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11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ii
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
6
43
82
136
181
218
253
295
BIBLIOGRAPHY
302
111
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
He served as a state
After
He was a
terms as governor.
exists.^
Prominent historians have mentioned Daniel in works on
modern Texas or the South.
Numan
some oil companies in his most famous act, the dispute with
the federal government over offshore oil deposits (the
"tidelands"), from 1947 to 1953.
Like
his greatest prominence after World War Two, when state and
national politics revolved around liberal/conservative
disputes, his outlook remained that of old-fashioned
business progressives as late as 1962.
Notes
"^ The New Handbook of Texas, volume 2 (Austin: Texas
State Historical Association, 1996), 504-505.
^ David Rupert Murph, "Price Daniel: The Life Of A
Public Man," (Ph.D. Diss., Texas Christian University,
1975). Murph married Daniel's daughter Jean Houston in
1965, Austin American, August 16, 1965, Price Daniel, Sr.
Vertical File, Center for American History, The University
of Texas at Austin.
^ George Norris Green, The Establishment in Texas
Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938-1957 (Norman: University
of Oklahoma Press, 1979), 189-190, 201; Numan V. Bartley,
The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press, 1995), 213; Dewey W. Grantham, The Life &
Death of the Solid South: A Political History (Lexington:
The University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 81.
^ George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South,
1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,
1967), 224, 233; Lewis L. Gould, Progressives and
Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era (Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1973), 39, 286; Norman D. Brown,
Hood, Bonnet, and Little Brown Jug: Texas Politics, 19211928 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1984), 78.
CHAPTER II
LIBERTY, THE LAW, AND THE
LEGISLATURE, 1910-194 6
He received a law
Partlow's son,
After the
He settled in Montgomery
couple in 1881.
In 1906, Daniel
The partners
Bill.^
The Daniels moved frequently during the next few years,
as M.P., Sr. tried out different venues for his publishing
activities.
Texas.
After a few
Daniel got in
He campaigned for
While Bailey
The rest of
Daniel
10
the Daily Lariat, the student newspaper, and of the Roundup, the Baylor yearbook.
Daniel made mixed impressions on his fellow students.
They voted him best-dressed man on campus and called him
"Bigger and Better Daniel."
During his
11
Southerners preferred
These
Although
12
In
not read music, he led the band, which visited campuses all
over Texas in a Ford touring bus.
University of Texas
the dean called Price into his office and informed the new
student that "The music just doesn't seem to fit this
particular profession.
Thus advised, Daniel quit the band and tackled his legal
studies, finishing his law degree in the spring of 1932.^"^
The new lawyer soon moved back to Liberty to begin his
practice.
13
These
In November, 1932,
14
Browney
testified that she loved her husband and would never have
killed him, as "He was making me a good living."
Barrow had
The
The candidate
15
Although
The contested
Roark
Not
He went on to win
He became an
important figure in the local party over the next few years.
In 1936 Daniel represented Liberty at the Democratic State
Convention in San Antonio.
16
17
the Gulf Coast to Fort Worth into a canal which would free
"the Trinity River Valley from the shackles of
transportation and industrial discrimination."
The seeming
Earlier that
year, Roark had decided to leave the legislature and run for
a Hardin County judgeship.
past campaign work for Allred and Roosevelt, as he was wellknown to Democratic voters in the district.
The Texas
Local
18
"Pappy"
19
complete funding for old age pensions meant that the state
would have to develop a new source of revenue.^^
0'Daniel addressed the legislature on January 18,
outlining his ideas for financing of pensions.
He proposed
0'Daniel
admitted that he did not know how much revenue the state
needed to pay for this program.
The
20
21
represented "a vote to kill the whole old age pension and
social security system."^^
Daniel and other members of the "Immortal 56" refused
to give in to 0'Daniel's attacks.
These legislators
Despite
22
He attacked
23
24
The
He
The
25
Supporters
26
would damage county roads and that larger trucks would mean
fewer drivers and increase unemployment.
Ultimately,
Daniel,
27
In between deflecting challengers and denouncing bigcity politicians, Daniel found the time to court and marry
Jean Houston Baldwin, a great-granddaughter of Sam Houston.
Price and Jean met while she was working at a Houston law
firm which he had beaten in a case.
Her
Liberty, Jean had a nice talk with Mrs. 0'Daniel while the
governor lambasted Price from the courthouse steps.^^
After settling into married life, Daniel returned to
Austin in early 1941 as a member of the Forty-seventh
Legislature.
28
The
Phillips
This
29
One
As
Sixty
Although the
30
Senate.
In a
transparent political move, 0'Daniel appointed eighty-sixyear-old Andrew Jackson Houston, a son of Sam Houston, as
interim senator.
to have won the June election, but then "late" returns from
strong 0'Daniel districts resulted in a narrow victory for
the governor.
The
civilian support for the war now raging in Europe and the
31
Pacific.
