4-Estimating Degradation of A Lithium-Ion Battery - v3 Surampudi

EstimatingDegradationofLithiumIon
Battery under Storage and Arbitrary Cycling

BatteryunderStorageandArbitraryCycling
SomeExamples
Jaya t Sa as a ,
JayantSarlashkar,PhD
jayant.sarlashkar@swri.org,+12105225506
BapirajuSurampudi,PhD
b i j
bapiraju.surampudi@swri.org,+12105223278
di@ i
1 210 522 3278
SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,USA
WorkfundedbySouthwestResearchInstitute(SwRI)Internal
y
(
)
R&DProject03R8467.InvestigatorsthankSwRIs EssEs
Consortiumformakingavailablecertaindatasets.
CopyrightSouthwestResearchInstitute
2014
Outline
CompanyBackground
Introduction,Objective,andResults
Introduction Objective and Results
TechnicalApproach
ExploratoryDataAnalysis StorageandCycle
AssessingQualityofModelFit
HandlingArbitraryCycles
ModelValidation
ConclusionsandFutureWork
2014
SouthwestResearchInstitute
CompanyBackground
p y
g
Foundedin1947;501(c)(3)nonprofitcorporation;contract
R&D; independent and unbiased; based in San Antonio TX
R&D;independentandunbiased;basedinSanAntonioTX
Mission:Benefitinggovernment,industryandthepublic
through innovative science and technology
throughinnovativescienceandtechnology
NinetechnicalDivisions:Fromspacetogeosciencesincluding
automotive,chemistry,andmaterials
,
y,
Severalprecompetitivejointindustryprogramsincludingoneonenergy
storagesystems(EssEs.swri.org)
FY2014:Revenue$549M;$7MInternalR&D
2014
Introduction,Objective,andResults
Batteriesdegradewithuse:ambientconditions,time,dutycycle
Lossofelectricalconductionpaths,fractureofactivematerial,growthof
filmlayers,degradationofelectrolyte,andlossofcycleableLithium
Batteryusefullife(degradationbeyondapplicationdependentlimit)
usually determined by subjecting the battery to the specific duty
usuallydeterminedbysubjectingthebatterytothespecific
dutycycle
cycle
Objective:Deviseagenericmethodtoestimatebatterydegradation
Results:Formulatedandvalidated
Compositehierarchicalstatisticalmodelincorporatingeffectsofcalendar
agingandsimplecycleaging
Methodtodecomposearbitrarydutycycleintosimplecycles
h d d
b
d
l
l
l
Methodtoaccumulatedegradationduetocomponentsandtime
4
2014
TechnicalApproach
Twobatterytypesfromdifferent
manufacturers; differing in chemistry
manufacturers;differinginchemistry
(Type#1:LMOspinel;Type#2:LTO)and
physicalformfactor;multiplesamples
StorageTesting
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
L9CellType#1
T SOC dSOC Pd
25
50
30
10
25
50
60
25
25
50
90
40
45
50
30
25
45
50
60
40
45
50
90
10
55
50
30
40
55
50
60
10
55
50
90
25
Pc
10
25
40
40
10
25
25
40
10
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
L9CellType#1
T SOC dSOC Pd
55
45
30
10
55
45
60
25
55
45
90
40
55
55
30
25
55
55
60
40
55
55
90
10
55
50
30
40
55
50
60
10
55
50
90
25
Pc
10
25
40
40
10
25
25
40
10
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
L9CellType#2
T SOC dSOC Pd
25
50
10
10
25
50
20
25
25
50
30
40
45
50
10
25
45
50
20
40
45
50
30
10
55
50
10
40
55
50
20
10
55
50
30
25
Pc
10
25
40
40
10
25
25
40
10
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
L9CellType#2
T SOC dSOC Pd
25
50
80
10
25
50
90
25
25
50 100 40
45
50
80
25
45
50
90
40
45
50 100 10
55
50
80
40
55
50
90
10
55
50 100 25
Pc
10
25
40
40
10
25
25
40
10
ThreeT,threeSOC
SimpleCycleTesting
Simple Cycle Testing
50%SOC;fourfactors T,SOC,Pd,Pc
55degC T;fourfactors SOC,SOC,
Pd P
Pd,Pc
TaguchiL9
2014
ExploratoryDataAnalysis
Cell Type #1 calendar data
1.00
Conditionalplots;projections
0.95
Orelse aconfusingmess
Conditionalplotshelpformulate
hierarchicalmodels
norm stat cap [--]
Storageandcycledatavisualizedfor
patterns and choose model forms
patternsandchoosemodelforms
0.90
0.85
Differentcellsneeddifferentmetric
Diff
ll
d diff
i
Type#1:Normalizedstaticcapacity
(andloss)
0.80
Tyep #2:Normalizeddischargepulse
powercapability(andloss)at50%SOC
0.75
50
100
150
200
cumulative time [day]
2014
250
300
ExploratoryDataAnalysis Storage
CellType#1
yp
Cell Type #1 calendar data conditioned on SOC and T
0 50 100150200250300
25
50
45
70
55
90
25
50
45
70
55
90
25
50
45
70
55
90
25
50
45
70
55
90
25
50
45
70
55
90
25
50
45
70
55
90
no
orm stat cap [-]
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
25
45
55
25
45
55
25
45
55
50
70
90
50
70
90
50
70
90
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0 50 100150200 250300
0 50 100150 200250300
Eachpanelaunivariate graphof
amultivariatefunctionwithall
li i
f
i
i h ll
butonevariablefixed/shingled
Plotconditioning
Plot conditioning
Leftright:firstvariable(SOC)
Down
Downup:
up:secondvariable(T)
second variable (T)
Considershapeandrateof
declineofmetricasafunction
ofconditioningvariables

