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Control corrosion

in washwater systems
ause equipment failures

Intermittent or continuous water iujection?Water


cools to the salt-deposition temperature. Unforthe resulting aqueous solution can be very cor-

may be a good choice. If continuous washwater is not used,


the NH4C1 andlor NH4HS may build up in the reactor

units are operating at rates above

pressure drop and lower heat transfer. These dry salts are
not considered as very corrosive. When an intermittent

hydroprocessing reactors by converting


feed. Hydrochloric acid can enter the unit

Where should the water be injected? Wakr should


be injected into the reactor effluent upstream of where
the effluent is cooled down to the deposition temperature.

If chlorides are not a problem, the normal injection

'.

, ,

Fig.. 3. Common washwater recyc

Fig. 2. Typical reactor effluent.configuration with hot separator.

point is just before the effluent air cooler (Points A and C


in Figs. 1,2). Typically, the effluent is cooled to 275OF to
400F'. This temperature may be even higher if a hot separator is used. The injection point should always be downstream of the hot separator. Some engineers like to design
an intermittent injection ahead of the last exchanger before
the air cooler (Points B and D in Figs. 1,2). However, this
method can impact the water rate required ifthe system is
designed for a higher injection temperature. If parallel
exchangers are used before the air cooler (Point B in Fig. I),
exchangers czin be cleaned intermittently without increasing the design washwater rate.
Process conditions. After the washwater injection,
the process stream is in three phases: vapor, liquid hydrocarbon and an aqueous phase. Normally, the vapor phase
will be 70% to 90% of the total stream volume. With a
high-pressure hot separator configuration, only a small
amount of hydrocarbon liquid is present. If there is no hot
separator, then the stream (typically 60%-85%) will be
mostly hydrocarbon liquid by weight.
Hydrogen sulfide by itself is not very soluble in water;
NH3is much more soluble. When large quantities of Nl&
and H2S are present in the vapor phase and water is introduced, t h e NH3 dissolved in the water causes a n electrolytic reaction and an approximately equivalent number of moles of H2S a s moles of NH3 will be absorbed into
the aqueous phase. Be careful when using simulation software to calculate sour water composition, because not all
simulation programs have correlations that correctly model
this relationship.
'I\, have excess aqueous water, the hydrocarbon liquid
and vapor must be saturated with water. Normally, only a
small quantity of water will be dissolved in the hydrocarbon liquid. 9% have free water, calculate how much water
is required to saturate the vapor phase. This calculation
can be done by simulation. Alternatively, the Appendix
shows how to estimate saturating the vapor phase by
water injection.

since it has the highest likelihood of maldi


water, plugging or local high-velocity proble
Washwater source. The two sources use
water are steam condensate and stripped sour w
refiners prefer steam condensate. Stripped so
often recommended because i t contains no diss
gen. However, most refiners elect to use s t
sate due to its availability and reliability. Ca
taken to ensure that the washwater is oxyg
than 15 ppm to 50 ppm). Most licensors spec
washwater is also free of cyanides.

engineers defined the NH4HS concentration


by measuring the total concentration of NHs
the water and summing them. Others have rep
lines based solely on the NH3 content.
Many studies indicate that carbon steel c
related to the NH4HS concentration. Most lic
industry experts have threshold guidelines for,

cient washwater is injected and some wat


the aqueous phase, then the resulting aqueo

Superficial fluid velocity. I t is well acc


the superficial, fluid velocity affects the rate 0
solution corrosion. The normal velocity for
materials is 20 ft/s maximum. For alloy mat
is normally used, but this is considered a les
guideline. The actual threshold corrosion vel
alloys has not been determined. In air cooler
is often used as the minimum velocity to ens
tribution. Normally, minimum velocity is no
since 20 ft/s is a very low velocity for these rn
streams. Superficial velocity for a multiphase
be easily calculated by taking the total stream
flow and dividing by the cross-sectional area. :
Piping design. The goal of the washwater,

Mditional design guidelines. Construction materials

for the effluent system after the water injection point is


a n economic decision. The cost of alloy systems have a
trade-off in reduced inspection costs and reduced risk.
Materials are often selected based on the perceived severity of expected NH4HS corrosion and some of the industry guidelines are dependent on the material
Downstream of the washwater injection, modern
designs use either carbon steel, Alloy 825 (UNSN08825),
or Alloy 2205 (UNS S31803) materials for exchangers.
-

