H .P. stage compr essor
was simul ated under exactl y the same operat ing
condi tions as those in Figure 3 but withou t an inlet
pipe (const ant plenum chamb er pressu re). Both the
early closin g of the valve due to the arriva l of the
rarefa ction pulse and the secon d openin g due to the
compr ession pulse are now absen t.
The gas colum n in the inters tage pipe is subjec ted
to two forcin g pulsat ions: a compr ession pulse generated during the discha rge of the L .P. stage and
a
rarefa ction pulse gener ated during the suctio n process in the H .P. stage . The effect of the pulsat ions
on the behav iour of the H .P. stage suctio n valve
(the L.P. stage discha rge valve is less sensit ive
to
these) will depen d on their amplit ude and their phasing with respec t to the suctio n proce ss in the H.P.

stage . It was found that this intera ction can be

expre ssed in terms of the phasin g betwe en crank shafts and a non-d imens ional pipe length .
(This non-d imens ional pipe length was define d as
the
ratio of the pipe length to the gas colum n length
which would reson ate in its fundam ental mode at the
freque ncy of the compr essor cycle . That is o;
NL/30 a for a closed /close d pipe; a being the mean
speed ~f sound in the pipe.) For the case in which
the cranks are displa ced by 1800 a partic ularly
strong patter n of pulsat ions will exist in the intercooler pipe for: (a) the third order pulsat ion of the
findam ental mode (C/J "" tl, corres pondin g to a situation like that shown in Figure 3 and (b) the first
order pulsat ion of the fmdam ental ( "" 1), corre sp
onding to a situat ion simila r to that for anti-ra mming
in a single stage compr essor. A peak in volum etric
efficie ncy of 92% was measu red when the condi tions
for induct ion rammi ng occurr ed in both the L .P. and
H .P. stage s.
CONC LUSIO NS
Multi stage recipr ocatin g gas compr essors and their
assoc iated pipew ork can be adequ ately simula ted
using a digita l compu ter model . Resul ts predic ted
by the simula tion model descri bed here compa red
satisf actori ly with those obtain ed experi menta lly
from a simple two-s tage interc ooled air compr essor.
The model was capab le of simula ting the proce sses
that occur during the operat ion of the compr essor and
the intera ctions betwe en the variou s eleme nts of the
system . The model provid es a power ful design aid
which can be used inter alia to reduce the exper imenta l progra mme requir ed during the develo pment
of
a new or modif ied design .
REFERENCES
1. BENSON, R.S. and UCER, A.S. "Some Recen t
Resea rch in Gas Dynam ic Model ling of Multip le
Single Stage Recip rocati ng Comp ressor Syste ms".
Proc. 19 72 Comp ressor Techn ology Conferenc~
Purdue Unive rsity, p, 491

2. BLANKESPOOR, H. J. and TOUBER, S., "Comp uter

Simul ation of a One Cylind er Recip rocati ng Comp
ressor using a Hybrid Comp uter", Proc. 1972 Comp ressor
Techn ology Confe rence, Purdue Unive rsity, p. 5 06

3. BRABLIK, J., "Gas Pulsat ions as Factor s Affect

ing
Opera tion of Autom atic Valve s in Recip rocati ng
Comp ressor s", Proc. 1972 Comp ressor Techn ology
Confe rence, Purdue Unive rsity, p. 188
4. CARPENTER, A.B., "The Use of Analog Simul ator
Studie s to Reduc e or Elimin ate Objec tionab le Pulsa
tions in Recip rocati ng Comp ressor s and Assoc iated
Piping ", A.S.M .E. Paper No. 67-Pe t-30.

284

5. COSTAGLIOLA, M., "The Theory of Spring Loaded

Valves for Recipr ocating Compr essors ", J.Appl. Mech.,
17 (4), 1950, p. 415

16 .VON NIMIT Z, W .W. ''Reliab ility and Perform ance

Assura nce in the Design of Recipr ocating Compr essor
Install ations ", Proc. 1974 Compr essor Techno logy
Confer ence, Purdue Univer sity, p. 329

6. MACLAREN, J.f.T. and KERR, S.V. "An Analyti cal

and Experi mental Study of Self-ac ting Valves in a
Recipr ocating Air Compr essor", I. Mech. E. Confer ence, "Indus trial Recipr ocating and Rotary Compr essors", London , 1970

17. WAMBSGANSS, M.W. and COHEN , R., "Dynam ics

of a Recipr ocating Compr essor with Reed Valves ",
Paper No. 3.0 6, Proc.XI II Int.Con g.Refri g., Madrid , 19 6 7.

