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USSR: Life Sciences

JPRS-ULS-90-016 CONTENTS 2 October 1990

Aerospace Medicine

Orthostatic Stability of Athletes of Different Specializations and Its Change As Produced by Lower
Gravity [S. V. Dronenko; VOYENNO-MEDITSINSKIY ZHURNAL, No 5, May 89, p 62] ................... 1
Possibility of Using Evoked Brain Potentials to Diagnose Flight Crew Fatigue
[V. A. Ponomarenko, S. V. Yegorov, et al.; KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA I
A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA, Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89] ........................................................... 1
Psychological Preparation of Operators for Activity During Sustained G-Loads
[A. A. Oboznov, V. A. Ponomarenko, et al.; KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA I
A VIA KOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA, Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89] ........................................................... 3
Artificial Mineralization of Desalinized Drinking Water With Salt Tablets and Powders
[M. I. Shikina, T. I. Aladinskaya, et al.; KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA I A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA
M EDITSINA, Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89] ...................................................................................................... 5
The Mechanism of the Drug Resistance of Escherichia in Cosmonauts
[V. K Ilin; KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA I A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA, Vol 23 No 4,
J ul-A ug 8 9] ................................................................................................................................................... 7

Agricultural Science

Formation of Nodules on Roots of Carrots Inoculated by Azospirillae

[Ye. V. Nadkernichnaya,A. Ye. Mamchur et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 51 No 5,
Sep-Oct 89] ................................................................................................................................................... 10

Biotechnology

Production of Protein Feed from Straw and Other Byproducts

[M. 0. Zeltinya, M. P. Leyte, et al.; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK LATVIYSKOY SSR, No 2,
F eb 90] ......................................................................................................................................................... II
Methane Utilization by Methanotrophic Bacteria Immobilized in Carrageenan Gel
[Ye. N. Sokolova, N. F. Galchenko; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] .............................. 1I

Epidemiology
Diphtheria Morbidity in Volgograd Oblast
[V. N. Lazarev, Yu. A. Zheludkov, et al.; ZDRA VOOKHRANENIYE TURKMENISTANA, No 6, Jun 89
pp 32-32] ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Incidence of Antibodies to Delta Virus Among HBsAg Positive Individuals Various Populations of
Region With Moderate Incidence of Hepatitis B
[S. V. Zhavoronok; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ........................................... 12
Natural Foci of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Northwestern Region of European USSR
[L. A. Avtushenko, Ye. V Ryltseva, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 891 .......... 13
Morbidity of Zoonotic and Natural-Focal Infections and Problems in Their Prevention in the USSR
[A. L Kondrusev, Yu. M. Fedorov; ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGHI
IM M UNOBIOLOGII, No 12, Dec 89] ....................................................................................................... 13
Epidemiology of HIV Infection in USSR
[V. V. Pokrovskiy, L Yu. Yeramova, et al.; ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGHI
IM M UNOBIOLOGII, No 2, Feb 90] ......................................................................................................... 15

Genetics
Isolation of Recombinant Transducing Phages of Rhizobium Meliloti With Broad Host Range
[N. I. Novikova, V. L Safronova, et al.; GENETIKA, Vol 26 No 1, Jan 90] ....................... 19
In Vitro Selection of Cytoplasmic Mutants in Potatoes
[V A. Sidorov, V. M. Samoylov, et al.; GENETIKA, Vol 26 No 1, Jan 90] ............................................. 19
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 2 USSR: Life Sciences

Immunology

Effects of Immune Response Modifier Glycoprotein A on Blood System

[A, A. Kamradze, D. L Eze, et al.; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK LATVIYSKOY SSR, No 2,
F eb 90] ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Preparation of Purified, Concentrated Human Interferon from Namalwa Cells
[N. L. Melnikova, N. R. Shukhmina, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ........ 20
Interferon Induction by Immune Response Modifiers
[E. B. Tazulakhova, N. N. Amitina, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ......... 20
Laser Bioeffects

Susceptibility of Animals to CO2 Laser Radiation

[I.N. Ushkova, L.A. Pokrovskaya, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ........................... 21

Marine Mammals
Ability of Bottle-Nosed Dolphins To Generalize by Relative Sign
[D. A. Fless, Yu. D. Starodubtsev, et al.; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NER VNOY DEYA TELNOSTI IMENI
I. P. PA VLO VA, Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90] ................................................................................................ 22
Medicine

Sanitary-Chemical Study of Polyvinylstyrene Antimicrobial Films

[Z. K Baykova, L. I. Petrova, et al.; KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 23, No 8,
A ug 8 9] ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Toxic Alopecia in Chernovtsy
[L. D. Kalvuzhnaya, L. A. Derevyanko, et al.; VRACHEBNOYE DELO, No 1, Jan 90] ........................ 23
Microbiology

Probability Nature of Conidia Aspergillus Niger Adhesion to Polymer Surfaces

[I. V. Kaznacheyev, K Z. Gumargaliyeva, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 51 No 5,
S ep-Oct 89] ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Biological Properties of Bernet Rickettsia Isolated in the Northwest of the UkSSR
[N. D. Klimchuk, Z. G. Kushnir; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89] .... 26
Effect of Aerococcus Viridans, Bases of New Therapeutic-Prophylactic Drug "M-Bacterin", on Biological
Properties of Staphylococcus Aureus
[M. L. Gorbunova, Ye. I. Lobanova, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 51 No 5,
S ep-Oct 8 9] ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Accumulation of Poly-B-Hydroxybutyric Acid by Some Oligotrophic Polyprosthecate Bacteria
[A. M. Semenov, A. Ganzlikova, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ...................... 27
Microbial Leaching of Bauxite Elements
[L. V. Ogurtsova, G. L Karavayko, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ................... 27
Colonization of Fibers by Ethylene Glycol-Degrading Bacteria
[N. F. Mogilevich, P. I. Gvozdyak, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] .................... 27
Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Hereditary Variants Arising in Photobacterium
Leiognathi Population
[A. N. Shenderov, I. Yu. Videlets, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ..................... 27
Preparation and Fusion of Erwinia Chrysanthemi Spheroplasts
[N. A. Troitskiy, K. N. Yakovenko; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ............................. 28
Genetic Determination of Degradation of Ampholytic Surfactants
[L. F. Ovcharov, L. A. Taranova, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGIYA, Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ....................... 28
Surfactant Properties of Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Bacteria
[T. V. Koronelli, S, G. Yuferova; VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA: BIOLOGIYA, No 1,
Jan-Mar 89] ................................................................................................................................................. 28
Synechocystis 6803 Cyanobacterium Mutants Resistant to Photosynthesis Inhibitors
[0. A. Koksharova, S. V. Shestakov; VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA: BIOLOGIYA,
N o 1, Jan-Mar 89] ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Pseudomonas Microorganisms That Degrade Oxypropylated Glycerin
[0. N. Zambrzhitskiy, M. V. Budris, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 52 No 1,
Jan-Feb 90] .................................................................................................................................................. 28
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 3 USSR: Life Sciences

Specificity of Immune Serum to Exocellular Lipopolysaccharide Pseudomonas Wieringae

[L. M. Yakovleva, G. M. Zdorovenko, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 52 No 1,
Jan-Feb 90] .................................................................................................................................................. 29
Adhesion of Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria to Rocks in Coal Mines
[I. K Kurdish, V. N. Kravchuk, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 52 No 1,
Jan-Feb 90] .................................................................................................................................................. 29
Destruction of Emulsion and Semisynthetic Lubricants and Coolants by Fungi and Bacteria
[Z. M. Kartavtseva, N. M. Matsynina; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol 52 No 1,
Jan-Feb 90] .................................................................................................................................................. 29

Nonionizing Radiation Effects

Health Regulation of Physical Factors in Residential Areas Generated by Neighboring Civil Aviation
Installations [V.N. Soldatchenkov; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] .................................. 30
Health Regulation of Electromagnetic Fields Created by Telecommunication Installations
[I1. Karachev; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ..................................................................... 30
Health Risk Assessment and Standardization of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields
[L.F. Zyubnova, V.B. Karamyshev, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ........................ 30
Health Risk Assessment of Complex Spectrum Low Frequency Magnetic Fields
[V.M. Shtemler, R. Sudibye, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] .................................... 30
Physiological Criteria for Developmental Health Risk Assessment of 2750 MHz Electromagnetic Field
[N.S. Polka; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ......................................................................... 31
Biomedical Aspects of Modulated High Frequency Emissions
[T.V. Kalyada and V.N. Nikitina; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ....................................... 31
Experimental Analysis of Microwave Bioeffects: Systemic, Ultrastructural and Neuronal Mechanisms
[N.N. Vasilevskiy, N.B. Suvorov, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] .............................. 31
Health Risk Assessment of Electromagnetic Fields Caused by Meteorological Radars
[N.G. Nikitina, D.S. Ivanov; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] .............................................. 31
Calculation of Health Risk Probability of Electromagnetic Fields
[D.S. Ivanov; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ....................................................................... 32
Central Nervous System Function in Health Risk Assessment of Industrial Frequency Electric Field
[I.S. Bezdolnaya; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ................................................................ 32
Effect of Industrial Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Lymphocyte Enzymology in Animals Following
Assessment of Adaptational Reactions
[V.D. Dyshlovoy, A.S. Yanovskaya, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ........................ 32
Functional Asymmetry as Indicator of Biological Activity of Super High Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields [Ye.F. Stoyan; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ....................................................... 32
Locomotion Parameters of Animals in Health Risk Assessment of Microwave Radiation
[M.A. Navakatikyan, S.L Nogachevskaya; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ......................... 33
Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Adaptive Reactions of Blood Oxygen Transport System
[V.P. Artyukh; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ..................................................................... 33
Effects of Long-Term 120 kV/m Electrostatic Fields on Monoaminergic Systems and Energy Metabolism
Enzymes in Rats
[F.G. Portnov, A.P. Iyerusalimskiy, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ......................... 33
Analysis of Current Production of Soviet Publications on Biological Effects of Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields
[G.L Leonskaya, M. Yu. Antomonov, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] ...................... 33
Novel Applications of Constant Magnetic Fields in Neuroangiology
[G. I. Eninya, L P. Logina, et al.; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK LA TVIYSKOY SSR, No 2, Feb 90] . 34

Pharmacology, Toxicology

Symptoms of Acute Trichloronitromethane Inhalation Lesions

[I. K. Asaulyuk; VRACHEBNOYE DELO, No 1, Jan 90] ......................................................................... 35

Physiology

Effect of Local Injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and 6-hydroxydopamine Into Neocortex on

Learning and Investigatory Behavior of Rats in Open Field
[Kh. Yu. Ismaylova, G. G. Gasanov, et al.; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI
IM ENI I. P. PA VLO VA, Vol 39 No 3, M ay-Jun 89] ................................................................................ 37
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 4 USSR: Life Sciences