With
32
Most
He tried to
The
The investigators
33
He then served as an
the Marine Corps, which sent him to Sasebo, Japan for four
months to set up a Marine Personnel School. After returning
to the United States, Daniel received citations from the
Army and Marines as an "outstanding authority" on military
and civil law and received his discharge in May, 1946.^^
While waiting to be released form the service, Daniel
decided to enter his first statewide political race. When
Texas Attorney General Grover Sellers announced plans to
retire, Daniel seized this opportunity by getting friends
from the publishing business and the legislature to prepare
the ground for his candidacy.
34
He promised to
Daniel
campaign ads announced that the candidate stood "on his own
qualifications and not another's name."
In a radio
35
with some maudlin politicking, saying "My name is DANIEL-spelled just like Daniel in the Lion's Den," and that he
came from Liberty, "Just like ^Give me Liberty or give me
death.'"
36
Notes
Miriam Partlow, Liberty, Liberty County, And The
Atascosito District (Austin: The Pemberton Press, 1974), 66,
77-78, 82; Interview, Price Daniel by Dr. Fred Gantt,
February 25, 1967, University of North Texas Oral History
Collection, Number 349.
^ Partlow, Liberty, 292-293; Murph, "Price Daniel," 5.
^ Murph, "Price Daniel," 3-4; Dabney White, ed. and
T.C. Richardson, East Texas: Its History and Its Makers,
Volume IV (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company,
1940), 54-56; Partlow, Liberty, 156-157.
^ Murph, "Price Daniel," 3-4; White and Richardson,
East Texas, 55-56; "About M.P., Jr., Thurs. Oct. 20, 1910,"
clipping in possession of Daniel family. Liberty, Texas
(Hereafter cited as Daniel family clippings).
^ Murph, "Price Daniel," 10-11; White and Richardson,
East Texas, 55-56; Paul Rosenfield, "Price Daniel: Life and
the Pursuit of Happiness in Liberty," Sunday Magazine,
Dallas Times-Herald, Daniel family clippings.
^ Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, February 25,
1967.
"^ Ibid.; Rosenfield, "Price Daniel,"; Fort Worth
Central High School, Baccalaureate Sermon, Class of 1927,
Daniel family clippings.
Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, February 25,
1967; Rosenfield, "Price Daniel,;" Paul F. Healy, "The Case
of the Bumptious Young Texan," The Saturday Evening Post,
January 2, 1954, 30, Vertical File, Price Daniel, Sr.,
Center for American History, The University of Texas at
Austin; Undated clipping. Daily Lariat, Liberty Vindicator,
June 8, 1932, Daniel family clippings.
^ Healy, "Young Texan," 30.
^ Murph, "Price Daniel," 37.
'' Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, February 25,
1967; Houston Press, June 22, 1928, Daniel family clippings;
Brown, Little Brown Jug, 395-397.
37
38
39
38
1967.
39
40
42
CHAPTER III
SEGREGATION AND REFORM, 1947-1951
He
43
1946, his mother Nannie and sister Ellen Virginia drove from
Liberty to Austin on icy roads to attend his swearing-in
ceremony.
Wilson transmitted a
44
Like most
As
The
45
The leaders
Heman
The
He taught school
46
as a postal carrier.
He
He concluded by stating
47
This requirement
Gubernatorial
48
of Texas.
Its
It
No other students
enrolled until September, when Henry Eman Doyle, a thirtyseven-year-old teacher/ became the first student.
Doyle and
At a
49
separation.
50
Daniel argued
51
After five
52
On October 1, Marshall
He raised
First,
Second, the
53
Daniel
The directors of
He also referred to
54
Sweatt refused to
He pointed
55
Lockhart, Texas,
He had served as a
56
57
The
58
Birmingham, Alabama
59
The
Daniel
Civil
Marshall
60
The
The NAACP
61
He also argued
He concluded
African Americans.
Assistant Attorney General Joe R. Greenhill expanded
the state's argument after Daniel.
He concentrated on a
62
Although
He told
63
progress of democracy."
The attorney
64
education.
Texas
This
Only
On
65
Most white
not attack Sweatt, but they did slash the tires of his car.
Someone had also painted "KKK" on the steps of the law
building.^''
Such harassment failed to deter Sweatt.
however, succumb to other stresses.
He did,
He
66
because of an appendectomy.
The final
He never went
38
67
Daniel
68
Between
In 1937,
The attorney
The
69
Daniel hoped to
Daniel charged
70
had known how Coggins and other bookies used their services.
The state argued that only a permanent injunction would
prevent Western Union from resuming this practice in the
future.
The
local bookie shops had been using the wire service to cover
bets on baseball games prompted this report.
The attorney
71
72
straightiaced Texas.
When
To get around
73
The
74
In
75
Notes
^ Austin American, January 2, 1947.
^ Ibid.
^ Mark V. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood
Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1994), 127-128; Bartley, New South, 13-15.
^ Dallas Morning News, June 5, 1945; Michael Lowery
Gillette, "The NAACP In Texas, 1937-1957," (Ph.D. Diss., The
University of Texas at Austin, 1984), 46.
