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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 7 Issue 3, January 2017

Decision-Making and Visualization


A. Mosavi
University of Debrecen
Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4031, Hungary.
a.mosavi@math.unideb.hu

Abstract
Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is considered
as a combined task of optimization and decision-making.
Yet in solving real-life MCDM problems often most
attention is spent on finding the complete Pareto-optimal
set of the associated multiobjective optimization (MOO)
problem and less on decision-making. In this paper, along
with presenting two case studies, we suggest an interactive
procedure which involves the decision-maker (DM) in the
optimization process helping to choose a single solution at
the end. Our proposed method on the basis of reactive
search optimization (RSO) algorithm and its novel software
architecture packages of LIONsolver and Grapheur are
capable of handling the big data often associated with
MCDM problems. The two considered case studies are;
firstly, a series of MCDM problems in construction
workers management and secondly, the well-known MOO
and decision-making problem of welded beam design.
Keywords
Interactive Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Reactive Search
Optimization, Multiobjective Optimization,

Introduction
The task of MCDM is divided into two parts: (1) an
optimization procedure to discover conflicting
design trad-offs and (2) a decision-making process to
choose a single preferred solution among them.
Although both processes of optimization and
decision-making are considered as two joint tasks,
yet they are often treated as a couple of independent
activities [1, 2]. For instance evolutionary
multiobjective optimization (EMO) algorithms [14,
15] have mostly concentrated on the optimization
aspects, developing efficient methodologies of
finding a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. However
finding a set of trade-off optimal solutions is just half
the process of optimal design. This has been the
reason why EMO researchers were looking to find

ways to efficiently integrate both optimization and


decision making tasks in a convenient way [9].
The efficient MOO algorithms facilitate the DMs to
consider multiple and conflicting goals of a MCDM
problem simultaneously. Some examples of such
algorithms and potential applications could be found
in [3, 4, 5, 6, 13]. Within the known approaches to
solving complicated MCDM problems there are
different ideologies and considerations in which any
decision-making task would find a fine balance
among them e.g. [85, 86, 87, 88, 98].
In MCDM algorithms e.g. [10, 11, 12, 18, 66, 68, 69,
71, 73, 75, 78, 82] often the single optimal solution is
chosen by collecting the DMs preferences where
MOO and decision making tasks are combined for
obtaining a point by point search approach. In
addition in MOO and decision-making, the final
obtained solutions must be as close to the true
optimal solution as possible and the solution must
satisfy the preference information. Towards such a
task, an interactive tool to consider decision
preferences is essential. This fact has motivated novel
researches to properly figure out the important task
of integration between MOO and MCDM [9, 22, 23,
14]. Naturally in MOO, interactions with the DM can
come either during the optimization process, such as
in the interactive evolutionary algorithms (EA)s
optimization [15], or during the decision-making
process [16, 37]. As a MOO task is not complete
without the final decision-making activity and in this
sense there exist a number of interactive MOO
methods in the MCDM literature [23, 33, 39, 40].
MCDM and EMO; Integration
There are two different ways by which EMO and
MCDM methodologies can be combined together

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

[14]. Either EMO followed by MCDM or, MCDM


integrated in an EMO. In the first way, an EMO
algorithm is applied to find the Pareto front
solutions. Afterward, a single preferred solution is
chosen from the obtained set by using a MCDM
procedure. In this way EMO application helps a DM
to analyze different trade-off solutions before
choosing the final one. However the DM has to go
through analyzing many different solutions to be
able to make the final decision. Therefore the DM has
to consider too many possible solutions.

that while developing MCDM and EMO integration,


a successful procedure could include more than one
optimization and decision-making tool in it so that
any number of optimization and decision-making
tool may be combined to build an effective problem
solving procedure [24]. The researches reviewed
above, has motivated other EMO and MCDM
researches, including our article, to develop such
integration schemes further.