Characteristics of Water and Sodium Chloride Solution Lapping by Rats After Litorin Injection Into
Lateral Ventricle
[A. L Yesakov, P.A. Ishanov; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI I. P.
PA VLO VA, Vol 39 No 3, M ay-Jun 89] ....................................................................................................... 37
Compensation of Behavioral Disorders in Rats Neonatally Administered 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine by
Transplantation of Embryonal Raphe Nucleus Tissue
[T. P. Semenova, Ye. A. Gromova, et al.; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI I. P.
PA VLO VA, Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90] ..................................................... ................................................... 37
Effect of Transplantation of Embryonal Brain Tissue (Early Periods) on Avoidance of Artificial and
Zoosocial Stimuli in Rats
[N. G. Mikhaylova, A. V Zukhar, et al.; ZHURNAL VYSSHEY NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI
I. P. PA VLO VA, Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90] ................................................................................................ 38
Public Health
Genetic Counseling Center Opens in Panevezhis [U. Chesayte; SOVETSKAYA LITVA, 01 Sep 89] ....... 39
Therapeutic Trials With Lithium Carbonate As Leukocyte Stimulant in Acute Radiation Sickness
[M. V Konchalovskiy, T. V. Shishkova, et al.; GEMATOLOGIYA I TRANSFUZIOLOGIYA Vol 34 No 3,
Mar 8 9] ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
Bone Marrow Transplantation After Whole-Body Irradiation in Chernobyl
[A. Ye. Baranov, R. Gale, et al.; GEMATOLOGIYA I TRANSFUZIOLOGIYA Mar 89] ......................... 39
Radiation Biology
New, Portable Dosimeter Developed [A. Pokrovskiy; IZVESTIYA, 25 Aug 89] ...................................... 40
Clinical Psychological Assessment and Prognosis of Mental Fitness and Work Fitness of Individuals
Suffering From Minor-Degree Acute Radiation Sickness
[F. S. Torubarov, 0. V. Chinkina; GIGIYENA TRUDA I PROFESSIONALNYYE ZABOLEVANIYA,
No 7, Jul 8 9] ................................................................................................................................................ 40
Diagnosis, Clinical Picture and Treatment of Acute Radiation Sickness in Victims at the Chernobyl
Nuclear Power Plant. Report II. Nonmedullary Syndromes of Radiation Injury and Their Treatment
[A. K. Guskova, A. Ye. Baranov, et al.; TERAPEVTICHESKIYARKHIV, Vol 61 No 8, Aug 89] ............ 42
Scientific Basis for Health Norms and Risk Assessment of Combined Radiative and Nonradiative
Factors [V. Ya. Golikov, Ye.P. Yermolina, et al.; GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, No 10, Oct 89] .............. 46
Virology
AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[V P. Shirobokov, A. L Yevtushenko, et al.; MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIYE ZHURNAL Vol 51 No 5,
Sep -Oct 8 9] ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Isolation and Characterization of Cloned Variants of Influenza A/USSR/I 3/81 (H 1N l-N3) Virus
[L. M. Fursova, Z. K. Chuvakova, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ............ 47
Experimental Masking of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antigen by Specific Antibodies
[G. N. Trushinskaya, V. E. Berezin, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ......... 47
Immunofluorescent Antigenic Analysis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses Using Monoclonal Antibodies
[S. Ya. Gaydamovich, N. A. Sveshnikova, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6,
Nov-D ec 8 9] .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Effects of Specific and Nonspecific Transfer Factors on Experimental Tick-Borne Encephalitis
[V. V Pogodina, L. S. Levina, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ................ 48
Changes in Biological Properties of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Following Cleavage of Disulfide
Bonds in Protein E
[M. F. Vorovich, A. V. Timofeyev, et al.; VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII, Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89] ............ 48
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Aerospace Medicine
UDC 612.014.4(15):796
Orthostatic Stability of Athletes of Different
Specializations and Its Change As Produced by
Lower Gravity
907C0050 Moscow VOYENNO-MEDITSINSKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian No 5, May 89, p 62
[Article by S. V. Dronenko]
[Text] Experimental research was done to evaluate the
orthostatic stability of athletes of different specializa-
tions and the changes in that stability after a stint under
conditions of lower gravity. Sixty healthy male volun-
teers aged 2 1-39 were studied. They were divided into
five groups: I--gymnasts (7), II--decathlon competitors
(9), IIl--basketball players (10), IV--swimmers (8), and
V-healthy men not involved in sport (26). The condi-
tions of reduced gravity were simulated by submersion
into a "dry" immersion for three days.
In order to determine orthostatic stability before and
after the immersion, a passive orthostatic test was con-
ducted at +70 for 20 minutes. During the orthostatic test
at minutes 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 and during the recovery
period at minutes 1, 5, and 10, the following indicators
of central and peripheral hemodynamics were deter-
mined: stroke volume, pulse blood flow of the femur and
crus (by the rheographic method), heart contraction rate
(from ECG), systolic and diastolic blood pressure
(according to Korotkov tones). Then the blood volume
per minute, the total peripheral resistance, and the pulse
and average dynamic blood pressure were calculated.
The athletes in groups III and I had higher orthostatic
stability than did those in groups II and IV. Only the
basketball players (group III) were found to be more
stable with respect to the orthostatic effect than the
nonathietes (group V), principally in terms of length of
endurance of orthostatic tests.
The orthostatic stability of the members of all the groups
was diminished as a result of the three-day immersion,
However, the least pronounced changes were recorded
among the gymnasts (their orthostatic stability was
almost unchanged) and the nonathletes. The orthostatic
stability of the remaining athletes suffered to a greater
degree, especially among the decathlon competitors and
swimmers. The research results indicate that athletes are
less stable with respect to orthostatic action than are
nonathletes. This, apparently, is related to the lowering
in them of the capacity for adaptation of the blood-
pressure regulating system. Thus, for example, the sys-
tolic blood pressure of swimmers during the orthostatic
tests after immersion fluctuated from 123 to 103 mm
Hg, whereas the systolic pressure of nonathletes was
reduced about 8 mm Hg. The resistance of the peripheral
vessels during orthostatic tests after immersion
increased by 40-50 percent in basketball players and
gymnasts only, and this maintained blood pressure at a
satisfactory level.
Thus, as a result of immersion, weakening of the
response of blood pressure to a change in transmural
pressure occurs in athletes, and this agrees with the
results of a number of foreign investigators (J. Stegman
et al., 1974; K. E. Klein et al., 1977; P. B. Raven and M.
L. Smith, 1984). However, training in different kinds of
sport (gymnastics and basketball) provides opportune
linking of compensation mechanisms for maintaining
orthostatic stability.
COPYRIGHT: "Voyenno-meditsinskiy zhurnal."
UDC 613.693:612.766.1.08
Possibility of Using Evoked Brain Potentials to
Diagnose Flight Crew Fatigue
907C0237A Moscow KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA
I A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA in Russian
Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89 pp 2 1-23
[Article by V. A. Ponomarenko, S. V. Yegorov and 0. V.
Zhernavkov]
[Text] flight crew fatigue as a result of occupational
activity is a traditional problem of aviation medicine.
Finding dependable diagnostic criteria by which to
detect early stages of development of this state remains
an important issue.
The goal of this paper is to study the possibilities for
using evoked potentials to diagnose fatigue among flight
crews when they are performing their jobs.
The basic theoretical premise of this paper was the
accepted fact that as fatigue develops, the physiological
"price" of activity increases, reserve possibilities for
processing additional information decline, and perfor-
mance of a flying assignment worsens in the dynamics of
pilot performance.J-4' 6 It has been established at the
same time that the amplitude and temporal characteris-
tics of averaged evoked potentials reflect parameters of
assignment fulfillment such as complexity, level of stress
during its fulfillment, and processes associated with
information processing. 5' 7 '8 '9 We hypothesized on this
basis that predictable changes that may be utilized as
diagnostic signs of fatigue should manifest themselves in
the characteristics of an evoked response recorded to a
stimulus which is indifferent in the context of the
activity being performed and which is presented against
the backdrop of developing fatigue. The parameters of
an averaged evoked potential obtained in response to
presentation of a signal that is irrelevant to the pilot and
is transmitted directly in the course of the fulfillment of
a flying assignment are apparently associated with the
pilot's capabilities for perceiving and processing addi-
tional information. For example, the decline of the
reserve capabilities of the individual that accompanies
development of fatigue, one of the signs of which is
reduction of the volume and rate of processing of addi-
tional information, can actually reflect itself in the
characteristics of averaged evoked potential.