88

KYDROCARBON PROCESSING / JUNE 1997

&rve showing simulated NH4HSconcentration with tem-

air cooler i s to get an even distribufluid and the washwater through each air
e. To accomplish this goal, these design guidelines

Fig. 5. Nomograph relating NH4CLdepositiontemperatures with varying CI-concentrations.

of the two guidelines is controllingfor a given application,


since it determines which process variables are most critical and what design alternatives are permitted.
If the NH4HS concentration is controlling, the only way
k ~ a r a t flow
e orifice for each water iniection ~ o i n t . to decrease the amount of required water is to reduce the
NH3 content in the reactor effluent. This is not normally
done, since it would require significant modification to
&high salt concentration could build up. ~ h i s j s the unit or reactor conditions. Operating engineers must
&y important in units using an intermittent water
be aware of the feed nitrogen levels. Changing from design
&ce the salt concentration during washing will
to higher-nitrogen feeds should not be done without conBy be very high.
sidering potential corrosion implications.
b of thumb. The washwater rate is ~ r o ~ o r t i o n a l If the second specification is controlling, refiners can
optimize the process condition at the injection point and the
washwater rate. For example, depending on the calculated NH4HS deposition temperature, it may be possible
to decrease temperature a t the injection point, thereby
&ed solely by a "rule of thumb" basis.
decreasing the washwater requirement. Another option
may be to install a washwater recycle pump, taking some
K," factor. In the late 60s and early 70s. R.
separator water and pumping it back to the injection point.
This requires installing a high-pressure, low-head pump
(Fig. 3). The concentration of the separator water will
remain unchanged, but significantlymore water is available at the injection point to saturate the vapor and ensure
gon charts).-The "Piehl KPnfactor is:
an aqueous phase is present. This scheme decreases the
!I
amount of make-up water, and reduces the quantity of
= (mol% NH3 in reactor effluent) X (mol %
produced sour water. Both reductions are benefits.
: H2S in reactor effluent)
(1)
Process conditions at water injection point. There
are two theories about the NJ&HS solution conditions at
1's proposed guidelines, Kp less than
ervice, above 0.15 is severe service and
the injection point and in the downstream heat transfer
equipment:
severe service.
At the injection poin<(which is typically 300Fto
s. When applying industry design
r injection amount is determined
400Fequilibrium temperature), essentially all vapor
phase NH3 will be absorbed into the aqueous phase, creating a high NH4HS solution or
ntration in the separator
Only a small amount of NH3 will be dissolved,creating a modest NH4HS concentration solution.
required to ensure that the
eous phase" guideline is met.
The two theories differ only in the NH4HS solution con01' the washwater rate; the
centration at the injection point and temperatures around
be exceeded. It is important to understand which
150Fto 200F. Below this temperature, both theories
distribution piping-commonly called

water i

HYDROCARBON PROCESSING 1 JUNE 1997

89

agree that essentially all of


the NH3 is absorbed into the
aqueous phase.
T h e o r y 1-All of t h e
ammonia i s in the w a t e r
phase. Essentially, if all of
the NH3 is absorbed into the
water as N a H S at the injection point, then the NH4HS
concentration can be easily
calculated by ratioing the
amount of NH3 to the amount
of aqueous water at the injection point or by determining
the amount of NH4HSin the
separator water and dividing

cant. There is

injected water remains in the.aqueous phase, and almost


all of the NH, is absorbedas NI&HS. The NH4HS con-

drum conditions, if the H2Sconcentration i


is larger than the NH3 concentration, the

injection point.
If Theory 1is true, the calculated NH4HS concentra-

separator. Plant data and licensor have co


the calculated NH4HSconcentratio

sour water produced.