Alternatively a MCDM procedure is integrated


within an EMO to find the preferred Pareto front
solutions where the search is concentrated on the
important region of the Pareto front. This would let
the optimization task to evaluate the preferences of
the DM interactively. The approaches to interactive
evolutionary algorithms are numerous. The
researches in various problem domains in which an
EA is carried out by the involvement of the DM
reviewed by Takagi [17]. Additionaly a summary can
be found in the text by Miettinen [18]. Some of the
popular approaches are interactive surrogate worth
trade-off method [19], the reference point method
[20] and the NIMBUS approach [12]. All procedures
require a DM to provide the preferences [14]. A
search workflow is then used to find the optimum of
the objective task. This procedure is repeated many
times until the DM is satisfied with the obtained final
solution. For instance in [21, 22] an EMO procedure
is applied to a complicated design problem and then
a interactive methodology is employed to choose a
single solution. In [23], EMO is combined with
MCDM procedures, and an interactive procedure is
suggested where the EMO methodologies are
combined with a certain and efficient MCDM
technique. The work later in [23] was extended by
involving more MCDM tools and integrations with
further software packages such as MATLAB, for
providing better working on more real-life case
study [14]. In [23] unlike the classical interactive
methods in [12], a good estimation of the the Paretooptimal frontier is created, in which helps to
concentrate on a particular region. From this work
one could conclude that when a approach is best
suited for one problem it may be inadequate in
another problem. As the result worth mentioning

The general form of a MOO problem, according to [7,


8],
can
be
stated
as;
minimize
, Subjected to
where
n is
a vector of decision variables;
n is the feasible
region and is specified as a set of constraints on the
decision variables;
m is made of
objective
functions subjected to be minimization. Objective
vectors are images of decision vectors written as
Yet an objective vector is
considered optimal if none of its components can be
improved without worsening at least one of the
others. An objective vector is said to dominate ,
denoted as
, if
for all and there exist
at least one
that
. A point
is Pareto
optimal if there is no other
such that
dominates
The set of Pareto optimal points
is called Pareto set (PS). And the corresponding set of
Pareto optimal objective vectors is called Pareto front
(PF).

Drowbacks to Solving MOO Problems utilizing EAs

Considering solving MOO problems EAs are among


the most popular a posteriori methods for generating
PS of a MOO problem. The EAs of MOO for solving
MCDM problems have been around for up to two
decades now. EAs are well suited to search for a set
of PS to be forwarded to the DM. Yet EMOAs aim at
building a set of points near the PF [79, 80, 81].
Currently, most EMOAs apply Pareto-based ranking
schemes. Some of the most successful EMOAs [16,
24, 25] rely on Pareto dominance classification.
However it becomes ineffective for increasing
number of objectives. MOO of curve and surfaces
[27, 37] would be a good example for such ineffective
attempt and increasing complexity. The reviewed
and applied approaches for solving the MOO of the
curve and surfaces whether a priori or a posteriori,

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

and in particular EA, involve plenty of various


complications. The reason is that the proportion of
PF in a set grows very rapidly with the dimension .
In fact the reality of applied DM has to consider
plenty of priorities and drawbacks to both interactive
and non-interactive approaches. Although the
mathematical representative set of the DM model is
often created however presenting a human DM with
numerous representative solutions on a multidimensional PF is way complicated. This is because
the typical DM cannot deal with more than a very
limited number of information items at a time [63].
Therefore an improved decision procedures should
be developed according to human memory and his
data processing capabilities. Moreover often DMs
cannot formulate their objectives and preferences at
the beginning. Instead they would rather learn on the
job. This is already recognized in the MOO
formulation, where a combination of the individual
objectives into a single preference function is not
executed. Considering the problem in [27, 37] the DM
is not clear about the preference function. This
uncertainty is even more increased when the
objectives such as beauty involved. This fact would
employ lots of uncertainty and inconsistency.
Consequently interactive approaches try to overcome
some of these difficulties by keeping the user in the
loop of the optimization process and progressively
focusing on the most relevant areas of the PF
directed by DM. This is done when the fitness
function is replaced by a human user. However most
DMs are typically more confident in judging and
comparing than in explaining. They would rather
answer simple questions and qualitative judgments
to quantitative evaluations. In fact the identified
number of questions that has to be asked from the
DM a crucial performance indicator of interactive
methods. This would demand for selecting
appropriate questions, for building approximated
models which could reduce bothering the DM.
The above facts, as also mentioned in [39], and later
in [36] demand a shift from building a set of PF, to
the interactive construction of a sequence of
solutions, so called brain-computer optimization [60],
where the DM is the learning component in the
optimization loop, a component characterized by