2014
ExploratoryDataAnalysis Cycle
CellType#1
yp
Cell Type #1 cycle data conditioned on dSOC and T at SOC = 50
0
25
30
45
60
55
90
Cell Type #1 cycle data conditioned on dSOC and SOC at T = 55
1000 2000 3000

25
30
45
60
55
90
25
30
45
60
55
90
0.5
0
5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
500
1000 1500
45
30
50
60
55
90
45
30
50
60
55
90
45
30
50
60
55
90
45
30
50
60
55
90
45
30
50
60
55
90
45
30
50
60
55
90
norm
m stat cap loss [-]
25
30
45
60
55
90
25
30
45
60
55
90
25
30
45
60
55
90
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00
0.0
25
45
55
25
45
55
25
45
55
30
60
90
30
60
90
30
60
90
norm
m stat cap loss [-]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00
0.0
45
50
55
45
50
55
45
50
55
30
60
90
30
60
90
30
60
90
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1000 2000 3000
1000 2000 3000
500
1000 1500
cycle count [-]
cycle count [-]

2014
500
1000 1500
AssessingQualityofModelFit
Cell Type #1 : Calendar Hierarchical Model ~ exp(-t/tau)
Cell Type #1 : Cycle Hierarchical Model ~ n/N(SOC,T,dSOC)
55
25
45
55
10^4.5
10^4.0
10^3.5
N(SOC
C,T.dSOC) [-]
tau(SOC,T) [day]
25
45
55
10^3.0
10^3.5
10^3.0
45
10^4.5
50
10^4.0
10^3.5
10^2.5
10^3.0
50
70
90
30
40
50
60
70
90
0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02
10^-30 10^-20 10^-10
R^2 (better if close to 1)
p (accept model if close to 0)
densitty
densitty
dSOC [%]
densitty
densitty
SOC [%]
80
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
R^2 (better if close to 1)
2014
10^-30 10^-20 10^-10
p (accept model if close to 0)

9
ExploratoryDataAnalysis CycleandStorage
CellType#2
yp
Cell Type #2 calendar data conditioned on SOC and T
Cell Type #2 cycle data conditioned on dSOC and T at SOC = 50

0 5000
0 50 100 150200 250

45
50
55
70
25
30
45
50
55
70
25
30
45
50
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
25
30
45
50
55
70
25
30
45
50
55
70
25
30
45
50
55
70
25
45
55
25
45
55
25
45
55
30
50
70
30
50
70
30
50
70
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0 50 100 150 200250
0 50 100 150 200250
0 5000
25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55
102030809010010203080901001020308090100102030809010010203080901001020308090100
55
70
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
norrm pulse power ca

ap loss; discharge
e at 50% SOC [-]
norm pulse powerr cap; discharge a

n
at 50% SOC [-]
25
30
0 5000
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55
102030809010010203080901001020308090100102030809010010203080901001020308090100
0.3
0.2
0.1
00
0.0
25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55 25 45 55
102030809010010203080901001020308090100102030809010010203080901001020308090100
0.3
0.2
01
0.1
0.0
0 5000
0 5000
cycle count [-]

