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THE ELECTRON
Explaining the Atomic Dynamics
Johan Oldenkamp
TABLE OF CONTENTS
To contact the author of this book:
johan@pateo.nl
www.pateo.nl
Publisher:
ISBN:
NUR:
Pateo
978-94-90765-11-8
910
inwards, and is closest to the core of the atom. The bottom layer is
furthest away from this core, and in most cases contains the so-called
free electrons.
Each electron has a spin. When this spin is
in the same direction as the electrons
orbital direction around the atoms core, I
refer to this spin orientation as positive or
Yin. The reverse orientation I refer to as
negative or Yang. Please read my other
books on Wholly Science, which are
mostly freely available as e-book on Pateo.nl, to learn more about
this.
In each space of the pyramidal scale structure, pictured as a block
on the previous page, there is room for two electrons with opposite
spins. In order to represent such a balanced couple of
counter spinning electrons, I use the symbol of Tao,
showing the perfect dynamic balance between Yin and
Yang.
To represent a space with just one electron, I use the white circle for
a Yin electron and a black circle for a Yang electron. When situated
in the bottom or outer layer of the pyramidal scale structure, the
black circles represent free electrons. When these free electrons have
jumped over to another atom, the remaining ion has a positive
charge. Each white circle indicates a space where an additional free
electron is required to create a balanced couple. When this happens,
the ion has a negative charge.
This is in fact all we need to know in order or to be able to explain
the ordering of Mendeleyevs table. When you are unfamiliar with
aspects of this short theoretical foundation, then I advise you to first
study those aspects, for example on the internet, before reading the
remaining of this booklet.
15 P, 16 S, 17 Cl, and 18 Ar
Next, Phosphorus has room for three
free electrons. Its ion is therefore P3-.
The atom of Sulfur has room for two
free electrons. Its ion is S2-. Next in
line, Chlorine has room for just one
free electron. Its ion is therefore Cl-.
Last in this line up, we find Argon.
For Argon, all available spaces at the
third hierarchical level of La have
been filled up with balanced couples of counter spinning electrons.
Therefore, Argon is the third noble gas.
19 K, 20 Ca, 21 Sc, and 22 Ti
All atoms up from
number 19 have four
layers (or more). The
atom with 19 electrons
is called Potassium in
English and Kalium in NeoLatin, on which the abbreviation
of K is based. Its ion is K+.
Next, we find Calcium and its
ion is Ca2+. Third in this line up
3+
is Scandium. Its ion is Sc . Fourthly, we encounter Titanium with its
ion Ti4+. Titanium, however also has two different type of ions.
Those ions occur when the amount electrons in the third layer (of La)
exceeds the maximum of the 22 format for paired electrons. Then,
the third layer expands to
the much wider
33 format for
paired electrons.
That
explains
why Titanium
also has the ions
of Ti2+ and Ti3+.
8
23 V, 24 Cr, and 25 Mn
For the next atom, Vanadium,
there are two similar types of
ions: V2+ and V3+. There is
even a third type of ion for
Vanadium. For this third
possibility,
the
layer
structures of the third and
fourth level have been swapped. Now the bottom layer
suddenly has a 33
format, which very
occasionally
is
possible (as an
exception that proves the general rule).
The atom of Chromium has
two types of ions: Cr2+ and
Cr3+. Although the third level
is not completely filled with
paired
electrons,
each
constellation is always very
well balanced. As this booklet
shows, each atomic structure shows a not only a natural balance, but
also a striking simplicity.
As the atomic numbers
increase, the ionic charges
hardly
do
not.
Also
Manganese has two types of
ions: Mn2+ and Mn3+.
Compared to the previous
atoms, only the arrangement
on the third level has changed.
26 Fe, 27 Co, 28 Ni, and 29 Cu
The next atom has 26 electrons. In Latin, its name is Ferron,
abbreviated as Fe. In English it is Iron. Iron is able to retain magnetic
energy because of the characteristics of its third layer of electrons. In
The Scale of the Electron Explaining the Atomic Dynamics
30 Zn and 31 Ga
The atom of Zinc always has two
free electrons. Its ion therefore is
Zn2+. Next, the atom of Gallium
always has three free electrons.
Its ion therefore is Ga3+. Neither
of these two metals is able to
retain magnetic energy.
32 Ge
Just like Carbon and Silicon, the
atom of Germanium has two
opposing ion types: Ge4+ and
Ge4-.
33 As, 34 Se, 35 Br, and 36 Kr
The atom of Arsenio has room
for three free electrons. Its ion is
therefore As3-. The atom of
Selenium has room for two free
electrons. Its ion is Se2-. Next in
line, Bromine has room for just
one free electron. Its ion is
therefore Br-. Last in this line up,
we find Krypton. For Krypton,
all available spaces at the fourth
hierarchical level of Sol have
been filled up with balanced
couples of counter spinning
electrons. This means that
Krypton is the fourth noble gas.
