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com

Chemistry Project
CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
on
On
"Determination of contents of Cold Drinks"
Determination Of The
Contents Of Cold Drinks

PROJECT
PREPARED
BY:
Project
Report
By:

Gaurav
Aakash
sangal
Shubhneet
Arora
XII
XII
XII--BA
Session:2011-12
2260
Session
: 11-12
2008-2009
Session: 2016-17
S.D.
VidyaVidyalaya
Mandir
Kendriya
Mankhurd
Boards
Roll
Number
: 6229000
Board roll no. :Mother
Sr. Sec.
Public School
Submitted
to Divine
Mrs.
Nupur
Sharma
Submitted
to Mrs.
Manju
khurana
(Signature)

Aim
AIM
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
ANALYSIS
OF DIFFERENT
BRANDS
OF
COLD DRINKS
AVAILABLE
IN MARKET.
COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.

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Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely
and satisfactorily by Shubhneet Arora of CLASS XII B,
Kendriya Vidyalaya Mankhurd, regarding his project
titled Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks.

Signature of Teacher

Signature of Principal

Schools Stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of
gratitude and respect to all those who helped me
throughout this venture.
I owe my regard to Mrs. K Prabavathi, Principal of K.V
,Mankhurd, for her cooperation and valuable support and
for giving me the opportunity to undertake this project
work and providing the necessary infrastructure.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my revered
teacher and guide Mrs. Nupur Sharma (Chemistry
teacher) and Mr. Deepak for
their valuable guidance,
encouragement and support throughout my studentship
under their at the institute.
Last but not the least; I owe my overwhelming gratitude to
my family and friends who gave me constant support
and motivation to continue with this endeavor.

Purpose
URPOSE
PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into
various
questions
their
purity.
Newsput into
In recent
days,regarding
soft drink
brands
were
flashed
that questions
they contain
harmful pesticide,
which
various
regarding
their purity.
News
flashed
thatinterest
they contain
harmful
pesticide, which
arouse
many
in knowing
its contents
arouseI many
interest
in knowing
because
have been
drinking
them its
forcontents
years. Ibecause
I have
been drinking
them for
wanted
to confirm
that whether
the years.
chargeI wanted to
confirm that whether the charge imposed on these
imposed on these brands are true or not.
brands are true or not.

Another
factfact
which
inspired
meme
to to
do do
thisthis
project
is is
Another
which
inspired
project
thatthat
I am
in touch
with with
qualitative
analysis
whose
I am
in touch
qualitative
analysis
whose
knowledge
with
other
factorshelped
helpedme
me to
to do so.
knowledge
with
other
factors

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CONTENTS
Contents
I. Introduction

I. Introduction
II. Theory
II.III.
Theory
Apparatus
III. Apparatus
IV. Chemicals Required
IV. Chemicals Required
Detection of pH
V.V.
Detection
of pH
VI.Test
Testfor
forCarbon
Carbon Dioxide
VI.
Dioxide
VII. Test
Test for
for Glucose
VII.
lucose
VIII.
Testfor
forPhosphate
Phosphate
III. Test
IX. Test for Alcohol
IX. Test for Alcohol
X. Test for Sucrose
X. Result
Test for Sucrose
XI.
XI. Conclusion
Result
XII.
XII. Conclusion

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Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
industrialization
marked
its beginning
withwith
industrializationininIndia
India
marked
its beginning
launching
and
Goldspot
by by
parley
group
of of
launchingofofLimca
Limca
and
Goldspot
parley
group
companies.
thethe
beginning
of cold
drinks
was was
companies.Since,
Since,
beginning
of cold
drinks
highly
and and
luring,
many multinational
highlyprofitable
profitable
luring,
many multinational
companies
brands
in in
India
likelike
Pepsi
companieslaunched
launchedtheir
their
brands
India
Pepsi
and
andCoke.
Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of
Now days,
is observed
in general
thattomajority
people
vieweditSprite,
Miranda,
and Limca
give of
peopleofviewed
Sprite,
Limca
feeling
lightness,
whileMiranda,
Pepsi andand
Thumps
Upto
to give
feeling pulse
of lightness,
while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate
and brain.
activate pulse and brain.

