Kasaeian2017 PDF

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt
Review
Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in porous media: A review of the latest
developments
Alibakhsh Kasaeian a, Reza Danesh Azarian a, Omid Mahian b, Lioua Kolsi c,d, Ali J. Chamkha e,f,
Somchai Wongwises b,, Ioan Pop g
a
Department of Renewable Energies, Faculty of New Science & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts University of
Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
c
College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Hal University, Hal City, Saudi Arabia
d
Unit de Recherche de Mtrologie et des Systmes Energtiques, Ecole Nationale dIngnieurs, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
e
Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
f
Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
g
Department of Mathematics, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 23 June 2016
Received in revised form 22 November 2016
Accepted 22 November 2016
Keywords:
Porous media
Nanofluids
Heat transfer enhancement
a b s t r a c t
Researchers in heat transfer field always attempt to find new solutions to optimize the performance of
energy devices through heat transfer enhancement. Among various methods which are implemented
to reinforce the thermal performance of energy systems, one is the dispersion of solid nanoparticles in
common working fluids such as water. The suspension is called nanofluid. On the other hand, utilizing
porous media in heat exchangers is another technique to augment of thermal efficiency. Porous media
by providing high surface area contact will ameliorate heat transfer rate in ducts. In the present work,
a comprehensive review is conducted on the simultaneous application of nanofluids and porous media
for heat transfer enhancement purposes in thermal systems with different structures, flow regimes,
and boundary conditions.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanofluid models in porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
Buongiornos nanofluid model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
Tiwari and Das nanofluid model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-Newtonian nanofluids in porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MHD effect in porous medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
The critical role of heat transfer in many aspects of engineering
has recently given a new impetus for a more detailed study of
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.074
0017-9310/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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enhancement techniques. Heat transfer occurs in different systems

such as heat exchangers, domestic refrigerators, automobiles,
buildings, electronic devices, and so on. Therefore, using suitable
techniques for heat transfer enhancement is vital to optimize
energy devices, and nanofluid utilization is one of the relatively
new solutions to accommodate this purpose. Nanofluid (Nanosuspension), introduced by Choi in 1995 [1], mainly consists of two
A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
779
Nomenclature
DB
DT
g
H
Km
Le
NHP
NHS
Nub
Nb
Nr
Nt
u-v
P
Pr b
Pex
Ra
Reb
T
T1
(x y)
Brownian diffusion coefficient

thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
gravitational acceleration vector
dimensional layer depth
effective thermal conductivity of the porous medium
Lewis number
Nield number for the fluid/particle interface, defined by
11
Nield number for the fluid/solid-matrix phase interface,
defined by 11
Nusselt number
Brownian motion parameter
buoyancy ratio
thermophoresis parameter
velocity components
pressure
Prandtl number
Peclet Number
Rayleigh number
Reynolds number
temperature
ambient temperature
Cartesian coordinates
components including base fluid and solid nanoparticles, although

in some cases a surfactant is added to the suspension to prolong
the stability of mixture. Since nanofluids have a higher thermal
conductivity compared to usual liquids, they have high potential
to enhance heat transfer rate in engineering systems especially
for cooling of electronic devices. Currently several hundred groups
around the world work on nanofluids [2,3].
Another attractive technique for heat transfer advancement in
industrial systems is the usage of porous media, for instance, the
application of metal-based porous materials such as copper foams
in channels and heat exchangers. Porous media is a solid matrix
containing pores (voids) which are typically filled with fluid. Porous media which are considered are rigid and open cell and saturated, which means that the pores are connected and filled with
the fluid completely so that the fluid can flow through the voids.
Recently, the technique of using both nanofluid and porous media
has received considerable attention and has led to extensive investigations in this field. Porous media increase the contact surface
area between liquid and solid surface, and, on the other hand,
nanoparticles dispersed in nanofluid enhance the effective thermal
conductivity. Therefore, it seems that using both porous media and
nanofluid can augment the efficiency of typical thermal systems
dramatically.
The present work is a comprehensive literature review on different studies through this field. Thus, results of various investigations using several models and assumptions for different kinds of
nanofluids and various configurations for porous media are
brought together. The review is also extended to a general comparison between different results from various studies in the relative
researches.
A broad range of practical applications for porous media such as
oil production, electronic cooling systems, and heat exchangers has
led to a great attraction toward studies in this field. Because of the
large surface area, they are applicable as insulators and heat transfer promoters in different systems. Thus, efficient utilization of
such material needs a careful study for modeling energy and
momentum transport [4,5]. There are several momentum models
for fluid flow through a porous medium. The first description of
Greek symbols
thermal diffusivity of porous medium
volumetric expansion coefficient of the fluid
bT

porosity
l
viscosity of the fluid
v
Darcy velocity, (u, v)
qf
fluid density
qp
nanoparticle mass density
qcf
heat capacity of the fluid
effective heat capacity of the porous medium
qcm
qcp
effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle material
U
nanoparticle volume fraction
U1
ambient nano-particle volume fraction attained
am
Subscript
b
f
p
S
basic solution
nanofluid
nanoparticle
solid-matrix phase
transport phenomena in a porous medium has been proposed by

Darcy in 1856. The resistance produced by solid-fluid interaction
is represented in Darcys law. Despite the simplicity of the Darcy
model because of linear momentum equation, limitations in applying the no-slip boundary condition has led to the advent of modified models such as Forchheimer-Darcy, Brinkman-Darcy, and
Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer flow models. In the ForchheimerDarcy model or the earliest non-Darcy model, a square velocity
term is added to the Darcy term. Brinkman considered the viscous
forces and modified the Darcy model by adding a Darcy resistance
term to the Stokes equation which is known as the BrinkmanDarcy model. By adjoining the Brinkman-Darcy and the
Forchheimer-Darcy models, a generalized Darcy-BrinkmanForchheimer (DBF) flow model has been developed [5]. Several
models have been offered to characterize the behavior of nanofluids. In the open literature, this particular behavior is attributed to
different mechanisms. Following the works of Eastman et al. [6],
Pak and Cho [7] and Xuan and Li [8], Buongiorno [9] has developed
a comprehensive model to characterize convective transport in
nanofluids.
Mahdi et al. [10] reviewed the nanofluid flow and heat transfer
through porous media. First, they gathered the information about
the main characteristics of a porous medium such as porosity, permeability, and effective thermal conductivity. Then, they represented the works with the emphasis on the thermophysical
properties of the nanofluid and the type of the convection heat
transfer. However, in the present review the focus is mainly on
the most common models used for simulation of nanofluid flow
in porous media.
2. Nanofluid models in porous media
2.1. Buongiornos nanofluid model
By considering a nanoparticle-fluid relative velocity, a complete
model of convective heat transport in nanofluids has been developed by Buongiorno [9]. The author proposed a list of possible
mechanisms which may create the relative motion between solid
780
and fluid phases in a nanofluid. The suggested mechanisms were

