EXPERIMENT VIII

ACTIVE FILTER
(LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF And ALL PASS FILTER (PHASE FILTER))
AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR
I. End Result
Students are able to explain the function of active filters (LPF, HPF, BSF, BPF
and All-Pass filter (phase shifter)).
Students can determine active filter (LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF, and All-Pass filter
(phase shifter)) and Volrage Regulator characteristic using electronic circuit theory
(Ohm and Kirchoff law), including the golden rule.
Students are able to differentiate different kinds of active filter (LPF, HPF, BPF,
BSF and All-Pass filter (phase shifter)).
Students are able to design a Voltage Regulator and application circuits using OpAmp.

II. Scope
A. Theory
HPF and LPF
LPF (Low Pass Filter) is a frequency filter which allows signals with
frequency below cut-off to pass, as shown in Figure 8.1. HPF(High Pass
Filter) is the opposite of LPF, which allows signals with frequency above cutoff to pass, as shown in Figure 8.2.
Normally, its impossible to get an ideal analog filter, but its possible to
have a filter which is near ideal if we can design it accurately.

Figure 8.1 High Pass Filter

Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 8

Figure 8.2 Low Pass Filter

Computer Engineering Laboratory
Page : 1 of 12

Low Pass Filter gain formula:

1
C1.Cf .R1.R 2
H ( s)
Cf .R1.Rf Cf .Rf .R 2 C1.R1.R 2
R1 R 2

S 2 S .
C1.Cf .R1.R 2.Rf

C1.Cf .R1.R 2.Rf

With Natural Frequency:

fn

1
R1 R 2
.
2. C 1.Cf .R1.R 2.Rf

High Pass Filter Gain Formula:

Rf
R2
H ( s)
1
C 2.R1 C 2.R 2 C1.R1
S 2 S .

C1.C 2.R1.R 2

C1.C 2.R1.R 2
S 2.

With Natural Frequency:

fn

1
2 C1.C 2.R1.R2

BPF , BSF and All Pass Filter

BPF will only pass signals with frequency between the lower (fL) and
upper cut-off frequency (fH), while blocking signals with frequency outside of
those range.

Figure 8.3 BPF Frequency Response

Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 2 of 12

Figure 8.4 BPF Frequency Response

BPF Transfer Function :

1
s
R1C 2
H ( s)
1
R1 R2
1

s 2 s

R3 C1 R3 C 2 R1 R2 R3 C1C 2

BPF Frequency Center Formula:

fC

R1 R 2
1
2 R 1 R 2 R 3 C1C 2

BSF Transfer Function :

2R R R R
1
s 2 1 4 2 2 3 s 2
R4 C1C 2
R1 R4 C 2
H ( s)
R 2R
1
s 2 s 3 2 4 2
R4 C 2 R4 C1C 2

We used Gyrator (Z) to replace Inductor in BSF circuit, which can be

calculated as follows:
Z R j. .R4 2 .C 2

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 3 of 12

BSF Frequency Center Formula:

fC

1 1
2 R4

1
C1C2

Cut-off frequency (frequency where phase shift = 90), phase shift ( )

and All Pass Filter Gain (Phase Shifter) formula:

fC

1
2 .R1C

180 o 2arc tg CR1

H j

2C 2 R12 1
1
2C 2 R12 1

Voltage Regulator
Voltage Regulator is a circuit that can regulate voltage at a fixed level.
Linear Voltage Regulator is a Voltage Regulator that operates in the linear
region to maintain the output load voltage constant. There are 2 basic types of
linear Voltage Regulator, which are shunt and series regulator.

Figure 8.5
Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 4 of 12

B. Reference
1. Thomas L. Floyd. (2005). Electronic Devices, Conventional Current
Version. 7. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
2. Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky. (2006). Electronics Device and
Circuit Theory. 9. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
3. Robert T. Paynter. (2003). Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits,
Electron Flow Version. 6. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
4.

Malvino, Albert Paul. (1985). Semiconductor Circuit Approximations. 4.

McGraw-Hill.

5.

Filter Introduction:

6.

http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/FilterBkgrnd/Filters.htm
l

7.

Designing

HPF

&

LPF:

http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/opsalkey1/opsalkey1.htm
8. Op Amp Filter Circuit:
9. http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es154/lectures/lecture_1/filters/filters
.html
10. Bandpass Filter: http://sound.westhost.com/project63.htm
11. Gyrator: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator
12. Active Filter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_filter
13. Bandpass

Filter:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/active-

bandpass-filters.htm

III. Devices

Experiment Module 6

Osciloscope

Signal generator

Terminal Cable

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 5 of 12

IV. Instruction of Laboratory

A. Procedure
1. Low Pass Filter
RF=

Vin

R1= R2=

C1= 10nF

CF= 100pF

Vo

++

R=

Figure 8.6 LPF Circuit

1. Use the Low Pass Filter Module.

2. Apply sine wave according to Table 8.1.
3. Adjust the frequency accordingly and record the output signal value in
Table 8.1.
Table 8.1
Vin

f (Hz)

Vo

100

200

500

1K

5K

10 K

100 K

R2=

47nF

C2=

C1= 47nF

2. High Pass Filter

RF =
-

Vin

R1 =

Vout

R=

Figure 8.7 High Pass Filter Circuit

1. Use the High Pass Filter Module.

2. Apply sine wave according to Table 8.2.
3. Adjust the frequency accordingly and record the output signal value in
Table 8.2.