7. MACLAREN, I. F. T., "A Review of Simple Mathe matica l Model s of Valves in Recipr ocating Compr essors", proc. 1972 Compr essor Techno logy Confer ence
Purdue Univer sity, p. 180
8. MACLAREN, J .F .T., KERR, S .V., TRAMSCHEK,
A.B. and SANJIN ES, A., "A Model of a Single Stage
Recipr ocating Gas Compr essor Accoun ting for Flow
Pulsat ions", Proc. 1974 Compr essorT echno1 ogy
Confer ence 1 Purdue Univer sity, p. 144.
9. MACLAREN, J.F.T., TRAMSCHEK, A.B., PASTRANA, O.F .,
"Advan ces in Numer ical Metho ds
SANJIN ES, A.,
to Solve the Equati ons Govern ing Unstea dy Gas Flow
in Recipr ocating Compr essor System s", Proc. 1976,
Purdue Compr essor Techno logy Confer ence.
10. MACLAREN, J.F.T. , KERR, S.V., CRAWFORD,R.A.
HOARE, R .G., "A Compu ter Contro lled System for
the Acquis ition and Proces sing of Experi mental Data
from Recipr ocating Compr essors ", Proc. 1976
Compr essor Techno logy Confer ence, Purdue Univer -

sity.
11. SANJINES, A., "An Analyt ical and Experi mental
Study of a Two-s tage Compr essor Install ation ",
Ph.D. Thesis , Univer sity of Strathc lyde, 1975
12. SINGH , R. and SOEDE L, W., "A Review of
Compr essor Lines Pulsati on Analys is and Muffle r
Design Resear ch", Proc. 1974 Compr essor Techn ology Confer ence, Purdue Univer sity 1 p. 102
13. SCHWERZLER, D.D. and HAMIL TON, J.F ., "An
Analyt ical Metho d for Determ ining Effecti ve Flow and
Force Areas for Refrig eration Compr essor Valvin g
System s", Proc. 1972 Compr essor Techno logy
Confer ence, Purdue Univer sity, p. 3 0
14. SCHWERZLER, D .D. and HAMIL TON, J.F.,
''Simul ation and Design Studie s of a Multip le Cylinder Recipr ocating Compr essor", Proc. 1974 Compressor Techno logy Confer ence, Purdue Univer sity, p.S

NOTATION
A
Aa

Non-dim ensiona l speed of sound (a/aref)

Non-di mensio nal speed of sound after isentrop ic change
to referen ce pressure Pref
Vector of non-hom ogeneou s terms

C1,2 Pseudo Riemann variabl es A k; l U

Cff Flow drag coeffic ient
Cp Specifi c heat at constra nt pressure
D Pipe diamete r
Friction factor
f
F. Friction term == 2f Xref/D
G(\i)Ve ctor function of V
Ratio of specific heats
k
Ks Spring stiffnes s
Mass
m
My Effectiv e valve plate mass
p Non-di mensio nal pressure (p/Pref)
Heat transfer rate per unit mass
q
Thermal energy
q
Q Heat transfer term= (q Xref/a3 ref)
R Nondi mension al density (f / f ref)
Area
Time
t
u Non-di mensio nal particle velocit y (u/aref)
v Cylinde r volume
Vector of depend ent variabl es
X Non-di mensio nal length (x/xref)
y
Non-di mensio nal valve displac ement (y/Ymaxl
z Non-dim ensiona l time (t.:xref/ aref)
o<.o Damping coeffic ient
Effectiv e throat/p ipe flow area

Subscr ipts
Guess
Into the bounda ry
Subinde x denotes space
j
Subinde x denotes time
n
Stagnat ion
o
out Out of the bounda ry
Pipe
p
ref Referen ce
Throat
t
Volume (cylind er, receive r or atmosph ere)
v
Intersec tion of path I ine with constan t time I ine
w
g
in

15. TOUBER, S. and BLOMSA, E. C. "Theor etical and

Experi mental Invest igation of Valve :tvbvem ent and
Instati onary Gas Flow in a Recipr ocating Compr essor''
Proc. XIII Int. Cong. Refrig ., Washi ngton,
Paper No. 3..14, 1971

