Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1R-08
First printing
Errata as of 02/23/15
Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.
The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,
omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally
find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be
incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are
requested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata at
www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.
ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the
application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and
accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.
All information in this publication is provided as is without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,
including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or
non-infringement.
ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,
or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result
from the use of this publication.
It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to
the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to
health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all
regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,
including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health
and safety standards.
Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic
subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.
Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice (MCP).
American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
U.S.A.
Phone:
248-848-3700
Fax:
248-848-3701
www.concrete.org
ISBN 978-0-87031-280-9
ACI 421.1R-08
Simon Brown*
Amin Ghali*
James S. Lai*
Edward G. Nawy
Pinaki R. Chakrabarti
Hershell Gill
Mark D. Marvin
Eugenio M. Santiago
William L. Gamble
Neil L. Hammill*
Sami H. Megally
Stanley C. Woodson
Ramez B. Gayed*
Mahmoud E. Kamara*
*
Subcommittee members who prepared this report.
The committee would like to thank David P. Gustafson for his contribution to this report.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 421.1R-2
1.1Introduction
1.2Scope
1.3Evolution of practice
ACI 421.1R-08 supersedes ACI 421.1R-99 and was adopted and published June 2008.
Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
421.1R-1
421.1R-2
fyt
p
vx ,vy
421.1R-3
2.2Definitions
drop panelthickened structural portion of a flat slab in
the area surrounding a column, as defined in Chapter 13 of
ACI 318-08. The plan dimensions of drop panels are greater
than shear capitals. For flexural strength, ACI 318 requires
that drop panels extend in each direction from the centerline
of support a distance not less than 1/6 the span length
measured from center-to-center of supports in that direction.
ACI 318 also requires that the projection of the drop panel
below the slab be at least 1/4 the slab thickness.
flat plateflat slab without column capitals or drop panels.
shear capitalthickened portion of the slab around the
column with plan dimensions not conforming with the ACI
318 requirements for drop panels.
shear-critical sectioncross section, having depth d and
perpendicular to the plane of the slab, where shear stresses
should be evaluated. Two shear-critical sections should be
considered: 1) at d/2 from column periphery; and 2) at d/2
from the outermost peripheral line of shear reinforcement (if
provided).
stud shear reinforcement (SSR)reinforcement
conforming to ASTM A1044/A1044M and composed of
vertical rods anchored mechanically near the bottom and top
surfaces of the slab.
unbalanced momentsum of moments at the ends of the
columns above and below a slab-column joint.
CHAPTER 3ROLE OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Shear reinforcement is required to intercept shear cracks
and prevent them from widening. The intersection of shear
reinforcement and cracks can be anywhere over the height of
the shear reinforcement. The strain in the shear reinforcement
is highest at that intersection.
Effective anchorage is essential, and its location should be
as close as possible to the structural members outer surfaces.
This means that the vertical part of the shear reinforcement
should be as tall as possible to avoid the possibility of cracks
passing above or below it. When the shear reinforcement is
not as tall as possible, it may not intercept all inclined shear
cracks. Anchorage of shear reinforcement in slabs is
achieved by mechanical ends (heads), bends, and hooks.
Tests (Marti 1990) have shown, however, that movement
421.1R-4
vu vn
(4-1)
(4-2)
1
vx = 1 ---------------------------------
2
1 + --- l y1 l x1
1
vy = 1 ---------------------------------
2
1 + --- l x1 l y1
3
(4-3)
where lx1 and ly1 are lengths of the sides in the x and y directions
of a rectangular critical section at d/2 from the column face
(Fig. 4.1(a)). Appendix B gives equations for Jx, Jy, vx, and
vy for a shear-critical section of any shape. For a shear-critical
section in the shape of a closed rectangle, the shear stress due
to Vu combined with Muy, ACI 318 gives Eq. (4-2) with Mux =
0 and Jy replaced by Jc , which is defined as property of assumed
critical section analogous to polar moment of inertia. For the
closed rectangle in Fig. 4.1(a), ACI 318 gives
3
l x1 l y1 l x1
l x1 d
J c = d ------- + --------------- + ----------6
2
6
(4-4)
421.1R-5
(in.-lb units)
(4-7a)
(SI units)
(4-7b)
f c
4
v n = 2 + --- --------
12
s d
f c
v n = -------- + 2 -------- bo
12
(in.-lb units)
(4-8a)
(SI units)
(4-8b)
(in.-lb units)
vn = f c /3 (SI units)
(4-9a)
(4-9b)
(in.-lb units)
vn = f c /6 (SI units)
(4-10a)
(4-10b)
(4-5)
(4-11)
421.1R-6
Fig. 4.2Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside shearreinforced zone.