2014
0 5000
10
HandlingArbitraryCycles Method
Cell Type #1 cd cycle
Hierarchicalmodels
Cell Type #1 fr cycle
Degradationduetoeachsimple
cyclecomputedfromthemodeland
accumulated
current [A
A]
50
0
20
0
-20
-40
51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5
40
time [hr]
45
50
55
time [hr]
Cell Type #2 cc cycle
100
100
current [A]
Arbitrarychargedischargeprofile
decomposedintosimplecycles
usingproprietarymethod
40
-50
current [A]
Exponentialform
Exponentialformcalendarmodel;
calendar model;
parameterdependsonSOCandT
Proprietaryformcyclemodel;
parametersdependonT,and
p
p
number,range,bias,periodofcycle
current [A
A]
100
50
0
-50
50
0
-50
-100
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5 13.0
time [hr]
2014
20
25
30
time [hr]
35
11
HandlingArbitraryCycles Decomposition
Simplecyclesinblue;decompositionasheatmap
p y
;
p
p
measured metricc [-]
100
60
80
0.7
0.8
cd
0.9
1.0
09
0.9
10
1.0
fr
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
20
40
cycle ampl [%]
100
80
60
40
0
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.8
0.9
1.0
Cell Type #2
20
40
60
measu
ured metric [-]
07
0.7
cc
08
0.8
fr
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
20
40
60
cycle ampl [%]
100

80
Cell Type #2 cc cycle

100
cy cle bias [%]
0.7
100
estimated metric [-]
cy cle bias [%]
80
30
cycle ampl [%]
Cell Type #1
20
cycle ampl [%]
Cell Type #1 cd cycle
30
40
50
60
70
cy cle bias [%]
80
90
100
30
40
50
60
70
cy cle bias [%]
80
90
100
0.7
2014
0.8
0.9
1.0
estimated metric [-]
12
ConclusionsandFutureWork
allmodelsarewrongbutsomeareuseful GeorgeBox
Degradationofbatteryestimatedbydecomposingarbitrarycharge
eg adat o o batte y est ated by deco pos g a b t a y c a ge
dischargepatternintosimplecyclesandaccumulatingdegradation
Compositehierarchicalstatisticalmodelforcycleandcalendareffects
Goodagreementbetweenobservedandestimateddegradationwhenapplied
d
b
b
d d
dd
d
h
l d
tobatteriesofdifferentchemistriesundervariousdutycycles
Expectedapplicationsinclude
Optimizingabatterypackforagivendutycyclesubjecttoconstraintsonlife
expectancy,weight,volume,andcost
Estimation
Estimationofwarrantycostsusinguncertaintyboundsonmodelparameters
of warranty costs using uncertainty bounds on model parameters
Realtimeestimationofdegradation
2014
13

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EstimatingDegradationofLithiumIon

Battery under Storage and Arbitrary Cycling

norm stat cap [--]

cumulative time [day]

cumulative time [day]

Cell Type #1 cycle data conditioned on dSOC and SOC at T = 55

1000 2000 3000

1000 2000 3000

1000 2000 3000

cycle count [-]

cycle count [-]

Cell Type #1 : Cycle Hierarchical Model ~ n/N(SOC,T,dSOC)

0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02

10^-30 10^-20 10^-10

R^2 (better if close to 1)

p (accept model if close to 0)

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

R^2 (better if close to 1)

10^-30 10^-20 10^-10

p (accept model if close to 0)

Cell Type #2 cycle data conditioned on dSOC and T at SOC = 50

0 50 100 150200 250

0 50 100 150 200250

norrm pulse power ca

norm pulse powerr cap; discharge a

cycle count [-]

cumulative time [day]

Cell Type #1 fr cycle

51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5

Cell Type #2 cc cycle

Cell Type #2 fr cycle

cycle ampl [%]

cycle ampl [%]

Cell Type #2 fr cycle

Cell Type #2 cc cycle

cy cle bias [%]

estimated metric [-]

cy cle bias [%]

cycle ampl [%]

Cell Type #1 fr cycle

cycle ampl [%]

Cell Type #1 cd cycle

cy cle bias [%]

cy cle bias [%]

estimated metric [-]

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