Indian Science,

Science Technology
and Innovation:
The Changing Landscape
R A Mashelkar

It
It is an inherent obligation
of a great country like India
with its traditions of
scholarship and original
thinking and its great
cultural heritage to
participate fully in the march
of science, which is
probably mankinds
mankind s greatest
enterprise today.
- Jawaharlal Nehru

Green
Revolution
(Agriculture)

White
Revolution
(Milk)

Many
Revolutions
Spu
Spurred
ed by
Indian S&T

Blue
Revolution
(Space)

Gray
R
Revolution
l ti
(Software)

Crops
Pulses
Milk
ArableLand
Wheat
Rice
S
Sugarcane
Cotton
Vegetables&melons
Fruitsexcludingmelons
Tea
Potato
Oilseeds

IndiassworldRankinproduction
India
world Rank in production
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
5

The Challenge
High in Production but low in Productivity
No 1 in pulse production but a large
p
of p
pulses!
importer
Moving from Green to Evergreen&
Nutritional Revolution
Embracing new technology

India second largest producer and

exporter off cotton
BT cotton introduced in 2002
150-fold increase in 2008
81 % of total cotton area under BT
cotton now
95% Value Added over non BT
80%
higher profits to the farmers
7

Bt Cotton

Green
Revolution
(Agriculture)

White
Revolution
(Milk)

Many
Revolutions
Spu
Spurred
ed by
Indian S&T

Blue
Revolution
(Space)

Gray
R
Revolution
l ti
(Software)

ISRO Launch Vehicles

Indias Mission to the Moon

(2008)

Chandrayan 1 Carrying
2 US Payloads
y
from NASA!

Technology Led
I l i Growth
Inclusive
G
th
for Fishermen

7 million people on the coast depend on fishing for

livelihood

Satellite based Potential Fishing Zone forecasts helps in

deep sea fishing

More than 225 nodes receive forecasts

Substantial increase in fishermen income

Top Ten Achievements of the 20th Century Jayant

Narlikar (2003),The
(2003) The Scientific Edge
Edge, Penguin

S. RamanujamRamanujam
j - Mathematics ((20s))
Meghnad Saha
Saha-- Ionization Equation (20s)
S
S.N
N BoseBose- Particle Statistics (1922)
C.V. Raman
Raman-- Raman Effect (1928)
G.N. RamachandranRamachandran- Molecular Biophysics (mid 50s)

Nuclear Power (50s)

Green Revolution (70s)
Space Programme (late 70s)
Superconductivity
S
d i i (l
(late 80
80s))
CSIR Transformation (late 90s)

Business India

Indian Grand Challenges

g
Balancing Expansion, Inclusion, Excellence

Spurring Industrial R&D

Inclusive Innovation

Expansion
p

No growth in enrolment in post school education

between 19001900-1947

Gross higher education enrolment ratio is 11.5% (global

average-- 26%)
average

Need for more Universities

Country

Population
(mn)

No of
Universities

No of Univ India should have

to be at par

Korea

45

120

2930

UK

50

170

3740

USA

300

1800

6600

India

1100

440

Current Expansion
30 C
Central
t lU
Universities
i
iti
5 Indian Institutes of Science Education
and Research
8 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
7 Indian Institute of Management (IIM)
20 Indian Institute off Information
f
Technology
1600 Polytechnics
10000 Vocational Schools
50000 Skills Development Centres

INSPIRE: Innovative Initiative

Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research

Science and Innovation Scholarship to One Million people
Attract talent to Science at an early stage
Commitment for 20 years

Exclusion due to:

Poverty
Illiteracy
Gender
Distance
Caste

Grand Challenges
g
Balancing Expansion, Inclusion, Excellence

Spurring
p
g Industrial R&D

Inclusive Innovation

Indias 3 Freedoms
First FreedomFreedom- 1947
Political
Second Freedom
Freedom-- 1991
T d and
Trade
d Economic
E
i
Third Freedom
Freedom-- 2008
Technological?
T h l i l?

Second Freedom
(1991)

(Pre 1991)

Second Freedom
(1991)

Wheels Turns the Full Circle

1950
British Morris Oxford ---- Indian
Ambassador
50 years later
Indian Indica British Morris Rover

And Spiraling Up.

Corporate Innovation Movement

Drugs and Pharmaceutical Industry

Copying Molecules
To
Creating Molecules

India can do it!!