^ Michael L. Gillette, "Heman Marion Sweatt: Civil
Rights Plaintiff," in Alwyn Barr and Robert A. Calvert ,
eds.. Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times (Austin: Texas
State Historical Association, 1981), 161-163.
^ Ibid., 163-165.
'' Ibid., 167-168; New York Times, February 28, March
17, 1946; Houston Informer, March 2, 1946; Letter,
Theophilus S. Painter to Grover Sellers, February 26, 1946,
Charles T. McCormick, 1917-1964, Tarlton Law Library,
University of Texas at Austin, Box 1155; Letter, Grover
Sellers to T.S. Painter, March 16, 1946, Heman Sweatt
Vertical File, Tarlton Law Library, University of Texas at
Austin.
New York Times, June 18, 1946; Austin American, June
18, 19, 22, 1946; Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The
History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America' s
Struggle for Equality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976),
261.
9
76
77
78
35
80
81
CHAPTER IV
OFFSHORE OIL AND PRESIDENTIAL
POLITICS, 1947-1952
Of the two
Because of
its relatively small African American population (oneseventh of the state in 1940), Texas politics did not
reflect obsession with racial issues. While Daniel and
other politicians supported segregation, economic issues,
especially regarding the oil industry, mattered more to
them."""
The tidelands issue provoked bitter ideological debates
over the authority of the federal government.
82
Supporters of
Conservatives,
83
84
Although
The Navy
The
In
He
85
He recognized that a
Serving as
86
nation.
He finished by
87
told him "Well, Price, all you will ever get out of this is
this nice trip to Washington."
He wrote to all
The attorney
88
At a
He urged
He
Daniel accused
89
The
90
The association
Connally
91
Daniel
After talking to
He criticized proponents of
92
Instead, Daniel
The
Supporters of national
93
state owned all submerged lands three leagues into the Gulf
of Mexico.
Many conservative
Houston
94
95
Louisiana, he
96
In
He later remembered
He felt betrayed by
He
On
97
The
United States
Periman accused
98
He cited Clark's
99
Texas
He believed that
this plan would result in more revenue for Texas than the
three-league boundary other state leaders favored.^
Allan Shivers lent his support to the compromise
proposal in May, after meeting with Rayburn, Clark, and
Senator Lyndon Johnson.
that Truman would not let a quitclaim bill become law and
that Texas would lose its case before the Supreme Court.
He
Given the
100
The
revenue.
While he supported
101
Washington.
Rayburn
Giles
102
If the
The
103
possible challenger.
agreement."
Congress failed to reach an acceptable compromise
before adjourning in October.
104
He praised
The
He insisted
105
The
The land
106
Daniel
He
107
The attorney
Daniel
charged that the Court had not examined evidence on the 1845
annexation agreement which his assistants had spent months
gathering.
He cited precedents
asked Daniel if Texas might secede from the Union over the
108
tidelands issue.
This attempt
committee.
He stated
109
On May
O'Mahoney
110
This speech
Connally
111
Daniel and
He offered a
land grabbers" and save the tidelands for the Public School
Fund.
112
In a January
113
The attorney
motivated Connally.
He praised Connally as
114
The
The governor
announced that the altered race did not change his plans for
reelection.
service."
country boy."
115
He promised
Daniel charged
116
Speaking to
117
The
He defeated Beckworth in a
Daniel also
118
He
While Stevenson
Stevenson
He
Stevenson "a very fine man . . .," but refused to vote for
any candidate who opposed state control of the tidelands.
Shivers also stated that he found the nominee's civil rights
views too liberal.
119
He
He
The
120
Shivers led
The
121
The general
He attacked
122
So do I."
Stevenson criticized
He pointed to the
He threatened
123
backed Eisenhower.
He
Daniel
124
In
125
Eisenhower led
Four
While many
While arguing
126
During 1951
Together
As the senator-elect
127
Notes
"^ V.O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics In State And Nation
(Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1949, 1984),
254-255.
^ Green, Texas Politics, 147; Robert A. Garson, The
Democratic Party and the Politics of Sectionalism, 1941-1948
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974), 103104; Tai Deckner Kreidler, "The Offshore Petroleum Industry:
The Formative Years, 1945-1962," (Ph.D. Diss., Texas Tech
University, 1997), 74, 76-77, 88-90; Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, Volume Two: Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City,
New York: Doubleday, 1956), 481-482, 486-487.
^ Ernest R. Bartley, The Tidelands Oil Controversy: A
Legal and Historical Analysis (Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1953), 79-94; Kreidler, "Petroleum Industry," 83.
" Bartley, 101-103, 159-167; Truman, Memoirs, 482;
Garson, Democratic Party, 162.
^ New York Times, April 24, July 20, 23, 28, August 2,
1946; Garson, Democratic Party, 162-163.
^ Ibid., March 15, 1947; Interview, Price Daniel by
Fred Gantt, February 25, 1967.
'' "Argument Of Attorney General Price Daniel Of Texas
In The Supreme Court Of The United States, United States of
America, Plaintiff, vs. State of California, Defendant," in
Memoranda Pertaining To Lands Beneath Tidewaters And
Navigable Waters Within Boundaries Of The Separate States,"
20-33, Daniel Papers, Box 4.