Theory %most of the ammonia stays in the vapor
phase. Two major commercial simulator programs support Theory 2. A simulation analysis indicates that the
NH4HS concentration at the injection point is typically
less than in the downstream separator drum water (Fig. 3).
More or less washwater has no impact on the calculated
NH4HS concentration. More NH3 does affect the NQHS

In a survey, about N of the data points indicated maximum corrosion a t 320For above, but about 96 indicate
maximum corrosion at 225OF or less. In addition, there
are reported failuresjust upstream of the separator drum,
which would have a much lower NH4HS concentration
than upstream of the air cooler if Theory 1is true.
If Theory 2 is accepted, is the "percent aqueous solution rule" invalid? Empirical evidence shows if all of the
water is vaporized, the point where water first condenses
will be very corrosive. However, this corrosion may not be
caused by NH4HS, but by NH4Cl and other salts in solution. Hydrochloric acid is much more soluble in water than
H2S,so the very first condensed liquid could be very high
in NH4Cl concentration. Because only a small amount of
chlorides are present in hydroprocessing effluent streams,
very little water is needed to drive the NH4HS concentration down to nil, making the NH4HS corrosion controlling. Probably, significantly less than 20% aqueous
water would meet this requirement; however, the 20%calculated aqueous water guideline is probably a good rule.
Future unit expansion or different heat exchanger profiles can very quickly consume this 20% safety margin.
In addition, once enough water has been injected to satu-

ing a hydroprocessing effluent system. This is


change. In the past, some licensors and ope
the K, factor to determine materials and was
tern requirements.
could convince an engineer to install an
in the reactor loop. An amine absorber can

are many reasons for using an amine ab


hydroprocessing unit reactor loop. Besides im
tor performance, corrosion in the feed prehe
be decreased. It can lower the temperature
NH4HSbegins to deposit. However,
has no noticeable impact on NXHS c
tor effluent.
Rule of thumb. The required washwater ra
determining the NH4HS concentration in the
water and the water quantity remaining aque
injection point. If the NH4HS concentration is
then calculationsindicate that 1gpm/1,000 bpd
4 wt% NH4HS if the net reactor NH3 yield is
based on fresh feed. If the NH3 yield is greater;
NH4HS concentration will be proport
NH3 yield can vary widely depe
gen level and the denitrification
wt% yield might be a typical value, values si
higher and lower are also encountered. If t h
was 0.4 wt% and the water injection rate was
bpd, the calculated NH4HSconcentr
water is 32 wt%, which is obviously excessive. Ifthe
of water remaining aqueous" specification is co

then the water rate depends on process conditions, not feed

water rate is presented in gpm/1,000 b

Process conditions
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Hot sep.
present ?
N
N

N
N

N
N
N
N
N

N
N
N

N
N
N
N
N
Y, 500F
Y,500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y,500F
Y, 500F
Y, 5OO0F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y, 500F
Y,5OO0F

Cold sep.
pressure
psig
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
500
500
900
900
1,800
1,800
500
500
500
900
900
900
900
900
900

Process
temp.,
OF
400
300
500
400
300
500
400
300
500
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
400
400
400
500
500
400
300
500
400
300

washwater
temp.,
"F
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Sep. vapor
recycle rate,
scffbbl
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
. 1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1.000
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500

Recycle
rate,
2,000-1,000
scflbbl

Recycle
rate,
1.000600
scflbbl

gpmf
1,000 bpd
1.7
0.7
3.0
1.6
0.6
2.2
1.1
0.4
1.7
0.8
0.3.
1.2
0.4
0.8
0.3
1.5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ratios of water rates

Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Water inj
Proc temp.,
5oO-400
temp.
2W10O0F
"F
1.06
1.03
1.88

Proc temp.,

400300
"F

2.48

1.34
1.43
1.62

2.80

psis

1.36
1.47
1.30
1.40
1.48

2.00

Pressure,
900-1,800

1.40
1.41

2.1 5
2.96
2.68

1.48
1.55

2.82
1.62
1.08
1.06

1.62
2.05

1.32

2.03

1-60

1.64

les the net amount of NH3,


RCl produced. Reactor conn a hydrocracker is normally
00% for nitrogen and sulfur.
rotreater, the conversion can
blv depending on unit feed@&d the denitrification con$& 30% to 65%. The total con,,-,n.s of these chemicals in the
Eimuent is equal to the net
8~;roduced
by the reaction and
P l e gas.
&most all refinery hydropro-

nt on the NH3in the effluent


water injection rate.
ent vapor rate. The reactor
@ vapor rate a t the injection
L very important variable. I t
$nes how much injection water
F e d to ensure 20% to 25% of
&r in the aqueous phase. ReacGent is a fairly dry stream; only
B amount of water is carried