Brownian diffusion, inertia, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, fluid
drainage, Magnus effect and gravity where Brownian diffusion and
thermophoresis were noted as the main mechanisms of slip. The
researcher argued that scattering of nanoparticles in the fluid did
not take the significant part in energy transfer. By proving the negligible effect of turbulence intensity, Buongiorno [9] presented a
model that takes into account the variation of nanofluid properties
in the boundary layer area induced by temperature gradient and
thermophoresis. Four equations for the conservation of mass,
momentum, thermal energy and nanoparticles have been developed. This model considers the nanofluid as a dilute mixture of
two-phase. Thermal equilibrium is assumed in a nanofluid [9].
Many authors have considered the effect of Brownian motion
along with thermophoresis by using Buongiornos model in the
analysis of nanofluid flow in porous media, for example see Refs.
[1116]. In this group of studies, the dependency of velocity, temperature, nanoparticles volume fraction profiles and friction factor,
heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate (indexed by Sherwood
number) on parametric variations of the buoyancy ratio parameter
Nr [17,18], Brownian motion parameter Nb [17], thermophoresis
parameter Nt [17,18], and Lewis number Le [18] are investigated.
The governing equations are finalized by implementing the OberbeckBoussinesq and the boundary layer approximations with
the following assumptions:
Porous medium is homogenous with local thermal equilibrium
Porous medium has porosity of e and permeability of K
The nanoparticles are assumed to be dispersed homogeneously
in the base fluid and a two-dimensional problem is considered. The
x-axis is placed vertically upward and a vertical plate at y 0 is
considered. The temperature T and the nanoparticles volume fraction U have constant values of T w and Uw , respectively at y 0
where Darcy velocity is shown by v . The governing equations by
considering Darcys flow through the porous medium become
[11,12]:
r:v 0
qf @ v
rP
v Uqp 1 Ufqf 1 bT T T 1 gg
2

@T
DT
qcf v :rT K m r2 T qcp DB rU:rT
rT:rT
qcm
@t
T1
@t

@U 1
DT
r2 T
v :rU DB r2 U
@t
T1
Nub
f
Reb
8
1000Prb
q 2

1 dv 8f Pr 3v 1
10
Most existing related studies on convection heat transfer

focused on natural convection [8,12,14,16]. There have also been
some investigations on the problem of mixed convection [1923]
and a few on forced convection [2426].
Sheremet and Pop [17] studied steady-state natural convection
in a porous cavity filled with a nanofluid considering conjugate
heat transfer and Buongiornos model. Fig. 1 shows a schematic
of the geometry and related boundary conditions. The main effective parameters involved in the problem were dimensionless numbers of Rayleigh and Lewis, buoyancy ratio index, Brownian motion
and thermophoresis parameters, thermal conductivity ratio, and
solid walls thickness. It was found that at the interface of solid wall
and porous cavity the local Nusselt number increases with
increases in Rayleigh number and buoyancy ratio index. On the
other hand, with increasing the thermophoresis parameter and
Lewis number could lead to the reduction of Nusselt number.
In another work, Sheremet and Pop [18] applied Buongiornos
model to simulate the 2D laminar natural convection of waterbased nanofluids in a square porous cavity where the side walls
have a sinusoidal wall temperature. They concluded that when
Lewis number is small, and thermophoresis parameter is high, considering a heterogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the base
fluid will be more physical.
Investigations on convection heat transport past a horizontal
plate in a porous medium saturated by nanofluid are done by a
few researchers such as Nield and Kuznetsov [11,4447] and
Bhadauria et al. [48]. Studies on convection past a vertical plate
in a porous medium saturated by nanofluid have been done by
Nield and Kuznetsov [49,12] and Hady et al. [50]. Other porous
medium configuration which has been used in different studies
were vertical wedge [13,55], vertical cone [51,52] and sphere
[53] embedded in a porous medium and porous medium between
coaxial cylinders [54].
Sheremet and Pop [56] studied 3D natural convection of
nanofluids in porous media using Buongiornos model. Three
dimensional profiles of flow and thermal characteristics along
3
4
By applying standard boundary layer approximation based on

scale analysis [1316], the governing equations convert to:
@u @ v
0
@x @y
@u 1 U1 qf 1 bg x K @T qp qf 1 g x K @ U

@y
@y
l
l
@y
"
2 #
2
@T
@T
@ T
@ U @T DT @T
v
am 2 s DB
u
@x
@y
@y
@y @y T 1 @y
2

1
@U
@U
@2U
DT @ T
u
v
DB 2
@x
@y
@y
T 1 @y2
5
6
7
8
where:
am
qcp
Km
;s
qcf
qcf
Buongiorno [9] proposed a Nusselt number and adopted the following correlation for a turbulent flow by using of nanofluid:
Fig. 1. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet and Pop, where (1)
represents solid walls and (2) indicates porous cavity [17]. Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier.
the distribution of concentration were rendered in the article and

outcomes were presented for different values of Rayleigh and
Lewis numbers. It was found that non-homogeneous model might
be the best selection to solve such problems. Sheremet et al. [57]
examined numerically the natural convection in a right-angle
trapezoidal filled by porous medium and nanofluid. Various
parameters were involved in the analysis including Nb, Nt, Nr, Le,
and Rayleigh number (Ra). The results unveiled that Nusselt and
Sherwood numbers increase by increases in the Rayleigh number.
Sheremet et al. [58] applied Buongiornos model to solve the
double-diffusive combined convection in a porous enclosure saturated by nanofluid. The schematic of the problem is shown in Fig. 2.
Three walls of the cavity were insulated while one of the vertical
walls was kept at a constant hot temperature. The analysis was
performed for different flow and heat transfer indices such as Rayleigh, Reynolds, and Lewis numbers. They concluded that with an
increase in the Rayleigh or Reynolds number the mean Nusselt
number calculated on the vertical hot wall raises. On the other
hand, they noted that Nusselt number declines with increases in
Lewis number. The Sherwood number that represents the ratio
between convective and diffusive mass transfer rates increases
with increasing the Lewis number.
In another work, Sheremet and Pop [59] investigated the potential of nanofluids to enhance the heat transfer rate due to natural
convection in a porous annulus. The walls of the horizontal cylinders were kept at constant temperatures where the outer wall
was colder than inner wall. The problem was solved using Buongiornos model while it was assumed that the nanofluid shows single phase behavior. Their findings disclosed that Brownian motion
parameter has the minimum influence on Nusselt number while
the thermophoresis force plays the key role in the rate of heat
transfer in the annulus. The reason behind the negligible contribution of nanoparticles Brownian motion to Nusselt number value
was attributed to the slow motion of particles in free convection
mode.
Hamid et al. [60] implemented Buongiorno model to investigate
the stagnation-point flow of nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking
sheet with suction and injection. The laminar flow of nanofluid
strikes to the sheet as non-alignment. It was concluded that the
local Nusselt number decreases with increases in the Brownian
motion and thermophoresis parameters as well as Lewis number
independent of sheet type (stretching or shrinking) and the value
of suction and blowing. They mentioned that the possible reason
for thickening the thermal boundary layer and consequently