limited rationality and advanced question-answering


capabilities. This has been the reason for the
systematic use of machine learning techniques for
online learning schemes in optimization processes
available in the software architectures of LIONsolver
and Grapheur [39, 40, 59, 60].
Brain-Computer Optimization (BCO)
Approach to Stochastic Local Search
As Battiti et al. [8, 39], also clearly state, the aim of
stochastic local search is to find the minimum of the
combinatorial optimization function , on a set of
discrete possible input values . To effectively and
interactively doing so the focus in [60] devoted to a
local search, hinting at reactive search optimization
(RSO) [26, 27, 28, 29, 36] with internal self-tuning
mechanisms, and BCO i.e. a DM in the interactive
problem-solving loop [67]. Accordingly in this
context the basic problem-solving strategy would
start from an initial tentative solution modifying the
optimization function. According to [8] the local
search starts from an acceptable configuration
and builds a search trajectory
,...,
. Where
is the search space and
is the current solution
at iteration
time.
then would be the
neighborhood of point
,obtained by applying a
set of basic moves
to the configuration
of
Such that
...
,
. If the search space is given by binary strings
with a given length
, the moves can be
those changing the individual bits, and therefore is
equal to the string length . The accuracy of the
achieved point is a point in the neighborhood with a
lower value of to be minimized. The search then
would stop if the configuration is a local minimizer
[7].

IMPROVING-NEIGHBOR
[8]
Here the local search works very effectively. As the
improving-neighbor returns an improving element in
the neighborhood. This is manily because most
combinatorial optimization problems have a very
rich internal structure relating the configuration

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

and the value [8]. In the neighborhood the vector


containing the partial derivatives is the gradient, and
the change of
after a small displacement is
approximated by the scalar product between the
gradient and the displacement [38].
Learning Component; the User in the Loop
In problem-solving methods of stochastic local
search, proposed in [60], where the free parameters
are tuned through a feedback loop, the user is
considered as a crucial learning component in which
different options are developed and tested until
acceptable results are obtained. As explained in [7]
by inserting the machine learning the human
intervention is decreased by transferring intelligent
expertise into the algorithm itself. Yet in order to
optimize the outcome setting the parameters and
observing the outcome, a simple loop is performed
where the parameters in anintelligent manner
changed until a suitable solution is identified.
Additionaly to operate efficiently, RSO uses memory
and intelligence, to recognize ways to improve
solutions in a directed and focused manner.
In the RSO approach of problem solving the braincomputer interaction is simplified. This is done via
learning-optimizing process which is basically the
insertion of the machine learning component into the
solution algorithm. In fact the strengths of RSO are
associated to the brain charactristics i.e. learning
from the past experience, learning on the job, rapid
analysis of alternatives, ability to cope with
incomplete information, quick adaptation to new
situations and events [7, 8]. Moreover the term of
intelligent optimization in RSO refers to the online
and offline schemes based on the use of memory,
adaptation, incremental development of models,
experimental algorithmics applied to optimization,
intelligent tuning and design of heuristics. In this
context with the aid of advanced visualization tools
implemented within the software architecture
packages [59] the integration of visualization and
automated problem solving and optimization would
be the centere of attention.
RSO and Visualization Tools; an Effective
Approach to MCDM