285

0~\y the On~l 'ort". of tho oQui!lti~m.:;. c'T1p\oy~d

1n th~ simuht~on is 9'1vr.n hore. Tho datlvo~~tlon of
th.~
o.;ruatJ;::ms and the m~!hods of solution U:!led d~ gnron
~~~~whqm (9. 111.

L~;,~uatlohs

1.1

consarv~tion-law

1n

--------------,

1-i

fotm

RU

'"

P.ti

"'" :X

T~l!:i ~or...,-~~~~!!

\'.'enclto:f

-Rru 1ul

+ P/k.

Rt'l + JIT...,

used to .:;.olve the

mc~hod

1.:1tem~l n~~hos

(1)

RQ

k.-1

in the pipes lfl c::onjunctlon w1t)1 the Two-Stop T.ax

: .2 Eq . otions i:J eh_,r~cterl!!.tlc:: tom: tl'tJS

for11 may l:lC u:;cj to obtilln soJu[JOn!'; r;~f ~he C!qli~~~ons
i!lt tha
,,1 pipe ne~has and w.:~s u.sod at pip.;; boundo!irlc-; In a compo:;;lte
sch(!mc w'th the L~:~~;-Wond:ort

Jntl!tt

f!.._~

~etwme.

(I)

th~ Mo~~ch

.&.long

dC =A
1 2
(Ji)

line!.

d.A.:~"I-;;

::::r

OONFIGURA1IO!/_Qf!. COMBINED COMPRESSORS

(1STAGEriN1E.RCOOLED)
!__: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

u A

"

(kz~\lz

..l.ion!l the poth lines

SYSTEM

'-----------:_:!..~.1~__1

0dZ:;}(I, -i)FUit.:i (l+(k-l)*) dz

rfi~
... (3)

1
{QFUIU I) dl
- (4)
,3 ~~lit/ r:-,.,~r\1l.!2.!;
B);:h lh~ Tw~-Stop Lo!~W(!ndroff .:;..:;-heme dnd t}J.c
1
!1.1r.::h version of the M~thod
of ChanCt+:IfiS ti('S C "1J)it:~:; '1 :;tai;IIIJty Citcrion, vjz,

~.

dZ

,__

:::; 50
UJ

~A

I U)

1.5

Ll.

__
t_

di

'1'-

~ 75
c

'U

_ __ !

>

(<>)

1.0

...J

<(

>

z 25
0.5
,__

the dc~crrlnatlon of th~ conrHtior.~ .Jt tJ,.,:: {I""Jd ~fa

pipe I.e. at the juncti!Jn of~ ~ipc o,nd its
~:;!Jdcont volu"'lC {-:-yl!nce:r. E~E:Irt:r, ~r .Jt"!losph~IJl
teduc::cs ~c 1h~ problo111 oi fJndJn<j Ihc value oi I;,c
outgoing

ch.uactcri.s tlc ana e!!lrQpy -:1~ the end ~f ~h~ PiPe.

2.J rtow out of th~

u
::::>

fC 0 ut unk.I'IO\n)

Vl

(I) Sub.sohle now .:~t th.:throut

Cout = 2 Aa P ( A:: ) - Ap "' - Cln

l.O

(6}

80

120

160

75

w-

a:

(7)
(l)) Son!~; flow i!lt th~thtOilt

I - (!)
Gout

t;t

1 "'(l)

wh~t~

Ap.

-~t2/kl J~l-

."'-::.
....

~ ~l

"p

z .2 ~r.t2._}_~

Cin

where

k--T . II ~=I "'2

(9)

where

Ut*

Avo
(II)

z .~

l\ [ 'Up
~

ro'

2
= At ~

""!< Oo
~

ref

.a

-'lp

In

CVllnder~

,,

.....

[~

r~
Pv

-;;;;

dVv
Vv

dVv

<
. (t3)

z
:::;
>-

I ...L
I
k. .. 1

(lSl

l.O

.l_) (

Ap

Aa;:

J 21</l--1

FIG.

(!G)

or R!tc::olvert

'Jv

'

~~ (.!loin)
mv

I~]
mv

_ dmvj
mv j

(17)

118)

... (,)
~h hei!lt tro!il'l.sf~;~.f

C;:~ ~:T)
w;n i9noro!!td. ror e. cyllndol!tr. tt.
l!!uumd tha~ only 1nnow ot outnow cou.J.~ occur ~
ons Ume. Whl!!h applying Iho!!t~t!i oq;1.111UOns tho!!! 'hz11
~o ... r~:~s Into or Qyt of the contlol 'VI;IlW"'e were
o!i..5sumol!td to bQ consti!lnt ov~r,. ~iven time li'Ic:~ment
i!lnd
tnl! e.!t.icui.!r.tlon~ ~mplQyu.d m~ss !bw ro~~tes detennlr.ed
ot th~ end Of the previQulil Ume step.
tor a rce1vllr dl/v"' 0 Gnd

""'!'

n::
~55

:;-. :::on5-ld~:rinz;z ~h ~quatlol!.!; !or tho 4;:01'11!/!lrvo!iiio

