Ares I

This article is about the Ares I launch vehicle. For other two competing teams. These plans were discarded by inuses, see Ares (disambiguation).
coming administrator Michael Grin, and on April 29,
2005, NASA chartered the Exploration Systems Archi[8]
Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being devel- tecture Study to accomplish specic goals:
oped by NASA as part of the Constellation Program.[2]
The name Ares refers to the Greek deity Ares, who is
identied with the Roman god Mars.[3] Ares I was originally known as the Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV).[4]

determine the top-level requirements and congurations for crew and cargo launch systems to support
the lunar and Mars exploration programs

NASA planned to use Ares I to launch Orion, the

spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceight missions after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011. Ares I
was to complement the larger, unmanned Ares V, which
was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA
selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall
safety, reliability and cost-eectiveness.[5] However, the
Constellation program, including Ares I was cancelled
by Barack Obama in October 2010 with the passage of
his 2010 NASA authorization bill. In September 2011,
NASA detailed the Space Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earths orbit.[6]

1
1.1

assess the CEV requirements and plans to enable

the CEV to provide crew transport to the ISS
develop a reference lunar exploration architecture
concept to support sustained human and robotic lunar exploration operations
identify key technologies required to enable and
signicantly enhance these reference exploration
systems

Development
Advanced
Studies

Transportation

System

In 1995 Lockheed Martin produced an Advanced Transportation System Studies (ATSS) report for the Marshall
Space Flight Center. A section of the ATSS report describes several possible vehicles much like the Ares I
design, with liquid rocket second stages stacked above
segmented solid rocket booster (SRB) rst stages.[7] The
variants that were considered included both the J-2S engines and Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) for the
second stage. The variants also assumed use of the
Advanced Solid Rocket Motor (ASRM) as a rst stage,
but the ASRM was cancelled in 1993 due to signicant
cost overruns.

1.2

Exploration
Study

Systems

Concept image of the evolution of the Ares I design from preESAS to latest developments.

A Shuttle-derived launch architecture was selected by

NASA for the Ares I. Originally, the vehicle would have
used a four-segment solid rocket booster (SRB) for the
rst stage, and a simplied Space Shuttle Main Engine
(SSME) for the second stage. An unmanned version
was to use the ve-segment booster, but with the second
stage using the single SSME.[9] Shortly after the initial
design was approved, additional tests revealed that the
Orion spacecraft would be too heavy for the four-segment
booster to lift,[10] and in January 2006 NASA announced
they would slightly reduce the size of the Orion spacecraft, add a fth segment to the solid-rocket rst stage,
and replace the single SSME with the Apollo-derived J2X motor.[11] While the change from a four-segment rst
stage to a ve-segment version would allow NASA to construct virtually identical motors (albeit with some inter-

Architecture

President George W. Bush had announced the Vision for

Space Exploration in January 2004, and NASA under
Sean O'Keefe had solicited plans for a Crew Exploration
Vehicle from multiple bidders, with the plan for having
1

DEVELOPMENT

changeable segments), the main reason for the change to Vehicle or CLV, the Ares name was chosen from the
the ve-segment booster was the move to the J-2X.[12]
Greek deity Ares.[4] Unlike the Space Shuttle, where both
The Exploration Systems Architecture Study concluded crew and cargo were launched simultaneously on the same
that the cost and safety of the Ares was superior to that rocket, the plans for Project Constellation outlined havof either of the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle ing two separate launch vehicles, the Ares I and the Ares
(EELVs).[8] The cost estimates in the study were based V, for crew and cargo, respectively. Having two separate
designs for
on the assumption that new launch pads would be needed launch vehicles allows for more specialized
[16]
the
crew
and
heavy
cargo
launch
rockets.
[8]
for human-rated EELVs. The facilities for the current
EELVs (LC-37 for Delta IV, LC-41 for Atlas V) are in
place and could be modied, but this may not have been
the most cost eective solution as LC-37 is a contractor owned and operated (COGO) facility and modications for the Delta IV H were determined to be similar
to those required for Ares I.[13] The ESAS launch safety
estimates for the Ares were based on the Space Shuttle,
despite the dierences, and included only launches after
the post-Challenger Space Shuttle redesign.[14] The estimate counted each Shuttle launch as two safe launches of
the Ares booster. The safety of the Atlas V and Delta IV
was estimated from the failure rates of all Delta II, AtlasCentaur, and Titan launches since 1992, although they are
not similar designs.
In May 2009 the previously withheld appendices to the
2006 ESAS study were leaked, revealing a number of apparent aws in the study, which gave safety exemptions
to the selected Ares I design while using a model which
penalized the EELV-based designs.[15]