in which
vc = 2 f c
(in.-lb units)
(4-12a)
(4-12b)
A v f yt
v s = ---------bo s
(4-13)
and
where Av is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement legs on one peripheral line parallel to the perimeter of
the column section, and s is the spacing between peripheral
lines of shear reinforcement.
The upper limits, permitted by ACI 318, of so and the
spacing s between the peripheral lines are
so 0.5d
(4-14)
s 0.5d
(4-15)
421.1R-7
(in.-lb units)
vc = f c /4 (SI units)
(4-16a)
(4-16b)
(4-17)
v
s 0.5d when ----u > 6 f c (in.-lb units) (0.5 f c [SI units])
(4-18)
When stirrups are used, ACI 318 limits s to d/2. The higher
limit for s given by Eq. (4-17) for headed shear stud spacing
is again justified by tests (Seible et al. 1980; Andr 1981;
Van der Voet et al. 1982; Mokhtar et al. 1985; Elgabry and
Ghali 1987; Institut fr Werkstoffe im Bauwesen 1996;
Regan 1996a,b; Sherif 1996).
As mentioned in Chapter 3, a vertical branch of a stirrup is
less effective than a stud in controlling shear cracks for two
reasons: 1) the shank of the headed stud is straight over its
full length, whereas the ends of the stirrup leg are curved;
and 2) the anchor heads at the top and the bottom of the stud
ensure that the specified yield strength is provided at all
sections of the shank. In a stirrup, the specified yield strength
421.1R-8
f
1
v n ( ) = ----------------------- --------c- ; 0.5 < < 4.0
1 + 0.25 3
v n ( ) = 7.5
----------------- 4 f c ; 0.5 < < 4.0
7
f
v n ( ) = 7.5
----------------- --------c- ; 0.5 < < 4.0
7 3
Fig. 4.4Variation of: (a) vn and (b) Vn, with the distance
between the shear-critical section and the column face (= d).
(SI units)
(4-19a)
(in.-lb units)
(4-20a)
(SI units)
(4-20b)
(5-1a)
f c
V
vn = p --------+ 0.3fpc + -------p- (SI units)
bo d
12
(5-1b)
421.1R-10
CHAPTER 6TOLERANCES
Shear reinforcement, in the form of stirrups or studs, can
be ineffective if the specified distances so and s are not
controlled accurately. Tolerances for these dimensions
should not exceed 0.5 in. (13 mm). If this requirement is
not met, a punching shear crack can traverse the slab thickness
without intersecting the shear-reinforcing elements. Tolerance
for the distance between column face and outermost peripheral
line of studs should not exceed 1.5 in. (38 mm).