Visualization is an effective approach in the


operations research and mathematical programming
applications to explore optimal solutions, and to
summarize the results into an insight, instead of
numbers [31, 32]. Fortunately during past few years,
it has been a huge development in combinatorial
optimization,
machine
learning,
intelligent
optimization, and RSO [7, 8, 33], which have moved
the advanced visualization methods even further
[32]. Previous work in the area of visualization for
MCDM [32, 64, 65, 74] allows the DM to better
formulate the multiple objective functions for large
optimization runs. Alternatively in our research
utilizing RSO and visualization [33], which advocates
learning for optimizing, the algorithm selection,
adaptation and integration, are done in an automated
way and the user is kept in the loop for subsequent
refinements. Here one of the crucial issue in MCDM
is to critically analyzing a mass of tentative solutions
assusiated with big data, which is visually mined to
extract useful information [34, 35, 36]. In developing
RSO in terms of learning capabilities there has been a
progressive shift from the DM to the algorithm itself,
through machine learning techniques [7, 90].
Concerning solving the MCDM problems, utilizing
RSO, the final user is not distracted by technical
details, instead concentrates on using his expertise
and informed choice among the large number of
possibilities. Algorithms with self-tuning capabilities
like RSO make life simpler for the final user. And to
doing so the novel approach of RSO is to integrate
the
machine
learning
techniques,
artificial
intelligence, reinforcement learning and active
learning into search heuristics. According to the
original literature [33] during a solving process the
alternative solutions are tested through an online
feedback loop for the optimal parameters tuning.
Therefor the DM would deal with the diversity of the
problems, stochasticity, and dynamicity more
efficiently. Here are some case studies treated very
promising by RSO. Worth mentioning that RSO
approach of learning on the job is contrasted with
off-line accurate parameter tuning [39, 40] which
automatically tunes the parameter values of a
stochastic local search algorithm.
Characteristics of the Proposed Approach

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

During the process of solving the real-life problems


exploring the search space, utilizing RSO, many
alternative solutions are tested and as the result
adequate patterns and regularities appear. While
exploring, the human brain quickly learns and drives
future decisions based on the previous observations
and searching alternatives. For the reason of rapidly
exploiting the most promising solutions the online
machine learning techniques are inserted into the
optimization engine of RSO [8]. Furthermore with
the aid of inserted machine learning a set of diverse,
accurate and crucial alternatives are offered to the
DM. The complete series of solutions are generated.
After the exploration of the design space, making the
crucial decisions, within the multiple existing
criteria, totaly depends on several factors and
priorities which are not always easy to describe
before starting the solution process. In this context
the feedbacks from the DM in the preliminary
exploration phase can be incorporated so that a
better tuning of the parameters takes the preferences
into account [7]. Further relevant characteristics of
RSO, according to [8], could be summarized as;
learning on the job, rapid generation, and analysis of
many alternatives, flexible decision support,
diversity of solutions and anytime solutions.
Applications
A number of complex optimization problems arising
in widely different contexts and applications has
been effectively treated by the general framework of
RSO e.g. [72, 91, 92]. This include the real-life
applications, computer science and operations
research
community
combinatorial
tasks,
applications in the area of neural networks related to
machine learning and continuous optimization tasks.
This would include risk management, managing the
big data of social networks, transportation,
healthcare, marketing and e-commerce [59]. In
addition in the following we summarize some
applications in real-life engineering application areas
which are the main interests of this research. In the
area of electric power distribution there have been
reported a series of real-life applications [42]. An
open vehicle routing problem [43], as well as the
pickup and delivery problem [44] both with the time
and zoning constraints is modeled where the RSO

methodology is applied to the distribution problem


in a major metropolitan area. Alternatively to solve
the vehicle routing problem with backhauls a
heuristic approach based on a hybrid operation of
reactive tabu search is proposed in [45]. By utilizing
the RSO the flexible job-shop scheduling [46], the
plant location problem [47], the continuous flowshop scheduling problem [48], adaptive self-tuning
neurocontrol [49] and the real-time dispatch of trams
[50] were effectively solved. Moreover various
applications of RSO focused on problems arising in
telecommunication networks, internet and wireless
in terms of optimal design, management and
reliability improvements e.g. [51]. The multiplechoice multi-dimensional knapsack problem with
applications to service level agreements and
multimedia distribution is studied in [52]. In the
military related applications, in optimal designing of
an unmanned aerial vehicle routing system [53] and
in finding the underwater vehicle trajectories [54],
RSO worked wonder. The problem of active
structural acoustic control [55] and visual
representation of data through clustering [56] are
also well treated. Additionally the solution of the
engineering roof truss design problem is discussed in
[57]. An application of RSO for designing barrelled
cylinders and domes of generalized elliptical profile
is studied in [58]. Overall a series of successful
projects accomplished with the aid of RSO could be
found in [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Further applications
of RSO are listed in [33, 40] and the stochastic local
search book [41].