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Theory
THEORY
ColdCold
drinks
of different brands are composed of alcohol,
drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates,
carbon
dioxide,
phosphate
ionsions
etc. etc.
TheseThese
soft drinks
carbohydrates,
carbon
dioxide,
phosphate
soft
givedrinks
feelinggive
of warmth,
lightness
have a and
tangy
taste
is liked
feeling of
warmth,and
lightness
have
a which
tangy taste
by everyone.
Carbon
dioxide isCarbon
responsible
foristhe
formationfor
of the
froth
which is liked
by everyone.
dioxide
responsible
formation
ofbottle.
froth on shaking the bottle.
on shaking
the
carbon
dioxide
gasisisdissolved
dissolvedininwater
waterto
to form
form carbonic
carbonic acid
TheThe
carbon
dioxide
gas
acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of
naturally
organic
are majorissource of
energyoccurring
to our body.
Generalcompounds
formula of and
carbohydrates
energy
to2O)
ourY. body. General formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.
CX (H
On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:
On the basis of their
molecule size
are classified
Monosaccharide,
Disaccharides
andcarbohydrates
Polysaccharides.
Glucoseas:is a
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
andinPolysaccharides.
Glucose
is a
theMonosaccharide,
ripen grapes, in Disaccharides
bones and also
many sweet fruits.
It is also
monosaccharide
with formula
C6H12of
O6about
.It occurs
Free State
in
present
in human blood
to the extent
0.1%.inSucrose
is one
the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also
of the
most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one
distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many
of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
plants.
The main
sourceinofjuices,
sucrose
is sugar
caneinjuice
which
distributed
in nature
seeds
and also
flowers
of many
contain
15-20
%
sucrose
and
sugar
beet
which
has
about
10-17
%
plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which
sucrose.
molecular
formula
of sucrose
is C12H22O11.
It is %
containThe
15-20
% sucrose
and sugar
beet which
has about 10-17
produced
a mixture
of glucose
sucrose.byThe
molecular
formulaand
of fructose.
sucrose Itis isCnon-reducing
12H22O11. It isin
nature
whereas
Coldfructose.
drinks are
bit acidic in
produced
by aglucose
mixtureisofreducing.
glucose and
It is anon-reducing
nature
and their
acidity
can is
bereducing.
measuredCold
by finding
their
pHacidic
value.
in nature
whereas
glucose
drinks are
a bit
TheinpH
values
depend
contents
such as
citric
nature
andalso
their
acidityupon
can the
be acidic
measured
by finding
their
pH
The pH values
also depend upon the acidic contents such as
acidvalue.
and phosphoric
acid.
citric acid and phosphoric acid.

Apparatus
APPARATUS
? est Tube
?Test
Tube
Holder
?est
Test
?TTube
estTube
Tube
Test
Tube
?Test
Tube
Stand
?est
Test
Holder
?TTube
estTube
Tube
Holder
Test
Tube
Holder
Holder
? ?top
Test
Stand
?TWatch
estTube
Tube
Stand
Test
Tube
Stand
Test
Tube
Stand
? ?eaker
Stop
?SStop
topWatch
Watch
Watch
?Stop
?urner
Beaker
eaker
?BWatch
Beaker
?Beaker
?HBurner
pH
BBurner
?Paper
urner
? ?ripod
Paper
Tripod
?ppH
H Stand
Paper
Paper
Burner
? ?hina
Dish
Stand
China
?TTripod
ripod
Stand
Stand
pH
Paper
? ?ire
Dish
Wire
hina
Dish
?CGauge
China
Dish
Bath
?Tripod
Stand
?ater
Gauge
Water
?WWire
ire
Gauge
Gauge
?Bath
ater Bath
?WWater
Bath
China
Dish
Wire Gauge
Water Bath