I
I

kith the effluent stream, some


rater is required to saturate the
ihase. Water will also be disi'ihto the hydrocarbon liquid
I1exist until the vapo; phase
ted, assuming complete equis reached. Therefore, if the
fate is increased by 25%, then
h e water is required to satu-

$s. phase, if the vapor rate is


$ed by 25%.

arrangements with
major customers
Please write us for our full color
brochure, comprehensively
describing KEMCO's capabilities
and recently completed heat
transfer euuipment

Z9ffluent vapor rate is fairly


the separator's vapor rate,
$.susually measured or calcu,From Table 1, if the "water
Png aqueous" specification is
&!ing,
... .
doubling the separator
$gate will cause a 30% to 50%
9
6.' in the required water rate if
,..separator is present. Nearly
Ethe required washwater rate
K* if a hot separator is present.
67:.

important parameter when


?$.ing how much water injecCircle 11 1

93

tion is needed for 20% water to remain


in the aqueous phase. From Table 1,
if the process temperature before injection increases by 100F,the required
washwater rate to keep the same %
water remaining in aqueous increases
by a factor of 1.5 to 2.5 times. The unit
heat integration and exchanger performance can affect the washwater
system. If the design is controlled by
the "percent water remaining aqueous" specification, then the operator
must be aware of how changes in the
process temperature will affect this
basis. Changes in the unit throughput, feed temperature or heatexchanger performance can all affect
the process temperature and greatly
impact washwater operation. Many
refiners have increased unit throughput without considering the effects on
the washwater system.
Separator configuration.Hydroprocessing units normally fall into two
broad categories:Units that have a rector effluent hot separator and those
that do not. In units using a hot separator, the reactor-effluent liquid is
removed a t a particular point in the
effluent cooling train (typicallybetween
450Fto 550F).This improves the

unit's overall energy efficiency and minimizes heat transfer equipment. In


these units, normally no or avery small NH4HS guideline and that &
amount of hydrocarbon liquid is ahead
of the washwater injection point. Thus,
the water injection can have a signifi- very high percentage of the
cant quench impact, sometimes cooling
the effluent by 150For more at that
point Therefore, less water is required more critical, since less vat;
to satisfy the "water remaining aqueous" guideline.
The data in Table 1show the impact
by using a hot separator. At the same water. As shown in Table 1,$
injection conditions, three to five times the temperature from 1 0 0 " ~ ~ ~
as much water is required to maintain
same water amount remaining aqueous without a hot separator than with
one. Without a hot separator, t h e
entire reactor effluent must be
quenched by the water injection. Since ~ e r a t u r ecauses the washwid
this mass flowrate is relatively high,
water injection cannot cool the effluent very much (25Fto 75F).However, with a hot separator, most of the
effluent stream has been removed. so
the water can quench by a much
greater degree (100Fto 200F).This
equilibrium temperature contributes
to the large difference in washwater then a change in fresh fee8
required.to create aqueous water a t
the injection point.
- the unit feedrate can also:
impact on the process tempei
the injection point.
,*
If the aqueous water at4
specification is controlling,j
charge rate can still a 4
required washwater rate ev:

not altered, a change in the f


drate can still alter the equ
reduce the total effluent st$
same temperature. Also, mo
will be required before ex<
water is present. ~alculati:
cate that, for a constant tota
amount of water required to.
the vapor. If a hot separator
this effect is minimal.
Unit specific studies. To h
ators understand the impact
variables on potential NH&
sion, graphs can be prepared t
these effects when key vaq
washwater design are alter1
are several examples:

Circle 112
94

F:

r;;lbositiontemperature. Fig. 5 depicts a nomovm--

gadfresh feed ratio. This chart is a re-statement

system and process variables. By understanding'the


impact of the process conditions, this unit can be optimized in the design phase and ensure proper system operations as conditions change.

b&l
deposition chart1 modified to reflect unit
&rs such as configuration, operating pressure,
ratio, etc., for a particular unit. These assump-

aversfon factor can be derived to account for chlo,the make-up gas and fresh feed. This chart was
id based on process simulations and spreadsheet
~ o n for
s the various cases. A similar chart could
pared for NH4HS deposition.
ater remaining aqueous. This nomograph
prepared to explain the interaction between the
&r remaining aqueous and washwater rate and

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Based on a paper originally presented at the 1997 Gulf Publishing Co.lHydrocarbonProcessing Process Optimization Conference
and Exhibit, April 8-10,1997, Houston, Texas.