Indian Tuberculosis
Breakthrough
Di
Discovery
off a new drug
d
molecule, first in last 40 years
Reduces treatment duration from
6 months to 2 months (in
(
combination)
In phase II clinical trial
And many more in the offing

Science

Technology

Innovation

1984- USD 250 and a garage

1984
2004 IPO oversubscribed 33 times.
times
Crosses USD 1 billion mark on the first day of listing.
Today she is the richest woman in India!!
Among Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes 2008

India is a developing country but it is

a developed country as far as its
intellectual infrastructure is
concerned We get the highest
concerned.
intellectual capital per dollar here.
John Welch
CEO, GE
17 Sept 2000

I ll
Intellectual
l Capital
C i l per Dollar
D ll

SCI publications per

dollar ?
Citations per dollar ?
Patents p
per dollar ?

MNC R&D Centers in India

1000
900
800
780

700

780 MNC R&D centers

281 of the global 1,000

1 000
mega R&D spenders have
centers in India

1,60,000
1 60 000 scientists
i ti t work
k att
MNC R&D centers.

699

600
500

517

400
300

297

200
100

191

0
Before 2000 2001-2002

2003-2004

2005-2006

2007-2008

39

The Tide beginning

g
g to turn.
Flight of Human Capital
Brain drain ?
Brain bank ?
Brain Circulation
Brain? Drain

Brain Gain
Brain
B i Ci
Circulation
l i

Grand Challenges
g
Industrial R&D
Balancing Expansion
Expansion, Inclusion
Inclusion,
Excellence

Inclusive Innovation

What is Innovation?

I
Innovation
ti iis th
the
successful exploitation
of a new idea

Through
g Innovation
we
e ac
achieve
e e
More from Less for More

Industrial Enterprises aim at

Getting
More( Performance)
From Less (Cost)
For More (Profit,
(Profit value to the shareholder)

Inclusive Innovation
Getting
g More
from
o Less
ess
for More and More People

More and More People

4 billi
billion people
l with
ith iincome lless th
than $2
per day!
Need not low cost but ultra low cost
so
solutions.
ut o s
Need not affordability but extreme
affordability
affordability

High

Haves

P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
Have - Nots
Low

Price

High

High

Haves

P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
Have Nots
Low

Price

High

High

Have Nots

Haves

P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E

E
X
P
E
R
I
E
N
C
E

Low

Price

High

TATA NANO

ModelTT
Model
$19,700Ford

Beetle
$11,333Volkswagen
Mini
$11,777BritishMotorCorp.
Nano
$2,000TataMotors

GettingMore
g

ForMore
F M

Inclusive Innovation
Getting More from Less for More
More
For More
People
Planet
Prosperity

Inclusive Innovation
Health For ALL!
Ultra Low Cost
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
V
Vaccines
i
Surgeries
.

CurrentDrugDevelopment
G tti L
GettingLessfromMoreforLess
f
M
f L

10years
ago

Today

$250m

$1.5b

Time

10yrs

15yrs

Potentialnewdrugs(NCE)

~40

~30

Costofdevelopment

CostofTreatment:$20000!
X $100?
TimeforDevelopment:10yrs
X 5yrs?
C
CostofDevelopment:Fewhundred
fD l
F h Xd d
<$10mn
mn??
milliondollars <$10

Traditional
Medicine

Modern
Medicine

Modern
Science

StandardDrugDeliveryProcess

MoleculeMiceMen

ReversePharmacologyProcess

MenMiceMen

IndianPsoriasisBreakthrough
g

GettingMorefromLessforMore

MoreFromLessForMore
o e o ess o o e
Cataract Eye Surgery
CataractEyeSurgery
USCosts

$ ,
$3,000

AravindEyeCare

$30 $300

Surgeries:~300,000peryear

More(higherquality)
f
fromLess(cost)
L
(
)
l ll
f
RoyalCollegeof
Aravind
Ophthalmologists,UK
____________________________________________________________________
Event

Capsulerupture
Capsule rupture
4.4%
2.0%
4 4%
2 0%
____________________________________________________________________
Iristrauma
0.7%
0.3%
____________________________________________________________________
Irisprolapse
0.07%
0.01%
____________________________________________________________________
Anteriorchambercollapse
0.5%
0.3%
____________________________________________________________________
Lossofnuclearfragment
0.3%
0.2%
____________________________________________________________________
Retainedlensmaterial
Retained
lens material
1 1%
1.1%
0 87%
0.87%
____________________________________________________________________
LossofIOLintovitreous

0.16%

0.01%

Doing
g More from
f
Less for
f More:
The Emergence of Gandhian Engineering
C K Prahalad
C.K.
R.A. Mashelkar
In Press

India and the future

By 20502050- 61% of Indian population in
working group (15(15-59 yrs)= 900 mn
18 % of worlds working
g age
g p
population
p
1 in 6 persons of global workforce will be
an Indian

India could have

the second largest
economy in the
world (larger than
the US) of $36
trillion, and a per
capita
it income
i
off
about $
$22,000
,
by
y
2039

Challenge for Indian Scientists

Look at the stars with feet on the ground