reduction of Nusselt number might be due to the increase in collisions between particles or in other word the increase in kinetic
energy of nanoparticles. Note that with increasing the Brownian
motion and thermophoresis parameters, the kinetic energy of particles will be increased. Investigations on the onset of convection
The onset of natural convective heat transport has been presented in several works of Nield and Kuznetsov. In most of these
researches [11,44,45], the authors considered linear instability theory to investigate the onset of natural convection in a nanofluid
saturated porous medium. The authors studied the problem in a
horizontal layer of a porous medium saturated by a nanofluid using
Darcys model for the porous medium and Buongiornos model for
nanofluids [11]. The authors considered the Benard problem (the
onset of convection in a horizontal layer uniformly heated from
bottom) for a nanofluid [61,62] and the HortonRogersLapwood
problem (the convection of fluid through a permeable medium).
The onset of double-diffusive convection of salty water-based
nanofluids in a horizontal layer of a porous medium is examined
by Nield and Kuznetsov [44]. They considered Brownian motion
and thermophoresis parameters in their analysis. Kuznetsov and
Nield also studied the referred problem using Brinkman model
for the porous medium [45]. Linear instability theory was used
for analysis. In this study, three cases including free-free, rigid
rigid, and rigidfree boundaries were taken into account. The
authors found that the amount of critical Rayleigh number strongly
depends on the dispersion of nanoparticles (top-heavy or bottomheavy).
Later, Nield and Kuznetsov [46] studied the effect of local thermal non-equilibrium on the onset of convection. The model used
for nanofluid is Buongiornos. Thus the governing equations are
the same except that a convective term is added to the righthand side of the conservation of thermal energy equation. They
found that for typical nanofluids having a large Lewis number,
the effect of local thermal non-equilibrium is negligible, although
this effect should be considered in some cases. The obtained results
support the researchers hypothesis that enhanced effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids due to local thermal nonequilibrium is associated with a highly transient situation. The
related correlation for the convective terms is given in Eq. (11).
The same authors have also studied the effect of vertical
through-flow on the onset of convection in a horizontal layer of a
nanofluid saturated porous medium. In this study, the authors surveyed dependences of the critical Rayleigh number for the nonoscillatory and oscillatory modes of instability [47].
NHP
Fig. 2. Schematic of double-diffusive mixed convection problem considered by

Sheremet et al. [58]. Reprinted with permission from Springer.
781
hfp H2
hfs H2
; NHS
e1 /0 kf
e1 /0 kf
11
Sheremet et al. [63] performed an unsteady free convection

analysis in a porous cavity with a wavy wall saturated by a nanofluid. The author concluded that by adjusting the surface geometry
parameters of the wavy wall, the average Nusselt number as well
as Sherwood number could be optimized. Chamkha et al. [64] studied the effects of radiation on laminar mixed convection flow over
a vertical cone with constant surface temperature embedded in a
porous medium using nanofluid. It was found that the local heat
transfer coefficient raises with increasing the buoyancy ratio, the
Brownian motion, the thermophoresis, the free stream velocity
exponent, the radiation-conduction, the surface temperature, and
the Lewis number.
Rashad et al. [65] investigated the influence of viscous dissipation on mixed convection heat transfer in a non-Darcy porous
medium saturated using nanofluids. Convective boundary condition was assumed. Their results indicated that an increase in the
viscous dissipation parameter would reduce the heat and mass
782
transfer parameters. Viscous dissipation acts as an internal heat

source in the energy equation; so the heat transfer would be
decreased.
Thermal instability in a porous medium saturated by nanofluid
Beside the comprehensive studies of thermal instability in a
porous medium layer for investigation on the onset of convection
by Nield and Kuznetsov [11,44,45,47], a similar study was also considered by other researchers. Linear and non-linear thermal instability of nanofluids in a horizontal porous medium was studied by
Bhadauria et al. [48]. They used Brinkman model in the analysis.
Normal mode technique and the truncated Fourier series have
been used for linear and nonlinear analysis, respectively. Nield
and Kuznetsov [15] presented a modified model for study of thermal instability of nanofluid flow in a porous medium. For this purpose, they assumed that the temperature on the boundaries can
have a given value whereas the amount of nanoparticle flux is zero.
Boundary layer flow analysis
Convective boundary layer flow analysis was presented in early
works of Nield and Kuznetsov [49,12]. They have considered the
ChengMinkowycz problem for two cases including natural convective [12] and double-diffusive natural convective over a vertical
plate [49] where the working fluid is a nanofluid. The Darcy model
was used for momentum equation in both cases along with the
simplest boundary conditions. Also, for the double-diffusive natural convective boundary layer flow the thermal energy equations
were included regular diffusion and cross-diffusion terms [49].
Similarity solutions were presented for the two problems.
Following the previous works on boundary layer analysis, Gorla
and Chamkha [14] studied natural convection past a horizontal
plate in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid. Heat and
mass transfer rates which are represented by Nusselt and Sherwood number and also friction factor were analyzed numerically
by variations of four known parameters including Lewis number,
Nr, Nb, and Nt. It was found that with the increase of Nr and Nt,
Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decline and the friction factor
increases.
Rohni et al. [66] presented a similarity solution for the mixed
convection flow of Cu/water nanofluids over a vertical cylinder in
a porous medium. They solved the problem where the walls of
cylinder could be hot or cold. The heat transfer and fluid friction
parameters were obtained for different conditions.
Chamkha et al. [53] performed a boundary layer analysis for
natural convection past a sphere embedded in a Darcy porous
medium. Governing equations were obtained by standard boundary layer approximation based on scale analysis. The authors have
changed the gravitational acceleration term in momentum equation with a sinusoidal term adequate to the geometry. The
researchers have graphically shown that as Nr increases, Nusselt
and Sherwood numbers decrease and the skin-friction coefficient
increases. They have also found that the temperature is independent from Nr. It is resulted that the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
which are respectively referred to as heat and mass transfer rates
decrease with an increase in Nr and Nt. However, the friction factor
would have a reverse behavior with such change. With an increase
in the value of Nb, the friction factor and the surface mass transfer
rates increase but the surface heat transfer rate would decrease.
The heat and mass transfer rates have a direct relationship with Le.
Hady et al. [50] studied the non-Newtonian natural convection
flow of nanofluids over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium by considering the effects of yield stress. Brownian motion and
thermophoresis indices were involved in the governing equations;
moreover, it was assumed that nanofluid behaves like a power law
liquid. The yield stress index (X in the work was defined as

