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EE 2803

Applied Electricity
Dr. Saranga K. Abeygunawardane
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa
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Course Details
2 credits, GPA
80% attendance is compulsory
Continuous assessments
3 lab experiments
2 assignments

Grading
70% from final exam
30% from continuous assessments

Outline Syllabus
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2.
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4.
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6.
7.
8.
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Transformers
Induction motors
DC machines
Special purpose motors
Solid state control
Electrical lighting
Heating and welding
Electrical wiring
Economics of power utilization
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Learning Outcomes
Students should be able to:
calculate transformer & motor performance under
variety of load conditions
select a suitable electric motors for a given application
demonstrate basic knowledge in electricity utilization in
the areas of lighting, heating and welding
understand wiring regulations applicable to households
carry out simple voltage drop calculations for cables
estimate monthly electricity bill for an installation and
understand methods of minimizing the cost of
electricity
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Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines
Dynamic

Static

Transformers

Generators & Motors

AC Machines

Synchronous Machines

Asynchronous /
Induction Machines

DC Machines

TRANSFORMERS

Transformers
Static electrical devices
Function is to transform an alternating
voltage at one level to an alternating
voltage at another level without affecting
the actual power supplied
Transformation of voltages is required in
both power systems and in electronics
Power transmitted at low voltages-> very large
currents, huge voltage drops and power losses
Semi conductor devices operates at low
voltages
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Two windings
Primary winding
coil connected to an alternating voltage

source

Secondary winding
delivers power to the load

Windings are (usually) not directly connected.

Magnetic core
Magnetic flux, common to both windings
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Types and Construction of


Transformers
Core type: Windings are
wrapped around two
sides of a simple
rectangular laminated
core

Shell type: Windings


are wrapped around
the center leg of a
three-legged
laminated core

Principle of Operation

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When an alternating voltage is applied to


the primary winding,
an alternating current flows through the
winding
an alternating magnetic flux is produced in
the magnetic core

An e.m.f. will be induced in the primary


and secondary windings, according to
Faradays laws and Lenzs law
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Faradays Laws
Faradays 1st Law: When the flux linking a
conductor or coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced
in it.
Faradays 2nd Law: The magnitude of the
induced e.m.f. in a coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages.

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Lenzs Law
An induced voltage will cause a current to flow
in a closed circuit in such a direction that its
magnetic effect will oppose the change that
produces it.

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The Induced e.m.f. in a Coil


Suppose a coil has number of turns and the
flux () linking with the coil changes.
According to Faradays laws and Lenzs law,
the induced e.m.f. in the coil,

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Current through the primary winding,


= sin(2)

Flux,
= sin(2)

Induced e.m.f in the primary winding,

1 = 1
= 21 (2)

Induced e.m.f in the secondary winding,

2 = 2
= 22 (2)

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1, =
2, =

2
2
2
2

1 = 4.44 1
2 = 4.44 2

Turns ratio,
1 1
=
=
2 2

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Ideal Transformers
Flux produced by the primary winding is fully
linked with the secondary winding
No losses

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Phasor diagram for an ideal transformer on no


load

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Turns ratio,
1 1
= =
2 2
For an ideal transformer,
No voltage drop, 1 =1 and 2 =2

1 1 1
= =
2 2 2

No losses, 1 1 =2 2

1
=
2

2
1
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Practical Transformers
Winding resistances
Copper losses ( )

Leakage flux : Flux which escape the core and


pass through only one of the transformer
windings
Core losses ( ): due to eddy currents and
hysteresis losses

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Winding resistances - R1, R2


Leakage reactances - X1, X2
Core resistance - Rm
Magnetizing reactance - Xm
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Equivalent Circuit

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Phasor diagram of a practical transformer


connected to an inductive load

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Shifting Impedances
Referred to primary: when secondary R or X (2 or 2 ) is
transferred to the primary it is multiplied by 2 .
Referred to secondary: when primary R or X (1 or 1 ) is
transferred to the secondary it is divided by 2 .
Eg: Shifting 2 to primary side:
Power losses should be the same.

1 22 =2 22
2 =

2 2
2
=2 2
1
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Equivalent Circuits
Referred to primary

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Referred to secondary

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Approximate Equivalent Circuits


Referred to primary

Equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance referred to


primary,

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Referred to secondary

Equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance


referred to secondary,

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Example 1
A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the
primary and 80 turns on the secondary. The
primary and secondary resistances are 0.3
and 0.01 , respectively. Corresponding leakage
reactances are 1.1 and 0.035. The supply
voltage is 2200 V. Calculate the equivalent
impedance referred to the primary.