Chemicals
Required
Iodine Solution
Potassium Iodine
Iodine Solution
Sodium Hydroxide
?Potassium Iodine
Fehlings
A Hydroxide
& B Solution
Solution
?Sodium
Iodine
A & B Solution
?Fehlings
Potassium
Iodine
Lime
Water
Water
?Lime Sodium
Concentrated
HNOHydroxide
3
?Concentrated
FehlingsHNO3
A & B Solution
Benedict
Solution
Solution
?Benedict
Lime
Water
Ammonium
Molybdate
Molybdate
?Ammonium
Concentrated
HNO3
Benedict Solution
Ammonium Molybdate

Detection of
DETECTION
OFpH
PH
EXPERIMENT

Experiment

Small
Small samples
samplesof
of cold
cold drinks
drinksof
of different
different brands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninina atest
testtube
and
theon
pHthe
paper.
The change
in the color
pH paper
noticed
tubeput
andonput
pH paper.
The change
in theofcolor
of pHwas
paper
and was compared with the standard pH scale.

was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION
Observations
SR. NO.

NAME OF THE
DRINK

COLOUR
CHANGE

COCA
COLA
Coca Cola

2.5-3

Sprite
SPRITE

PINK
Pink
RED
Red

LIMCA
Limca
FANTA
Fanta

PINKISH
Pinkish
LIGHT
ORANGE
Light Orange

pH VALUE

3
3-4

INFERENCE
Inference
Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid
and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are
different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

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Test
forCARBON
TEST
FOR
DIOXIDE
EXPERIMENT
As
the bottles
bottleswere
wereopened,
opened,one
onebyby
sample
As soon as the
oneone
the the
sample
waswas passed
through
water.
The
lime The
water
turned
milky.
passed lime
through
lime
water.
lime
water
turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR.
NO.

NAME OF THE
DRINK

COCA
COLA
Coca cola
SPRITE
Sprite

26.5

CO2IS
ISPRESENT
PRESENT

21

CO2 IS
ISPRESENT
PRESENT

LIMCA
Limca
FANTA
Fanta

35

CO2ISISPRESENT
PRESENT

36

CO2IS
ISPRESENT
PRESENT

2
3
4

TIME TAKEN
(SEC.)

CONCLUSION

INFERENCE
Inference
Inference
Allthe
thesoft
softdrinks
drinkscontain
contain
dissolved
carbon
dioxide
in water.
carbon
All
dissolved
carbon
dioxide
in water.
TheThe
carbon
dioxide((CO
) dissolvesininwater
watertotoform
formcarbonic
carbonicacid,
acid,which
whichisis responsible
dioxide
) )2dissolves
for its tangyfor
taste.
responsible
its tangy taste.

CHEMICALReaction
REACTIONInvolved:
INVOLVED
Chemical
Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)

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TestFOR
for GLUCOSE
Glucose
TEST
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following
test:-

1. BENEDICTSS
REAGENT
TEST:1.
Benedicts's Reagent
test:
Small samples
a test
tube
Small
samples of
of cold
colddrinks
drinksofofdifferent
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninin
a test
tube
and
a
few
drops
of
Benedicts
reagent
were
added.
The
test
tube
was
and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The test tube was heated
heated
few seconds.
Formation
of reddish
confirmed
presence
for
fewforseconds.
Formation
of reddish
colorcolor
confirmed
the the
presence
of
of glucose
in cold
drinks.
glucose
in cold
drinks.

OBSERVATON

Observations
SR.
NO.

