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I. I NTRODUCTION
arvesting energy from different resources, like vibration, solar, wind, heat and RF have been the focus
of research recently [1]. RF energy harvesting/transport [2] is
highly advantageous where light/solar energy is not present,
especially inside buildings. Ambient RF energy harvesting
from freely available resources like GSM, WLAN or DTV
has been investigated in [3-5]. It is clearly indicated in [3]
and [4] that for distances ranging form 25 m to 100 m from
a GSM base station, the maximum available power density
level doesnt exceed 1.0 mW/m2 . Also in the same article,
it has been proven that the power density level in a WLAN
environment is at least one order of magnitude lower. Consequently, neither GSM nor WLAN is a potential candidate for
ambient RF energy harvesting, employing small or medium
sized collecting rectennas, due to the extremely low power
levels.
Harvesting RF ambient power from Digital Television
(DTV) signals was first investigated by Intel [5], where 60 W
of energy was harvested at a distance of 4 km from the
broadcasting TV station. This paper investigates the antenna
and the rectifier parts of a DTV wireless power receiving
system. A novel antenna that is suitable to capture the DTV
frequencies is presented. Its radiation characteristics, gain, and
reflection coefficient are also discussed. Simulation results
are validated by measurements. For the rectifier part, an
c
978-1-4673-2220-1/12/$31.00
2012
IEEE
Fresnel ellipsoid
R1
R
R2
Table I
T RANSMISSION FREQUENCY BANDS AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTIVE
PR = GT GR
4R
2
PT ,
(1)
PR = 1 |T |
1 |R |
GT GR
4R
2
PT .
(2)
Chanel
30
31
33
56
60
LP =
4
c
2
f R ,
(3)
Polarization
Vertical
Vertical
Vertical
Vertical
Vertical
= (49.27 + GR ) dBW,
= (19.27 + GR ) dBm = 15dBm,
> 4.27 dBi.
GR
2
ERP (KW)
15
15
15
15
15
The free space path loss LP between the transmitting and the
receiving antenna is PT /PR :
(6)
(7)
(8)
(4)
PR = PT LP + GT + GR = EIRP LP + GR .
(5)
b
g
t
R-L
F_L
D-L
D-D
R-D
D-W
F-W
R-W
(a)
Parameter
mm
D-L
F-L
F-W, R-W
R-L
R-D
D-D
b
t
g
130
235
15
290
110
5
3
45
1
(b)
Figure 2. (a) Novel broadband Yagi-Uda antenna and (b) its optimized
parameters to harvest ambient RF power from DTV broadcasting stations.
5.6
-10
5
4.4
300
Pin = 10 dBm
Real [Zin]
0
S11 [dB]
6.2
-20
-30
MEAS
SIMUL
-40
ZMeasured
100
in
0.475
= 5 dBm
1
0
0
(b)
(a)
ZAE
200
Figure 3. (a) Simulated antenna gain and (b) the measured and simulated
reflection coefficient as a function of frequency for the novel broad-band
Yagi-Uda antenna antenna.
V. T HE R ECTIFIER
This section investigates the rectifier part of the wireless
power transmission system. Figure 4 shows some commercial
rectifiers and their equivalent electrical circuit between pins
1 and 3, see Fig. 4 (a), as described in [9] and [10]. Using
basic circuit analysis, the voltage across the diode d, see Fig.
4 (b), and the current flowing into the diode are calculated.
Eventually the impedance between pins 1 and 3 is calculated.
The accuracy of this model is validated in [10].
The input impedance of the commercial rectifier HSMS282c [11] was measured and compared to the simulated one
as a function of frequency for different input power levels. The
rectifier HSMS-282c contains two diodes in parallel between
pins 1 and 3 and between pins 2 and 3 (Fig. 4). The input
impedance of the two diodes connected in a voltage doubler
configuration, is reduced by half of that of one single rectifier.
The real and imaginary parts of the input impedance are
calculated for different input power levels as a function of
frequency. Figure 5 shows the measured and simulated (ZAE ),
real (top) and imaginary (bottom) parts of the input impedance
as a function of frequency for two different power levels
(10 dBm and 5 dBm).
Imag [Zin]
shown that the antenna gain is higher than 4.27 dBi in the
DTV frequency band which satisfies the requirements.
The antenna is printed on a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate.
The reflection coefficient of the fabricated antenna is measured
between 10 M Hz and 1 GHz using a Vector Network
Analyser. The measured reflection coefficient as a function of
frequency is shown in Fig. 3(b). It is clear form the figure
that the measured reflection coefficient highly agrees with
the simulated one which validates the simulated broadband
characteristics of the novel antenna.
0.5
Frequency [GHz]
Pin = 5 dBm
-200
AE
P = 10 dBm
-400
Measured
in
-600
0
0.5
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 5. Measured and simulated, real (top) and imaginary (bottom) parts
of the input impedance for the commercial rectifier HSMS-282c as a function
of frequency for different power levels.
C V2n
Vout
CV1
Pin
(a)
CH1
C H2n
Zin
(b)
RL
Figure 6.
50 k
0.3
44 nH
0
Maximum output
voltage
0.01
0.2
Maximum output
voltage
0.1
Z Antenna
=
50
85 nH
Z Multiplier
=
21.51-j102.78
S11 [dB]
Vout [V]
HSMS 285c
HSMS 282c
-20
0.3
0.005
0
1
80 MHz
-10
0.5 0.6
0.8
Frequency [GHz]
2
6
8
10
Multiplier stages [2n]
12
14
(b)
(a)
Figure 9. Proposed matching network (a) and its reflection coefficient (b)
to match the impedance of a 12 stage multiplier to 50 ohms
VI. C ONCLUSION
B. Matching network
In order to maximize the power transfer between the antenna
and the rectifier, a matching network is used to match the
impedance of the rectifier to that of the antenna (50 ohms).
Figure 8 shows the real (a) and imaginary (b) parts of the
input impedance (Zin) as a function of multiplier stages. It is
clear from the solid curves (HSMS 282c) that the real part of
the impedance is very low (Zin = 3.53 j207.84 for n = 2
and Zin = 1.752 j104.3 for n = 4) and at the same time
the imaginary part is considerably high which makes it hard
to match the impedance to 50 ohms. While for the second
commercial rectifier, HSMS 285c (dashed curve), cascading
more rectifiers results in an impedance of Zin = 21.51
j102.78 after 12 stages.
Figure 9(a) shows the suggested matching network. The
matching network consists of a 44 nH/85 nH series/parallel
inductor pair. Figure 10(b) shows the magnitude of the reflection coefficient between the impedance of the 12 stage
multiplier and 50 ohms. An 80 M Hz bandwidth is achieved
(500 M Hz - 580 M Hz) with a reflection coefficient <
10 dB which is optimum to harvest RF power from the
channels 30, 31 and 32 (see table I).
60
HSMS 285c
HSMS 282c
Rin =
21.51
40
-400
-800
20
12
0
Imag [Zin]
Real [Zin]
80
4 6 8 10 12 14
Multiplier stages [2n]
(a)
12
Xin = -102.78
HSMS 285c
HSMS 282c
4 6 8 10 12 14
Multiplier stages [2n]
(b)
Figure 8. Real (a) and imaginary (b) parts of the input impedance as a
function of multiplier stages for both commercial rectifiers HSMS 285c and
HSMS 282c