2 Aerospace Medicine
Methods
A 10-hour flight on a route with alternating cycles of
manual and automatic control was modeled on a flight
simulator. The duration of the experimental assignment
was determined on the basis of published data indicating
that during long flights, the first signs of flight crew
fatigue appear after 10-12 hours of work.'- 2 Immediately
prior to the beginning of the experiment, as well as after
completing the route, each operator made two final
landing approaches in positional control configuration.
Four essentially healthy operators possessing solid skills
in piloting the trainer took part in the experiments. Each
of them flew one or two simulated flights. Seven exper-
iments were carried out in all.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during
the landing approaches themselves. It was recorded from
a single point of contact at the vertex, with the indif-
ferent electrode positioned on the right mastoid process.
Interelectrode resistance following application of the
sensors did not exceed 10 kOhms.
Auditory stimuli irrelevant to the operator (clicks) were
used to obtain auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). The
physical characteristics of these stimuli remained con-
stant throughout the entire experiment. The interval
between stimuli was 7 sec. Responses were registered by
an EEG-4217 electroencephalograph made by Nihon
Kohden and were subsequently recorded on a Sony
FE-30A tape recorder. The averaging procedure was
carried out by means of a program run on an SM-2
minicomputer. Segments of the EEG containing artifacts
were discarded.
Traditional indicators were used in the analysis of aver-
aged AEPs-the latent periods of isolated components
and their amplitudes.
Before and after the experiment the operators used a
special scale to evaluate the level of their feeling of
fatigue.
The quality of activity associated with the landing
approach was evaluated on the basis of an assignment
fulfillment probability indicator Pab, which is the
product of the probabilities of maintaining specific eval-
uated localizer-and-glidescope and velocity parameters,
obtained by assigning tolerance limits for each of them.
Results and Discussion
AEPs with a configuration that remained relatively
stable for each of the subjects over the course of the
entire experiment were obtained from all operators as a
result of averaging artifact-free EEG segments synchro-
nized with transmission of the auditory stimulus.
Twenty to 25 evoked responses to the stimulus were
averaged in each mode depending on the quality of the
recorded EEG. Visual analysis of the resulting AEPs
showed that N, 'd P 2 waves with latent periods of
around 90 and 1/5 msec, respectively, were the most
pronounced components in their structure, which is
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
consistent with published data." Therefore, we selected
the amplitude of the N, P 2 (peak-to-peak) complex as the
main indicator for our analysis of the dynamics of AEPs
over the course of the experiment.
It was established that when an operator begins a landing
approach, the amplitude of the NIP 2 complex decreases
reliably (p = 0.01) by an average of 28.3 percent in
comparison with the amplitude in baseline recordings
obtained in an at-rest state before the work. This is
apparently associated with activation of information
perception and processing during fulfillment of piloting
tasks and, consequently, with an increase in the load on
the central nervous system. Correspondingly, there is a
diminution in the response evoked to a signal that is
indifferent in the context of a specific activity and that
reflects the capabilities for processing additional infor-
mation.
Let us examine the results of comparative evaluation of
AEP dynamics and of the activity quality indicator,
recorded during landing approaches at the beginning of
the experiment and after 10 hours of work (see table).
Change in Activity Quality Indicators and Amplitudes of
the NIP 2 Component of AEPs During Landing
Approaches Performed Before and After a 10-Hour Sim-
ulated Flight Along a Designated Route (M+/-m)
ulatedFlightAlongaDesignatedRoute_(M+/-m)
Indicator Prior to Flying the After 10 Hours of
Route Simulated Flight
Paf 0.59+/-0.13 0.36+/-0.11
Amplitude, in 15.12+/-2.58 11.43+/-1.17
microvolts
The quality of landing approaches after 10 hours of
flying worsens reliably (p < 0.05), which indicates a
drop in the level of efficiency in the subjects. This
process is probably associated with development of
fatigue. Assessing their own condition after 10 hours of
simulated flight on a designated route, all operators
noted a moderate feeling of fatigue. Thus, the dynamics
of the indicators examined above make it possible to
conclude that in the conditions created in these experi-
ments by the half-scale modeling of pilot activity during
a long flight on a designated route, operators developed
a state of fatigue manifesting itself both as worsening of
the direct indicators of efficiency and as a characteristic
feeling of fatigue arising during work.
We can assume on the basis of the data presented above
that the figures in the table reflecting changes in ampli-
tude of the AEP NIP 2 complex are associated with
development of fatigue. Comparative analysis of ampli-
tudes of this component in the AEP structure during
landing approaches at the beginning and the end of the
experiment indicates presence of significant dynamics
expressing themselves as a reliable decrease (p = 0.05) of
this indicator by an average of 24.5 percent (with indi-
vidual fluctuations from 13.2 to 58 percent for different
subjects). Predictable changes were not detected in other
amplitude and temporal indicators of the AEP.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Aerospace Medicine
In light of the fact that the amplitude of the AEP NP 2
complex drops when operators develop fatigue while
performing landing approaches, we can note that it is
apparently associated with a decline in the reserve capa-
bilities of the individual. This process manifests itself as
a decrease in the volume and rate of processing of
additional information."',"4 6. In view of its irrelevance to
the operators, the auditory stimulus used in the experi-
ments to obtain AEPs was in fact an indifferent signal in
the context of the activity performed, and the parameters
of the response to it should have been associated pre-
cisely with the individual's reserve capabilities. The rise
in the physiological "price" of the work reflects a rise in
the level of stress as a result of mobilization of effort to
perform a particular assignment. Given this situation,
the functional system supporting performance of the
particular form of activity (in this case, a final landing
approach) occupies the dominant position. It would be
realistic to suggest that as a consequence of such a
process, this system begins to operate as a dominant
mechanism, inasmuch as the reduced level of reserve
capabilities does not allow the operator to divert his
attention to the performance of some other additional
tasks. Accordingly, perception and processing of any
additional signal is inhibited by the mechanism of neg-
ative induction, which should be reflected in the charac-
teristics of the evoked response to such a stimulus. From
our point of view, the drop in the amplitude of the NIP 2
component of the AEP during activity carried out
against the backdrop of developing fatigue reflects such a
process, in view of which the proposed indicator may act
as one of the diagnostic criteria of this state.
Bibliography
1. Bondarev, E. V., Gurvich, G. I. et al., VOYEN.-MED.
ZHURN., No 8, 1967, pp 62-63.
2. Bondarev, E. V., Yegorov, V. A. and Zakharova, 0. F.,
KOSMICHESKAYA BIOL., No 3, 1972, pp 64-67.
3. Yegorov, A. S. and Zagryadskiy, V. P., "Psikhofiz-
iologiya umstvennogo truda" [Psychophysiology of
Mental Work], Leningrad, 1973.
4. Yegorov, V. A. and Komandenko, N. I., VOYEN.-
MED. ZIURN., No 9, 1986, pp 44-45.
5. Ivanitskiy, A. M., "Mozgovyye mekhanizmy otsenki
signalov" [Cerebral Mechanisms of Signal Evaluation],
Moscow, 1976.
6. Kopanev, V. I. and Yegorov, V. A., VOYEN.-MED.
ZHURN., No 5, 1979, pp 48-51.
7. Peymer, I. A., Yegorov, V. A. et al., "Kibernet-
icheskiye aspekty integralnoy deyatelnosti mozga"
[Cybernetic Aspects of Brain Integral Activity], Moscow,
1966, pp 184-192.
8. Peymer, I. A., "Mekhanizmy vyzvannykh potentsi-
alov mozga" [Mechanisms of Evoked Potentials of the
Brain], Leningrad, 1971, pp 21-28.
3
9. Chernyakov, G. M., "Metodicheskiye i tekhnicheskiye
voprosy eksperimentalnoy psikhofiziologii" [Procedural
and Technical Problems of Experimental Psychophysi-
ology], Moscow, 1980, pp 40-47.
10. Shagas, Ch., "Vyzvannyye potentsialy mozga v
norme i patologii" [Evoked Potentials of the Brain in the
Norm and in Pathology], translated from English,
Moscow, 1975.
COPYRIGHT: "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i aviakos-
micheskaya meditsina", 1989
UDC 613.693+629.78]:612
Psychological Preparation of Operators for
Activity During Sustained G-Loads
907C0237B Moscow KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA
I A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA in Russian
Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89 pp 26-29
[Article by A. A. Oboznov, V. A. Ponomarenko and D.
Yu. Arkhangelskiy]
[Text] As we know, the timely performance by an oper-
ator of protective measures-primarily the tensing at
will of leg and abdominal muscles-prevents the devel-
opment of visual disturbances accompanying g-loading
and thus increases the reliability of his activity." 3 There-
fore, the development of a special mental quality in the
operator-the ability to divide one's attention between
carrying out an operator task and performing protective
measures-is the most important element in the psycho-
logical preparation of the individual for successful per-
formance of operator tasks in conditions involving sus-
tained +G, loads. 2 This means that the individual must
develop a system of mental regulation which will enable
him to carry out a priority operator task while per-
forming protective measures. In our opinion, this system
consists of two subordinated levels. The first, the domi-
nant one, ensures conscious mental regulation of actions
associated with carrying out an operator task; the
second, the subordinate one, regulates simultaneous per-
formance of protective measures without constant con-
scious control.
The goal of the work reported in this paper was to
experimentally verify the possibility of developing a
two-tiered system of mental regulation in ordinary con-
ditions (in the absence of g-loading).
Methods
Two series of experiments were carried out. In the first
series, which was carried out in ordinary conditions,
operators used a laboratory testing unit to learn how to
perform their main task-two-dimensional compensa-
tory tracking of a spot moving on a prescribed trajectory
on an electronic display screen. The testing unit had an
adaptive circuit varying the brightness of the spot
according to the promptness with which the operator
performed his protective measures. (The adaptive circuit
 JPRS-ULS-90-016
4 Aerospace Medicine 2 October 1990

was designed by V. V. Bogdanov and V. M. Vasilets.)
Keeping the spot bright enough for the operator to
confidently perceive its position on the screen required
that he maintain constant tension in his leg and abdom-
inal muscles throughout the entire tracking period.
When muscle tension was insufficient, spot brightness
decreased automatically, and perception of the spot
became impossible. Consequently, operators could carry
out their main task only if they maintained constant
muscle tension. All of the operators (eight persons) were
divided into two equal groups. Operators of the main
group used the adaptive circuit, while operators of the
control group carried out their tracking task without it.
The second series of experiments was carried out on a
centrifuge on which +G, acceleration with a magnitude
of 5 units and a gradient of increase of 1 unit per second
were achieved. In preliminary rotations on the centri-
fuge, the operators of both groups learned to perform the
protective measures during g-loading without having to
carry out the tracking task. Then all operators partici-
pated in seven or eight test runs (over the course of a
month) during which they carried out the tracking task
as well.
The duration of the tracking cycle was the same in the
first and second series-60 seconds. An SM-2 computer
was used to record momentary tracking error values-a
total of 3,000 values in a 60-second tracking cycle. After
statistical treatment of these data, we determined the
mean (M) and the standard deviation (a) of the tracking
error, which served as the criteria of the effectiveness in
the performance of the operator task. At the end of each
series, the operators filled out a questionnaire in order to
clarify the orientation of their voluntary attention.
Results and Discussion
The results of the first series showed that the tracking
precision attained on the laboratory testing unit by
operators of the main group was the same as that
attained by operators of the control group (see table). In
this case the attention of operators of the main group was
distributed precisely as had been expected: It was ori-
ented primarily (constantly) on carrying out the tracking
task and episodically on maintaining the necessary level
of muscle tension in the legs and abdomen. The priority
of attention division was different only for operator K. It
is interesting that this operator's tracking precision was
the lowest in the main group. The attention of operators
in the control group was oriented on tracking the spot, as
would have been expected. Consequently, when the
operators in the two groups under comparison began to
their tracking task under g-loading, they differed neither
in tracking precision nor in their acquaintance with
protective physiological measures, which all of them
mastered to an equal degree in preliminary runs on the
centrifuge. The difference lay in something else: the
operators of the main group, unlike those of the control
group, developed the ability to carry out the indicated
forms of activity not only simultaneously, but also in the
required hierarchy.