Tests (Dilger and Ghali 1981; Andr 1981; Van der Voet
et al. 1982; Mokhtar et al. 1985; Elgabry and Ghali 1987;
Mortin and Ghali 1991; Dilger and Shatila 1989; Cao 1993;
Brown and Dilger 1994; Megally 1998; Birkle 2004; Ritchie
and Ghali 2005; Gayed and Ghali 2006) show that headed
studs, anchored as close as possible to the top and bottom of
slabs, are effective in resisting punching shear. The designer
should specify the overall height of the stud assemblies
having the most efficiency
ls = h ct cb
(6-1)
f c /8 (SI units)
(7-1a)
(7-1b)
421.1R-11
421.1R-12
421.1R-13
(B-1)
421.1R-14
1
vy = 1 ---------------------------2
1 + --- l x l y
3
(B-2)
J xy = d
(B-5)
l
1
vy = 1 --------------------------------- but vy = 0 when ---x < 0.2 (B-6)
ly
l
1+2
--- ---x 0.2
3 ly
Equations (B-7) to (B-9) give the values of Ac, Jx , and Jy
that determine by Eq. (4-2) the distribution of shear stress vu,
whose resultant components are exactly Vu, vx Mux , and
vy Muy. Generally, the critical section perimeter can be
considered as composed of straight segments. The values of
Ac, Jx, and Jy can be determined by summation of the contribution of the segments
(B-7)
Jx = d
2
2
--l- ( y i + y i y j + y j )
3
(B-8)
Jy = d
2
l 2
--- ( x i + x i x j + x j )
3
(B-9)
where xi, yi, xj, and yj are coordinates of points i and j at the
extremities of a typical segment whose length is l. For a
circular shear-critical section, Ac = 2d (radius) and Jx = Jy
= d (radius)3.
When the critical section has no axis of symmetry, such as
in Fig. 4.2(c), the centroidal principal axes can be determined by the rotation of the centroidal nonprincipal x and y
axes an angle , given by
2J xy
tan 2 = -------------Jx Jy
l
--- ( 2x i y i + x i y j + x j y i + 2x j y j )
6
(B-11)
Ac = d
(B-3)
l
1
vy = 1 ---------------------------------- but vy = 0 when ---x < 0.2 (B-4)
ly
2 l
1 + --- ---x 0.2
3 ly
vx = 0.4
(B-10)
x = xcos + ysin
(B-12)
y = xsin + ycos
(B-13)
421.1R-15
Table C.1List of references on slab-column connections tests using stud shear reinforcement
Experiment no.
1 to 5
Reference
Andr 1981
Experiment no.
16 to 18
Reference
Regan 1996a
Experiment no.
26 to 29
Reference
Elgabry and Ghali 1987
6, 7
8, 9
Footnote*
Otto-Graf-Institut 1996
19, 20
21 to 24, 37
Regan 1996b
Sherif 1996
30 to 36
42,43
10 to 15
Intitut fr Werkstoffe im
Bauwesen 1996
25, 38 to 41
Grenzzustnde der Tragfkigheit fr Durchstanzen von Platten mit Dbelleistein nach EC2 (Ultimate Limit States of Punching of Slabs with Studrails According to EC2), Stuttgart,
Germany, 1996, 15 pp.
Table C.2Slabs with stud shear reinforcement failing within shear-reinforced zone
Square
column size, fc, psi d, in.
Experiment in. (mm) (MPa) (mm)
Tested capacities
Maximum
M at critical
2
Mu , kip-in. section centroid, shear stress fyt , ksi Av , in.