Software Architecture Packages for the


Proposed Reactive and Interactive MCDM
Grapheur and LIONsolver [7, 8, 39, 40, 59] are two
implementaions of RSO. The software implements a
strong interface between a generic optimization
algorithm and DM. While optimizing the systems
produce different solutions, the DM is pursuing
conflicting goals, and tradeoff policies represented
on the multi-dimensional graphs [33, 40]. During
multi-dimensional graphs visualization in these
software packages, it is possible to call user-specific
routines associated with visualized items. This is

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
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intended as the starting point for interactive


optimization or problem solving attempts, where the
user specifies a routine to be called to get information
about a specific solution. These implementations of
RSO are based on a three-tier model, independent
from the optimization algorithm, effective and
flexible software architecture for integrating
problem-solving and optimization schemes into the
integrated engineering design processes and optimal
design, modeling, and decision-making.

materials, looking for tools, specialization, moving,


instruction, idleness and the other characteristics of
the construction workers. In fact making critical
decisions for the complicated and multiple criteria
problems of construction projects in which huge
amount of data, so called big data, are involved, it
is not a simple task to do as the problem has to be
considered from different perspectives and criteria.
For instance the making decision on how and with
what rate the training programs should be

For solving problems with a high level of complexity,


modeling the true nature of the problem is of
importance and essential. For this reason a
considerable amount of efforts is made in modeling
the MOO problems in Scilab which later will be
integrated into optimizer package. Here, as an
alternative to the previous approaches [22, 23, 24] the
robust and interactive MOO algorithm of RSO is
proposed in order to efficiently optimize all the
design objectives at once in which couldnt be
completely considered in the previous attempts. In
this framework the quality of the design, similar to
the previous research workflows, is measured using
a set of certain functions. Then an optimization
algorithm is applied in order to optimize the function
to improve the quality of the solution. Once the
problem is modeled in scilab it is integrated to the
optimizer via advanced interfaces to the RSO
algorithm
and
its
brain-computer
EMO
implementations
and
visualization.
In
this
framework the application of learning and intelligent
optimization and reactive business intelligence
approaches in improving the process of such
complex optimization problems is accomplished.
Furthermore the problem could be further treated by
reducing the dimensionality and the dataset size,
multi-dimensional
scaling,
clustering
and
visualization tools.

organized, and what would be its further effects


on team efficiencies, team spirit, and team
perceptions of supervision. Here the idea for solving

Study Case 1. Construction Workers


In a construction project a number of workers were
surveyed with questionnaires and observations [61,
62]. Each row of our data-set is a construction
worker
with
the
corresponding
columns,
characterized by a series of parameters i.e. ID and
photo of each person, work time, looking for

the MCDM problems is to visually model and clarify


the whole dimension of problems. As the main
result, the 7D plots and the option of sweeping
through data are to be considered for the cases.
The
achieved
hidden
information
through
visualization tools would enhance further decisions.
In order to better manage the data collected and
make the most of our data-sets we utilized the
advanced interactive visualization tools provided by
Grapheur software arcitecture where the user is
connected to the software through automated and
intelligent self-tuning methods on the basis of
visualization. With the aid of provided data mining
and visualization the useful and hidden information
are achieved which would enhance the process of
solving MCDM problems of our cases [66, 67, 83, 84].
After clarifying the dimension of the problem and
finding out the relation between involved parameters
and objectives, the effective decisions are easier
made.
Supporting the decisions on workers skills
With which rate and how, the workers level of skills
should grow in order to maintain their performance
with regard to team perceptions of supervision. In
order to study a part of this problem, we are
considering the similarity map and the parallel filters
for optimizing the idleness characteristic of the
workers. The related multidimensional plot of the
networks is created based on the collected data from
the workers. The color code represents the
specialization of the workers and the size of the
bubbles is proportional to the idleness of workers. In

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
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our similarity map of the graphical visualization, the


gray level of the edges and the generated clusters
provide valuable information to DM. In the Fig. 1.
the capability of the similarity map for an effective
clustering of the workers into meaningful clusters is
illustrated (Fig. 1 right).

reducing the complexity from the process of decision


making is evaluated. We start from the matrix of
work time in a multidimensional space while aiming
at filtering particular workers and examining their
performance within a particular group e.g. those
who have had maximum idleness characteristic.