'

LlTERATURE CITED
NH.,HS Deposition Chart, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 406,1937, p. 56.
NH&l Deposition Chart. Journal of Chemistry and Physics, 1944. p. 318.
Piehl, R L., "Survey of Corrosion in Hydmracker Emuent Air Coolers,"Maferials
Performance, January 1975, p. 15.
Sheri-er, C. and M. Dumue, m a t e and Resid Hydmproeessing: Copingwith Corrosion
yith High Concentrationsof Ammonium Bisulfide in the Pmcess Water,"MaterialsPerformance, November 1980, p. 25.
Damin, D. G..and J. D,McCoy, %vention of Corrosion in Hydrodesulfurizer Air Coolers and Condensers,"M a t e d Performance, December 1978, p. 23.
Pie& R L."Camsion by SuUide-Containing Condensate in Hydrmacker EffluentCoolem." API 33rd Midyear Meeting, May 1968.
Alvarez, A M. and C. A Robertson, "Mataials and Design Considerationsin High Pressure HDS Effluent Caolem,"Materials Performance, May 1993, p. 16.
Shargay. C. A, A J. B a g d e a n , J. W. Coombs and W. KJenkins, "Corrosion in
Hydmpmeessing Units," Corrosion in the Oil Refining Industry, Eds. L. Kaley, J. E.
Feather, N.Coble, R. Strong, Houston, NACE 1996).pp. 1011-10118.

The author

'operating pressure, recycle rate, effluent distillas involved in design of new or revamped units
on of existing unitsshould have a basic underdesign guidelines relating to the waterwash

APPENDIX

Estimating amount water to saturate the vapor


phase. The flash calculation determines how much water

deposition charts. To use the chart for NH4HS


ion, calculate the NH4HS dissociation constant,
product of the
partial pressure times the
pressure in the reactor effluent:

partial pressure of each component, i, can be cal)y taking the moles of the component in the vapor
hided by the total moles in the vapor phase mulby the absolute pressure in the process.

-hivapor phase)l(nhtd vapor phase) x P

2'.

@ ~is the
i

James Turner is a Principal Process Engineer at Fluor Daniel, Inc.,


in Houston. He has over 15 years of industry experience, with most
of it in process design and optimization of new and revamped Refinery Units. Mr. Turner has extensive experience in the design and troubleshooting of hydroprocessing units. He has a BS degree in chemical engineering from Texas A&M University and is a member of
AlChE and is a registered professional engineer.

(3)

mole fraction (in the vapor) of the ith com-

he same procedure can be used to determine the

$peposition temperature.
g,pet
reactor yield can be calculated from the
trogen level &d the percent denitrification. If a
or catahst vendor is involved,. they- wili normally
@,thereactor net yields.

is needed to saturate the vapor phase and is normally done


by a process simulator. However, the required rate can be
hand calculated. This calculation is only an estimate and
may differ by 5% from the value calculated by simulations.
Estimate the equilibrium injection temperature. This temperature is typically 270Fto 350F.
It ~ l l
typically be 30Fto 100Fless than the process temperature before injection if a hot separator is not used. I f a hot
separator is present, the temperature may be 200For
more than the process temperature.
Using steam tables, determine the steam saturation
pressure at the above temperature.
Estimate the molar flowrate of hydrogenhydrocarbon in the vapor phase a t the injection point. (This is normally very close to the vapor flowrate off of the cold highpressure separator).
Use Eq. 4 to estimate the number of water moles
required to saturate the vapor at given conditions:
Washwater molar flow = Fcl x vapor molar flow HC x

e N& content in the reactor effluent is the same


in the reactor. Essentially all of the

m3

where: molar flow HC= molar flow of Hz and hydrocarbon in the vapor phase a t injection point.
PSm S m =Absolute pressure of saturated
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING1 JUNE 1997