37 Rb, 38 Sr, 39 Y, and 40 Zr
All atoms up from number 37 have five layers (or more). The atom
with 37 electrons is called Rubidium. Its ion is Rb+. Next, we find
Strontium, and its ion is Sr2+. Third in this line up is Yttrium. Its ion
is Y3+. Fourthly, we encounter Ziroonium, and its ion is Zr4+.
The Scale of the Electron Explaining the Atomic Dynamics
11
13
52 Te, 53 I, and 54 Xe
From the atom of Tellurium upwards, we find the 1-4-9-9-4 structure
again.
50 Sn
The atom with 50
electrons is called
Tin in English and
Stannum in Latin,
abbreviated as Sn.
Tin has two types of
ions. The first one
follows the same
structure as its predecessors Silver, Cadmium, and Indium. Its ion is Sn4+. For the other
ion, the fourth 9-spaced layer is widened into a 16-spaced level. The
ion that corresponds to that 1-4-9-16-4 structure is Sn2+.
51 Sb
The atom with 51 electrons is called Antimony in English and
Stibium in Latin, abbreviated as Sb. Just like Tin, Antimony also has
two types of ions. The first one has the very unusual 1-4-9-9-9
structure. Its ion is Sb5+. For the other ion, the spacing for the
electrons is based on the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. That ion is Sb3+.
14
The bottom layer of Tellurium has room for two free electrons. Its
ion is Te2-. Next in line, Iodine has room for just one free electron. Its
ion is therefore I-. Last in this line up, we find Xenon. For Xenon, all
available spaces at the fifth hierarchical level of Fa have been filled
up with balanced couples of counter spinning electrons. This means
that Xenon is the fifth noble gas.
55 Cs, 56 Ba, and 57 La
All atoms up from number 55 have six layers (or more). The atom
with 55 electrons is called Caesium. Its ion is Cs+. Next in line, we
find Barium, and its ion is Ba2+. Thirdly, we find. Its ion is La3+.
These three atom have the 1-4-9-9-4-4 structure for their electrons.
The Scale of the Electron Explaining the Atomic Dynamics
15
61 Pm and 62 Sm
Also the atoms with 61 and 62 electrons have the 1-4-9-16-4
structure. The ion of Prometium is Pm3+.
The atom of Europium has two types of ions. The first one
corresponds to the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. This is Eu3+. The other one
corresponds to the 1-4-9-9-9-4 structure. This is Eu2+.
The atom of Gadolinium shows very much resemblance to its
predecessor, Europium. Just like Europium, also Gadolinium has an
ion that corresponds to the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. This is Gd4+. Nextm
The Scale of the Electron Explaining the Atomic Dynamics
17
respectively Dy3+ and Ho3+. Starting with the atom of Erbium, the 14-9-16-9-4 structure appears. Its ion is Er3+.
69 Tm and 70 Yb
The structure of the atom of Thulium very much resembles its
predecessor Erbium. Its ion is Tm3+.
The atom of Ytterbium has two types of ions: Yb2+ and Yb3+.
71 Lt, 72 Hf, and 73 Ta
19
Just like Osmium, also the atom of Iridium has four free electrons Its
ion is Ir4+. The atom of Platinum has two types of ions: Pt4+ and Pt2+.
79 Au
Perhaps the most well-know metal is Gold. In Latin this is Aurum,
abbreviated as Au.
The atom of Gold has two types of ions: Au3+ and Au+. In the
structure corresponding to the latter ion, we see a completion of the
fifth layer with nine paired electrons.
80 Hg
Another well-known metal is Mercury. In Latin this is Hydrargyrum,
abbreviated as Hg. The atom of Mercury also has two types of ions:
Hg2+ and Hg+.
77 Ir and 78 Pt
81 Tl
Just like is predecessors Gold and Mercury, the atom of Thallium
also has two types of ions: Tl3+ and Tl+.
20
21
84 Po
The atom of Polonium also has two types of ions: Po4+ and Po2+.
82 Pb
Another well-known metal is Lead. In Latin this is Plumbum,
abbreviated as Pb. We also see this Latin origin in the word
plumbing, literally meaning working with lead. The atom of Lead
also has two types of ions: Pb4+ and Pb2+.
85 At and 86 Rn
With the atom of Astatine, we are back at the perfect filling of the
first five layers of the 1-4-9-16-9-4 structure. In the case of Astatine,
there is room for one more electron. Its ion is At-.
83 Bi
For Radon, also all available spaces at the sixth hierarchical level of
Mi have been filled up with balanced couples of counter spinning
electrons. This means that Radon is the sixth noble gas.
The atom of Bismuth also has two types of ions: Bi3+ and Bi5+.
22
87 Fr, 88 Ra, 89 Ac
From the atom of Francium upwards, the structure develops as
before.
23
93 Np
The atom of Neptunium has just one type of ion: Np5+.