(kN-m)
kip-in. (kN-m) vu, psi (MPa) (MPa) (mm2) vtest /vcode
s/d
Vu , kips
(kN)
(5)
(6)
6.30
(160)
0.75
214
(952)
4100
(28.3)
4.49
(114)
0.70
9.84
(250)
4030
(27.8)
4.49
(114)
23
9.84
(250)
4080
(28.1)
24
9.84
(250)
9.84
(250)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
20
7.87
(200)
5660
(39.0)
21
9.84
(250)
22
Remarks
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
599
(4.13)
64.1
(442)
1.402
(905)
1.00
Interior column
47.4
(211)
651
(73.6)
491
(55.5)
528
(3.64)
55.1
(380)
0.66
(426)
1.14
Edge column
0.70
52.8
(235)
730
(82.5)
552
(62.4)
590
(4.07)
55.1
(380)
0.66
(426)
1.28
Edge column
4.49
(114)
0.70
26.0
(116)
798
(90.2)
708
(80.0)
641
(4.42)
55.1
(380)
0.66
(426)
1.39
Edge column
4470
(30.8)
4890
(33.7)
4.49
(114)
4.49
(114)
0.70
27.2
(121)
34.0
(151)
847
(95.7)
1434
(162.0)
755
(85.3)
1434
(162.0)
693
(4.78)
570
(3.93)
55.1
(380)
66.7
(460)
0.66
(426)
1.570
(1013)
1.48
Edge column
1.02
Interior column
9.84
(250)
5660
(39.0)
4.49
(114)
641
(4.42)
665
(4.59)
66.7
(460)
66.7
(460)
1.570
(1013)
0.880
(568)
1.08
Interior column
29
1257
(142.0)
1328
(150.1)
Interior column
5920
(40.8)
6610
(45.6)
1257
(142.0)
1328
(150.1)
1.06
9.84
(250)
9.84
(250)
67.0
(298)
67.0
(298)
101
(449)
929
(105)
929
(105)
673
(4.64)
66.7
(460)
0.880
(568)
1.03
Interior column
30*
9.84
(250)
5470
(37.7)
4.49
(114)
0.75
117
(520)
454
(3.13)
40.3
(278)
1.320
(852)
1.02
Interior column
39
9.84
(250)
4210
(29.0)
4.49
(114)
0.88
113
(507)
444
(3.06)
47.1
(325)
0.460
(297)
1.52
Interior column
26
27
28
0.75
0.75
(7)
Mean
Coefficient of variation
1.18
0.17
Semi-lightweight concrete; f c is replaced in calculation by fct /6.7; fct is average splitting tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete; fct used herein = 377 psi (2.60 MPa),
determined experimentally.
vcode is smaller of 8 f c , psi (2 f c /3, MPa) and (3 f c + vs , psi) ( f c /4 + vs , MPa), where vs = Av fyt /(bo s).
*
421.1R-16
Table C.3Tests with maximum vu at critical section of d/2 from column face exceeding 8 f c psi (2 f c /3
MPa) (slabs with stud shear reinforcement)
Tested capacities
M, kip-in.
(2/ f c 3, MPa) V, kips (kN)
(kN-m)
8 f c , psi
Maximum shear
M at critical
stress vu , psi
section centroid,
vu /8 f c
kip-in. (kN-m)
(MPa)
Experiment
fc, psi
(MPa)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
6020 (41.5)
621 (4.28)
476 (2120)
9.06 (230)
629 (4.24)
1.07
5550 (38.3)
589 (4.06)
428 (1900)
8.86 (225)
585 (4.03)
1.00
3250 (22.4)