n ~;~! mi!I&B and enel'9y ;:~ppUed to .!11'1 o!irbttri!lry cont.fol
.-::::_ ~-" t :"9'thei with th~: oqui!ltlon or state of n lde.!!l
o~s th~t followln9' E!Qlli!!Iions TTli!IV be ID.!tdb1h.hed
~.:;~ ;:-~ ,- .:~Iuo!it10l'l o!. ehon~~~ Qf ~t1He val"i.o!iblol!t:;;
wJth~n the conl:r'ol vQiwn

,-,

.J

(H' flo1v lH out now)

l:l

{1<1.)

Ut

I \' '

'i I'

UJ

Ill found ~rom ~he ei"'.ct~'{ ~qu;:~,~.;n. viZ.

o< <he <h<ot: !!L &..

}."
~

' Sp

\"D~IItii'IL" Co~dltloni!:

o\

';~\

:;

~60

Mi!l:!l~ now .!It plpc:: :::Jur.d.;,~

~-1

;,

!;

(111

n ~ '<.!1
u"'
1) 1
2
p

Up = !Jp/~:

ut_f.t..r,

'

:..:J

(lD)

For i!l~~ at the thrO.:!t, Ut Is found from

the roots of th~ equ;:~tlon

u't 0<<1> - B,
2

"Z
-"

3 6s

{121
(l)

aJ

:::;:

{A.!!~ ~ Ai!I~J

"E

~
<(

(C(11 Gout , A.a;:~ unknown)

G;n Cin +A::

n::

UJ

c;". 1!::11~1~0<-!IO<+l-21"{:;-1 2 1

C00,=

:i:iii "'~

(B\

I~ round by iteration !roll1

Ap/At

H.P. stage test

(analyt
Withou t pulsati ons

A * k.-'-I/k-1
P
..l.p"' :.:~1/k.-1

"~c

=>
5.0
VJ 'Vl 1i
UJ

tlinn

(20)

286

4.

BO

CRANK

--

!DEGREES)
---,-zo. . ANGLE
1fl0
200

EFFECT OF INTERSTAGE PULSA TIONS ON THE

BEHAVIOUR OF THE H.P SUCTION VALVE

Read Control P,;,rometers ond

Descript ion of Compres~ System
Resklrt

--~

-----~------=.~.:____---

Rec~d

values of all Variable s

from Rt!stort Disk File

rNon-D imensio nolize V'lrioble s and
Initial Conditio ns
~et Arbitra
Calcula te allowab le Time Step
from Stability Criteria

Yes
Integrate Valve Motion Equation
Update Conditio n; in
Internal Pipes ~cshes

c~t l>ppropr iote r;()-:;,~

Conditio ns

o!..iiE_':_~nds

~oss

l
Open or Redricte d End

Closed End
Charact eristic R.eflc:cted

ulote

Flow lr!.!9 the~

Iter~~~: to find outgoing
C aroc~fristic and
rrec En trot>v

'

Flow out 2f the fip,

Calcula te Outgoin g
Charact eristic

r low a cress

U~T ime

Boundor;es
and Cronkon qle

Print Values of Vcricble s R"quired

Writ" into Plotting Disk File

No
Print Cycle Performa nce Variable s

Write into Restart Disk File

FIG_

FLOW DIAGRAM Oc

COt~PRESSOR

287

Si~_VLATON

PROGRAM

,
'
II.F'

... 1'j Af. r

"I

c;ua,o~,.~t'5.<;..;)~

Lr".. 11E.

~Pt:[::

P!;IIE:b.JAf lltA"'f10

fJ

-:t.UC.TrO"''

DI~H.&.C.C.

...

__

..

.!l.'"tla~.,.

lf ..
lj

f>~

'
I

'

1-,~.,.

( ~'"f"l~ ..., ....... ,~

!..;PCIII.,_I:~lot\1.

'._.,c;
1

j.oiJII

i ~ T~

"'I

"'

.,,..,.l...'t"l!Cio.l,.

DISC.IIARGE

i' .Q

CIU,Na "-NCi~li;
~------:n-o~I!IC

.::JI::t.'t'-~1

'h11

1r-.~

"''

""

""'

~il)

"'
t;

H P DISCHt.RC.E

"" :t
"'""
::>

L.P.

;e

......

DISCHARGE'

~0

..,

"'~<;>

"'5

,.

~-

'S.

' -'

DISCHARGE

..

50

,?_)!] ~
~ l

L.P CVLINDR

...

;i 4

H.P.

CYLINDER

SUCTiON

..........

..,"'

~~

--~-:=

LP.STAGE
FIG.

..

H.P

COMPARISO N

OF EXPERIMEN TAL

FOR

STAGE

TWO

AND

INTERCOOLE D

288

STAGE

ANALYTICAL RECORDS

AIR

COMPRESSO R.