1.3

Role in Constellation program

The Ares I rocket was specically being designed to

launch the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Orion
was intended as a crew capsule, similar in design to the
Apollo program capsule, to transport astronauts to the
International Space Station, the Moon, and eventually
Mars. Ares I might have also delivered some (limited)
resources to orbit, including supplies for the International
Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned lunar
base.[5]

1.4 Contractor selection

NASA selected Alliant Techsystems, the builder of the
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, as the prime contractor for the Ares I rst stage.[17][18] NASA announced
that Rocketdyne would be the main subcontractor for the
J-2X rocket engine on July 16, 2007.[19] NASA selected
Boeing to provide and install the avionics for the Ares I
rocket on December 12, 2007.[20]
On August 28, 2007 NASA awarded the Ares I Upper
Stage manufacturing contract to Boeing. Boeing built the
S-IC stage of the Saturn V rocket at Michoud Assembly
Facility in the 1960s. The upper stage of Ares I was to
have been built at the NASA Michoud Assembly Facility,
the construction site used for the Space Shuttles External
Tank and the Saturn Vs S-IC rst stage.[21][22]

1.5 J-2X engines

Main article: J-2X
At approximately US$2025 million per engine, the
Rocketdyne-designed and produced J-2X would have cost
less than half as much as the more complex Space Shuttle
Main Engine (around $55 million).[23] Unlike the Space
Shuttle Main Engine, which was designed to start on
the ground, the J-2X was designed from inception to be
started in both mid-air and in near-vacuum. This air-start
capability was critical, especially in the original J-2 engine used on the Saturn Vs S-IVB stage, to propel the
Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. The Space Shuttle Main
Engine, on the other hand, would have required extensive
An early concept image of the Ares I (right) and Ares V (left) modications to add an air-start capability and be able to
restart in a near-vacuum. The near-vacuum restart caparockets
bility was needed for the Ares I as it was intended to y
Ares I was the crew launch component of the Constel- an Earth orbit rendezvous, and because the Orion spacelation program. Originally named the Crew Launch craft has limited fuel reserves. Due to these design issues,

1.7

Analysis and testing

a modied Space Shuttle Main Engine would have to be

pre-red in a manner similar to the Main Engine tests
conducted on the Space Shuttle Main Engines prior to the
maiden ights of each NASA orbiter, including the STS26 return to ight in 1988.[12]

1.6

System requirements review

3
wanted to solve it by March 2008.[26] NASA admitted
that this problem was very severe, rating it four out of
ve on a risk scale, but the agency was very condent in
solving it.[25] The mitigation approach developed by the
Ares engineering team included active and passive vibration damping, adding an active tuned-mass absorber and
a passive compliance structure essentially a springloaded ring that would have detuned the Ares I stack.[27]
NASA also pointed out that, since this would have been
a new launch system, like the Apollo or Space Shuttle
systems, it was normal for such problems to arise during
the development stage.[28] According to NASA, analysis
of the data and telemetry from the Ares I-X ight showed
that vibrations from thrust oscillation were within the normal range for a Space Shuttle ight.[29]
A study released in July 2009 by the 45th Space Wing
of the US Air Force concluded that an abort 3060
seconds after launch would have a ~100% chance of
killing all crew, due to the capsule being engulfed until ground impact by a cloud of 4,000 F (2,200 C)
solid propellant fragments, which would melt the capsules nylon parachute material. NASAs study showed
the crew capsule would have own beyond the more severe danger.[30][31]

A concept image of an Ares I launching from Kennedy Space

Center launchpad 39B.