Spot Tracking Precision and Attention Orientation of Operators of the Main and Control Groups
(on Laboratory Testing Unit)
Operator Group Tracking Error (Arbitrary Units) Attention Orientation
Main: M U Constantly on spot tracking
Kh. 18 10 Episodically on tensing of leg and
abdominal muscles
K-v 20 10 As above
B. 24 13 As above
K. 32 21 Constantly on tensing leg and
abdominal muscles; episodically
on spot tracking
Group average 25 16
Control: M 0
S. 18 13 On spot tracking
F. 20 14 As above
D. 27 17 As above
S-n 28 17 As above
Group average 23 16

The importance of this ability was demonstrated by the
results of the second series of tests. As is evident from the
figure, in the presence of +G, acceleration, the spot
tracking precision of operators of the main group was an
average of 1.4 times greater than that of the control
group. The fact that the operators in the control group
lacked the ability to combine both forms of activity in
the required hierarchy may be the only reason for this
difference.
The questionnaires revealed that in order to prevent
visual disturbance under the +G, accelerations, opera-
tors of the control group were constantly devoting their
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Aerospace Medicine
x strated the importance of this ability to raising the
0- 1.
.itsina"
(1 ) o0
Tracking Error of Operators in First Two (a) and Last
Two (b) Runs on the Centrifuge: Shaded columns-main
group, unshaded columns--control; +G, = 5 units; aver-
aged data.
Key: 1. Tracking error (arbitrary units)
attention to the performance of the protective measures,
which is what was responsible for the considerable
increase in tracking errors in the first test runs on the
centrifuge. They were forced to learn how to simulta-
neously track the spot and perform protective measures
in the course of the experiments themselves of the
second series, and it was not until the last runs on the
centrifuge that they were able to achieve the same spot
tracking precision observed for operators of the main
series in the very first test runs.
And so, the research results showed that in the course of
preparing themselves on the laboratory testing unit,
operators of the main group developed a two-tiered
system of mental regulation which enabled them to carry
out the priority spot-tracking task while simultaneously
performing protective measures. Formation of such a
regulatory system was made possible, to a decisive
extent, by the use of the adaptive circuit that varied the
brightness of the spot being tracked. Thanks to the
adaptive circuit, performance of the protective measures
was regulated predominantly in a "stimulus-response"
scheme: Whenever the brightness of the spot decreased,
the operators learned to increase muscle tension. More-
over, the signal "triggering" the increase in muscle
tension was combined in space with the signal regulating
performance of the tracking task. The movements of the
spot on the screen were used to develop the controlling
movements used to track it, while change in spot bright-
ness was used to maintain the prescribed level of muscle
tension. Thus, the necessary prerequisites for carrying
out the protective measures were created psychologically
at the habit level, freeing the dominant, conscious level
of mental regulation to handle the priority operator task.
This research demonstrated the fundamental possibility
of shaping in a deliberate fashion an individual's ability
in ordinary conditions to combine operator tasks with
5
protective measures, and it experimentally demon-
efficiency of operator activity under sustained +G,
loading.
Bibliography
Rudnyy, N. M. et al. (editors), "Aviatsionnaya med-
[Aviation Medicine], Moscow, 1986.
2. Ponomarenko, V. A., Oboznov, A. and Arkhangelskiy,
D. Yu. KOSMICHESKAYA BIOL., No 2, 1987, pp
24-27.
3. Sergeyev, A. A., "Fiziologicheskiye mekhanizmy dey-
stviya uskoreniy" [Physiological Mechanisms of the
Action of Acceleration], Leningrad, 1967.
COPYRIGHT: "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i aviakos-
micheskaya meditsina", 1989
UDC 629.78:[613.31:613.27]-07
Artificial Mineralization of Desalinized Drinking
art i th Salization o wdes
Water With Salt Tablets and Powders
907C0237C Moscow KOSMICHESKA YA BIOLOGIYA
I A VIAKOSMICHESKA YA MEDITSINA in Russian
Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89 pp 74-76
[Article by M. I. Shikina, T. I. Aladinskaya, L. N.
Volkova and Z. A. Dupik]
[Text] As we know, desalinized water is close in physical
and chemical composition to distilled water and does not
contain physiologically necessary mineral components
and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, potas-
sium, sodium, sulfates, chlorides, iodine, and fluorine
commonly found in natural drinking water. Desalinized
water is deficient in terms of its organoleptic properties
and salt composition, which is why it must be mineral-
ized artificially." 6
An in-depth study of the effect of water desalinized by
various methods on the body has made it necessary to
adopt a hygienic approach to standardizing its salt
composition on the basis of physiological criteria of
optimum, permissible and threshold levels of mineral-
ization, with allowances made for the particular features
of the physical and chemical composition of water in
different zones of a climatic belt.2
The need for especially precise dosing of salt additives
and trace elements imposes higher requirements on the
methods being developed for artificial mineralization of
water. One promising method is to condition water by
adding salt tablets to it. Previously, we developed
Akvasol [Aquasol] tablets, which were used by moun-
taineers for salt enrichment of melted glacial water on
high-altitude expeditions involving the ascent of Mt.
Everest.6 The tablets consisted of magnesium sulfate,
sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium iodide
and sodium fluoride ions in concentrations improving
the organoleptic properties of enriched water and
 JPRS-ULS-90-016
6 Aerospace Medicine 2 October 1990

making its physical and chemical composition similar to
that of Moscow tap water in terms of the main compo-
nents. However, these tablets did not contain salts
having important physiological significance. The objec-
tives of our research were to adjust the salt composition
of Akvasol tablets so that they meet the new hygienic
recommendations and to conduct a series of experiments
in order to study the possibility of introducing various
calcium salts into their composition.
Methods
The water solubility of salts (sulfate, gluconate, car-
bonate) at room temperature was studied. Dissolution
time of calcium suspensions in water (with and without
stirring), water transparency, and calcium ion concentra-
tion were evaluated by methods commonly used in
analytical practice, and the conditions for manufacturing
tablets out of salt powders containing calcium salts
combined with magnesium sulfate, potassium iodide,
potassium chloride and sodium fluoride in the proper
concentrations were studied (using chemically pure
reagents). Various substances commonly used to manu-
facture medicines were used as fillers promoting forma-
tion of tablets out of powders, though at less than
pharmacopoeia concentrations (0.4 percent of powder
weight, rather than 20 percent). These substances
included starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), gelatin,
methylcellulose (MC) and calcium stearate. Fillers were
added to increase the binding capacity of salts in the
tablets and to increase their slipperiness in the tablet
press. The additives should not affect the physical and
chemical composition or the transparency of the water.
After the fillers and salts were mixed together, the
mixture was dried and passed through a sieve. Tablets of
the mixtures containing the indicated chemical ingredi-
ents were made on an Engler laboratory tableting press at
a pressure of 1,200 kg/cm 2 at facilities of the Moskhim-
farmpreparat Chemical and Pharmaceutical Production
Association.
Results and Discussion
Tables 1 and 2 give the results of research on artificial
mineralization of distilled water by means of powders
and tablets containing sparingly soluble calcium salts
combined with fillers. It follows from the data in the
table that CaCO 3 was unsuitable for artificial mineral-
ization of water in connection with its low solubility (it
did not dissolve for 5 days).

Table 1. Results of Research on Artificial Mineralization of Water by Means of Powders

Dissolution Time
Powder Composi- Powder Weight, With Stirring Without Stirring Transparency Ca, mg/liter Chemical Absorp-
tion in grams tion of Oxygen
(CAO), mg 02/
liter

Ca gluconate, 0.5 80 min 50 min Precipitate, 38.5 380

MC, Ca stearate floccules
Ca gluconate, 0.5 15 min 40 min Precipitate, 39.5 380
gelatin floccules
Ca gluconate, 0.5 15 min 35 min Floccules 35.2 350
gelatin, Ca
stearate
Ca gluconate, 0.5 10 min 30 min Floccules 38.6 320
starch, soluble
salts
Ca gluconate, 0.5 20 min 50 min No precipitate, 40.08 380
MC transparency >
30 cm
Ca gluconate, 0.5 15 min 45 min Precipitate 38.2 320
PvP
Ca gluconate, 0.5 15 min 40 min Precipitate 40.1 320
PVP, Ca stearate
CaSO4"2H20 0.12 60 min 6 hr No precipitate, 28.0 0
transparency >
30 cm
CaSO4"2H20 0.15 80 min 6 hr No precipitate, 28.0 0
transparency >
30 cm
CaCO3 0.1 Did not dissolve completely in 5 days Precipitate 4.0 0
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Aerospace Medicine 7

Table 2. Results of Research on Artificial Mineralization of Water by Means of Tablets

Dissolution Time
Tablet Composition Tablet Weight With Stirring, in Without Stirring, Transparency Ca, mg/liter CAO, mg 02/
min in hr liter
Ca gluconate, starch, 0.64 15 4 Turbid solution 52.1 450
soluble salts (precipitate)
Ca gluconate, PVP 0.63 20-30 5 Precipitate 52.1 525
Ca gluconate, PVP, 0.68 25-30 6 Precipitate 56.1 575
Ca stearate
Ca gluconate, gelatin, 0.55 20 6 Turbid solution 45.0 420,8
Ca stearate
Ca gluconate, gelatin 0.523 10-15 5 Turbid solution 44.0 425
(floccules)
Ca gluconate, MC, 0.632 35 6 Low 55.0 500
stearate
Ca gluconate, MC 0.595 35 7 No precipitate, 50.1 425
transparency >
30 cm

Calcium gluconate was found to be the most soluble in
water. Out of the seven recipes studied, only the combi-
nation of calcium gluconate and MC was able to main-
tain water transparency, while other fillers reduced water
transparency. The dissolution time of calcium gluconate
in water (at a calcium ion concentration of 50 mg/liter)
was 35 min with stirring and 7 hr without stirring. A
considerable increase in bichromate oxidizability in
water (up to 430 mg 0 2 /liter) because of the dissolution
of calcium gluconate, which is an organic compound,
was a shortcoming. This was not in keeping with the
hygienic requirements for drinking water, even though
calcium gluconate is beneficial to the body and is used in
medicinal practice to treat a number of illnesses associ-
ated with deficiency of calcium ions in the body. The
dissolution time of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 -2H 2 0) in
water was 60-80 min with stirring and 6 hr without
stirring, the water maintained its transparency, the con-
centration of calcium ions was 28 mg/liter, and calcium
sulfate did not affect bichromate oxidizability of water
(chemical absorption of oxygen--CAO, mg 0 2/liter). Of
the salts we studied, calcium sulfate was found to be the
most acceptable for inclusion into the composition of the
salt mixture, in combination with sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium
iodide and sodium fluoride. Medium-strength Akvasol-2
tablets were made on the basis of this research. They
improved the organoleptic properties of desalinized
water and enriched it with a complex of physiologically
necessary macroelements and trace elements.
The weight of one Akvasol-2 tablet, which can enrich 1
liter of water, is 0.5 gin, and dissolution time without
stirring is 12 hours. Water regenerated from peroxide
solution was similar in composition to distilled water
prior to enrichment; after enrichment, it had the fol-
lowing physicochemical composition: total hardness 4.3
mg-equiv/liter, calcium ions 64.12 mg/liter, magnesium
ions 13.3 mg/liter, pH 6.25, chlorides 49.7 mg/liter; the
CAO was 3.5 mg 0 2/liter. Thus, Akvasol-2 tablets make
it possible to adjust the composition of desalinized water
to that of drinking water satisfying modem hygienic
requirements.
Bibliography
1. Vaynar, A. M., "Biologicheskaya rol mikroelementov
v organizme zhivotnykh i cheloveka" [Biological Role of
Trace Elements in the Animal and Human Body], 2d
edition, Moscow, 1960.
2. Gabovich, R. D., "Ftor i yego gigiyenicheskoye
znacheniye" [Fluorine and Its Hygienic Significance],
Moscow, 1957.
3. Rakhmanin, Yu. A., Bokina, A. M., Pugin, V. P. et al.,
GIG. I SAN., No 7, 1975, pp 16-22.
4. Chizhov, S. V. and Sinyak, Yu. Ye., "Problemy
kosmicheskoy biologii" [Problems of Space Biology],
Moscow, 1964, Vol 3, p 104.
5. Shikina, M. I., Chizhov, S. V. and Krasnoshchekov, V.
V., KOSMICHESKAYA BIOL., No 2, 1971, p 28.
6. Shikina, M. I., Aladinskaya, T. I., Chizhov, S. V. et al.,
KOSMICHESKAYA BIOL., No 3, 1984, pp 95-96.
COPYRIGHT: "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i aviakos-
micheskaya meditsina", 1989
UDC 629.78:[579.842.11:579.252.55
The Mechanism of the Drug Resistance of
Escherichia in Cosmonauts
907C0237D Moscow KOSMICHESK4YA BIOLOGIYA
I A VIAKOSMICHESKA4YA MEDITSINA in Russian
Vol 23 No 4, Jul-Aug 89 pp 90-91
[Article by V. K. Ilin]
[Text] Numerous studies have shown that the risk of
falling ill to infectious diseases grows significantly