NAME OF THE
DRINK

COCACola
COLA
Coca

GLUCOSE
IS
REDDISH
COLOUR
is present
Reddish
colour
Ppt. Glucose
PRESENT
PRECIPITATE

Sprite
SPRITE

REDDISH
COLOUR
GLUCOSE IS
Reddish
colour
Ppt. Glucose
is present
PRESENT
PRECIPITATE

Limca
LIMCA

REDDISH
COLOUR
GLUCOSE IS
Reddish
colour
Ppt. Glucose
is present
PRECIPITATE
PRESENT

Fanta
FANTA

REDDISH
COLOUR
GLUCOSE IS
Reddish
colour
Ppt. Glucose
is present
PRECIPITATE
PRESENT

Inference

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedicts reagent.
Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

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2.
SOLUTION
TEST
2. FEHLINGS
Fehling's Solution
Test
Small
brands
were
taken
in aintest
tubetube
and
Small samples
samples ofofcold
colddrinks
drinksofofdifferent
different
brands
were
taken
a test
aand
fewa drops
of Fehlings
A solution
and Fehlings
B solution
was added
in
few drops
of Fehlings
A solution
and Fehlings
B solution
was added
equal
amount.
TheThe
test test
tubetube
was was
heated
in a in
water
bath bath
for 10forminutes.
in equal
amount.
heated
a water
10 minutes.
Appearance
of
brown
precipitate
confirmed
the
presence
of
glucose
Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose inincold
colddrinks.
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR.
NO.

NAME OF THE
DRINK

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

COCA
COLA
Coca
Cola

REDDISH
BROWN
Reddish
Brown
Ppt.
PRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS
Glucose is present
PRESENT

Sprite
SPRITE

REDDISH
BROWN
Reddish
Brown
Ppt.
PRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS
Glucose is present
PRESENT

Limca
LIMCA

REDDISH
BROWN
Reddish
Brown
Ppt.
PRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS
Glucose
is present
PRESENT

Fanta
FANTA

REDDISH
BROWN
Reddish
Brown
Ppt.
PRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS
Glucose is present
PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All the
thesamples
samplesgave
gavepositive
positive
glucose
Fehlings
& B)
All
testtest
for for
glucose
withwith
Fehlings
(A & (A
B) solutions.
solutions.
alldrinks
the cold
drinksglucose.
contain glucose.
Hence
all Hence
the cold
contain

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TEST
TestFOR
for PHOSPHATE
Phosphate
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Smallsamples
samplesofofeach
eachbrand
brandofofcold
colddrinks
drinkswere
weretaken
takenininseparate
separatetest
testtubes
tubes
Small
andAmmonium
Ammonium
Molybdate
followed
by concentrated
Nitric
(HNO
3)
and
Molybdate
followed
by concentrated
Nitric
AcidAcid
(HNO3)
was
was added
to solution
it. The solution
wasAppearance
heated. Appearance
of canary-yellow
added
to it. The
was heated.
of canary-yellow
precipitate
precipitate
confirmed
the
presence
of
phosphate
ions
in
cold
drinks.
confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR.
NO.

NAME OF
THE DRINK

COCACola
COLA
Coca

PHOSPHATE IS
CANARY-YELLOW
Canary-Yellow Ppt.
Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE
PRESENT

Sprite
SPRITE

CANARY-YELLOW
PHOSPHATE IS
Canary-Yellow
Ppt.
Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE
PRESENT

LIMCA
Limca

CANARY-YELLOW
PHOSPHATE IS
Canary-Yellow
Ppt.
Phosphate
is present
PRECIPITATE
PRESENT

FANTA
Fanta

CANARY-YELLOW
PHOSPHATE IS
Phosphate is present
Canary-Yellow
Ppt.
PRESENT
PRECIPITATE

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

INFERENCE

Inference

All the
the soft
soft drinks
drinks samples
samples gave
gave positive
positive test
testfor
forphosphate
phosphate ions.
ions. Hence
Hence all
the
coldcold
drinks
contain
phosphate.
all the
drinks
contain
phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction Involved:

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3

+ 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O

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TEST
ALCOHOL
TestFOR
for Alcohol
EXPERIMENT

Experiment

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test
tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored
precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
SR.
NO.