On January 4, 2007, NASA announced that the Ares I

had completed its system requirements review, the rst
such review completed for any manned spacecraft design
since the Space Shuttle.[24] This review was the rst major milestone in the design process, and was intended to
ensure that the Ares I launch system met all the requirements necessary for the Constellation Program. In addition to the release of the review, NASA also announced
that a redesign in the tank hardware was made. Instead of
separate LH2 and LO2 tanks, separated by an intertank
like that of the Space Shuttle External Tank, the new LH2
and LOX tanks would have been separated by a common
bulkhead like that employed on the Saturn V S-II and SIVB stages. This would have provided a signicant mass
saving and eliminated the need to design a second stage
interstage unit that would have had to carry the weight of
the Orion spacecraft with it.[18]

1.7

Analysis and testing

In January 2008, NASA Watch revealed that the rst

stage solid rocket of the Ares I could have created high
vibrations during the rst few minutes of ascent. The
vibrations would have been caused by thrust oscillations
inside the rst stage.[25] NASA ocials had identied
the potential problem at the Ares I system design review
in late October 2007, stating in a press release that it

Ares I-X launches from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39B
on October 28, 2009.

The Ares I igniter was an advanced version of the ightproven igniter used on the Space Shuttles solid rocket
boosters. It was approximately 18 inches (46 cm) in di-

DEVELOPMENT

ameter and 36 inches (91 cm) long, and took advantage

of upgraded insulation materials that had improved thermal properties to protect the igniters case from the burning solid propellant.[32] NASA successfully completed
test ring of the igniter for the Ares I engines on March
10, 2009 at ATK Launch Systems test facilities near
Promontory, Utah. The igniter test generated a ame 200
feet (60 meters) in length, and preliminary data showed
the igniter performed as planned.[32]
Development of the Ares I propulsion elements continued to make strong progress. On September 10, 2009,
the rst Ares I development motor (DM-1) was successfully tested in a full-scale, full-duration test ring.[33] This
test was followed by two more development motor tests,
DM-2 on August 31, 2010 and DM-3 on September 8,
2011. For DM-2 the motor was cooled to a core temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius), and for
DM-3 it was heated to above 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32
degrees Celsius). In addition to other objectives, these
two tests validated Ares motor performance at extreme
temperatures.[34][35] NASA conducted a successful 500second test ring of the J-2X rocket engine at John C.
Stennis Space Center in November 2011.[36]
The Ares I prototype, Ares I-X, successfully completed
a test launch on October 28, 2009.[37][38][39] Launch Pad
39B was damaged more than with a Space Shuttle launch.
During descent, one of the three parachutes of the Ares
I-Xs rst stage failed to open, and another opened only
partially, causing the booster to splash down harder and
suer structural damage.[40] The launch accomplished all
primary test objectives.[40][41]

1.8

Schedule and cost

NASA completed the Ares I system requirements review

in January 2007.[24] Project design was to have continued
through the end of 2009, with development and qualication testing running concurrently through 2012. As of
July 2009, ight articles were to have begun production
towards the end of 2009 for a rst launch in June 2011.[42]
Since 2006 the rst launch of a human was planned for no
later than 2014,[43] which is four years after the planned
retirement of the Space Shuttle.
Delays in the Ares I development schedule due to budgetary pressures and unforeseen engineering and technical diculties would have increased the gap between the
end of the Space Shuttle program and the rst operational
ight of Ares I.[44] Because the Constellation program
was never allocated the funding originally projected,[45]
the total estimated cost to develop the Ares I through
2015 rose from $28 billion in 2006 to more than $40
billion in 2009.[46] The Ares I-X project cost was $445
million.[47]

Ares I Mobile Launcher Platform and crawler-transporter at east

park site

Ares I was not likely to have had its rst crewed launch
until 20172019 under the current budget, or late 2016
with an unconstrained budget.[48] The Augustine Commission also stated that Ares I and Orion would have an
estimated recurring cost of almost $1 billion per ight.[49]
However, later nancial analysis in March 2010 showed
that the Ares I would have cost $1 billion or more to operate per ight had the Ares I own just once a year. If
the Ares I system were own multiple times a year the
marginal costs could have fallen to as low as $138 million per launch.[1] In December 2011, NASA administrator Charlie Bolden testied to congress that the Ares
I would cost $44.5 billion a year, and $1.6 billion per
ight.[50] The Ares I marginal cost was predicted to have
been a fraction of the Shuttles marginal costs even had
it own multiple times per year. By comparison, the cost
of launching three astronauts on a manned Russian Soyuz
is $153 million.[51]
On February 8, 2011 it was reported that Alliant Techsystems and Astrium proposed to use Ares Is rst stage
with the second stage from the Ariane 5 to form a new
rocket named Liberty.[52]