New York Times, June 24, 1947.
9 Dallas Morning News, June 24, 1947; Interview, Price
Daniel by Fred Gantt, February 25, 1967; Interview, Price
Daniel by Joe B. Frantz, June 5, 1970, Lyndon B. Johnson
Library, Austin, Texas.
128
18
129
130
131
"^ Press Release, July 31, 1950, Daniel Papers, Box 57;
Price Daniel, "Sovereignty and Ownership in the Marginal Sea
and Their Relation to Problems of the Continental Shelf,"
Daniel Papers, Box 4; Dallas Morning News, June 13, August
31, 1950.
" Pack, "Tidelands Controversy," 105-106; New York
Times, February 22, 1951; Letter, Price Daniel to Joseph C.
O'Mahoney, April 10, 1951, Daniel Papers, Box 4.
"^ "Every State Has Submerged Lands," Speech by Price
Daniel Before Texas Congressional Dinner, Washington, D.C.,
April 30, 1951, Daniel Papers, Box 4.
^ Pack, "Tidelands Controversy," 106-107; New York
Times, May 31, July 25, 31, September 19, 1951.
^^ Dallas Morning News, October 2, 1951; "Tidelands
NowInland Waters Next," Speech by Price Daniel Before the
Texas Water Conservation Association, Houston, Texas,
October 1, 1951, Daniel Papers, Box 5.
^^ Pack, "Tidelands Controversy," 107; Letter, Price
Daniel to george Mahon, November 1, 1951, Mahon Papers, Box
372; Letters, Price Daniel to Sam Rayburn, November 1, 1951,
Sam Rayburn to Price Daniel, November 5, 1951, Daniel
Papers, Box 3.
^^ Interview, Price Daniel by Joe B. Frantz, June 5,
1970; Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967;
Interview, Allan Shivers by Lindsey Pack, May 22, 1978.
^" Speech by Price Daniel Announcing for United States
Senate, January 21, 1952, Allan Shivers Papers, Texas State
Archives, Austin Texas, Box 1977/81-256; Austin American,
January 22, 1952, clipping in Daniel Papers, Box 151.
^^ Hart Stilwell and Stuart Long, "Tom Connally's Last
Battle?," The Reporter, February 19, 1952, 14-16, Daniel
Papers, Box 3; Dallas Morning News, January 23, February 1,
1952, Houston Chronicle, January 24, 1952, clippings in
Daniel Papers, Box 151; Address of Price Daniel, January 31,
1952, Daniel Papers, Box 53.
^^ Dallas Morning News, February 24, 1952; Tom Connally
and Alfred Steinberg, My Name Is Tom Connally (New York:
Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1954), 359.
132
133
134
135
CHAPTER V
UNITED STATES SENATOR, 1953-1956
136
He joined
Daniel
Daniel's
137
Privately,
The
The minority
138
Johnson
He
Thanks to the
Daniel soon
139
140
The
Brownell
He used the
Instead, he argued,
141
Daniel
142
This
Supporters
143
Daniel
H.R.
He
144
The debate
Johnson
Instead, he
145
admired Taft.
five vote.
Unfortunately, he
was too short to see over the other congressmen who crowded
146
James Hagerty found out that Daniel had been blocked from
press pictures by his taller colleagues, Eisenhower held a
second meeting.
He saw the
He praised the
He predicted
147
In late
Yarborough
To clear up
148
Daniel
The Bricker
149
He
While he and
Addressing an April 26
The senator
150
Moderate Eisenhower
Liberal
conservative faction.^''
Texas' junior senator spoke in favor of the Bricker
Amendment on February 26.
While
151
The
152
Daniel predicted in
The
Benson promised
Eisenhower
153
He
154
These
The Brown
Now
155
Daniel denied
156
Like
Daniel
157
In
Daniel responded
158
On May
Daniel
The
The
159
Although the
Although
160
Since Mao-
Large segments of
161
Daniel
The irony
162
Since the
As
The
163
Daniel's narrow
to discuss a
The
164
The director
On December 2,
165
Senate Resolution 18
In 1955, he turned to
The junior
166
Estes Kefauver of
The chairman
167
Daniel
He selected
New York because that city had the highest number of drug
addicts, particularly heroin users, in the nation.
Daniel
168
Other
169
Combined
It also
58
170
Prominent
Supporters
171
He
172
Like many
Daniel took a
173
Notes
Dallas Morning News, November 6, 1952; Office Memo,
November 5, 1952, Lyndon B. Johnson Papers, Senate Political
Files, Box 8, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
^ Interview, Price Daniel by Joe B. Frantz, June 5,
1970, Interview, Jake Jacobsen by Dorothy Pierce McSweeny,
May 27, 1969, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 429; Interview, Price
Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967.
Interview, Price Daniel by Anthony Champagne, January
10, 1979; Interview, Byron Skelton by Anthony Champagne,
August 13, 1980.
^ Pack, "Tidelands Controversy," 170-171; Congressional
Record, Volume 99, Part 1, 256-257.
^ Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967;
Dallas Morning News, January 10, 1953; Statement on
Introduction of Submerged Lands Bill, January 9, 1953,
Daniel Papers, Box 6.
^ New York Times, January 17, 1953; Executive Order,
Setting Aside Submerged Lands Of The Continental Shelf As A
Naval Petroleum Reserve, January 16, 1953, Dwight D.
Eisenhower Papers, Central Files, Official File 134-F, Box
681, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
New York Times, February 17, 1953.
^ Ibid.; Excerpts from Statement of Senator Price
Daniel of Texas Before Senate Interior and Insular Affairs
Committee, February 16, 1953, Daniel Papers, Box 6.
174
175
177
178
"^ Congressional Record, Volume 100, Part 12, 1632816329; Fried, Men Against McCarthy, 309; Dallek, Lone Star
Rising, 458.
^ Dallas Morning News, January 4, 9, 11, 1955;
Congressional Record, Volume 101, Part 1, 168; Letter, Price
Daniel to Lyndon Johnson, January 4, 1955, Johnson Papers,
LBJA Congressional File, Box 42; Fried, Men Against
McCarthy, 310.
^^ Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967;
Press Release, February 7, 1955, Daniel Papers, Box 116;
Congressional Record, Volume 101, Part 1, 244; Dallas
Morning News, May 24, 1955; Charles L. Fontenay, Estes
Kefauver: A Biography (Knoxville: The University of
Tennessee Press, 1980), 318.
^^ Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967;
Interview, Price Daniel by Joe B. Frantz, June 5, 1970;
Congressional Record, Volume 101, Part 2, 1841, Part 3,
3179-3180.
^^ Dallas Morning News, May 9, 1955; Congressional
Record, Volume 101, Part 6, 7 231; Hearings Before The
Subcommittee On Improvements In The Federal Criminal Code Of
The Committee On The Judiciary, United States Senate,
Eighty-Fourth Congress, First Session, On Illicit Narcotics
Traffic, June 2, 3, And 8, 1995 (Washington, D.C: United
States Government Printing Office, 1955), 1-4.
^" Dallas Morning News, June 16, 23, August 7, 1955;
Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967.
^^ El Paso Times, June 18, 1955, clipping in Daniel
Papers, Box 82; Houston Chronicle, September 18, 1955,
Austin American, October 12, 1955, clippings in Daniel
Papers, Box 171; Dallas Morning News, September 15, 20,
October 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 1955.
^^ "The Narcotics Network . . . Its Traffic and Trade,"
Facts Forum News, Vol. IV, No. 11, December, 1955, in Daniel
Papers, Box 82.
179
180
CHAPTER VI
ELECTION AS GOVERNOR: FACTIONAL
FIGHTS IN 1956
Although
181
separate camps.
On the
Because
represented the choice of the CIO and the NAACP, while the
liberal candidate attacked Daniel as a tool of Wall Street
who had sold out to the Republicans in 1952.
This sort of "mudslinging" dominated both the first
primary in July and the August run-off.
182
Daniel finally
A variation of
After
His
183
Price
The majority
On March
184
He
Daniel promised to
Once
185
He
The
He called
Speaking in Wichita
186
He proposed a
In addition,
He
187
He declared that,
if elected, he would resist any attempt to legalize parimutuel betting because of the "misery" it inflicted on "vast
numbers of people."
In El Paso he alluded to
188
He, Jean,
and the children drove into small towns in a Chevrolet BelAir as campaign workers gathered a crowd by playing marches
or country music.
189
Although
The candidate
The
190
narcotics investigation.
the
191
Presumably
192
Like
In 1956 he
As for
193
order."
194
He
In a
195
He promised that if
196
The
While union
197
The senator
198
Yarborough
Daniel
By
0'Daniel did
199
The erstwhile
He accused
200
..
The judge
Yarborough
NAACP supported the "little man" Daniel and stood for "No
Action Against Crooked Politicians, Chapter Number 1."
Yarborough also charged that Daniel had the support of "the
201
led his opponent as the first vote totals came in, and it
took several days for officials to determine the final
results.
While
202
rural voters.
Texas counties.
Yarborough
The candidate,
Yarborough announced on
203
Daniel
on a gubernatorial race.
large margins.
$389,496.
spent $138,456.
the campaign.
204
Rayburn
Because of the
205
party.
The
Throughout the
Liberals
206
Daniel
The senator's
The senator
207
convention.
He had
208
Daniel announced
He urged
209
Shivers
The governor
Johnson
210
He then returned
The
If the Johnson-
211
212
Notes
^ Brewer, "First Lady."
^ Interview, Price Daniel by Fred Gantt, May 6, 1967;
Interview, Price Daniel by Joe B. Frantz, June 5, 1970.
3
214
215
216
217
CHAPTER VII
THE NEW GOVERNOR, 1957
At social gatherings,
the governor always insisted that Pickle get drinks for him.
As a Baptist and a clever politician, Daniel liked to create
the impression that he did not drink.