follows:
a0
1 /1 qf bg T w T 1
12
where a0 is threshold gradient and / is nanoparticle volume fraction. The results indicated that with increasing the yield stress
index, the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers will be ameliorated.
Rashad et al. [51] studied the effects of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis on the non-Newtonian flow of nanofluid over a
vertical cone embedded in a porous medium where there is a uniform transpiration on the walls of cone. They found that with
increasing the Brownian motion or thermophoresis parameters,
the local heat transfer rate enhances. On the other hand, the Sherwood number which represents the rate of mass transfer increases
with increases in Brownian motion parameter and it decreases
with increasing the thermophoresis. Fig. 3 shows a schematic of
the system considered by Rashad et al.
In another work, Cheng [52] considered a truncated cone as the
geometry and solved momentum and energy equations for the natural convection nanofluid flow over the cone embedded in a porous
medium. It was assumed that the temperature and volume fraction
of nanoparticles on the wall surface of cone were constant. The
main parameters involved in the analysis were thermophoresis
and Brownian motion parameters, Lewis number and buoyancy
ratio. It was elucidated that with increasing the buoyancy ratio
the local Nusselt number augments while the increase of Lewis
number has an opposite influence on the Nusselt number as the
convective heat transfer rate index. Fig. 4 depicts a schematic of
the truncated vertical cone along with the boundary conditions
considered by Cheng.
In 2011, Gorla et al. [13] considered the mixed convection flow
of nanofluids over a vertical wedge embedded in a porous medium.
Later, Chamkha et al. [55] investigated the effects of thermal radiation on the combined convection flow of nanofluids over a vertical
wedge embedded in a porous media. The porous lattice was
assumed to be uniform and isotropic where the working fluid
Fig. 3. Schematic of the problem considered by Rashad et al. [51]. Reprinted with
Fig. 4. Physical model and coordinates for a truncated cone [52]. Reprinted with
and the porous walls were in a thermal equilibrium. The wall surface of wedge was kept at a constant temperature with a constant
nanoparticles volume fraction. The term that represents thermal
radiation influence on the heat transfer rate was approximated
by the Roseland diffusion equation and was included in the energy
equation. The local Nusselt number was defined as follows [55]:
Nux
Ra1=2
Pe1=2
x
x
T 0 x; 0 1
4Rd H3
3
783
other hand the mass transfer rate index i.e. Sherwood number
climbs.
Ellahi et al. [54] solved the flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid
in a porous annulus between two coaxial cylinders using homotopy analysis method. The fluid flow was created due to pressure
gradient and axial motion of the inner cylinder. The viscosity of liquid could be considered as constant or a function of radius. Darcy
model was utilized in the study. The flow and heat characteristics
presented for various values of thermophoresis and Brownian
motion parameters. Sheremet et al. [68] simulated the natural convection of nanofluids in porous narrow cavities with the aid of
Buongiorno model. Flow and heat transfer characteristics were
presented as 2-D contours of streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentrations for different values of Rayleigh number, aspect ratio,
buoyancy-ratio index, and Lewis number. They concluded that
the average Nusselt number increases up to 54% by adding
nanoparticles to the base fluid.
Hajipour and Dehkordi [69] studied fully developed mixed convection flow of nanofluids in the gap between two vertical plates
where half of the gap is occupied with a porous medium by considering viscous dissipation effects. Fig. 5 indicates a schematic of the
geometry considered in the problem. The temperature at left wall
(Tw1) is lower than temperature at right wall (Tw2). To simulate
the flow in the porous section, the Brinkman-Forchheimer-Darcy
model was used. Similar to other papers reviewed in this part,
Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters were involved
in governing equations. The main findings of this work can be summarized as follows:
Velocity and temperature of working fluid increase remarkably
with particle loading.
With increasing the viscous dissipation and buoyancy force, the
heat absorption by cold wall ameliorates.
13
where Rd is the thermal radiation effect and H is the ratio of wall

temperature to environment temperature. The main findings of
the analysis can be summarized as follows:
In the study of steady flow of nanofluid over a nonlinearly permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with suction, Zaimi et al. [70]
converted the governing differential equations from partial to ordinary form to present a similarity solution of the problem. Graphs
for flow and heat transfer characteristics were presented for differ-
Local Nusselt number ameliorates with increases in any of the

buoyancy ratio index, Brownian motion and thermophoresis
parameters, surface temperature, radiation factor and the Lewis
number.
Local Sherwood number enhances with decreasing thermophoresis parameter whereas the reduction in any of buoyancy ratio, Lewis number, Brownian motion, wedge angle, and
radiation effect leads to the decrement of mass transfer rate.
Srinivasacharya and Surender [67] studied the free convection
flow of a nanofluid over a vertical plate embedded in a porous
medium. They found that
Brownian motion has a significant effect on the reduction of
nanoparticle volume fraction. In addition, local heat transfer
rate decreases with increasing the Brownian motion due to
increases in thermal boundary layer thickness.
With increasing the thermophoresis parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction increases. Moreover, local Nusselt number
reduces with increasing the thermophoresis parameter.
Following the various studies using Buongiornos model for
nanofluids, Mahdy and Ahmed [16] considered the laminar natural
convection of nanofluid flow on a vertical wavy embedded in a porous medium. They found that with raising the Lewis number, the
thickness of concentration boundary layer reduces and on the
Fig. 5. Schematic of the problem considered by Hajipour and Dehkordi [69].

Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
784
ent values of Lewis number, Brownian motion and thermophoresis

parameters, and suction strength. They found that:
With increasing the thermophoresis and Brownian motion
parameters, the heat transfer rate at the sheet surface declines.
With increasing the Lewis number magnitude, nanoparticle volume fraction falls whereas the temperature rises.
In 2016, Khan et al. [71] investigated the nanofluid flow over a
permeable sheet embedded in a porous medium. They revealed
that with increasing the Brownian motion and thermophoresis
parameters, the convection heat transfer index reduces while mass
transfer parameter rises.
2.2. Tiwari and Das nanofluid model
In a variety of studies on heat transfer of porous media and
nanofluids, the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis
have been neglected and instead of the Buongiornos model, other
assumptions have been made to describe the thermal transport
behavior of nanofluids. In 2007, Tiwari and Das [72] studied the
mixed convection of nanofluids in a cavity with moving side walls.
They assumed that the nanofluid flow is single phase and nanoparticles have been dispersed in the base fluid as homogenous. They
presented their results in terms of volume fraction of nanoparticles. After this date, the model has been known as Tiwari and
Das model [72].
In this section, the papers on nanofluid flow in porous media
have been reviewed in which Tiwari and Das model has been
utilized.
Sun and Pop [73] studied the free convection in a porous triangle cavity filled with three different nanofluids where a part of vertical side of the triangle acts as a heater. Fig. 6 displays a schematic
of the problem. They showed that the average Nusselt number
improves when the Rayleigh number (Ra) increases. They also
revealed that the average Nusselt number of Cu/water nanofluid
is higher than two other nanofluids i.e. water-based suspensions
containing Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles.
Volume fraction of the nanoparticles is a very important parameter in heat transfer enhancement. Many investigations have been
presented to show the dependency of Nusselt number on volume
fraction of solid particles. Chen and Ding [74] illustrated the effect
of nanoparticle volume fraction on the overall Nusselt number of
Fig. 7. Schematic of the problem considered by Chamkha and Ismael.[75]
the microchannel heat sink. It is seen that the value of Nusselt

