Ch.

6: The Periodic
Table
 Development of the Modern Periodic Table

Why is it called the periodic

table?
- Properties of the elements
repeat in a periodic way
- Periodic: predictable
History of the Tables Development
Antoine Lavoisier
- 1700s
- Compiled a list of all the elements known at the time
- 33 elements in 4 categories
John Newlands
- 1864
- Proposed an arrangement where elements were ordered by
increasing atomic mass
- Law of Octaves: when elements were arranged by increasing
atomic mass, the properties repeat every 8th element
History of Tables Development
Dmitri Mendeleev
- 1864
- Created first periodic table
- Arranged elements in atomic mass order
- Major contribution: left blank spaces and predicted the properties
of some undiscovered elements
- Stated the 1st periodic law
- Periodic Law: when the elements are arranged in increasing
atomic number order, there is a periodic repetition of their
chemical and physical properties
In this early version
of Mendeleevs
periodic table, the
rows contain
elements with similar
properties.
History of Tables Development
Lothar Meyer
- 1800s
- Also demonstrated a connection between atomic mass and elemental
properties
- Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass
- Not as credited as Mendeleev because Mendeleevs work was published first

Henry Moseley
- 1913
- Realized arranging the elements by atomic mass was not the best waysome
elements ended up in columns with elements of different properties
- Established the atomic number
- Rearranged the table by increasing atomic number which resulted in a clear
periodic pattern
The Modern Periodic Table - Organization
Periods (series): horizontal rows
- The elements in each period have the same number of shells
Groups (families): vertical columns
- The elements in each group have the same number of valence electrons
- Group numbers 1-18 (new system) or A/B system (older)

Representative Elements
- elements in the s and p blocks
- Groups 1,2 and 13-18
- Possesses a wide variety of chemical and physical properties
Transitional Elements
- elements in groups 3-12
Periodic Table Organization
Special Group Names
Alkali Metals: group 1 except for Hydrogen
Very reactive
Alkaline Earth Metals: group 2
Highly reactive
Transitional Metals: group 3-12
Inner Transitional Metals: 2 series below the periodic table
Lanthanide Series: 1st row in f-block
Actinide Series: 2nd row in f-block
Halogens: group 17
Highly reactive, salt former
Noble Gases: group 18
Extremely unreactive, stable
 Special Group Names

Inner
Transitional
Metals
Periodic Table Organization
Standard State
Solids- most elements
Liquids- Br and Hg
Gases- upper right corner, H, N, O, F, Cl, and nobles

Synthetic Elements- not found in nature, made in lab

- Tc (#43), Pm (#61) & all elements after uranium (#93
and higher)
Standard State
Periodic Table Organization
Classes of Elements
Metals
Shiny, solid at room temperature, good conductors, ductile,
malleable, high melting points
Nonmetals
Generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids, poor
conductors, low melting points
Metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At) --staircase
Intermediate properties
Metalloids along step line
(except Aluminum)
 A company plan to make an electronic device. They
need to use an element that has a chemical behavior
similar to that of Silicon (Si) and lead (Pb). The
element must have a atomic mass greater than sulfur
(S), but less than that of cadmium (Cd). Use the
periodic table to determine which element the
company can use.
 Identify each of the following as metal, nonmetal, and
metalloid

- Oxygen
- Barium
- Germanium
- Iron
 If the periodic table were arranged by atomic mass,
which of the first 55 elements would be ordered
differently than they are in the existing table?
 Periodic Trends

Many properties of the elements tend to change in a

predictable way, known as a trend, as you move
across a period or down a group.
Atomic Radius
One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are
bonded together
How closely an atom lies to a neighboring atom

Trends:
generally DECREASES across a period (LR)
generally INCREASES down a group
 WHY the trends occur:
Atomic Radius
Trend across a period: As
electrons are added to the s
and p sublevels, they are
pulled closer to the nucleus,
decreasing the radii
Trend down a group: As
electrons occupy sublevels in
successively higher energy
levels located farther from
the nucleus, the sizes of the
atoms increase
Ionic Radius
Ion: an atom or bonded group of atoms that has a positive or
negative charge

When atoms lose electrons and become positive ions, they always
become smaller (compared to the neutral atom)
Loss of valence electron can leave an empty outer orbital resulting in a small
radius

When atoms gain electrons and become negative ions, they become
larger
Octet Rule
Octet Rule: atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to
acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
Used to predict what types of ions an element is likely to form

Exception: Hydrogen does not want 8 valence electrons, it will usually give up
its one electron to make a positive ion
Ionic Radius
Trends:
generally positive ions DECREASE across a period (LR)
generally negative ions (beginning in group 15 or 16) DECREASE across a
period (LR)
generally ionic size INCREASES down a group

WHY the trends occur:

Trend across a period: The loss of a valence electron can leave a completely
empty outer orbital, which results in a smaller radius. The addition of an
electron to an atom increases the repulsion between outer electrons,
forcing them apart
Trend down a group: extra inner shell of electrons is added per period
causing the radius to increase
Ionic Radius
 Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove
one electron from a neutral
atom of an element
Energy required to remove the
outermost electron from a
gaseous atom
Measured in kJ/mol
First Ionization Energy: the
energy required to move the
first electron
Removing the second electron
requires more energy
(second ionization energy)
Ionization Energy
Trends:
generally INCREASES across a period (LR)
generally DECREASES down a group

WHY the trend occurs:

Trend across a period: radii has been decreased, meaning a very
strong attraction between the electrons and the nucleus. This means
that it will be harder to remove an electron.
Trend down a group: the ionization energy decreases due to a larger
radius. Attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons is also
decreased because there are more orbits in between blocking the
way.
 Electronegativity
Ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond
Values range from 0.7 to 4.0 Pauling units (arbitrary units)
Most noble gases have no values

Trends:
generally INCREASES across a period (LR)
generally DECREASES down a group
Density
The amount of mass per unit volume

Trends:
generally it INCREASES from left to the middle, and then DECREASES
(more rapidly) from the middle to the right across a period
generally INCREASES down a group

Why the trend occurs:

Increases as you go down because the atomic radius increases, volume
increases, as well as mass at a larger rate, so it will be more dense.
Trends in Density
Generally Generally
Increases Increases
Generally Increases