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Example 2
240/24 V single phase transformer has the
following parameters.
R1=6, X1=20, R2=0.05, X2=0.18
When the transformer is supplied at 240 V on no
load, primary current is 0.02 A at p.f of 0.3 lagging.
Calculate the primary current , when the secondary
is connected to the load of (3.9+ 1.9 j)
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Voltage Regulation
Real transformer has series impedances,
voltage drops
The output voltage varies with the load even if
the input voltage remains constant
Voltage regulation: a quantity that compares
the output voltage at no load with the output
voltage at full load

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Transformer Taps
In real distribution transformers,
turns ratio is not fixed
a series of taps in the windings to permit small
changes in the turns ratio

By adjusting taps, voltage is typically


maintained within 5% of the rated voltage

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Example 3
A 500-kVA, 13,200/480-V distribution
transformer has four 2.5 percent taps on its
primary winding. What are the voltage ratios of
this transformer at each tap setting?

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Efficiency ()

=
100%

=
100%
+

=
100%
+ +
= 2 2
= 2

= 2
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Determining the Values of


Components in the Transformer Model
Open Circuit Test
To find and
Short Circuit Test
To find equivalent resistance and equivalent
reactance ( and )

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Open Circuit Test


Secondary winding - open circuited
Apply rated voltage to the primary
winding
Take ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter
readings at the primary side

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Finding
2

= =

2
=

Finding
= 0 =

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Short Circuit Test


Secondary winding - short circuited
Apply a fairly low voltage to the primary side
and adjust this voltage until the current in the
short circuited windings is equal to its rated
value
Take ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings
at the primary side

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Finding
Magnetization current is negligible
2

Copper loss,

=

Finding

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Example 4
Open circuit and short circuit tests were carried out on a single
phase 50 Hz, 200/400 V, 4 kVA transformer and the following
results were obtained.
Open circuit performed on the primary side (measured from
the primary side )
200V, 0.8A, 70W
Short circuit performed on the secondary side (measured from
the secondary side)
17.5V, 9A, 50W
Calculate the followings.
a) Find the equivalent circuit parameters.
b) Full load efficiency when supplying a load at unity power
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factor

Three Phase Transformers


A three phase transformer can be constructed
by connecting three
by wrapping three sets of
single-phase transformers
windings on a common
in a three-phase bankcore- cheaper, smaller,
each unit can be replaced
lighter, and slightly more
individually
efficient

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Three-phase transformer connections


Primary and secondary windings of a threephase transformer can be connected in
either a wye (Y) or a delta ( )
There are four possible connections for a
three-phase transformer bank:
a) Y - Y
b) Y -
c) - Y
d) -
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Y-Y connection

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Y- connection

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-Y connection

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50

- connection

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Three Phase Transformation Using Two


Transformers
Reduction in the power handling capability
Economical
Some important two-transformer connections
1.The open ( V-V) connection

2.The open Y open connection


3.The Scott T connection
4.The three-phase T connection

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Example 5
Three identical single-phase transformers are
needed to connect a 6 kVA, 120V, three-phase
load to a 4800V, three-phase transmission line.
For a Y/ connection, determine the followings
of each single-phase transformer.
I. Power rating
II. Voltage ratings
III. Current ratings
IV. Turns ratio
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Other Types of Transformers


Auto Transformers
Instrument Transformers
Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer)
Current Transformer

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Auto Transformers
To change voltage levels by only a small
amount
Has one winding -> common for
primary and secondary
Advantages:

Less expensive
Low leakage reactance
Low losses
Requires low excitation current

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Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer)


Provides a sample of the power system's voltage
to measuring instruments
High voltage primary and a low-voltage
secondary
Low power rating
Ratio of primary to secondary voltage is known

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Current Transformer
Samples the current in a line & reduce it to a
safe and measurable level
Windings are loosely coupled
Ratio of primary to secondary current is known

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Transformer Ratings & Nameplate


Ratings:
Rated voltage, rated apparent power, rated
frequency, per-unit series impedance, etc ..
Why is it important to mention rated values?
To protect winding insulations from breakdown
due to excessive voltages
To limit excessive currents and prevent excessive
heating
If operated on a different frequency, voltage
should also be changed
2, = 4.44 2

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References
Principles of Electrical Engineering and
Electronics, V. K. Metha
Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Stephan
J Chapman
Electric Machinery & Transformers, Irving L.
Kosow

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Assignment
List and describe the types of losses that occur in a
transformer.
Discuss the importance of transformer cooling . Describe
the cooling methods used in different type of transformers
(eg. For transformers with high ratings, indoor
transformers, etc).
What is inrush current? What happens to a transformer
when it is first connected to a power line? Can anything be
done to mitigate this problem?
How can three-phase transformation be accomplished
using only two transformers? What types of connections
can be used? What are their advantages and
disadvantages?
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