number increases greatly with increasing the volume fraction, as
expected.
Chamkha and Ismael [75] considered natural convection in a
partially porous cavity filled with nanofluid. Fig. 7 shows a schematic of the problem considered by Chamkha and Ismael [75].
The top and bottom walls were adiabatic while the temperature
difference between right and left walls was as the generator of free
convection. The results were presented for different values of Rayleigh number (103106), porous layer thickness, Darcy number,
and volume fractions up to 10%. Their results can be summarized
as:
The enhancement rate of Nusselt number versus Ra is higher at
thinner layers of porous medium.
The convection heat transfer index will be highest when the
permeability of porous medium is lowest.
At low values of Rayleigh number, nanoparticle loading effect
on the natural convection in the porous cavity is diminished.
Bourantas et al. [76] investigated the natural convection of four
different water-based nanofluids including Cu, Ag, Al2O3 and TiO2
nanoparticles in a partially heated porous cavity (See Fig. 8). The
side and top walls were kept as constant and cold during the simulation. One of the highlights of this work was adapting a meshless
method to the extended Darcy-Brinkman equation. The results
were rendered for different variables including length of heat
source, Darcy number, nanoparticle thermal conductivity
(nanoparticle type), and volume fractions up to 20%. Also, the
effects of using two different thermal conductivity models were
investigated in the study. It was found that the amount of average
Nusselt number is directly proportional with the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, so by using TiO2 nanoparticles with the
lowest thermal conductivity (about 9 W/m K) among the four
nanoparticle types, the amount of average Nusselt number will
be the lowest (See Fig. 9).
Fig. 10 indicates a schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet et al. [77] which deals with the natural convection in a porous cavity saturated by a nanofluid. The authors defined a
Fig. 6. Schematic of the problem considered by Sun and Pop [73].
785
Fig. 10. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet et al. [77]. Reprinted
with permission from Elsevier.
Fig. 8. Schematic of the problem considered by Bourantas et al. [76]. Reprinted with
In another work, Sheremet et al. [78] investigated the impact of

thermal dispersion on transient free convection in a wavy-walled
porous cavity (schematic of the cavity is shown in Fig. 11) using
nanofluids. It was assumed that porous medium is homogenous
and in local thermal equilibrium with the working fluid. The
DarcyBoussinesq approximation was utilized for modeling. They
defined dispersion parameter (Ds) as follows:
Ds:
/dp
D
16
where dp is the nanoparticle diameter, D is the cavity size, and / is

the nanoparticle volume fraction. The equations given in Ref. [79]
were used for modeling of this problem. As shown in Fig. 12, with
increasing the dispersion parameter from 0 to 0.1, the average Nusselt number enhances by more than five times. The reason behind
the remarkable growth of Nusselt number can be attributed to
the amelioration of heat conduction in the domain.
Fig. 9. Variation of Nusselt number for different types of nanoparticles [76].

Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
dimensionless parameter called thermal stratification parameter

as follows:
BL
Th T0
14
0. In addition, B is the
where T0 is the ambient temperature at y
temperature gradient of ambient across the vertical length and is
defined as:

dT c y

dy
15
The authors [77] concluded that the cooling process at the top
domain of cavity could be reinforced through increasing the stratification parameter.
Fig. 11. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet et al. [78]. Reprinted
with permission from Elsevier.
786
Fig. 12. Variation of the average Nusselt number versus the dimensionless time and
dispersion parameter for / = 4% [78]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
Following the previous works on boundary layer flow, Nazar

et al. [80] investigated the steady sate mixed convection in a porous medium saturated by nanofluid. The configuration is considered to be a cylinder embedded in a porous medium. Heating
and Cooling are both studied. In this study the effect of mixed convection parameter and volume fraction of the particles are investigated on the characteristics of heat transfer, using three different
types of nanofluids. Natural convention in a porous cavity filled
with a nanofluid was studied by Sheremet et al. [81]. The aluminum foam was chosen as a differentially heated porous medium
and Cu-water nanofluid was the working fluid. They paid attention
to the effects of Rayleigh number, porosity of the porous medium,
and nanoparticle volume fraction on the flow and heat transfer
characteristics. They found that heat transfer rate for the fluid
phase is an increasing function of the Rayleigh number, and it
decreased by particle loading.
Cimpean and Pop [82] has presented the steady fully developed
mixed convection flow of a nanofluid in a channel filled with a porous medium. A uniform heat flux was employed on the wall. The
observed parameters which were influential on the equations were
mixed convection parameter, the Peclet number, the inclination
angle of the channel to the horizontal and the nanofluid concentration. For the study, three different water-based nanofluids were
considered containing Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2 as nanoparticles.
Uddin and Harmand [83] studied the unsteady natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid along a vertical plate embedded in a
porous medium. The Darcy-Forchheimer model was used to simulate the problem. Copper powder was used as porous media. The
effects of six different types of nanoparticles were compared. The
impact of various parameters such as particle concentration, particle size, plate temperature, and porosity of the medium on the heat
transfer enhancement and skin friction coefficient have been studied. The authors found an optimal concentration of nanofluid in
which heat transfer is maximized. In addition, it was found that
skin friction coefficients always increase with increases in nanofluid concentration and decrease in nanoparticle diameter.
Rabeti [84] investigated the mixed convection heat transfer
from a horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium
filled with a nanofluid. Results indicated that suspending nanoparticles in the base fluid can enhance the heat transfer from the cylin-
der when the force convection heat transfer is the dominant