90 Th and 91 Pa
94 Pu
Just like Uranium, also the atom of Plutonium has two types of ions:
Pu4+ and Pu6+.
24
25
99 Es
96 Cm
With the atom of Curium, the seven layers structure starts. Its ion is
Cm3+.
The ion of the atom with 99 electrons is Es3+.
100 Fr
97 Bk
The atom of Berkelium also has two types of ions: Bk3+ and Bk4+.
The ion of the atom of Fermium with exactly 100 electrons is Fr3+.
101 Md
98 Cf
From now on, the names given to the atom become even more
strange. The atom of Californium is Cf3+.
The atom of Mendelevium has two types of ions: Md2+ and Md3+.
103 Lr
26
27
The atoms with numbers 102 and 103 have been reversed because
the page layout. The ion of the atom of Lawrencium with 103
electrons is Lr3+.
102 Nb
105 Db
The ion of the atom of Dubnium with 105 electrons is: Db4+.
The atom of Nobelium with 102 electrons has two types of ions:
Nb2+ and Nb3+.
106 Sg
103 Lr
By now, the application of the principles of the double pyramidal
structure of the distribution of the electrons to atoms with 103
electrons or more should be straightforward. From Lawrencium (103
Lr) upwards, also the fifth layer (of Fa) is completely filled with
paired electrons.
107 Bh
The ion of the atom Bohrium with 107 electrons is: Bh4+.
104 Rf
The ion of the atom of Rutherfordium with 104 electrons is: Rf3+.
108 Hs
The ion of the atom Hassium with 108 electrons is: Hs4+.
28
The ion of the atom of Seaborgium with 106 electrons is: Sg4+.
29
109 Mt
113 Uut
The ion the atom Meitnerium with 109 electrons is: Mt4+.
The ion of the atom Ununtrium with 113 electrons is: Uut4+.
110 Ds
114 Fl
The ion of the atom Darmstadtium with 110 electrons is: Ds4+.
The ion of the atom Flerovium with 114 electrons is: Fl4+.
111 Rg
115 Uup
The ion of the atom Roentgenium with 111 electrons is: Rg4+.
The ion of the atom Ununpentium with 115 electrons is: Uup3-.
112 Cn
The ion of the atom Copernicium with 112 electrons is: Cn4+.
116 Lv
The ion of the atom Livermorium with 116 electrons is: Lv2-.
30
31
is the heaviest noble gas. I suggest to change its name into Pateon
(Pn).
117 Uus
The ion of the atom Ununseptium with 117 electrons is: Uus1-.
118 Uuo
The ion of the atom Ununennium with 119 electrons is: uue1+.
120 Ubn
The current preliminary name of the atom with 120 electrons is
Unbinilium. This atom with the highest possible amount of electrons
32
33
Shape
Faces
4
Edges
6
Vertices
4
Namee Tetrahedron
34
6
12
8
8
12
6
12
30
20
20
30
12
Hexahedron
Octahedron
Dodecahedron
Icosahedron
12
22
32
42
single apple
double tetrahedron
triple octahedron
quadruple hexahedron
8 (Do)
7 (Re)
6 (Mi)
5 (Fa)
35
This shows that the platonic solids together with the energetic apple
shape offer the required geometrical foundation for the Scaled
Electrons Theory.
On the left hand side, we see this
compound of three octahedra,
each with a different color (i.e.
grey, green, and purple).
The figure on the next pages
shows the compound of an
icosahedron and a dodecahedron.
This shape has 32 vertices. By
36
37
Layer
1
Do
2
Si
3
La
4
Sol
5
Fa
6
Mi
7
Re
8
Do
Amount of Elements
2
8
18
32
32
18
8
2
Cumulative
2
10
28
60
92
110
118
120
The elements that lie on the same vertical axis have corresponding
features. Presented in this way, the natural logic of the atoms or
elements becomes crystal clear.
38
39
Acknowledgements
First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to Jan Wicherink. His
input helped me to discover the geometrical foundation of Scelth, as
described in the previous chapter. Furthermore, I like to thank Frank
Bonte, who has brought me into contact with many interesting
theories and scientists during the past four years. Both Frank and Jan
are open minded researchers (and creators) based in Netherlands, just
like I am. Internationally, I am very happy to work with a number of
leading scientists form all over the world. Some of their names are
listed on the webpage of the Pateo Academia on the English section
of Pateo.nl.
Scelth focuses on the particle nature of electrons. Elementary
physics shows that electrons have at the same time wave-like
features. They occur as clouds around nucleus of atoms and are in
phase-lock conjugation existing first as one type of scalar wave, then
another alternating between charges. Scelth does not take these
wave-like features of electrons into account, and neither does it
include the protons and the neutrons in the core of the atom.
Please feel free to contact me about Scelth or other scientific issues.
You find my e-mail address on second page of this booklet.
Zeist, The Netherlands,
October 12th, 2012
Johan H. Oldenkamp, Ph.D.
40