He therefore sent
When the
In public he
218
This moderate
219
He supported "local
220
argued, Texas could avoid the need for federal aid, which
would result in centralized control.
Daniel promised to
The
221
Yarborough
Martin Dies,
a former congressman from East Texas who had led the House
Committee on Un-American Activities during the early 1940s,
attracted conservative Democrats.
"gut-Yarborough" effort.
222
In an ironic
Rural East
223
224
These
Shivers
Senator George
Parkhouse believed
Daniel
225
instead saying that Dallas already had more than its share
of regents.
with Parkhouse.
The State
Investigators
226
He urged the
a "clean
Instead, Daniel
227
He stated that
The
The
228
political reasons.
This legislation
229
He
Daniel also
His
230
In an August press
231
He touted
Daniel argued
232
Anti-reform
He had
233
This
haphazard method led to gas stoves drying out some books and
papers in winter.^^
Daniel urged the legislature to remedy this problem by
appropriating unused money from the Department of Public
Safety to purchase land and build a permanent library.
House Bill 62 directed funds from the Motor Vehicle
Inspection Fund to build a new state archives and library
building which would also house the General Land Office.
The state completed construction of the archives center in
1962, during Daniel's final term as governor.
To mark the
During the
The proposal
234
Ironically,
He predicted
235
One rural
It created a six-
The Board
He recognized that
236
In a November,
237
states.
public schools represented "the last bulwark of local selfgovernment . . . " which "must be preserved."^''
Daniel made these remarks during a period when many
Texans feared federal "interference" in public schools
because of the desegregation issue.
In September, Governor
Daniel
238
Whereas Shivers
Although Daniel
Former southern
Texas
239
"Pupil
Finally,
Shivers had
East
240
The partial
241
House
House
Although
242
The
243
He called
Daniel
Both
244
The San
245
and order."
246
He
His
On the
247
Notes
Jake and Peggy Pickle, Jake (Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1997), 201-202.
^ Dallas Morning News, January 16, 1957.
The Fifty-fifth Texas Legislature: A Review of its
Work, Public Affairs Series Number 31 (Austin: The
University of Texas Institute of Public Affairs, 1957), 11.
" Leonard Mohrmann, "Texas Gets A New Governor," Texas
Parade, Volume XVII, Number 9, February, 1957, 13-15; Dallas
Morning News, January 15, 16, 1957.
^ Inaugural Address of Governor Price Daniel, January
15, 1957, Daniel Papers, Box 371.
^ Dallas Morning News, January 19, 1957.
"^ 0. Douglas Weeks, Texas in the 1960 Presidential
Election (Austin: The University of Texas Institute of
Public Affairs, 1961), 5-6; Olien, Token to Triumph, 147;
Newsweek, March 11, 1957, 31; Press Release, January 18,
1957, Yarborough Papers, Box 4Za36.
Green, Texas Politics, 180-181; Fifty-fifth
Legislature, 25; Dallas Morning News, January 24, February
13, 17, 1957; Austin American, January 19, 1957; Phillips,
Yarborough, 4 5.
^ Weeks, 1960 Presidential Election, 5-6; Green, Texas
Politics, 183-184; Phillips, Yarborough, 45-46; Austin
American, April 3, 1957; Newsweek, April 15, 1957, 35.
^ Weeks, 1960 Presidential Election, 6; Newsweek,
April 15, 1957, 35.
^^ Soukup, McCleskey, and Holloway, Party And Factional
Division, 92, 174; Green, Texas Politics, 202; Phillips,
Yarborough, 54-55; Time, January 28, 1957, 22.
^^ Dallas Morning News, February 19, 1957.
^^ Message To The Senate Of The Fifty-fifth
Legislature, February 19, 1957, Daniel Papers, Box 371;
Austin American, February 19, 1957.
248
249
33
38
250
251
252
CHAPTER VIII
SETBACKS AND DEFEAT, 1958-1962
By contrast,
Liberals organized in a
253
He also
In
254
lobbyists."
efforts to portray the DOT as "an attempt by a few LiberalLabor zealots to control the politics of this state." As he
had during the 1956 campaign, Daniel sought to discredit
liberals by tapping into anti-union sentiment among Texas
voters.^
Liberals and conservatives clashed over a DOT proposal
to adopt a "code of ethics" during the February, 1958,
meeting of the State Democratic Executive Committee in
Austin.
Randolph
Liberals also
Daniel allies
255
The
He spoke
Henry B. Gonzalez
256
"Pappy's" old-fashioned
These
257
At a May 27 fund-
In a
In
258
gubernatorial primary.
In a clear
Daniel took
The governor
The senator
259
1956."
San Jacinto, the governor claimed that "By the time its
over, they'll be crying, ^Me no DOT.'"
The convention
The party
260
261
The prison
He
Other
262
meant that the new session "will not face anything like this
number of major legislative proposals."
Instead, the
Ironically, the
263
Calling
transactions tax.
The governor appealed directly to Texas voters to
support his corporate tax program.
He spoke in a Sunday
264
While Daniel
265
from deposits left unclaimed by owners who had died and did
not have any known heirs.