8 Aerospace Medicine
among people in biological isolation. This shows up in
the activation of the conditionally pathogenic compo-
nent of human automicroflora, 2' 8 the weakening of the
colonization resistance barrier, 9 and the weakening of
the immune system. 4 Intensive microbial exchange
occurs between people occupying hermetically sealed
spaces. 3 All of these facts attest not only to the possibility
of development of infection in people in biological
isolation, but also to the fact that the prerequisites for
the transfer of the etiological agents of infectious dis-
eases from their source to surrounding people are created
under these conditions. The value of antibiotic therapy
of bacterial infections in hermetically sealed spaces
remains open in this connection. The success of this
therapy may depend on the etiological agent's sensitivity
to antibacterial preparations and on presence of plas-
mids providing resistance to antibiotics in the microbial
population or association in question.
This paper examines the molecular epidemiological fea-
tures of changes in drug resistance of Escherichia iso-
lated from the intestines of cosmonauts during space
flight and from subjects participating in a 30-day simu-
lation study.
Methods
Escherichia strains were isolated from the intestines of
cosmonauts 7 days before flight and on the second day
after the conclusion of the flight. An expedition visited
the crew staying aboard the Salyut-7 orbital station on a
long-duration space expedition. Isolated strains were
studied for their sensitivity to antibiotics having a broad
spectrum of action: tetracycline, levomycetin, strepto-
mycin, kanamycin, neomycin, monomycin, ampicillin,
carbenicillin, polymyxin and gentamicin. Sensitivity was
determined from the minimum inhibiting
concentrations. 6 Conjugation was carried out in liquid
nutrient media using Escherichia coli C-600 as the R-
plasmid recipient. Plasmids were studied by electro-
phoresis in agarose gel. 5 A total of 450 strains of Escher-
ichia were studied.
Results and Discussion
E. coli resistant to tetracycline, levomycetin, streptomy-
cin, kanamycin, neomycin, monomycin, ampicillin and
carbenicillin was isolated in the largest amounts from the
intestine of one of the members of the visiting expedi-
tion. All determinants were transferred in vitro with a
frequency of 1 x I0- to 2.5 x 10-5. Isolated plasmids had
a molecular weight of 65 mD. They had a capacity for
spontaneous elimination, and different resistance deter-
minants were eliminated at different frequencies. This
was indirect evidence that the plasmids in question are
cointegrates of several plasmids. The determinant for
resistance to tetracycline was found to be extremely
stable, and it was eliminated neither spontaneously nor
in response to an eliminating agent such as ethidium
bromide. The determinant for resistance to tetracycline
was not transmitted upon conjugation of the recipient
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
strain Escherichiacoli C-600; however, it could be mobi-
lized for transfer with the assistance of plasmid R,
DRD1 9 .
After the flight, a large quantity of E. coli cultures
isolated from the main expedition crew were resistant to
tetracycline. Prior to the flight, tetracycline-resistant
strains were not revealed among participants of the main
expedition, from which we can hypothesize that these
strains appeared in the composition of the intestinal
microflora of the subjects only as a result of microbial
and plasmid exchange with participants of the visiting
expedition. Plasmids isolated from tetracycline-resistant
strains were nonconjugative. Therefore, we hypothesized
that they are segregants of a polyresistant plasmid,
presumably the one which was isolated from one of the
members of the visiting expedition. In order to prove,
this we conducted restriction analysis of tetracycline-
resistant clones of this plasmid, obtained in vitro by the
prescribed method (using ethidium bromide action upon
polyresistant strains), and tetracycline-resistant plasmids
isolated from cosmonauts of the main expedition fol-
lowing the flight. Our electrophoretic analysis demon-
strated that the plasmids in question are completely the
same. This proves the possibility of mutual exchange of
resistant strains containing R-plasmids during space
flight. This conclusion is also confirmed by the fact that
production of the same restrictase, an isomer of type 2S
restrictase Eco 311, was determined by both plasmids.
A similar situation was examined in a 30-day simulation
study. In this study, a plasmid determining resistance to
the same set of preparations as in the space flight
examined above was allowed to propagate for 7 days in
four subjects. This plasmid was eliminated over the
course of 12 days of the study. On the 19th day it was not
encountered among strains which were characterized
previously, on the 7th day, by drug resistance and which
contained this plasmid. Eliminants maintained their
resistance only to tetracycline. It was concluded from
electrophoretic analyses that the determinant for resis-
tance to tetracycline was represented by a transposon
associated with the plasmid and inverted following its
elimination into a chromosome. Restriction analysis
revealed common DNA fragments of the initial plasmid
and the transposon.
We were unable to insert the initial plasmid into the
genome of those strains from which the plasmid had
been eliminated over the course of the simulation
research; therefore, we hypothesized that this plasmid,
which survived in part of the population, was unable to
return to its initial hosts, and most likely introduced
itself into the genome of some transient strains alien to
the biotope in question. Our hypotheses were confirmed,
inasmuch as we discovered this plasmid on the 21st day
of the model research in lactose-negative, hemolytically
active strains of E. coli which had formerly not possessed
drug resistance. Restriction analysis of these plasmoid
strains revealed that they contained a plasmid homolo-
gous to the initial plasmid.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Aerospace Medicine
Thus, it was discovered that both of the examined
situations-in space and in terrestrial conditions-were
similar as far as microbial and plasmid exchange is
concerned when people spend lengthy periods in biolog-
ical isolation.
This research provides a possibility for tracing the mech-
anism of changes in drug sensitivity from the standpoint
of mutual exchange of R-plasmids and their variability,
In the opinion of foreign and Soviet scientists,' it is
energetically expedient for a microbial cell to lose an
R-plasmid in the absence of selection, inasmuch as it
takes a rather large quantity of energy to replicate
R-plasmids. However, via the concept of "marker
saving,"' a plasmid may move to other microorganisms,
including potentially pathogenic ones with an energy
potential that is considerably greater than that of sapro-
phytic microbes. We also feel that in the course of
plasmid drift in different populations and biotopes, a
pathogenicity determinant accumulates on them, and
resistance determinants associated with them accumu-
late passively. For example, the two large R-plasmids we
studied mobilized the determinants for production of
exonuclease, restrictase and colicin, i.e., the determinant
for pathogenicity and colonization resistance. At the
same time, the pathogenicity of the analyzed strains did
not always correlate with the quantity of determinants
for resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, we do not have
sufficient grounds for treating the polyresistance index
as an integral indicator of the degree of its pathogenicity.
At the same time, the goal of our subsequent research
will be to study the mutual relationships between the
determinant for resistance to antibiotics and the patho-
genicity of the automicroflora of cosmonauts.
9
Bibliography
1. Bashkirov, V. I., Lakomova, N. M., Surikov, N. N.
and Prozorova, A. A., GENETIKA, Vol 17, No 11, 1981,
pp 1929-1935.
2. Viktorov, A. N., in "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i avia-
kosmicheskaya meditsina" [Space Biology and Aero-
space Medicine], Moscow, 1986, pp 221-222.
3. Gorshkov, V. P., Shinkareva, M. M., Zarubina, K. V.
and Norkina, T. Yu., in "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i
aviakosmicheskaya meditsina," Moscow, 1986, pp 227-
228.
4. Konstantinova, I. V. and Andropova, Ye. N., PROB-
LEMY KOSMICHESKOY BIOLOGII, Moscow, Vol
42, 1980, pp 191-214.
5. "Metody obshchey bakteriologii" [Methods of Gen-
eral Bacteriology], translated from English, Moscow, Vol
1, 1983; Vol 2-3, 1984.
6. Navashin, S. M. and Fomina, I. P., "Ratsionalnaya
antibiotikoterapiya" [Rational Antibacterial Therapy],
4th edition, Moscow, 1982.
7. Pechurkin, N. S., "Populyatsionnaya mikrobiologiya"
[Population Microbiology], Novosibirsk, 1980.
8. Polikarpov, N. A., "Conditionally Pathogenic Micro-
organisms as Possible Agents of Infection Processes in
Cosmonauts," author's abstract of dissertation for
degree of candidate of medical sciences, Moscow, 1982.
9. Shilov, V. M. and Lizko, N. N., PROBLEMY KOS-
9. Shov V .aLik, M.sN., Vol 41 S-
MICHESKOY BIOLOGII, Moscow, Vol 42, 1980, pp
COPYRIGHT: "Kosmicheskaya biologiya i aviakos-
micheskaya meditsina", 1989