456 (3.14)
346 (1540)
8.66 (220)
488 (3.37)
1.07
5550 (38.3)
589 (4.06)
665 (2960)
10.51 (267)
667 (4.60)
1.13
6620 (45.7)
651 (4.49)
790 (3510)
11.22 (285)
682 (4.70)
1.05
5870 (40.5)
613 (4.23)
600 (2670)
9.33 (237)
934 (6.44)
1.52
6020 (41.5)
621 (4.28)
620 (2760)
9.33 (237)
965 (6.66)
1.55
3120 (21.5)
447 (3.08)
271 (1200)
8.07 (205)
459 (3.17)
1.03
3270 (22.6)
457 (3.15)
343 (1530)
8.07 (205)
582 (4.01)
1.27
10
3310 (22.8)
460 (3.17)
142 (632)
5.83 (148)
582 (4.01)
1.26
11
3260 (22.5)
456 (3.14)
350 (1560)
9.60 (244)
679 (4.68)
1.48
12
4610 (31.8)
543 (3.74)
159 (707)
6.02 (153)
623 (4.30)
1.14
13
3050 (21.0)
441 (3.04)
128 (569)
5.91 (150)
516 (3.56)
1.17
14
3340 (23.0)
462 (3.19)
278 (1240)
9.72 (247)
530 (3.66)
1.14
15
3160 (21.8)
449 (3.10)
255 (1130)
9.76 (248)
482 (3.32)
1.07
16
4630 (31.9)
544 (3.75)
207 (921)
5.94 (151)
728 (5.02)
1.34
17
5250 (36.2)
580 (4.00)
216 (961)
6.14 (156)
725 (5.00)
1.25
18
5290 (36.5)
582 (4.01)
234 (1040)
6.50 (165)
725 (5.00)
1.24
19
5060 (34.9)
569 (3.92)
236 (1050)
6.30 (160)
661 (4.56)
1.16
20
5660 (39.0)
601 (4.14)
214 (952)
6.30 (160)
599 (4.13)
1.00
21
4100 (28.3)
513 (3.54)
47.4 (211)
651 (73.6)
4.49 (114)
491 (55.5)
528 (3.64)
1.03
22
4030 (27.8)
508 (3.50)
52.8 (235)
730 (82.5)
4.49 (114)
552 (62.4)
590 (4.07)
1.16
23
4080 (28.1)
511 (3.52)
26.9 (120)
798 (90.2)
4.49 (114)
708 (80.0)
641 (4.42)
1.25
24
4470 (30.8)
535 (3.69)
27.2 (121)
847 (95.7)
4.49 (114)
755 (85.3)
693 (4.78)
1.29
25
4280 (29.5)
523 (3.61)
135 (600)
4.45 (113)
532 (3.67)
1.02
26
4890 (33.7)
559 (3.86)
1434 (162.0)
570 (3.93)
1.02
27
5660 (39.0)
602 (4.15)
1257 (142.0)
641 (4.42)
1.06
28
5920 (40.8)
615 (4.24)
1328 (150.1)
665 (4.59)
1.08
29
6610 (45.6)
651 (4.49)
101 (449)
924 (104)
673 (4.64)
1.03
Column 2 gives side dimension of square (sq.) columns or diameter of circular (cr.) columns.
Edge slab-column connections. Other experiments are on interior slab-column connections.
929 (105)
d, in. (mm)
4.49 (114)
Mean
1.17
Coefficient of variation
0.13
421.1R-17
Table C.4Slabs with stud shear reinforcement having s approximately equal to or greater than 0.75d
Tested capacities
fc,
Exper- Column size, in.
iment
(mm)
psi (MPa)
(1)
(2)
(3)
d, in.
(mm)
(4)
s/d
(5)
V,
kips (kN)
(6)
M at critical
Maximum
section
M, kip-in. centroid, kip- shear stress
(kN-m)
in. (kN-m) vu, psi (MPa)
(7)
(8)
(9)
and
11.81 sq. (300 sq.) 3250 (22.4) 8.66 (220) 0.55
0.73 346 (1540)
(10)
Av, in.2
(mm2)
(11)
?