regime. By contrast, the heat transfer rate from the cylinder deteriorated in the cases in which the natural convection is a dominant
regime of heat transfer.
Hady et al. [85] studied the natural convection boundary-layer
flow over a downward-pointing vertical cone in a porous medium
saturated with a non-Newtonian nanofluid in the presence of heat
generation or absorption. The governing partial differential equations were converted into ordinary differential equations by using
a suitable similarity transformation, which is solved numerically
by employing an implicit finite difference method known as the
modified Keller-box technique. It was found that the local Nusselt
number decreased as the heat generation/absorption parameter
increased. On the other hand, the local Nusselt number was predicted to drop as a result of increasing either of the values of the
nanoparticles volume fraction for the study four various types of
nanofluids. The same authors [86,87] considered the free convection boundary layer flow past a vertical cone embedded in porous
media. A non-Newtonian nanofluid was chosen as the working
fluid base fluid. Effects of different parameters on the flow patterns
were discussed in details.
Another study on mixed convection boundary layer flow is done
by Ahmad and Pop [88]. The authors have shown the sensitivity of
the velocity on several parameters. Three different nanoparticles
namely Copper (Cu), Alumina (Al2O3) and Titania (TiO2) were used
in the study. Yasin et al. [89] performed a similar study past a vertical surface embedded in a porous medium.
Nasrin et al. [24] studied the forced convection in a channel
with porous medium filled with nanofluid. The influence of position of heating wall on the forced convection heat transfer was
reported. Their results showed that the highest thermal performance was the result of the opposing forced flow with considering
the maximum temperature of the nanofluid and average Nusselt
number. These authors in another work [25] investigated nonDarcy forced convection through a two-dimensional horizontal
channel. They found that with increasing the Prandtl number and
volume fraction heat transfer enhances. Chamkha et al. [90] studied non-Darcy natural convection of a nanofluid in a porous medium. Reductions in the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers or an
increase in the Lewis number were the result of increases in the
Ergun number, buoyancy ratio parameter, and thermophoresis
parameter. Rashad et al. [91] performed a study on non-Darcy free
convection in a vertical cylinder saturated with porous medium
and nanofluid. These authors also studied mixed convection
boundary-layer flow past a horizontal cylinder filled with the porous medium parametrically [19].
Chamkha et al. [92] investigated the heat generation on natural
convection in an embedded vertical porous plate. Their result
showed that internal heat generation in non-Darcy porous medium
enhanced the heat and mass transfer. These authors in another
work [20] studied the effect of viscous dissipation on mixed convection heat transfer in a non-Darcy porous medium. A vertical
plate filled with porous medium and saturated with a nanofluid.
The increased in the Brownian motion parameter and the thermophoresis parameter enhanced the mass transfer rate; on the
other hand, it decreased the heat transfer rate in the boundary
layer.
Armaghani et al. [26] studied a nanofluid forced convection in a
porous channel and represented a new heat flux model and their
analyzed this status numerically. They considered the Nield number on the heat transfer, and their results indicated that the heat
flux on the wall was increased by the growth of the Nield number.
Nazari et al. [93] presented new models of heat flux splitting at the
boundary of the porous medium. They assumed three energy equations for the nanofluid and local thermal non-equilibrium condition. Their result unveiled that the non-homogenous approach
gives a bigger Nusselt number compared to homogenous approach.

Chamkha et al. [94] investigated a non-Darcy free convection flow
for non-Newtonian nanofluid. They considered a cone filled porous
medium saturated with a nanofluid. They assumed uniform heat
and volume fraction fluxes. An increase in the buoyancy ratio,
non-Darcy parameter, and thermophoresis parameter led to a
decrease in the Sherwood number ad Nusselt number. Also, the
growth of the Brownian motion parameter enhanced the local
Sherwood number and reduced the local Nusselt number. In the
book of Narasimhan [95], various models given for flow in porous
media have been given. Table 1 provides a summary of studies conducted on nanofluid flow and heat transfer in porous media.
3. Non-Newtonian nanofluids in porous media

Non-Newtonian fluids in porous media exhibit a nonlinear
behavior that is different from that of Newtonian fluids in porous
media. The research on the heat and mass transfer for nonNewtonian fluids in porous media is crucial due to its practical
engineering applications, such as oil recovery, food processing,
and materials processing [50]. There have been numerous studies
on heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media. Chen
and Chen [96,97], Nakayama and Koyama [98], Yang and Wang
[99], Kim and Hyun [100], Rastogi and Poulikakos [101], Getachew
et al. [102], Jumah and Mujumdar [103,104], Hady et al. [86],
Mahdy and Hady [105] and Ibrahim et al. [106] are all examples
787
of investigations on natural convection of a non-Newtonian fluid

in a porous media.
Here, three studies on non-Newtonian flow of nanofluids in porous media have been reviewed briefly. Rashad et al. [21] investigated the mixed convection flow of a non-Newtonian fluid pass
over a vertical porous medium saturated with a nanofluid. It was
represented that the Lewis number and Brownian motion parameter had more effect on the local Sherwood number than on the
local Nusselt number. Chamkha et al. [22] performed a study on
the non-Newtonian nanofluid. Non-similar solutions for a mixed
convection heat transfer in a porous medium saturated with nanofluid was investigated. Their result showed that with the increase
of the buoyancy ratio parameter and thermophoresis parameter,
heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate were decreased. On
the other hand, with the growth of the Brownian motion parameter, mass transfer rate was increased whereas the heat transfer rate
decreased. Gorla and Chamkha [107] studied natural convection of
a non-Newtonian fluid past a vertical plate. They presented a
boundary layer investigation in a porous medium filled with nanofluid. An increasing trend in the Lewis number leads to increases in
the heat and mass transfer rates.
4. MHD effect in porous medium

The magnetic field is effective on different types of convection
flow. In this section, the papers which deal with the effects of
Table 1
A summary of some studies on nanofluid flow in porous media with different models.
Author
Geometry
Nanofluid
Model
Result
Sheremet
et al. [27]
Zargartalebi
et al. [28]
Hossain et al.
[29]
Square Cavity
Tiwari and
Das
Buongiorno
Nuave enhances with Ra and decreases with porosity of porous medium.
Buongiorno
Melting speed of nano-PCM decreases with increasing the porosity.
Grosan et al.
[30]
Ghalambaz
et al. [31]
Sheremet
and Pop
[32]
Shermet and
Pop [33]
Kuznetsov
and Nield
[34]
Rosmila et al.
[35]
Square Cavity
Cu/Water (0.10.7%
wt.)
Al2O3/Water
(1.0,2.1,3.4,4.7% vol)
Nano PCM
Cyclohexane + CuO
(10% vol)
Cu/Water
Particle loading enhances the heat transfer in porous medium.
Parallelogrammic
Cu/Water
Horizontal cylinder
Cu/Water (2, 5% vol)
Expanded
Buongiorno
Tiwari and
Das
Tiwari and
Das
Triangular cavity
Buongiorno
Vertical Plate
Revised
Buongiorno
Nuave increases with increasing Ra and Le numbers, and reduces with increasing the
Brownian motion, buoyancy ratio, and thermophoresis parameters.
A modified model of Buongiorno presented that was more close to experimental data
Vertical Plate
Buongiorno
The thermal stratification with presence of a magnetic field has a positive effect on the
heat transfer.
Ferdows
et al. [36]
Narayana
et al. [37]
Chamkha
and
Ismael
[38]
Ghalambaz
et al. [39]
Umavathi
et al. [40]
Ismael and
Chamkha
[41]
Alsabery
et al. [42]
Ismael et al.
[43]
Exponentially
stretching sheet
Vertical plate in a
rotating system
Square domain
(triangular solid
wall)
Cu/Water
Al2O3/Water
Ag/Water
Buongiorno
Cu/water Al2O3/water
Ag/water
Cu/water
Al2O3/water
TiO2/water
Buongiorno
Momentum, thermal, and concentration boundary layer thickness were increased with
growth of viscous ratio parameter.
Radiation has the dominant influence on the thermal boundary layer thickness and the
nanoparticle volume fraction profiles.
Heat transfer enhancement was a function of wall thickness and the Rayleigh number.
Al2O3/water
Horizontal Plate
Cubical
Vertical Cone
Horizontal plate
Tiwari and
Das
Square channel
Cu/water
Tiwari and
Das
Trapezoidal cavity
Silver/water
Triangular solid
CuO/water
Tiwari and
Das
Tiwari and
Das
Reduced Nusselt number declines as the buoyancy ratio increases.
Adding nanoparticle ameliorates the heat transfer in the matrix