10 Agricultural Science
UDC 579.64:631.46
Formation of Nodules on Roots of Carrots
Inoculated by Azospirillae
907c0385a Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89
pp 11-16
[Article by Ye. V. Nadkernichnaya, A. Ye. Mamchur and
V. I. Lokhova; Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of
Agricultural Microbiology, Chernigov]
[Abstract] A study of the capacity of the Azospirillum
genus to cause formation of nodules on carrot roots
involved application of an aqueous suspension of Azos-
pirillum brasilense 21, the titer of which was 10' per ml
of suspension, to hand sown carrots at the rate of 50 ml
per linear meter of area planted in carrots. Electron
microscopic studies of the nodules formed showed that
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
their tissue consists of coarse oval cells with a large
central vacuole, thin walls and a thin parietal layer of
cytoplasm. No pathological changes nor bacteria
appeared in the conducting root tissues found in the
central part of the vacuole. Readily staining polymorphic
structures, bacteria, appeared frequently in cells directly
adjacent to the intercellular space. Fissile bacteria
appeared in these cells. The bacteria pass from one cell to
another through breaks in the cell wall. Bacteria
appeared also in the intercellular spaces and in the
invaginations between the plasmalemma and the cell
wall and in voluminous cavities obviously of lysigenous
origin, confined by the thick cell wall. Associative nitro-
gen-fixers of A. brasilense 21, penetrating the carrot
plant roots, can cause formation of nodules which serve
plant ootscan c auserma ondule whicherve
as a place of localizing bacteria and are characterized by
high nitrogen-fixing activity. Figures 7; references 13:7
Russian; 6 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Biotechnology
UDC 579.66.017.7:663.1
Production of Protein Feed from Straw and Other
Byproducts
907C0533B Riga IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK
LATVIYSKOY SSR in Russian No 2, Feb 90
(manuscript received 30 Aug 89) pp 82-88
[Article by M. 0. Zeltinya, M. P. Leyte, A. Ya. Apine,
Yu. E. Shvinka, U. E. Viyestur and R. G. Katkevicha,
Institutes of Microbiology imeni A. Kirkhenshteyn and
of Wood Chemistry, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Academy of Sciences]
[Abstract] A brief review is provided of the use of straw
and other lignocellulose agricultural byproducts for the
production of protein. In particular, cursory description
is provided of a method for NaOH digestion of milled
straw for the growth of Trichoderma viride. The process,
as developed on a pilot plant scale, yields 202.53 kg of
dry biomass from one ton of straw, which contains
101.26 kg of microbial biomass or 41.72 kg protein.
Maintenance of swine on this product as the primary
feed for 2 months had no adverse effects and yielded a
weight gain of 2 kg per animal. Figures 3; tables 3;
references 13: 5 Russian, 8 Western.
11
UDC 579.68(262.5)
Methane Utilization by Methanotrophic Bacteria
Immobilized in Carrageenan Gel
907C0544A Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscriptreceived 5 Oct 88)
pp 903-908
[Article by Ye. N. Sokolova and N. F. Gaichenko,
Institute of Microbiology, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow]
[Abstract] An analysis was conducted on the efficiency of
methane conversion into protein by methanotrophic
bacteria immobilized in carrageenan gel in conjunction
with the development of a method for protein analysis
under these conditions. The data demonstrated that
immobilization of Methylomonas methanica 12 (MM)
and Methylosinus trichosporium 44 (MT) reduced the
efficiency of methane oxidation to CO 2 to 14.4 and 7.7
percent, respectively, from the level in solution. How-
ever, protein synthesis diminished by only a third. In
terms of metabolic efficiency, i.e., methane oxidation +
protein synthesis, the productivity of immobilized MM
and MT decreased by 76 and 37 percent, respectively.
The method found suitable for protein determination
involved removal of carrageenan by 0.9 percent NaCl in
1 M HCI at 90C for 15 min, centrifugation, treatment of
the sediment with acetone, recentrifugation, and solubi-
lization of the sediment in 1 M NaOH. Color was
developed by addition of Coomassie blue and determi-
nation of the optical density at 595 nm in a colorimeter.
Figures 3; tables 2; references 15: 6 Russian, 9 Western.

12 Epidemiology
UDC 616.931:312.2(470.45)
Diphtheria Morbidity in Volgograd Oblast
907C0232 Ashkhabad ZDRA VOOKHRANENIYE
TURKMENISTANA in Russian No 6, Jun 89 pp 32-32
[Article by V. N. Lazarev, Yu. A. Zheludkov, V. F.
Obekhov, Ye. A. loannidi and I. Kh. Giniyatullina,
Department of Infectious Diseases, Volgograd Order of
the Red Labor Banner Medical Institute]
[Text] Growth in the morbidity due to diphtheria infec-
tion in our country has been noted in the last decade; it
is associated with a decline in epidemiological alertness
and in the level of collective immunity. 1-3
In Volgograd Oblast, the diphtheria morbidity index has
increased since 1981 to 0.63 per 1,000 population.
Sporadic morbidity dominated. A total of 58 patients
were registered with diphtheria of the mouth. Most of
them were between the ages of 17 and 60, with the
average at 20-40 years, and there were eight school-aged
children.
The infection source was established as an adult patient
infected in Siberia. The rest of the patients did not travel
outside the oblast. Bacteriological tests of persons with
whom they were in contact did not produce any positive
results. Diphtheria was recorded mainly among urban
residents.
It was established from an analysis of the disease histo-
ries that the patients presented for medical care
promptly. However, it was not until days 3-6 of illness
that a diagnosis of diphtheria of the mouth was estab-
lished, basically when bacteriological test results were
received. Even when a typical clinical picture was
present and the disease agent was isolated, patients were
sent to the hospital with a diagnosis of lacunar or
follicular angina plus presence of toxigenic diphtheria
bacillus.
In the hospital, the localized form of diphtheria of the
mouth was diagnosed in 54 patients, while toxic diph-
theria was diagnosed in four. Serum and antibacterial
therapy were carried out with the clinical form, while
detoxification and hormonal therapy were carried out in
the presence of toxic forms. Antidiphtheria serum was
not injected into the mouth of admitted patients after the
inflammatory process abated. Patients were released
after the established time if the bacteriological test result
was negative. Repeat isolation of the disease agent did
not occur, and the patients did not become chronic
carriers as a result of sporadic morbidity. Four patients
with toxic forms of degree I-III diphtheria of the mouth
died. The cause of death was diffuse myocarditis, while
one patient additionally suffered paralysis of respiratory
musculature.
Three outbreaks of diphtheria infection were recorded in
this period in a psychiatric hospital. Five patients fell ill
in 1982, and 2 years later another eight fell ill, with an
4 ___
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
interval of half a year. In the last case the infection
source was identified as a female patient that was a
carrier of toxic diphtheria bacillus in the period of the
second outbreak, in connection with which she under-
went treatment in an infection hospital. A toxigenic
culture was once again isolated from her when she
entered the psychiatric hospital. Among patients who
came in contact with her, one developed the localized
form of diphtheria of the mouth, while two became
healthy carriers.
Thus we noted "maturing" of diphtheria infection, pre-
dominant morbidity in cities, dominance of sporadic
cases of illness, and a high proportion of late diagnoses
owing to absence of epidemiological alertness on the part
of polyclinic physicians, which results in delay of specific
therapy and growth of mortality.
Bibliography
1 Ye
1, eremova, L. V. and Astafyeva, N. V., SOY. MED.,
No 1, 1987, p 89.
2. Novikov, P. L., ZDRAV. BELORUS., No 9, 1982, pp
60-63.
3. Pokrovskiy, V. I., "Epidemiologiya, virusologiya,
infektsionnyye zabolevaniya. Tr. VNIITI" [Epidemi-
ology, Virology, Infectious Diseases. Transactions of
VNIITI], Moscow, Issue 3, 1986, pp 37-45.
UDC 616.36-002-022.7:578.891]-008.97-078.333:
[578.891:578.74
Incidence of Antibodies to Delta Virus Among
HBsAg Positive Individuals Various Populations
of Region With Moderate Incidence of Hepatitis B
907C0550B Moscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 27 Dec 88) pp 675-679
[Article by S. V. Zhavoronok, Vitebsk Medical Institute]
[Abstract] An analysis was conducted on the incidence of
HBsAg and anti-delta antibodies (ADA) positive indi-
viduals in Belorussia, an area with a moderate incidence
of hepatitis B. Serologic data showed that among blood
donors the HBsAg positive rate was 4.3 percent, with 3.3
percent positive for ADA. The incidence of HBsAg or
ADA positive individuals among medical personnel was
14.1 and 8 percent, respectively. In addition, 39.7 per-
cent of familial contacts of HBsAg positive individuals
were themselves positive for HBsAg, while 6.8 percent
were positive for ADA. A positive rate of 14.3 to 35.5
percent was observed for ADA and HBsAg among
patients with tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes
mellitus, and hematologic conditions. Finally, 55.8 per-
cent of the patients with active chronic hepatitis and
cirrhosis were HBsAg positive, while 42.5 percent were
positive for ADA. Considering the fact that the respec-
tive seropositive results for HBsAg and ADA in patients
with acute hepatitis B were 90.8 and 5 percent, the
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Epidemiology 13

difference underscores the adverse impact of an inter- UDC 616.9-022.39+616.9-036.21]-084.4(47+57)

current infection with the delta agent. Tables 1; refer-
ences 14: 10 Russian, 4 Western.
UDC 616.61-002.151-022:578.833.291-036.21
Natural Foci of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal
Syndrome in Northwestern Region of European
USSR
907C0550G Moscow VOPROSY VIR USOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 17 Oct 88) pp 702-704
[Article by L. A. Avtushenko, Ye. V. Ryltseva, V. A.
Shibalov and Ye. A. Tkachenko, Antiplague Station,
USSR Ministry of Health, Leningrad; Institute of Polio-
myelitis and Viral Encephalitides, USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences, Moscow]
Morbidity of Zoonotic and Natural-Focal
Infections and Problems in Their Prevention in
the USSR
907C0573A Moscow ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII,
EPIDEMIOLOGIII IMMUNOLOGII in Russian
No 12, Dec 89 pp 106-198
[Article by A. I. Kondrusev and Yu. M. Federov, USSR
Ministry of Health, Moscow]
[Text] At a time of the continuing development of
important territories of the country, land reclamation
projects, intensive cattle breeding, and environmental
protection projects, zoonotic and natural-nidal diseases
have acquired particular urgency.
The morbidity of the most important zoonotic and
natural-focal infections during the period from 1970 to
1988 is shown in the Table.

[Abstract] Lung suspensions prepared from 8,061
rodents and insectivores representing 23 species were
assayed for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
(HFRS) antigen between 1984 and 1987 in order to
determine the carrier rate in the northwestern regions of
European USSR. The study, encompassing northwestern
RSFSR, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania revealed that the
incidence of HFRS positive animals was 2.7 percent.
Serotype 1 was the dominant subtype, followed by sero-
type 2. The findings confirmed the fact that this area of
the USSR constitutes a natural endemic focus of HFRS.
Tables 1; references 3 (Russian).
The recently observed rise in the incidence of zoonotic
and natural-focal infections and the specific changes in
their epizootology and epidemiology have dictated the
need to improve measures to control those infections.
An important element of anti-epidemic measures that
are presently being undertaken is the epidemiological
monitoring of such infections. This may be defined as a
multifaceted study of a specific disease, its hosts and
etiological agent carriers, the degree of the population's
susceptibility, and the entire complex of natural and
social factors that determine the incidence of infections
among animals and humans.

