What is the function of commutator?

in dc motor commutator converted DC to AC

Answe
r in DC genator its function is AC to DC that's way we called
# 1 as commutator is a mechanical rectifier

Disadvantages of armature resistence control

1. As the entire armature current passes through the external resistance, there are
tremendous power losses.
2. As armature current is ore than field current, rheostat required is of large size and
capacity.
3. Speed above rated is not possible by this method.
4. Due to large power losses, the method is expensive, wasteful and less efficient.
5. The method needs expensive heat dissipation arrangements.

switched reluctance motor (SRM)

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a type of a stepper motor, an electric motor that runs
by reluctance torque. Unlike common DC motor types, power is delivered to windings in the stator
(case) rather than the rotor. This greatly simplifies mechanical design as power does not have to be
delivered to a moving part, but it complicates the electrical design as some sort of switching system
needs to be used to deliver power to the different windings. With modern electronic devices, precisely
timed switching is not a problem, and the SRM (Switched Reluctance Motor) is a popular design for
modern stepper motors. Its main drawback is torque ripple. An alternate use of the same mechanical
design is as a generator when driven mechanically, and the load is switched to the coils in sequence to
synchronize the current flow with the rotation. Such generators can be run at much higher speeds than
conventional types as the armature can be made as one piece of magnetisable material, a simple

slotted cylinder.[1] In this case use of the abbreviation SRM is extended to mean Switched Reluctance
Machine, although SRG, Switched Reluctance Generator is also used. A topology that is both motor
and generator is useful for starting the prime mover, as it saves a dedicated starter motor.

Operating principle[edit]
The SRM has wound field coils as in a DC motor for the stator windings. The rotor however has no
magnets or coils attached. It is a solid salient-pole rotor (having projecting magnetic poles) made of soft
magnetic material (often laminated-steel). When power is applied to the stator windings, the
rotor's magnetic reluctance creates a force that attempts to align the rotor pole with the nearest stator
pole. In order to maintain rotation, an electronic control system switches on the windings of successive
stator poles in sequence so that the magnetic field of the stator "leads" the rotor pole, pulling it forward.
Rather than using a troublesome high-maintenance mechanical commutator to switch the winding
current as in traditional motors, the switched-reluctance motor uses an electronic position sensor to
determine the angle of the rotor shaft and solid state electronics to switch the stator windings, which
also offers the opportunity for dynamic control of pulse timing and shaping. This differs from the
apparently similar induction motor which also has windings that are energised in a rotating phased
sequence, in that the magnetization of the rotor is static (a salient pole that is made 'North' remains so
as the motor rotates) while an induction motor has slip, and rotates at slightly less than synchronous
speed. This absence of slip makes it possible to know the rotor position exactly, and the motor can be
stepped arbitrarily slowly.

Simple switching[edit]
If the poles A0 and A1 are energised then the rotor will align itself with these poles. Once this has
occurred it is possible for the stator poles to be de-energised before the stator poles of B0 and B1 are
energized. The rotor is now positioned at the stator poles b. This sequence continues through c before
arriving back at the start. This sequence can also be reversed to achieve motion in the opposite
direction. This sequence can be found to be unstable[clarification needed] while in operation, under high load, or
high acceleration or deceleration, a step can be missed, and the rotor jumps to wrong angle, perhaps
going back one instead of forward three.

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) - Overview

Motor Control - Brushless DC (BLDC) Motors

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The brushless DC (BLDC) motor can be envisioned as a brush DC motor turned inside out, where the
permanent magnets are on the rotor, and the windings are on the stator. As a result, there are no
brushes and commutators in this motor, and all of the disadvantages associated with the sparking of
brush DC motors are eliminated.
This motor is referred to as a "DC" motor because its coils are driven by a DC power source which is
applied to the various stator coils in a predetermined sequential pattern. This process is known as
commutation. However, "BLDC" is really a misnomer, since the motor is effectively an AC motor. The
current in each coil alternates from positive to negative during each electrical cycle. The stator is
typically a salient pole structure which is designed to produce a trapezoidal back-EMF waveshape
which matches the applied commutated voltage waveform as closely as possible. However, this is very
hard to do in practice, and the resulting back-EMF waveform often looks more sinusoidal than
trapezoidal. For this reason, many of the control techniques used with a PMSM motor (such as Field
Oriented Control) can equally be applied to a BLDC motor.
Another misconception about the BLDC motor is related to how it is driven. Unlike an open-loop stepper
application where the rotor position is determined by which stator coil is driven, in a BLDC motor, which
stator coil is driven is determined by the rotor position. The stator flux vector position must be
synchronized to the rotor flux vector position (not the other way around) in order to obtain smooth
operation of the motor. In order to accomplish this, knowledge of the rotor position is required in order to
determine which stator coils to energize. Several techniques exist to do this, but the most popular
technique is to monitor the rotor position using hall-effect sensors. Unfortunately, these sensors and
their associated connectors and harnesses result in increased system cost, and reduced reliability.

DC machine whether it is motor or generator will have

four essential parts. They are
1.
2.
3.
4.

Field System
Armature
Commutator
Brush and Brush gear

Field System:
The objective of field system in DC machine is to provide uniform magnetic field, within
which armature rotates. For small rating motors permanent magnets are used and for
large size machines electro magnets are used. Electro magnets are proffered for large
machines because of the higher magnetic effect and its field strength regulation which can
be achieved by controlling the magnetizing current.
Field System of a DC machine consists of magnets called as pole shoes bolted to the pole
cores. Pole cores are usually of circular section and are used to carry the field current
windings. Pole cores are connected to the yoke of the machine.
Armature:
Armature is a rotating part of a dc machine and is built up in cylindrical section. The
purpose of armature is to rotate the conductors in the uniform magnetic field. It consists of
insulated coils wound around the iron cylinder and arranged such that when cut by uniform
magnetic filed, it produces electric current in the windings.

Commutator:
The commutator is a form of the rotating switch placed between the armature and the
external circuit. It helps in reversing the flow of current direction to the external circuit at
the instant when the electric current reversal takes place in the armature current. This
results in the current obtained to the external circuit is always uni directional.
Brushes:
The function of brushes is to collect the current from the commutator and supply it to the
external load circuit. The brushes are rectangular in shape and rests on the commutator.
Copper or Carbon Graphite is used for making the brushes.