Nuave reduces with increasing the porosity of porous medium
Drift-flux model tended to the homogenous model with the increase of nanoparticle size
and volume fraction.
The rates of heat and mass transfer increased with increasing the nanoparticle volume
fraction and Rayleigh number.
Conduction heat transfer within the solid wall was influenced by the permeability of the
porous layer.
Convection heat transfer increased significantly by the addition of silver-water nanofluid.
Entropy generation rises with increasing the suspension concentration. At low Rayleigh
numbers, the heat transfer rate increased with the increase of the wall thickness.
788
MHD flow on porous structures using nanofluids have been investigated. Rosmilla and et al. [35] studied the MHD convection flow
of viscous nanofluid passed through a vertical sheet. They concluded that magnetic field had a significant impact on the flow
field, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fractions. Their results
showed that the velocity and temperature change by using different types of nanofluids which were under the effect of the magnetic field. Ferdows et al. [36] studied the MHD mixed
convection boundary layer of nanofluid through a porous medium.
Their experience was done based on the exponentially stretching
sheet. They calculated and investigated the wall skin friction coefficient, heat and mass transfer coefficient, velocity, temperature
and concentration profiles. They found that momentum, thermal,
and concentration boundary layer thickness increased by the
growth of the viscous boundary ratio and skin-friction coefficient,
surface heat, and mass transfer rate vice versa.
Murthy et al. [108] represented a work on the effect of magnetic
field on the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of nanofluids in a non-Darcy porous medium. They had chosen the convective boundary condition and a free convection flow in the porous
medium. A nanofluid model under the impacts of a magnetic field
was presented. The influences of the thermal radiation and heat
source on an MHD nanofluid flow had been studied by Narayana
et al. [37]. MHD nanofluid flow passed through a vertical sheet in
a rotating system consists of a porous medium. The sheet rotated
with a constant frequency. Their result represented a significant
impact of the nanofluids in the heat transfer characteristics. Their
experience had been done numerically and they achieved closedform analytic solution for flow and heat transfer parameters.
In the field of solar energy, Anbuchezhian et al. [109] investigated the impacts of magnetohydrodynamic of free convection
heat transfer of a nanofluid theoretically. They considered a heat
source (solar radiation) and an incompressible viscous nanofluid
past a porous plate. Different types of nanoparticles were examined, and the base fluid was water. Nanoparticles were copper
(Cu), silver (Ag), Alumina (Al2O3), and Titania (TiO2). They had
reached equations in ordinary differential equations (ODE), and
they were solved numerically by using of Runge-Kutta with shooting method. Fersadou et al. [23] studied the MHD mixed convection and entropy generation of a nanofluid in a vertical porous
medium. In this work equations were solved by the volume control
method, and the heat transfer was increased with Hartman number (Ha) and volume fraction (/) and is decreased with Darcy number (Da) and Eckert number (Ec). The growth of the value of
Hartmann number increased the irreversibilities. They found that:
In their work, it is mentioned that the thickness of thermal boundary layer become high in the presence of velocity. On the other
hand, if the wall thickness grows there would be an enhancement
in the temperature profiles. Also, a magnetic field would control
the flow.
Kandasamy et al. [112] evaluated an MHD non-Darcy nanofluid
flow over a porous wedge with the schematic given in Fig. 13. They
used copper as nanoparticles and investigated the effect of these
nanoparticles on unsteady flow in the presence of magnetic field.
They found that thermal boundary layer thickness of nanofluid
had a higher value in comparison with base fluid, and the growth
of the magnetic field increases the thermal boundary layer thickness. Also, nanofluids temperature grows with the growth of the
unsteady parameter.
Energy transfer was investigated in an MHD mixed convection
flow of different types of nanofluid in a porous channel by Aaiza
et al. [113]. The velocity of the nanofluid decreases with the
growth of the magnetic field and it is because of the drag force.
Hayat et al. [114] studied the MHD three-dimensional flow past
a stretching porous medium and with convection conditions. They
indicated that increases in the volume fraction of nanoparticles
results in a decrease in the velocity.
Yirga and Shankar [115] studied the MHD flow and heat transfer of nanofluid past a porous sheet with the impacts of Soret number, chemical reaction, and viscous dissipation. In this work
nanoparticles of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) were considered and
water was as base fluid. At the surface of the sheet, the heat transfer rate decreases with the growth of the nanoparticles volume
fraction. Also, the increase in the magnetic field, porous medium
parameter, and Eckert number reduced the surface heat transfer
rate. The Ag-water nanofluid has a lower heat transfer rate than
Cu-water nanofluid. But the trend of changes in mass transfer rate
at the surface was in an opposite way for the heat transfer rate. The
mass transfer rate increases with the increasing of the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, Schmit number, and Soret number. The
mass transfer rate of the Ag-water nanofluid was higher than the
Cu-water nanofluid. The growth of the magnetic field results in
the enhancement of heat transfer in the porous sheet. Increasing
the values of MHD eventuates in a significant opposition to the
flow because of a Lorenz drag force which grows the values of
the skin friction coefficient.
Khalili et al. [116] studied stagnation point flow of three different water based nanofluids towards a stretching/shrinking permeable plate in the presence of MHD flow. It was found that the skin
friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number had the highest
At small Hartmann numbers the entropy generation was