Morbidity of Zoonotic and Natural-Focal Infections in USSR Population

Nosological form Average of yearly cases recorded at various periods
1970-1974 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985 1986 1987 Preliminary
data for 1988
Brucellosis (diag- 1772 2667 4283 5092 5389 5409 5117
nosed for the first
time)
Tick-borne 1496 2071 2658 2723 2991 3955 2909
encephalitis
Hemorrhagic fever - - 2825 11,424 7603 2780 8274
with renal syn-
drome
Leptospirosis 1145 696 1516 1630 1389 1132 2211
Rickettsiosis 3296 2771 2995 1973 1760 1739 1746
Siberian ulcer 515 411 260 178 233 199 254
Tularemia 103 234 337 133 190 164 163
Rabies 83 58 67 70 31 53
Plague 2 0.8 1 0 1 1 1

Epidemiological monitoring is the basis for the rational
planning, implementation, and evaluation of the effec-
tiveness of measures taken to control these diseases.
Such monitoring also provides for the efficient adjust-
ment of anti-epidemic measures and periodic fore-
casting. The practice of epidemiological investigation of
zoonotic infection focal points in its present form, how-
ever, requires improvement. At the present time such
investigations are not undertaken in connection with
diseases in animals creating a risk of human infection,
but rather after human infection has been identified. In
the case of zoonotic infections investigation of the nidal

14 Epidemiology
area must be undertaken from the moment that the
potential source for human infection is identified, i.e., as
soon as a sick animal is discovered and as soon as an
identification is made of infected carriers or transmis-
sion factors that can contribute to the risk of human
infection, the investigation must take on an epizootolog-
ical-epidemiological character,
A network
stations andof6 specialized anti-plague
scientific-research institutions
institutes) and (29
177
departments for particularly dangerous infections at
medical-epidemiology stations has been organized to
medial-pidmiolgy
tatons as eenorgaize to
undertake daily measures for the prevention of natural- cmpli
focal, zoonotic, and a number of other particularlycomplete
dangerous infections in the country. This kind of this category of animals. Sporadic brucellosis infections
branched system of institutions situated in the territory are recorded primarily although group infections also
of natural breeding grounds of the plague, tick-borne take place. Thus, 97 persons were afflicted in the Mold-
ofenaturaltreeding gronoti
m s ofuthneoplagetick rni, avian SSR in 1978. The source of the infection was
encephalitis, zoonotic mucocutaneous leishmaniasis,
and tularemia makes it possible to maintain constant
epidemiological well-being in a territory of the country.
The currently operating system of monitoring natural
breeding areas of the plague in the USSR constitutes an
example of the effective practical implementation of
epidemiological monitoring of zoonotic infections. The
direct subordination of the anti-plague institutions to the
USSR Ministry of Health makes it possible to maintain
a high state of anti-epidemic readiness and mobility on
the part of this important link of the medical-
epidemiological service. The specialized anti-epidemic
brigades (SAEB), staffed by highly qualified specialists
and provided with the essential required equipment that
are now located in a number of anti-plague institutions,
within in a period of five to six years may be organized
in an any new breeding ground of particularly dangerous
infections. Examples of such undertakings are the selfless
action taken by SAEB associates during the cholera
epidemic difficulties in the 1970's and in the areas of the
Armenian earthquake in 1988 - 1989.
Measures to control zoonoses can be made more effec-
tive only if there is close cooperation between the var-
ious interested departments and institutions, especially
between the veterinary and medical science institutions
and practitioners. This kind of cooperation will provide
for a more effective utilization of funds, personnel, and
equipment, and what is particularly important, the
exchange of information about animal and human dis-
eases. Such cooperation will also be conducive to the
coordination of efforts undertaken in anti-epidemic and
anti-epizootological operations.
The morbidity rate of human brucellosis is still consid-
erable, in spite of the efforts undertaken to reduce that
rate. This reflects the unsatisfactory epizootological sit-
uation in the country.
The highest brucellosis morbidity rate in the USSR is in
the Kazakh SSR where it accounts for more than 40
percent of all ill persons. As a rule, human infection
occurs during the care and maintenance of animals in the
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
course of lambing, shearing sheep, and cleaning of live-
stock buildings at defectively maintained farms. Viola-
tions of anti-brucellosis procedures have been detected
at reprocessing enterprises. According to data from the
medical-epidemiological service of the republic, anti-
brucellosis rules have been violated at 48.9 percent of the
farms and at 24.5 percent of the enterprises that had
been investigated.
According to the data obtained from an investigation of
human brucellosis infections, up to 50 percent of the
afflicted persons were infected by animals of private
farms. The control of cattle diseases at private farms is
catene ofsacet iveto f
inventory of
found to be brucellosis-infected cattle brought from
U n bbrucelis-In
ao F ebrua ght fr-
Uzbekistan and Turkmenia. In February, 1983 24 per-
sons became ill in the Buryat ASSR. In 1986 43 persons
were afflicted at the sovkhoz im. Frunze in the Talgar-
skiy Rayon of the Alma-Ata Oblast of the Kazakh SSR,
and in the same year 30 persons were infected in the
Talky-Kurganskiy Rayon in the village Karabulak.
Group morbidity of leptospirosis continues to be
recorded in the country. In 1983 an outbreak was
recorded in the Orenburg Oblast that affected 394 per-
sons. In 1988 two major nidal areas were recorded: one
in Perm (48 persons infected) and the other in the
Taldy-Kurgan Oblast of the Kazakh SSR (68 persons).
In spite of the anti-epidemic measures undertaken by the
public health and veterinary science authorities, the rate
at which Siberian morbidity was being reduced has
slowed. Group cases of this infection continue to be
recorded.
The leading role played by animals at private farms as a
source of human infection (70 percent) is creating signif-
icant difficulties in the prevention of human illnesses.
The incomplete recording and inclusion of animals from
private farms for preventive vaccination procedures and
the homestead slaughter of animals constitute one of the
principal reasons for human Siberian ulcer infections.
An analysis of human Siberian morbidity for the last two
decades in the USSR indicates that it has primarily been
of an outbreak nature in the qualitative sense since only
about 65 percent of the cases were represented by group
infections, i.e., associated with a common source of
infection. Thus, in 1973 the largest outbreak took place
in the Severnyy sovkhoz of Pavlodar Oblast of the
Kazakh SSR where one of the ten afflicted persons died.
In 1976 there were 13 outbreaks in six union republics.
Furthermore, five of the 37 infected persons in the
Turkmen SSR died, and nine of the 37 afflicted person in
Karakalpakia succumbed to the disease. In 1979 there
was an outbreak in Sverdlovsk involving 96 persons. In
1984 13 persons were infected in one of the kolkhozes in
the Dzhambul Oblast of the Kazakh SSR, and in 1986 a
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Epidemiology
group infection involving 14 persons was recorded in the
Pushkinskiy Rayon of the Azerbaijan SSR. In 1988 23
persons became ill in the Degtyan sovkhoz of the Sos-
novskiy Rayon of Tambov Oblast, and 14 persons were
infected in the village Gaurdak of the Turkmen SSR.
The sources of infections in the nidal areas involving
group illnesses were established in 100 percent of the
cases. The reason for the outbreaks in a number of cases
was the public sale of meat from forcibly slaughtered
animals without a veterinary certification.
Among the rickettsiosis infections a clearly pronounced
zoonotic infection is Q fever which accounted for up to
30 percent of this group's morbidity rate. About 600
persons are infected by this disease every year, and group
outbreaks have been recorded. Thus, in 1983 242 per-
sons were afflicted as a result of air-borne infection in the
Voronezh Oblast. Down from goats with Q fever was the
means of transmission. A similar situation occurred in
the Volchikhinskiy Rayon of the Altay Kray where 93
persons were infected.
An analysis of group human infections common to
humans and animals demonstrated that as a rule, they
are associated with gross violations of veterinary laws
and rules.
The activation of natural breeding grounds of hemor-
rhagic fever and tularemia in a background of unsatis-
factory sanitary and anti-epidemic procedures such as
the deficient control of rodents, unsatisfactory protec-
tion of water wells, and poor immunoprophylactic pro-
cedures, results in group illnesses with these infections,
The clearest example of this might be the outbreak of
tularemia in the Bogdanovskiy Rayon of the Georgian
SSR where 277 persons became ill simultaneously as a
result of a contaminated local water source.
A rise in the number of persons afflicted with hemor-
rhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was noted in
the beginning of the 1980's in the RSFSR. Thus, 3,411
cases were recorded in the republic in 1980, 4,532 cases
in 1983, and 11,424 cases in 1985. An analysis of the
situation showed that the reason for the sharp rise in
morbidity was the unsatisfactory application of planned
prophylactic measures and the lack of proper coordina-
tion between the medical and veterinary services.
Thus, the primary tasks in preventing outbreaks of
zoonotic and natural-focal infections include the
unfailing fulfillment of anti-epizootic and medical-
epidemic control requirements and veterinary-farm
measures by farm authorities with the absolute support
of local Soviet authorities,
It is essential to note that the vaccination of people in the
event of zoonotic infections constitutes only one of the
auxiliary measures for affecting the epidemic process.
The eradication of the sources of infectious etiological
agents by the specific prevention of illnesses among
healthy animals and the sanitization (or slaughter) of
15
sick animals plays a leading role in reducing the mor-
bidity rate of animal-borne human infections. Measures
for the individual protection of the population must play
an important role in the prevention of natural-focal
infections along with measures aimed at suppressing the
epizootic process in natural breeding grounds in order to
make them non-infectious. A real reduction in zoonotic
infections can only be accomplished through the realiza-
tion of the entire complex of measures aimed at reducing
animal morbidity.
COPYRIGHT: Izdateistvo "Meditsina", 1989
Epidemiology of HIV Infection in USSR
907C0689A Moscow ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII,
EPIDEMIOLOGI!I IMMUNOBIOLOGII in Russian
No 2, Feb 90 (manuscript received 12 Jun 89) pp 26-29
[Article by V. V. Pokrovskiy, I. Yu. Yeramova, V. P.
Arzamastsev, V. A. Nikonova, and G. I. Mozharova,
Central Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology,
USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow]
[Text] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
is now incident on all continents. However, most coun-
tries of the world have recorded only cases of the
advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
that is marked by a special clinical picture. This kind of
epidemiological surveillance not only makes it difficult
to evaluate the true incidence of infection, but also
makes it impossible to undertake early anti-epidemic
measures. A program for the active identification of
HIV-infected persons and a system for their compulsory
registration have been in effect in the USSR since
September 1985. Since January 1988 comprehensive
records have been kept at a special scientific research
laboratory on AIDS epidemiology and prevention of the
USSR Ministry of Health Central Scientific Research
Institute of Epidemiology on data concerning all
research undertaken and all persons identified with HIV
antibodies.
Materials and Methods
Data on monthly investigations are transmitted in
writing or by telegraph employing a specially designed
form of statistical reporting.
Information was received from a total of 338 institutions
between January 1988 and March 1989. These included
182 blood transfusion stations, 16 epidemiological-
medical stations, 74 clinical hospitals, I infection hos-
pitals, 15 skin and venereal diseases clinics, 30 scientific
research institutes, five anti-plague stations, and from
five other institutions.
The data received were processed by a specially designed
automated system for processing data on testing the
USSR populace for HIV antibodies.
 JPRS-ULS-90-016
16 Epidemiology 2 October 1990

Table 1. Frequency of HIV-Infection and AIDS Identification in the USSR, 1985-1989