fyt , ksi
(MPa)
(vu)outside,|| vtest /
**
psi (MPa) vcode
(12)
(13)
488 (3.37)
47.9 (330)
214 (1.48)
1.77
12
13
0.75
0.77
159 (707)
128 (569)
0
0
0
0
623 (4.30)
517 (3.66)
1.42
1.43
16
17
0.66
0.65
207 (921)
216 (961)
0
0
0
0
728 (5.02)
725 (5.00)
1.34
1.26
18
19
0.61
0.75
234 (1040)
236 (1050)
0
0
0
0
725 (5.00)
661 (4.56)
1.26
1.08
21
22
0.70
0.70
47.4 (211)
52.8 (235)
651 (73.6)
730 (82.5)
491 (55.5)
552 (62.4)
528 (3.64)
590 (4.07)
1.07
1.20
23
0.70
26.9 (120)
798 (90.2)
708 (80.0)
641 (4.42)
1.30
24
0.70
27.2 (121)
847 (95.7)
755 (85.3)
693 (4.78)
1.38
26
27
0.75
0.75
570 (3.93)
641 (4.42)
1.02
1.06
30*
31
0.75
117 (520)
454 (3.13)
0.75
123 (547)
476 (3.28)
1.18
32
33
0.75
0.75
131 (583)
131 (583)
0
0
0
0
509 (3.51)
509 (3.51)
0.94
0.95
34
0.75
122 (543)
473 (3.26)
1.28
35
0.75 and
9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5080 (35.0) 4.49 (114)
1.50 129 (574)
500 (3.45)
1.00
1.02
36
0.75
114 (507)
444 (3.06)
1.35
38
39
0.70
0.88
48 (214)
113 (503)
637 (72.0)
0
476 (53.8)
0
522 (3.60)
444 (3.06)
1.03
1.52
40
41
1.00
0.88
125 (556)
133 (592)
0
0
0
0
492 (3.39)
523 (3.61)
1.94
1.52
42
43
0.88
1.00
133 (592)
134 (596)
0
0
0
0
523 (3.61)
419 (2.89)
1.86
1.93
Mean
Coefficient of variation
1.31
0.23
*
Slab 30 is semi-lightweight concrete. f c replaced in calculations by fct/6.7; fct is average splitting tensile strength of lightweight-aggregate concrete; fct used herein = 377 psi (2.60 MPa),
determined experimentally.
Column 2 gives side dimension of square (sq.) columns, or diameter of circular (cr.) columns.
For cube strengths, concrete cylinder strength in Column 3 calculated using f = 0.83f .
c
cube
Column 9 is maximum shear stress at failure in critical section at d/2 from column face.
||(v )
u outside in Column 12 is maximum shear stress at failure in critical section at d/2 outside outermost studs; (vu)outside not given for slabs that failed within stud zone.
**v
code is value allowed by ACI 318 in Section 4.3.3. vcode calculated at d/2 from column face when failure is within stud zone and at section at d/2 from outermost studs when failure
is outside shear-reinforced zone.
Vu = 110 kips (489 kN) and Muy = 600 kip-in. (67.8 kN-m).
The five steps of design outlined in Section 4.4 are followed:
Step 1The effective depth of slab
d = 7 0.75 (5/8) = 5.62 in. (143 mm)
Properties of a critical section at d/2 from column face
shown in Fig. 4.1(a): bo = 86.5 in. (2197 mm); Ac = 486 in.2
(314 103 mm2); Jy = 28.0 103 in.4 (11.7 109 mm4); lx1
= 17.62 in. (448 mm); and ly1 = 25.62 in. (651 mm).
The fraction of moment transferred by shear (Eq. (4-3))
1
vy = 1 ------------------------------ = 0.36
2
1 + --- 17.62
------------3 25.62
421.1R-18
A vs bo
202 ( 86.5 )
- = ------------------------ = 0.34 in. (8.7 mm)
-----v --------51,000
s
f yt
Step 3
so 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm); s 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm)
vu
294- = 392 psi = 6.2 f
---- = --------c (2.70 MPa = 0.52 f c )
0.75
4 - f = 4.4 f
v n = 2 + --------c (or 0.37 f c )
1.67 c
40 ( 5.62 )
v n = --------------------- + 2 f c = 4.6 f c (or 0.38 f c )
86.5
vn = 4 f c (or
f c /3)
A
10 ( 0.11 )
-----v = --------------------- = 0.40 in. (10.1 mm)
s
2.75
This value is greater than 0.34 in. (8.7 mm), indicating that
the choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
Step 4For a first trial, assume a critical section at 4.5d
from column face (Fig. 4.1(b)):
= 4.5; d = 4.5(5.62) = 25.3 in. (643 mm);
lx2 = 62.6 in. (1590 mm); ly2 = 70.6 in. (1793 mm); vy = 0.39
(Eq. (B-2));
421.1R-19
vu
107
---- = ---------- = 142 psi (0.98 MPa)
0.75
The value (vu/) = 142 psi (0.98 MPa) is greater than vn =
126 psi (0.87 MPa), which indicates that shear stress should
be checked at > 4.5. Try 10 peripheral lines of studs; the
distance between column face and outermost peripheral line
of studs is
so + 9s = 2.25 + 9(2.75) = 27 in. (686 mm)
Check shear stress at a critical section at a distance from
column face
d = 27 + d/2 = 27 + 5.62/2 = 29.8 in. (757 mm)
29.8
29.8
= ---------- = ---------- = 5.3
d
5.62
vu/ = 125 psi (0.86 MPa)
vn = 2 f c = 126 psi (0.87 MPa)
Step 5The value of (vu/) is less than vn, which indicates
that the extent of the shear-reinforced zone, shown in Fig. D.1,
is adequate.