The parallel filters (Fig. 1 left) are other useful tools


for optimization. The usefulness of parallel filters in

FIG. 1 PARALLEL FILTER (LEFT SIDE) AND SIMILARITY MAP (RIGHT SIDE)

Displaying the precise


construction worker

condition

of

each

For the complete visualization of the condition of


each construction worker over all parameters, the
colored bubble chart is selected. In the Fig. 2. (left),
the colored bubble chart shows work time versus
specialization for each worker. The color code and
the size of the bubbles represent looking for material
characteristic and the idleness status of the workers
respectively.

Additionally the shape of the bubbles displays the


looking for tools characteristic of the workers. In this
graph we have found clustering tool very useful for a
deep understanding of the different groups of
workers. In this case workers could be grouped
according to the given characteristics. After
grouping, one prototype case for each cluster is
visualized which is indeed a very effective way of
compressing the information and concentrating on a
relevant subset of possibilities.

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
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FIG. 2 BUBBLE CHART (LEFT) AND SWEEPING THROUGH DATA IN THE BUBBLE CHART (RIGHT)

Sweeping though different characteristics of


workers; tracking and examining the problem with
the aid of animated graphs
In the previous graph (Fig. 2. left) the relations
between work time, specialization, idleness status,
looking for materials, and looking for tools
characteristics of the construction workers were
visualized. Moreover sweeping though data and
studying the generated animations on sweeping is an
effective tool for further visualization along with
advancing a particular objective. For instance in our
next visualization experience the previous graph is
reconsidered by sweeping though looking material,
idleness and skill level as the time advances
(illustrated in Fig. 2 right).
Analyzing a particular cluster of workers and their
characteristics; sweeping through skill level and
team perception of supervision

In the new created bubble graph, Fig. 3. (Right), the


idleness and specialization characteristic of a cluster
of four workers is associated with the size and the
color of the bubbles respectively.
Here by sweeping through team perception of
supervision and the level of specialization of field
workers in our building construction project, the
achieved information from a limited cluster of
workers can clarify the problem with more details in
different scenarios. For instance when the skill level
of the workers and the team perception of
supervision are monthly increased relatively by the
rate of 10% and 5% within a year, the idleness
characteristic is smoothly monitored. We can also
play the resulted animation in smooth mode and
track the past values (they appear in a lighter tone in
the background of the plot), in order to focus on the
changes which occur according to morning and
afternoon working shifts.

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
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FIG. 3 7D PLOT OF DATA (LEFT) AND SWEEPING THROUGH DATA (RIGHT)

Providing a reliable way to find the most


productive workers
With the aid of a 7D plot the characteristics
associated with the productivity come to our
consideration within a single graph. In our case the
size, the color and the shape of the bubbles relatively
displays the specialization, the moving, and the
following the instructions characteristic of the
workers. Moreover the blinking feature displays the
idleness characteristic of the workers who have been
idle less than 100 hours (Fig. 3. left).
Discussion
Along with our case studies the aspects of data
mining, modeling, and visualization the data related
to construction workers are considered. We made the
most of RSO applications via newly implemented
data mining and visualization tools of Grapheur.
Considering the ability of Grapheur, the interesting
patterns are automatically extracted from our raw
data-set via data mining tools. Additionally the
advanced visual analytical interfaces are involved to
support the DM interactively. With the further
feature of Grapheur such as parallel filters and
clustering tasks, the managers can solve MOO
problems as it amends previous approaches.
Furthermore the animations of sweeping through
data and advanced visualizations including 7D plots
accomplish managers and enable them to screen the