1.9 Cancellation

On February 1, 2010, President Barack Obama announced a proposal to cancel the Constellation program
eective with the U.S. 2011 scal year budget,[53] but
later announced changes to the proposal in a major
space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center on April
15, 2010. In October 2010, the NASA authorization bill for 2010 was signed into law which canceled
Originally scheduled for rst test ights in 2011, the in- Constellation.[54] But previous legislation kept Consteldependent analysis by the Augustine Commission found lation contracts in force until passage of a new funding
in late 2009 that due to technical and nancial problems bill for 2011.[55][56]

2.1

First stage

2.1 First stage

Comparison of the basic size and shape of the Saturn V, Space

Shuttle, Ares I, and Ares V.

Design

Ares I had a payload capability in the 25-metric-ton (28short-ton; 25-long-ton) class and was comparable to vehicles such as the Delta IV and the Atlas V.[5] The NASA
study group that selected what would become the Ares I
rated the vehicle as almost twice as safe as an Atlas or
Delta IV-derived design.[57] The rocket was to have made
use of an aluminum-lithium alloy which is lower in density but similar in strength compared to other aluminum
alloys. The alloy is produced by Alcoa.[58]

The rst stage was to have been a more powerful and

reusable solid fuel rocket derived from the Space Shuttle
Solid Rocket Booster (SRB). Compared with the Solid
Rocket Booster, which had four segments, the most notable dierence was the addition of a fth segment. This
fth segment would have enabled the Ares I to produce more thrust.[5][59] Other changes made to the Solid
Rocket Booster were to have been the removal of the
Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) attachment points and
the replacement of the Solid Rocket Booster nosecone
with a new forward adapter that would have interfaced
with the liquid-fueled second stage. The adapter was
to have been equipped with solid-fueled separation motors to facilitate the disconnection of the stages during
ascent.[5] The grain design was also changed, and so were
the insulation and liner. By the Ares I rst stage ground
test, the case, grain design, number of segments, insulation, liner, throat diameter, thermal protection systems
and nozzle had all changed.[60]

2.2 Upper stage

The upper stage, derived from the Shuttles External Tank
(ET) and based on the S-IVB stage of the Saturn V, was
to be propelled by a single J-2X rocket engine fueled by
liquid hydrogen (LH2 ) and liquid oxygen (LOX).[61] The
J-2X was derived from the original J-2 engine used during the Apollo program, but with more thrust (~294,000
lbf) and fewer parts than the original engine. On July
16, 2007, NASA awarded Rocketdyne a sole-source contract for the J-2X engines to be used for ground and ight
tests.[62] Rocketdyne was the prime contractor for the
original J-2 engines used in the Apollo program.
Although its J-2X engine was derived from an established
design, the upper stage itself would have been wholly new.
Originally to have been based on both the internal and
external structure of the ET, the original design called for
separate fuel and oxidizer tanks, joined together by an
intertank structure, and covered with the spray-on foam
insulation to keep venting to a minimum. The only new
hardware on the original ET-derived second stage would
have been the thrust assembly for the J-2X engine, new
ll/drain/vent disconnects for the fuel and oxidizer, and
mounting interfaces for the solid-fueled rst stage and the
Orion spacecraft.

Exploded view of the Ares I

Using a concept going back to the Apollo program, the

intertank structure was dropped to decrease mass, and
in its place, a common bulkhead, similar to that used on
both the S-II and S-IVB stages of the Saturn V, would
have been used between the tanks. The savings from
these changes were used to increase propellant capacity,
which was 297,900 pounds (135,100 kg).[63] The sprayon foam insulation was the only part of the Shuttles ET
that would have been used on this new Saturn-derived upper stage.

See also
Ares IV, a proposed heavy-lift variant of Ares I and
V combined.
Boilerplate (spaceight)

REFERENCES

[14] Report to the President: Actions to Implement the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the
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14, 1986.
[15] To the moon and beyond: NASAs Exploration Systems
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DIRECT, shuttle-derived launcher proposed as alternative to Ares I and Ares V.