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 6 of 12

Tabel 8.2
Vin

f (Hz)

Vo

10

20

50

100

200

500

1K

3. Band Pass Filter

Figure 8.8 Band Pass Filter Circuit

1. Use the Band Pass Filter Module.
2. Apply sine wave according to Table 8.3.
3. Adjust the frequency accordingly and record the output signal value and
delay time (input vs output) in Table 8.3.
Table 8.3
Vin

f (Hz)

Vo, t

100

200

500

1K

5K

10 K

50 K

100 K

4. Band Stop Filter

Vin

Vout

10nF

Figure 8.9 Band Stop Filter Circuit

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Figure 8.10

100nF

Gyrator Circuit

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 7 of 12

Vin

Vout

10nF

100nF

Figure 8.11 Band Stop Filter Circuit

4. Use the Band Stop Filter Module.

5. Apply sine wave according to Table 8.4.
6. Adjust the frequency accordingly and record the output signal value and
delay time (input vs output) in Table 8.4.

Tabel 8.4
Vin

f (Hz)

Vo, t

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

100

200

500

1K

5K

10 K

50 K

100 K

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 8 of 12

5.

All Pass Filter (Phase Shifter)

R=2k

+15V

R=2k
Vin

C=100n

VOut
-15V

R1

1k

Figure 8.12 All Pass Filter Circuit

1. Use the All Pass Filter Module.

2. Apply sine wave according to Table 8.5.
3. Adjust the frequency accordingly and record the output signal value and
delay time (input vs output) in Table 8.5.

Table 8.5
Vin

f (Hz)

Vo, t

100

200

500

1K

5K

10 K

50 K

100 K

6. Shunt Regulator
Vin

Rs

VZ
Vout = Vz + VBE

D zener

IS =
BC 547

RL Vout

Vin - VOUT
Rs

IL = VOUT
RL

Shunt Regulator Module

Figure 8.13

IC = IS

Shunt Regulator Circuit

Note: RS = 1 k
RL = 4k7
Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 9 of 12

IL

1. Use the Shunt Regulator Module.

2. Measure the DC input voltage first before applying it to the Module.
3. Adjust the DC input voltage according to Table 8.6 below and write down
the result.

Tabel 8.6
Vin

Vout

Is

IL

PIN

POUT

Efficiency (%)

1V
3V
7V
10 V

7. Series Regulator
Vcc

Vin

T2

1.5
R4

Rs

100

Vcc

R2

510
+
LM 741
-

DZener

R5

RL

T1

Vout

GND
10K
R1

Figure 8.14 Series Regulator Circuit

R2

Vout 1
Vz
R1

Note: RS = 1 k
RL = 1 k
T1 dan T2 = TIP 41C

1. Use the Series Regulator Module.

2. Measure the DC input voltage first before applying it to the Module.
Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 10 of 12

3. Adjust the DC input voltage according to table 8.7 below and write down the
result.
Table 8.7
Vin

Vout

Is

IL

PIN

POUT

Efficiency(%)

1V
3V
7V
10 V

B. Reports Task
1. Explain the difference between active and passive filter!
2. Frequency cut off explanation!
3. Explain the difference between each filter used in the experiment!
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of replacing inductor with gyrator!
5. Explain how shunt regulator works!
6. Explain how series regulator using operational amplifier works!
7. Explain the operational amplifier function in Voltage Regulator circuit!
8. Explain Transistor T1 and Resistor R4 function in the series regulator!
9. Explain how shunt regulator works!
10. Explain how series regulator using operational amplifier works!
11. Explain the operational amplifier function in Voltage Regulator circuit!
12. Explain Transistor T1 and Resistor R4 function in the series regulator
13. Comparison between series and shunt regulator!
14. Give explanation regarding the upper and lower cut-off frequency!
15. Active filter application!
16. Analyze HPF and LPF frequency response!
17. Analyze LPF and HPF gain!
18. Analyze BPF, BSF and APF frequency response!
19. Comparison between series and shunt regulator!

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 11 of 12

20. Simulate experiment 8.c and 8.d using Multisim, then write the result in table 8.3
and 8.4! Compare and analyze the Multisim and experiment results! Compare the
results with theory! (note : Vcc = 15 V and Vee = - 15 V)
21. Design a 2 stage BPF filter using multisim, with total gain = 2, cut-off frequency
= 5 kHz and 15 kHz! (Design a circuit that corresponds with the circuit used in
the experiment). Observe the filter response and provide explanations regarding
the bandwidth, quality factor, filter order and frequency response!
22. Design a HPF with cut-off frequency of 3 KHz using multisim. Provide
screenshot of the circuit and analyze it! Can the filter pass on signals with infinite
frequency? (Note: Vcc = 15 V dan Vee = -15 V)
23. Simulate experiment 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 6.d and 6.e using multisim, then write the
result in table 6.1 until 6.5! Compare the multisim data with the experiment data!
Compare your analysis with the theory!
24. Write conclusions for the experiment! (min 10)

Electronic Devices Guidance

Experiment 8

Computer Engineering Laboratory

Page : 12 of 12