The value of Vu used to calculate the maximum shear
stress could have been reduced by the counteracting factored
load on the slab area enclosed by the critical section; this
reduction is ignored in Sections D.2 to D.4.
D.2Edge column-slab connection
Design the studs required at the edge column-slab connection
in Fig. D.2(a), based on the following data: column cross
section, cx cy = 18 18 in.2 (457 457 mm2); the values
of h, ct, d, fc , fyt, D, and db, in Section D.1 apply herein. The
connection is designed for gravity loads combined with wind
load in positive or negative x-direction. Cases I and II are
considered, which produce extreme stresses at Points B and
A of the shear-critical section at d/2 from the column or at D
and C of the shear-critical section at d/2 from the outermost
peripheral line of studs (Fig. D.2(a) and (b)). The factored
forces, due to gravity load combined with wind load, are given.
Case IWind load in negative x-direction
Vu = 36 kips (160 kN); MuOy = 1720 kip-in. (194 kN-m);
421.1R-20
Case I
(vu)B
(vu)A
Case II
(vu)A
(vu)B
338
(vu)C
302
299
100
(vu)D
(vu)C
(vu)D
13
87
77
27
vu represents stress exerted by column on slab, with positive sign indicating upward
stress.
Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.
Step 2Because the value (vu/) exceeds vn, shear reinforcement is required; the same quantity is less than the upper
limit vn = 8 f c , psi (2 f c /3, MPa), indicating that the slab
thickness is adequate.
The shear stress resisted by concrete in presence of headed
studs at the shear-critical section at d/2 from the column face is
A vs bo
261 ( 65.25 )
- = --------------------------- = 0.33 in. (8.5 mm)
-----v --------51,000
s
f yt
Step 3
so 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm); s 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm)
Using 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter studs, arranged as shown
in Fig. D.2(b), with so = 2.25 in. (57 mm) and s = 2.75 in.
(70 mm) gives: (Av /s) = 9(0.11)/2.75 = 0.36 in. (9.1 mm).
This value is greater than 0.33 in. (8.5 mm), indicating that
the choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
Step 4Try nine peripheral lines of studs; the properties
of the shear-critical section at d/2 from the outermost peripheral
line of studs are:
bo = 132 in. (3353 mm); Ac = 742 in.2 (479 103 mm2); Jy
= 142.9 103 in.4 (59.48 109 mm4);
lx2 = 45 in. (1143 mm); ly2 = 72 in. (1829 mm); vy = 0.30
(Eq. (B-4));
xC = 27.6 in. (701 mm); xD = 17.4 in. (445 mm); xO =
18.6 in. (472 mm).
The factored shearing force and unbalanced moment at an
axis, passing through the centroid of the shear-critical
section outside the shear-reinforced zone, are (Eq. (4-5)):
421.1R-21
Shear-critical section
At d/2 from column face
At d/2 from outermost peripheral line
of studs
Case I
(vu)B
(vu)A
Case II
(vu)A
(vu)B
192
(vu)C
28
312
364
(vu)D
(vu)C
(vu)D
89
19
46
65
vu represents stress exerted by column on slab, with positive sign indicating upward
stress.
Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.
Step 3
The five steps of design, outlined in Section 4.4, are followed.
Step 1Properties of the shear-critical section in Fig. D.3(a)
are: bo = 45.63 in. (1159 mm); Ac = 257 in.2 (166 103 mm2);
Jx = 22.26 103 in.4 (9.27 109 mm4) and Jy = 5.57 103 in.4
(2.32 109 mm4). The projections of the critical section on
the x and y axes are: lx1 = 16.13 in. (410 mm); and ly1 =
32.26 in. (820 mm). The fractions of unbalanced moments
transferred by shear are (Eq. (B-5) and (B-6))
1
vy = 1 ----------------------------------------------------------- = 0.267 ; vx = 0.4
1 + ( 2/3 ) ( l x1 /l y1 ) 0.2
The factored shear stress at Point A (8.07, 16.13 in.) in
Case I is (Eq. (4-2))
3
so 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm); s 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm)
Using 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter studs, arranged as shown
in Fig. D.3(b), with so = 2.25 in. (57 mm) and s = 2.5 in.
(64 mm) gives: (Av /s) = 6(0.11)/2.5 = 0.26 in. (6.7 mm). This
value is the same as that calculated in Step 2, indicating that
the choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
Step 4Try seven peripheral lines of studs; the properties
of the shear-critical section at d/2 from the outermost peripheral
line of studs (Fig. D.3(b)) are:
xO = yO = 17.37 in. (441 mm); = 45 degrees;
bo = 69 in. (1754 mm); Ac = 388 in.2 (251 103 mm2);
Jx = 116.9 103 in.4 (48.64 109 mm4); Jy = 9.60 103 in.4
(4.00 109 mm4);
lx2 = 15.0 in. (380 mm); ly2 = 56.7 in. (1439 mm); vx = 0.40
(Eq. (B-5)); vy = 0.14 (Eq. (B-6)).
The factored shearing force and unbalanced moment about
the centroidal principal axes of the shear-critical section
outside the shear-reinforced zone (Eq. (4-5) and (4-6)), are:
Case I:
Vu = 6 kips (27 kN); Mux = 407 kip-in. (46 kN-m);
Muy = 218 kip-in. (25 kN-m)
Case II:
Vu = 22 kips (97 kN); Mux = 407 kip-in. (46 kN-m);
Muy = 402 kip-in. (45 kN-m)
v
vs ----u vc = 485 190 = 295 psi (2.03 MPa)
A vs bo
295 ( 45.63 -) = 0.26 in. (6.7 mm)
- = ------------------------------v --------51,000
s
f yt
421.1R-22
( 1 2 ) ( conc h + w sd )L
f pc = ---------------------------------------------------------------8hh c
(D-1)
10 ( 38 10 )
f pc = ------------------------------- = 194 psi (1.34 MPa)
280 ( 7 )
A vs bo
185 ( 87 )
- = -------------------- = 0.32 in. (8.0 mm)
-----v --------51,000
s
f yt
Step 3(vu /) < 6 f c (psi); thus, stirrups or headed studs
can be used. For ease of installation of the prestressing
tendons, use studs with s 0.75d. Because the column width
is large with respect to d, eight studs per peripheral line will
not satisfy the requirement g 2d (Fig. 1.2); choose 12 studs
per peripheral line.
421.1R-23
so 0.5d = 2-7/8 in. (73 mm); s 0.75d = 4-5/8 in. (117 mm)
With twelve 3/8 in. studs per peripheral line and spacing s
= 4 in. (102 mm),
A
12 ( 0.11 )
-----v = --------------------- = 0.33 in. (8.4 mm)
s
4
As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
spreading knowledge. In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities:
Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.
Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of its committees.
Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete.
Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry.
Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions.
Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.
Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.
Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal and the ACI Materials Journal, and Concrete International.
Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.
As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share a
commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction, and
practices. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and practitioners
at a local level.
www.concrete.org
www.concrete.org