He announced that
266
He warned that if
In
267
The Justice
Department argued that Texas owned only three miles, not ten
miles, of the tidelands.^^
Brownell's action prompted an outcry in Texas.
Daniel
268
Daniel
By the
The
269
during his first term that the state would aid local
districts opposed to desegregation.
He wrote School
270
Jack Cox, a
The Committee
He
271
The
272
As party members
Although LBJ
273
Liberals, now
They
Democratic leaders
274
image and the distrust many northern liberals held for him.
After the nomination, Kennedy asked LBJ to accept the vicepresidential nomination.
leader's decision.
275
276
The September 27
277
Blakley
Wright also
Democrats split
278
The liberal
Both
Faced with
Tower's victory
279
The Republican
It also
Party
The Fifty-
The
280
Few listeners
He
justified the measure for taxing "what you spend and not
what you earn."
281
He argued that a
A September
The same
282
property measure.
This
One banker
283
gubernatorial career.
John
Wilson and
Kennedy administration.
Daniel asked voters to give him a fourth term because
of his accomplishments in lobby reform, teacher pay, highway
construction, and for standing up to "special interests."
Understandably, the governor downplayed his last-minute
approval of the sales tax.
284
arguing that "they [JFK and LBJ] have better judgment than
to try to tell the people of Texas who to run for governor."
Of course, in making this statement, Daniel wanted voters to
make just that assumption.^^
Although he had been a key Johnson ally since the
1940s, Connally denied any ties to the national
administration.
The attorney
Wilson also
285
260,000 dollars.
Daniel dismissed
He promised to create a
Since
286
287
Daniel
288
Notes
^ Weeks, 1960 Presidential Election, 6-7; Austin
American, May 19, 1957; Texas Observer, May 21, 1957;
Davidson, Race and Class, 162.
^ Austin American, May 19, 1957; Dallas Morning News,
May 21, 1957; Midland Reporter-Telegram, September 25, 1957,
clipping in Daniel Papers, Box 295; Memo, J.J. Pickle to
Governor Daniel, May 17, 1957, Daniel Papers, Box 295;
Weeks, 1960 Presidential Election, 7.
^ Dallas Morning News, February 2, 1958; Texas
Observer, February 7, 1958; Weeks, 1960 Presidential
Election, 7.
" Statement by Governor Price Daniel, April 18, 1958,
Daniel Papers, Box 225; Dallas Morning News, April 19, 1958;
Speech of Governor Price Daniel, Austin, Texas, June 30,
1958, Daniel Papers, Box 225.
^ Rodriguez, Gonzalez, 85-86; Dallas Morning News, May
6, 1958; 1958 Gonzalez Campaign Pamphlet, Henry B. Gonzalez
Vertical File, Center for American History, The University
of Texas at Austin; Austin American, July 11, 1958, clipping
in Daniel Papers, Box 350.
^ Dallas Morning News, April 30, 1958; W. Lee 0'Daniel
Radio Address, June 30, 1958, 1958 0'Daniel Campaign
Pamphlet, Daniel Papers, Box 225.
"^ Dallas Morning News, July 2, 1958; Texas Observer,
July 4, 1958.
San Antonio Express, May 28, 1958, Henry B. Gonzalez
Television Address, June 9, 1958, Corpus Christi Caller,
July 5, 1958, Daniel Papers, Box 350; Dallas Morning News,
July 24, 1958.
^ Dallas Morning News, July 27, August 3, 1958; Weeks,
1960 Presidential Election, 9, 13; Rodriguez, Gonzalez, 87;
Olien, Token to Triumph, 151; Soukup, McCleskey, and
Holloway, Party and Factional Division, 27, 113-114, 133;
Gantt, Chief Executive, 278.
289
290
291
292
" Dallas Morning News, May 7, 1962; Dallas TimesHerald, May 17, 1962, clipping in Daniel Papers, Box 553;
Crawford and Keever, Connally, 91; Soukup, McCleskey, and
Holloway, Party and Factional Division, 141-144; Gantt,
Chief Executive, 278-279; Davidson, Race and Class, 138.
^" Olien, Token to Triumph, 183-184; Crawford and
Keever, Connally, 93; Houston Post, May 8, 1962, clipping in
Daniel Papers, Box 546; Dallas Morning News, September 18,
1962.
294
CHAPTER IX
EPILOGUE, 1963-1988
That race
Despite the
295
That agency
It also
296
1979.
This
297
Author Steve
298
Daniel
In defending
Forty years
299
300
Notes
^ Austin Statesman, January 14, 1963, Dallas Morning
News, March 29, 1964, Austin American, March 4, 1966, Daniel
family clippings; Texas Libraries, Summer, 1963, 71, Winter,
1963, 165, Price Daniel, Sr. Vertical File, Center for
American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
^ Dallas Morning News, February 19, 1967, Austin
American-Statesman, February 3, 1969, Daniel family
clippings; New York Times, September 28, October 7, 1967.