increased because of increases in the friction.
The growth of the Hartmann number causes increasing the contribution of the hydromagnetic irreversibility.
The increase of the Hartman number slows down the nanofluid
motion at the center of the section and it gets faster near the
wall.
A two-dimensional MHD mixed convection stagnation-point
flow over a stretching plate in a porous medium in the presence
of thermal radiation was done by Yazdi et al. [110]. The porous
medium was filled with a nanofluid, and the used nanoparticles
were copper, alumina and titania with water as a base fluid.
According to their work, copper nanoparticles provided the maximum heat transfer rate. Also, the highest skin friction and the local
Nusselt number had been achieved for the Cu nanoparticles. Two
different conditions of thermal radiation and slip effects were used
for radiative MHD forced convective flow of a nanofluid over a
plate in a porous medium by Sulochana and Sandeep [111]. They
represented dual solutions for no-slip and Navier slip conditions.
Fig. 13. Schematic of the porous wedge with MHD flow considered by Kandasamy
et al. [112]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
values for the Cu nanoparticles in comparison of alumina and

titania.
Rashidi et al. [117] studied the MHD stagnation-point flow in a
porous medium by using a new analytical method. Their technique
was DTM-Pad, and it has emerged from differential transform
method and the Pad approximation. RamReddy et al. [118] investigated the effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection considering a non-Darcy porous medium filled with nanofluid. They
used a vertical embedded plate for the porous medium part. Their
results showed that the magnetic field enhanced the heat and mass
transfer.
RamReddy et al. [119] analyzed free convection of thermally
stratified nanofluid flow in a non-Darcy porous medium numerically. The magnetic field was included for the heat and mass transfer enhancement. An increase in the magnetic field strength led to
a decrease in the velocity distribution and the rates of the heat and
mass transfer. Chamkha et al. [120] performed a study on the viscous dissipation and magnetic field effects on the non-Darcy porous medium. Increasing of the magnetic field resulted in lower
velocity but, the higher temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction distributions in the boundary layer. In a review paper on the
MHD convection of nanofluid which had done by Chamkha et al.
[121] hydrodynamic model of nanofluids had been taken to the
account. Nanofluid thermophysical properties such as density,
thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, dynamic viscosity,
and electrical conductivity were discussed. They suggested to
works more be focused on nanoparticles agglomeration, settling,
and erosion, particle size and shape distribution, and clustering,
also their potential effects in the applications.
5. Conclusion
The present paper reviewed the latest developments on the
nanofluid flow in different geometries saturated by or embedded
in a porous medium. Using nanofluids i.e. the mixture of nanosized solid particles and a base fluid has been started for over
two decades. Nanofluids with a higher thermal conductivity compared to common working fluids such as water provide the opportunity to enhance the heat transfer rate. On the other hand, using
porous media leads to a bigger surface contact area between working liquid and porous structure which means a higher heat transfer
rate. Therefore, investigating the simultaneous implementation of
both nanofluid and porous media may be an interesting topic of
study.
The literature review indicates that the focus of most of former
papers on nanofluid flow in porous media has been on the effects
of nanoparticle volume fraction and nanoparticle type on the Nusselt number as the heat transfer rate index and Sherwood number
as the mass transfer parameter. In addition, it was found that
Tiwari and Das, and Buongiorno models were the most popular
models used to simulate the nanofluid flow in porous media. Most
of reviewed papers concluded that using both nanofluids and porous media ameliorates the heat transfer rate in the system.
Some suggestions for future works can be expressed as
followings:
More studies can be conducted on the nanofluid flow in porous
media where the flow regime is turbulent. The literature review
shows that the assumed regime in the most of studies has been
as laminar.
Investigating the impact of different geometries and porosities
of porous media on the heat transfer of nanofluids.
Presenting new models for the heat transfer of nanofluids in
porous medium.
789
Exploring the physical mechanisms behind the heat transfer

models.
Experimental studies on different geometries and flow regimes

can be performed in the field of nanofluid flow in porous media.
The potential of porous media to enhance the performance of
nanofluid-based solar systems could be investigated. Before
this, it was shown that using nanofluids in solar thermal systems may enhance their performance significantly [122].
Studies are necessary on the Entropy generation and exergy
efficiency of thermal systems having both porous media and
nanofluids. Even entropy generation analysis of nanofluidbased systems (without porous media) is new [123], and, hence,
entropy generation investigation of nanofluid flow in porous
media could be a hot topic of study in the future.
Acknowledgement
The third author would like to thank King Mongkuts University
of Technology Thonburi and Professor Somchai Wongwises for the
supports during his research in Thailand. The sixth author would
like to thank the Research Chair Grant National Science and
Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), the Thailand Research
Fund (TRF) and the National Research University Project (NRU)
for the support.
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

enhancement techniques. Heat transfer occurs in different systems

Brownian diffusion coefficient

components including base fluid and solid nanoparticles, although

transport phenomena in a porous medium has been proposed by

and fluid phases in a nanofluid. The suggested mechanisms were

v Uqp 1 Ufqf 1 bT T T 1 gg

Most existing related studies on convection heat transfer

By applying standard boundary layer approximation based on

the distribution of concentration were rendered in the article and

for thickening the thermal boundary layer and consequently

Fig. 2. Schematic of double-diffusive mixed convection problem considered by

Sheremet et al. [63] performed an unsteady free convection

transfer parameters. Viscous dissipation acts as an internal heat

liquid. The yield stress index (X in the work was defined as

where Rd is the thermal radiation effect and H is the ratio of wall

Local Nusselt number ameliorates with increases in any of the

Fig. 5. Schematic of the problem considered by Hajipour and Dehkordi [69].

ent values of Lewis number, Brownian motion and thermophoresis

Fig. 7. Schematic of the problem considered by Chamkha and Ismael.[75]

the microchannel heat sink. It is seen that the value of Nusselt

Fig. 6. Schematic of the problem considered by Sun and Pop [73].

In another work, Sheremet et al. [78] investigated the impact of

where dp is the nanoparticle diameter, D is the cavity size, and / is

Fig. 9. Variation of Nusselt number for different types of nanoparticles [76].

dimensionless parameter called thermal stratification parameter

Following the previous works on boundary layer flow, Nazar

der when the force convection heat transfer is the dominant

gives a bigger Nusselt number compared to homogenous approach.

3. Non-Newtonian nanofluids in porous media

of investigations on natural convection of a non-Newtonian fluid

4. MHD effect in porous medium

Nuave enhances with Ra and decreases with porosity of porous medium.

Melting speed of nano-PCM decreases with increasing the porosity.

Particle loading enhances the heat transfer in porous medium.

Cu/Water (2, 5% vol)

Reduced Nusselt number declines as the buoyancy ratio increases.

Adding nanoparticle ameliorates the heat transfer in the matrix

At small Hartmann numbers the entropy generation was

values for the Cu nanoparticles in comparison of alumina and

Exploring the physical mechanisms behind the heat transfer

Experimental studies on different geometries and flow regimes

[98] A. Nakayama, H. Koyama, Buoyancy induced flow of non-Newtonian fluids

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