data at their consulting room making decision


interactively. In one of our case studies Grapheur
provided a widespread view on how the through put
of the whole project would be affected by the
increasing workers specialization and supervision.
We swept through different characteristic of workers
in order to examine the whole dimensions of the
problem. For instance, we assumed that the problem
of having high level of idleness within the workers
might be solved by increasing the supervision and
team perception of supervision. For this reason
workers are carefully clustered and analyzed with
regard to their level of idleness and supervision. In
this particular case, Grapheur has been a facile tool in
modeling the problem with the aid of a 7D plot. Once
a 7D plot is created the problem could be visually
analyzed from seven different perspectives
simultaneously. In other words a convenient way of
concentrating on our objectives and further decision
making is provided by simply observing the size, the
color, the shape, and the blinking of the bubbles.
Moreover utilizing further visualization options such
as similarity maps, parallel filters, and clustering
would support making a confident decision.
Case Study 2. Welded Beam Design
The problem of welded beam design [24] is a
wellknown example of some complex desings issues
arising in structural engineering, dealing with
designing the form of steel beams and with

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doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

connecting them to form complex stuctures. This case


study has been used by many experts as a
benchmark problem of single and also multiobjective
design optimization. The problem of designing an
optimal welded beam consists of dimensioning a
welded steel beam and the welding length in order to
minimize the cost subjected to bending stress,
constraints on shear stress, the buckling load on the
bar, the end the deflection of the beam, and side
constraints. There are four design variables i.e. h, l, t,
b shown in the Fig. 4. structural analysis of the
welded beam leads to two nonlinear objective
functions subjected to five nonlinear and two linear
inequality constraints. The objectives are: the
fabrication cost and the end deflection of the beam.
In our case, the aim is to reduce fabrication cost
without causing a higher deflection. Decisionmaking on the preferred solution among the Paretooptimal set requires the intelligent participation of
the designer, to identify the trade-off between cost
and deflection.

formulation we have introduced one more objective


i.e. minimization of the end deflection (
) of the
structure. The problem has four decision variables
presented in the optimization formulation, i.e.
thickness of the beam b, width of the beam t, length
of weld l, and weld thickness h. The overhang
portion of the beam has a length of 14 in and F 6;
000 lb force is applied at the end of the beam. The
mathematical formulation of the problem is given as;
Minimize
,

Minimize
Subjected to

0.125

0.

Creating the Model with Scilab


The SciLab file contains a string definition, i.e.
g_name, inluding a short, mnemonic name for the
model as well as two 8-bit integers, i.e. g_dimension
and g_range, defining the number of input and
output variables of the model. Additionaly the file
has two real-valued arrays; i.e. g_min and g_max,
containing the minimum and maximum values
allowed for each of the input and output variables.
The following is a simple definition of a function that
can be understood by utilized software package [59].
FIG.4 THE WELDED BEAM OPTIMAL DESIGN PROBLEM.

As it is shown in the above figure the beam is welded


on another beam carrying a certain load P. The
problem is well studied as a single objective
optimization problem [24], but we have transformed
the original single objective problem into a two
objective problem for more flexible design. In the
original study the fabrication cost (
) of the joint
is minimized with four nonlinear constraints related
to normal stress, shear stress, buckling limitations
and a geometry constraint. With the following

g_name = "ZDT1";
g_dimension = int8(2);
g_range = int8(2);
g_min = [0, 0, 0, 0];
g_max = [1, 1, 1, 1];
g_names = ["x1", "x2", "f1", "f2"];
function f = g_function(x)

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

f1_x1 = x(1)

In applying I-MODE framework to real-world design


tasks of [22, 23] in which real decision makers will be
involved there exists a number of shortcomings
which we needs further attention. I-MODE software
implementation can consider a maximum of three
objectives due to limitation of visual representation
of the Pareto-optimal solutions.

g_x2 = 1 + 9 * x(2)
h = 1 - sqrt(f1_x1 / g_x2)
f = [ 1 - f1_x1, 1 - g_x2 * h ]
endfunction;

Setting up the RSO Software

FIG.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE WELDED BEAM DESIGN


PROBLEM IN THE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF RSO
MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION; POINTING OUT THE

Here the RSO software architecture of LIONsolver


[40, 33, 59] helps the designer to become aware of the
different posibilities and focus on his preferred
solutions, within the boundary of constraints.
Consequently the constraints are transformed into a
penalty function which sums the absolute values of
the violations of the constraints plus a large constant.
Unless the two functions are scaled, the effect of
deflection in the weighted sum will tend to be
negligible, and most Pareto-optimal points will be in
the area corresponding to the lowest cost. Therefore
each function is devided by the estimated maximum
value of each function in the input range [24]. The
Pareto-optimal solutions of the multiobjective
optimization and MCDM corresponding to
fabrication cost vs. end deflection of the beam are
visualy presented in the graph of Fig. 6.

OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS

Among the four constraints, deals with the shear


stress developed at the support location of the beam
which is meant to be smaller than the allowable shear
strength of the material (13,600 psi). The
guarantees that normal stress developed at the
support location of the beam is smaller than the
allowable yield strength of the material (30,000 psi).
The
makes certain that thickness of the beam is
not smaller than the weld thickness from the
standpoint. The keeps the allowable buckling load
of the beam more than the applied load P for safe
design. A violation of any of the above four
constraints will make the design unacceptable. More
on adjusting the constraints would be availabe in [22,
23]. Additionaly on the stress and buckling terms
calculated in [24] worth mentionning that they are
highly non-linear to design variables.

FIG.6 SET OF PARETO-OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS, FABRICATION


COST VS. END DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

By associating a multidimentional graph for an


advanced visualization, available in Fig. 7., and a
paralell chart, available in Fig. 8., to the results table,
the MCDM problem very clearly comes to the
consideartion and the final decision is very
confidently made. Further it is observed that the
welding length l and depth h are inversely
proportional, the shorter the welding length, the
larger the depth has to be, and that height t tends to
be close to its maximum allowed value [23].

FIG.8 MULTIDIMENTIONAL GRAPH FOR AN ADVANCED


VISUALIZATION; THE FABRICATION COST VS. END
DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM

Conclusions

FIG.7 PARELEL CHART INCLUDING ALL VARIABLES,


CONSTRAINTS AND OPTIMIZATION OBJECTIVES

These observations can inspire a problem


simplification, by fixing the height to its maximum
value and by expressing the length as a function of
depth, therefore eliminating two variables from
consideration in the future explorations this optimal
design problem.

In this paper, along with presenting two case studies,


an interactive procedure is introduced which
involves the DM in the optimization process helping
to choose a single solution at the end. The proposed
method is based on reactive search optimization
algorithm and its novel software architecture
packages, capable of handling the big data often
associated with MCDM problems. Along with
presenting case studies the aspects of data mining,
modeling, and visualization the data related to
construction workers are considered. Further the
utilization of the proposed software architectures for
multiobjective optimization and decision-making,
with a particular emphasis on supporting flexible
visualization is discussed. The applicability of the
software can be easily customized for different
problems and usage contexts.
Considering the ability of LIONsolver and Grapheur,
the interesting patterns are automatically extracted
from our raw data-set via data mining tools.
Additionally the advanced visual analytical
interfaces are involved to support the DM
interactively. With utilizing the features such as
parallel filters and clustering tasks, in the

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International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS) Volume 3 Issue 1, January 2014
doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

construction project case study the managers can


solve MOO problems as it amends previous
approaches. Furthermore the preliminary tests of the
software environment in the concrete context of
optimal designing the welded beam design problem
have shown the effectiveness of the approach in
rapidly reaching a design preferred by the DM via
advanced visualization tools and brain-computer
novel interactions.
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doi:10.14355/ijics.2014.0301.03

CAE Technologies for Industries, Bergamo, Italy,


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University
of
Debrecen,
2012.
hdl.handle.net/2437/171847.
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environment for engineering design and production
decision-making, International Journal of Computer
Applications, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 26-38, 2013.
[93] Amir Mosavi and Annamaria Varkonyi. Learning in
Robotics. International Journal of Computer
Applications 157 (1) : 8-11.
[94] Mosavi, A., & Varkonyi-Koczy, A. R. (2017).
Integration of Machine Learning and Optimization
for Robot Learning. In Recent Global Research and
Education: Technological Challenges (pp. 349-355).
Springer International Publishing.
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Machine Learning and Optimization for Robot
Learning, Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016.

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