^ Austin American-Statesman, February 3, 1969, Houston
Post, July 19, 1969, Dallas Morning News, August 3, 1969,
Liberty Vindicator, September 18, 1969, San Antonio Light,
December 13, 1970, Daniel family clippings.
" New Handbook of Texas, volume 2, 505; San Antonio
Light, December 13, 1970, Houston Chronicle, January 3,
1979, Daniel family clippings.
^ The Medallion, March-April, 1978, Daniel family
clippings.
^ New Handbook of Texas, volume 2, 505-506; Austin
American, February 19, 1973, Dallas Morning News, January 9,
1974, Price Daniel, Jr. Vertical File, Center for American
History, The University of Texas at Austin; Charles Deaton,
The Year They Threw the Rascals Out (Austin, Texas: Shoal
Creek Publishers, 1973), 183-190, 192-207.
'' Houston Post, January 20, 21, 1981, Austin AmericanStatesman, July 13, 24, 1991, January 20, 28, 1992, Price
Daniel, Jr. Vertical File, Center for American History, The
University of Texas at Austin.
Austin American-Statesman, August 26, 1988, Price
Daniel, Sr. Vertical File, Center for American History, the
University of Texas at Austin.
^ Summary of Speech by Attorney General Price Daniel,
Texas State Bar Convention, Houston, Texas, July 1, 1948,
Daniel Papers, Box 57.
301
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Manuscript Collections
Center for American History, The University of Texas at
Austin
Price Daniel, Sr. Vertical File
Price Daniel, Jr. Vertical File
Henry B. Gonzalez Vertical File
Sam Rayburn Papers
Ralph W. Yarborough Papers
302
Oral Histories
Center for American History, The University of Texas at
Austin
Price Daniel by Anthony Champagne, January 10, 1979
Byron Skelton by Anthony Champagne, August 13, 1980
303
Government Documents
Congressional Record
Texas House Journal
The United States Commission On Civil Rights. Civil Rights,
U.S.A., Public Schools, Southern States, 1963, Texas.
Washington, D.C: U.S. Government, 1963.
Newspapers
Abilene Reporter-News
AFL-CIO Weekly Dispatch
Amarillo Daily News
Anahuac Progress
Austin American
Austin American-Statesman
Austin Statesman
Austin Tribune
Beaumont Journal
Birmingham News
Christian Science Monitor
Cleveland (Texas) Advocate
Corpus Christi Caller
Daily Lariat
Daily Texan
Dallas Morning News
Dallas Times-Herald
El Paso Herald-Post
Fort Worth Press
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
Galveston Tribune
Henderson News
Houston Chronicle
Houston Informer
Houston Post
Houston Press
Hull-Daisetta News
Liberty Vindicator
Midland Reporter-Telegram
Mobile Press-Register
New York Times
304
Books
Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: Volume Two, The President.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Barr, Alwyn and Robert A. Calvert. Black Leaders: Texans for
Their Times. Austin: Texas State Historical
Association, 1981.
Bartley, Ernest R. The Tidelands Oil Controversy: A Legal
and Historical Analysis. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1953.
Bartley, Numan V. The New South, 1945-1980. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
305
306
307
308
McKay, Seth Shepard. Texas and the Fair Deal, 1945-1952. San
Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1954.
'
'
. W. Lee O'Daniel and Texas Politics, 1938-1942.
Lubbock: Texas Tech Press, 1944.
Olien, Roger M. From Token to Triumph: The Texas Republicans
Since 1920. Dallas: SMU Press, 1982.
'
Parmet, Herbert S. Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy.
New York: The Dial Press, 1980.
Partlow, Miriam. Liberty, Liberty County, and the Atascosito
District. Austin: Pemberton Press, 1974.
Phillips, William G. Yarborough of Texas. Washington, D.C:
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Pickle, Jake and Peggy Pickle. Jake. Austin: University of
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Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American
Prodigal. Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas
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Reeves, Thomas C The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A
Biography. New York: Stein and Day, 1982.
Reston, James, Jr. The Lone Star: The Life Of John Connally.
New York: Harper and Row, 1989.
Rodriguez, Eugene, Jr. Henry B. Gonzalez: A Political
Profile. New York: Arno Press, 1976Schlesinger, Arthur M. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in
the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
Schulman, Bruce J. From Cotton Belt To Sunbelt: Federal
Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of
the South, 1938-1980. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1991.
Solberg, Carl. Hubert Humphrey: A Biography. New York: W.W.
Norton and Company, 1984.
309
310
Dissertations
Dobbs, Ricky Floyd. "Towards A Two-Party South: Allan
Shivers and Texas Politics, 1934-1957." Ph.D.
Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1996.
Gillette, Michael Lowery. "The NAACP In Texas, 1937-1957."
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin,
1984.
Kreidler, Tai Deckner. "The Offshore Petroleum Industry: The
Formative Years, 1945-1962." Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas
Tech University, 1997.
Murph, David Rupert. "Price Daniel: The Life Of A Public
Man, 1910-1956." Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Christian
University, 1975.
Pack, Lindsey Escoe. "The Political Aspects Of The Texas
Tidelands Controversy." Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M
University, 1979.
311