[16] Connolly, John F. (October 2006). Constellation Pro List of Constellation missions

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5 External links
NASA Ares I page
GAO-08-51, Ares I Report to Congress, GAO

6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1

Text

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Jhf, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Erich gasboy, Oneiros, Atrian, Zowie, Eyrian, NeuronExMachina, GrantHenninger, ArnoldReinhold, Bender235, Huntster, Evand, Simonbp, Hooperbloob, Supersexyspacemonkey, Next2u, Gunter.krebs, Hektor, Alinor, Max rspct, Gene Nygaard, WilliamKF, Tabletop, Robertwharvey, Bchan, GregorB, Rjwilmsi, Jivecat, Hiberniantears, Rillian, Platypus222, Florihupf, Cjosefy,
SchuminWeb, Eubot, Ground Zero, TheDJ, Lpsiphi, StuOfInterest, Epolk, RadioFan, CambridgeBayWeather, Bovineone, CPColin,
Tony1, MrBark, TastyCakes, Dddstone, Speedator~enwiki, Ageekgal, Georey.landis, Tsiaojian lee, Mikus, Benandorsqueaks, Groyolo, Sardanaphalus, IronTek, SmackBot, Nickst, Amoore5000, Brahmanknight, Full Shunyata, Ben.c.roberts, The Rogue Penguin, Squibman, WDGraham, Kelvin Case, Fotoguzzi, Aces lead, Andy120290, Georgeccampbell, Tiki2099, Gregzsidisin, BiggKwell, Matthew hk,
Fireswordght, Kukini, Ohconfucius, SalopianJames, Robomaeyhem, John, Adavidw, Minna Sora no Shita, Rwboa22, Dr.K., Vincecate,
Osklil, Craigboy, Joseph Solis in Australia, Tkasmai, Kavanagh~enwiki, Dondoughty, Eluchil404, CmdrObot, N2e, Nilfanion, Cydebot,
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Mikco, R'n'B, Flo422, Vox Rationis, Lilac Soul, Erik1980, Lunokhod, Batoom, Jer10 95, Sduane, Danwoodard, !Darkre!6'28'14, Jplengineer07, 350z33, Ohms law, Nat682, Tellinghistory, Voronwae, Sdsds, TXiKiBoT, Inector, Xenan, Billgordon1099, LanceBarber, DavidHitt, Tootalltom, AHMartin, Byrialbot, Lightmouse, Beachgrinch, MBK004, CiudadanoGlobal, Ksupilot, Chech Explorer, Aaaf-wiki,
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Lightbot, Zorrobot, TeH nOmInAtOr, Otrfan, The Bushranger, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Mech Aaron, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Materialscientist, RadioBroadcast, ArdWar, Pfmiller, ArthurBot, 67, Xqbot, Jeremm, Mark Schierbecker, Fotaun, D'ohBot, SwineFlew?,
Thinking of England, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, RomantumSchwartz, Epic Penguin123, Ely1, Merlinsorca, Soewinhan, RjwilmsiBot,
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6.2

Images

File:Aiaa2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Aiaa2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://

www.nasa.gov/images/content/272702main_aresI_launch_towers.jpg
Original artist: NASA/MSFC
File:Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=43946 Original artist: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin
O'Connell
File:Ares_I.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ares_I.png License: Public domain Contributors: Extacted image from http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/366590main_Ares_I_FS.pdf Original artist: NASA
File:Ares_I_Evolution.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ares_I_Evolution.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. NOTE: please see en:File talk:Ares I Evolution.jpg#In re en wikipedia
image. Original artist: Ksupilot at English Wikipedia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Constellation_logo_white.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Constellation_logo_white.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/J-2X_concept_image_
June_2006.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/151420main_aresV_factsheet.pdf Original artist: Marshall
Space Flight Center/NASA
File:Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_(Ares_I)_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
Public
wikipedia/commons/5/51/Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg License:
domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=48978 (direct link) Original artist: NASA/Jim Grossmann
File:NASA_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Converted from Encapsulated PostScript at http://grcpublishing.grc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/Insig-cl.eps Original artist: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:SDLV_rockets.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/SDLV_rockets.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_(06-2006).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/
Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

6.3

Content license

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