95

steam a t process injection temperature


Ps,,,,
=Absolute pressure of process a t
injection point
Fc is defined by these values (interpolate for other
values):

Operating pressure,
psig
500
1,000
1,500
2,000

PsATSTM for 3 10Fis 78 psia


Vapor flow at injection point-assume
separator vapor rate:
Flow = 1.05x 90 MMscfd x

Fc

= 10,375 rnolelhr

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(I mole1hr)

9,108 scfd

vapor rate

So the water rate to saturate vapor is:


Water (molelhr) = 1.2 x

This calculation yields estimated required water rate to


saturate the vapor phase. To estimate how much water
would be required to provide 20% excess (20%of the washwater remaining aqueous), simply multiply the calculated
water rate by 1.2.
Estimate NH,HS concentration in separator water.
Eqs. 5 and 6 can be used to estimate the wt% NH4HS in
the separator water for all cases where the net reactor H2S
yield is greater than the net NH3yield:

wt%NH4HS in solution =
511 14 xWf x FN x CN ~ ~ 1 0 0
100 x 100 x WWR x 500

5% g~

(1 - 7811,015)

Assume 5% of the water will be dissolved in tl


carbon liquid, so for 20% excess, multiply by 1.2
Water rate = 1,034 x 1.25 = 1,295 moVhr = 4i

By simulation, the amount of water required


20% aqueous is 47 gpm, the same as the calculai

:
;

Calculate water rate to yield 4 wt% N ~ H S ~

Rearranging Eq. 6 yields:

(5)
In this example, the water rate is set by the &
concentration mideline.
-?d
3

where:

Wf= Mass flowrate of unit feed, lblhr

FN=wt% nitrogen in unit feed

CN=% Denitrification in reactor (net nitrogen


conversion)

WWR= washwater injection rate, gpm


This calculation assumes that all of the NH3is absorbed
as NH4HS in the water a t separator conditions. This
should be a reasonable assumption, as plant data and simulation results indicate that typically 99'Z&t of the NH3
will be dissolved in the water.
Example 1: Calculations for a FCCU feed hydrotreater.
For this example, assume these conditions:
+ Assume minimum 20% aqueous water a t injection
+ Assume maximum 4 wt% NKHS in separator sour
water
A hot separator is not used
50,000 bpd feed (670,000lb/hr)
3% sulfur in feed
+ 0.1% nitrogen in feed
90% desulfurization
+ 50% denitrification
+ 1,800 scfibl recycle rate (90 MMscfd separator vapor
rate)
Before water injection point,
process temperature = 350F,process pressure = 1,000 psig

Estimate water requiredto pmduce 20% aqueous. Eq.


4 can be used to estimate the amount of water required to
saturate the vapor phase. The process temperature before
injection is 350F.For this calculation, assume that at the
injection point, the temperature is quenched to 310F.
96

ElYDROCwON PROCESSING lG/JUNE 1997

Example 2: Calculations for a FCCU feed hydi


For this example, assume these conditions: 1
Assume minimum 20% aqueous water at 3
Assume maximum 5 wt% NH4HS in sepm;
water
A hot s e ~ a r a t ois
r used
+

0.05% nitrogen in feed


90% desulfurization
-3
4
+ 50% denitrification
p
+ 1,800 scfibl recycle rate (90 MMsefd sepa14
rate)
3+
Before water injection point,
.$
process temperature = 480F,process pressure = 3
+

Estimate water to produce 20% aqueous.::

about 310F.Therefore, the estimated water d


same as in Example 1. By simulation, the a3
water required to produce 20% aqueous is 45
Calculate water rate to yield 4 wt% N ~ H S ;

Using Eq. 7 yields:

WWR (gpm) = 7.3 x


= 24 gpm

x 670,000 x 0.05 X

In this example, the water rate is set by the"


water remaining aqueous" guideline. The make-up
water make could be optimized if the heat integratio]
were modified or if a water recycle pump were in<

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