NAME OF
THE DRINK

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

Coca Cola
COCA
COLA

YellowYELLOW
Precipitate
PRECIPITATE

ALCOHOL IS
Alcohol is present
PRESENT

SPRITE
Sprite

YELLOW
Yellow Precipitate
PRECIPITATE

ALCOHOL IS
Alcohol
is present
PRESENT

LIMCA
Limca

YELLOW
Yellow
Precipitate
PRECIPITATE

ALCOHOL IS
Alcohol
is present
PRESENT

FANTA
Fanta

YELLOW
Yellow
Precipitate
PRECIPITATE

ALCOHOL IS
Alcohol
is present
PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All
the cold
cold drinks
drinks samples
All the
samples gave
gave positive
positive test
test for
for alcohol.
alcohol.Hence
Henceall
allthe
thecold
cold
drinks
contain
glucose.
drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction involved:

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

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TEST
TestFOR
forSUCROSE
sucrose
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
samples
of each
brand
of cold
drinks
in separate
5 5mlml
samples
of each
brand
of cold
drinks
were were
takentaken
in separate
china china
dishesand
andwere
were
heated
very
strongly
changes
occur.
Black
colored
dishes
heated
very
strongly
untiluntil
changes
occur.
Black
colored
residueleft
leftconfirmed
confirmedthe
thepresence
presenceofofsucrose
sucrose inincold
colddrinks.
drinks.
residue

OBSERVATON
SR.
NO.

NAME OF
THE DRINK

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

Coca
Cola
COCA
COLA

BLACK
RESIDUE
Black Residue

SUCROSE
IS
Sucrose
is Present
PRESENT

Sprite
SPRITE

BLACK
RESIDUE
Black Residue

SUCROSE IS
Sucrose is Present
PRESENT

Limca
LIMCA

Black Residue
BLACK
RESIDUE

SUCROSE IS
Sucrose
is Present
PRESENT

FANTA
Fanta

BLACK
RESIDUE
Black Residue

SUCROSE IS
Sucrose
is Present
PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

Allthe
thebrands
brands of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinks contain
contain sucrose.
sucrose. But
Butamount
amountofofsucrose
sucrosevaries
varies
All
each brand
brand of
inineach
of drink.
drink. Fanta
Fantacontains
containshighest
highestamount
amountofofsucrose.
sucrose.

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Result
RESULT
After
Afterconducting
conductingseveral
severaltests,
tests,ititwas
wasconcluded
concludedthat
thatthe
thedifferent
differentbrands
brands of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinksnamely:
namely:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Coca
Cola
1.
Coca
Cola
Sprite
2. Sprite
Limca
3.
Limca
Fanta
4. Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All
cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different
cold
drinks
areCola
acidic
in nature.
On comparing
pH value
different
brands
Coca
is the
most acidic
and Limcathe
is least
acidicofof
all the four
brands
Coca
Cola
is
the
most
acidic
and
Limca
is
least
acidic
of
all
the
brands taken.
four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
amount of
of dissolved
dioxide and
has the
the minimum
minimum amount
amount
dissolved carbon
carbon dioxide
and Fanta
Fanta has
amount of
of
dissolved
carbon
dioxide.
dissolved carbon dioxide.

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Conclusion
DIS-ADVANTAGES
OFCold
COLDdrinks:
DRINKS
Disadvantages of
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain
sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the bodys
natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also
harmful for our bones.
4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8. So it
can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use
hey
the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.
6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful
to our body.

Uses of Cold drinks:

1. Cold
drinks
canused
be used
as toilet
cleaners.
1. Cold
drinks
can be
as toilet
cleaners.
2. They
can remove
chrome
humpers.
2. They
can remove
rust rust
spotsspots
fromfrom
chrome
car car
bumpers.
3. They
corrosion
battery
terminals.
3. They
cleanclean
corrosion
fromfrom
car car
battery
terminals.
4. Soft
drinks
are used
an excellent
detergent
to remove
grease
from
4. Soft
drinks
are used
as anasexcellent
detergent
to remove
grease
from
clothes.
clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

Downloaded From: http://www.cbseportal.com

Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY
WEBSITES
http://www.cbseportal.com

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