Index 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 (Jan-Apr) Total
Number of persons with
HIV antibodies:
Soviet citizens 0 0 31 81 86 198
Foreigners 4 52 54 275 34 415
Number of AIDS
patients:
Soviet citizens 0 0 1 3 5 9
Foreigners 1 2 0 0 0 3

Table 2. Results of Testing USSR Populace for HIV Antibodies from Jan 1, 1988 through Mar 31, 1989
Contingent Number of persons Number of persons with HIV antibodies Number of persons with HIV antibodies
tested (enzyme-linked assay) (Western blot)
total % total %

Soviet citizens 24,378,551 5115 0.02 159 0.0007

Persons identified 3577 128 3.58 100 2.79

during an epidemio-
logical investigation
Drug addicts 170,934 40 0.02 0 0
Homo- and bisexuals 23,718 14 0.06 2 0.00843
Persons with vene- 531,432 245 0.05 17 0.00320
real diseases
Persons engaged in 241,429 70 0.03 0 0.000
promiscuous sexual
relationships
Persons spending 210,873 38 0.02 3 0.00142
more than one
month abroad
Blood donors 14,397,953 2210 0.02 7 0.00005
Pregnant women 6,110,864 1303 0.02 8 0.00013
Recipients of blood 65,169 54 0.08 0 0
preparations
Military service per- 68,087 28 0.04 0 0
sonnel
Prison inmates 447,873 66 0.01 0 0
Persons examined by 902,731 629 0.07 7 0.000775
clinical indications
Persons tested anon- 36,237 38 0.10 1 0.00276
ymously
Persons who had 21,028 6 0.029 0 0
daily medical contact
with AIDS patients
or HIV-infected indi-
viduals
Miscellaneous 1,146,646 273 0.02 14 0.00122

Persons with HIV antibodies were given a special ques-
tionnaire in order to identify the risk factors of infection
and infected contact persons.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 presents data on persons identified with HIV
antibodies and AIDS patients in the USSR during the
period of 1985 to 1989. In 1989 the number of infected
Soviet persons increased in comparison to infected for-
eigners as compared to 1985. The total data picture on
an examination of the native population of the USSR in
1988 is given in Table 2. In addition, 275 HIV-infected
foreigners were identified during that period. All of those
persons were examined in connection with the fact that
they had arrived in the USSR for a stay of more than
three months.
The results of the Soviet citizen examination show that
HIV infections were encountered rarely in 1988. This is
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Epidemiology 17

convincingly indicated by the extremely low indices for
blood donor and pregnant women infection rates,
At the same time the incidence of infected persons
among the risk groups such as homosexuals and venereal
disease patients exceeded the average figure for the
entire population by 13 and 5 times, respectively. The
identification of infected persons by clinical indications
has been effective (119 times higher than a general
indicator). The absence of infected persons among drug
addicts cannot be fully explained. Apparently, few of the
addicts who were examined had been injecting drugs
intravenously or this method of drug administration is
relatively rare in the USSR. However, it is also possible
that the virus has yet not reached into the drug addict
population in the USSR. The risk of infection among
those who spent more than three months abroad is also
somewhat elevated.

Table 3. Incidence of HIV-Infected Citizens of the USSR Identified by Risk Factors as of April 12, 1989
Basic risk factor Number of infected persons
total male female
Homosexual relations:
total 45 45 0
with Soviets and foreigners 8 8 0

with Soviets only 37 37 0

Heterosexual relations:
total 54 18 36
with HIV-infected foreigners 6 0 6
with HIV-infected Soviets 15 7 8
with unknown foreigners 22 3 19
with unknown Soviets 11 8 3
Transfusion of infected blood 11 6 5
Infection by repeated use of unsterilized medical instrument 51 26 25
Transmission of infection from mother to child:
total 10 4 6
during pregnancy and par turition 9 3 6
during breast feeding I 1 0
Transmission of infection from child to mother during breast feeding 7 0 7
Visit to Africa 4 4 0
No data available 16 7 9
Total 198 110 88

The most effective method for identifying infected per-
sons was the epidemiological investigation of identified
HIV-infection cases which enabled the identification of
100 out of 159 infected persons (62.9 percent). The most
instructive episode demonstrating the effectiveness of
combining epidemiological surveillance with epidemio-
logical investigation was the disclosure of an intra-
hospital HIV-infection outbreak in the city of Elista.
This enabled us to establish a connection between two
independent cases of discovered HIV-infections as
reported in the special scientific research laboratory on
AIDS epidemiology and prevention (this epidemiolog-
ical investigation will be published in a separate report).
The results of the epidemiological investigation of HIV-
infection cases identified as of April 1989 in the USSR
are given in Table 3. Heterosexual transmission of HIV
was shown to be the predominant means of transmission
in the USSR (27.3 percent of the infection cases) both
from men to women (66.7 percent) as well as women to
men (33.3 percent). A significant proportion of infec-
tions was during the administration of parenteral proce-
dures (25.8 percent) and viral transmission among
homosexuals was only in third place (22.7 percent).
There were no recorded cases of HIV transmission via
blood transfusions in 1988 (see Table 1). All 11 cases (5.7
percent) occurred in previous years. The large number of
women infected via the heterosexual route accounts for
the relatively large percentage (5.2 percent) of infected
children born to those women.
The data demonstrate that the true risk factors for most
infected persons are still the unknown persons and these
individuals are not subject to compulsory observation.
In that connection, although the epidemiological surveil-
lance system now existing in the USSR can be consid-
ered sufficiently effective, one should not think that the
transmission of the virus among the population can be
completely arrested by identifying the infection sources.
It is rather difficult to determine the accuracy with which

18 Epidemiology
the current epidemiological surveillance system charac-
terizes the incidence of HIV-infections among USSR
citizens. It is not clear how many blood donors and
persons from other groups were examined repeatedly
(donors are examined before each donation of blood),
Since the persons identified during an epidemiological
investigation cannot be counted in estimating the infec-
tion rate for the whole population, the actual number of
infected persons in 1988 in the USSR where there are
285 million inhabitants, could range from 700 to 2,000
by the beginning of 1989. In that case one should also
take into consideration the fact that all of the sexually
transmitted HIV-infection cases occurred in the major
cities (Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Minsk, and Kiev)
and that there were no recorded cases in three out of the
four Central Asian republics, in Georgia, Azerbaijan,
and in Russia beyond the Urals.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
In spite of the rather low incidence of HIV-infections in
the USSR, one can already say that there is the beginning
of an epidemic which could take on menacing propor-
tions within a few years without a combined anti-
epidemic and prophylactic effort that particularly
instructs the public in safe sexual behavior.
Conclusions
1. The beginning of HIV-infection prevalence among the
USSR population has been noted.
2. In 1988 HIV-infections were predominantly incurred
via heterosexual and parenteral routes.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatelstvo "Meditsina", 1990
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Genetics
UDC 633.31:576.851.155
Isolation of Recombinant Transducing Phages of
Rhizobium Meliloti With Broad Host Range
907C0628A Moscow GENETIKA in Russian Vol 26
No 1, Jan 90 (manuscriptreceived 10 Aug 88; after
revision 28 Dec 88) pp 37-42
[Article by N. I. Novikova, V. I. Safronova, Ye. K.
Lyudvikova, and B. V. Simarov, All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, Lenin-
grad]
[Abstract] Mutants of strains 425a and L5-30 and bac-
teriophages Rml, Rm3, Rm120, Rm134 and (DM12 of
Rhizobium meliloti were used to isolate recombinant
transducing phages with a broad host range and high
frequency of transduction. The appearance of plaques on
the LSKhM 1 lawn indicated recombination between
Rm 1 and Rm3, and it was shown that phages with a
greater number of infections had higher recombination
frequencies. Five hybrids of RmlxRm134 (P10, P14,
and P15) and Rm 1xRm 120 (P19 and P20) transferred
genetic material with a 10- 4 to 106 frequency. Analysis
of 80 rifampicin- resistant transductants induced by
phage P19 showed that rifampicin- and streptomycin-
resistance were linked and demonstrated high frequen-
cies of joint transfer in L5-30 mutants. These recombi-
nants are suitable for use in genetic selection research in
tuberculate bacteria of Medicago. Figures 1, tables 5,
references 13: 7 Russian, 6 Western.
19
UDC 575.1:581.17:581.154
In Vitro Selection of Cytoplasmic Mutants in
Potatoes
907C0628B Moscow GENETIKA in Russian Vol 26
No 1, Jan 90 (manuscriptreceived 18 Apr 88; after
revision 7 Jul 88) pp 84-90
[Article by V. A. Sidorov, V. M. Samoylov, V. L.
Dubinich, Institute of Botany imeni N. G. Kholodniy,
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of Sci-
ences]
[Abstract] Chlorophyll-deficient and streptomycin-
resistant cytoplasmic mutants in eight varieties of potato
plants were isolated to further work on hybridization.
The simple and effective technique used consisted of
isolation of chimeric scions selected in the first vegeta-
tive progeny by means of microclonal propagation in
plants cultivated in vitro. The plants were treated with
the mutagen nitrosomethylurea and streptomycin sulfate
to isolate streptomycin- resistant varieties. The fre-
quency of poecilophyllous (variegated- leaved) chimera
was 53.7 percent in Lasunok and 43.5 in Vyarba, while at
the lower end of the scale it was 10.3 percent in
Belorusskiy and 15.6 percent in Belorusskiy Ranniy.
Complementation analysis by protoplast fusion was used
as proof of the cytoplasmic nature of the mutations. The
high frequency of cytoplasmic mutations is due to the
specific effect of nitrosomethylurea on the cytoplasm.
Figures 1; tables 1; references 16: 7 Russian, 9 Western.

20 Immunology
UDC 612.11
Effects of Immune Response Modifier
Glycoprotein A on Blood System
907C0533A Riga IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NA UK
LATVIYSKOYSSR in Russian No 2, Feb 90
(manuscriptreceived 13 Sep 89) pp 68-71
[Article by A. A. Kamradze, D. I. Eze, Z. E. Petrinya, V.
R. Nikolayeva and I. 0. Muyzhniyeks, Latvian Order of
the Red Banner of Labor State University imeni P.
Stuchka]
[Abstract] Trials were conducted on rabbits and mice to
assess the pharmacodynamic spectrum of glycoprotein
A, an immunomodulator isolated from Penicillium sp.,
particularly with respect to its effect on the thymus and
spleen, number of blood cells, and pyrogenicity. Studies
with various means of administration to rabbits and
CBA and C57BI mice revealed that glycoprotein A
induced short-term leukocytosis with a shift to the left,
concomitantly decreasing the number of nucleated
thymic and splenic cells. Nevertheless, thymic and
splenic indices were not affected. In addition, a short-
term (6 h) febrile response was also noted, which peaked
between 1.5 to 3 h after administration. The data dem-
onstrated that glycoprotein A induced changes that are
analogous to those that have been observed with other
biological response modifiers. Figures 3; tables 2; refer-
ences 5: 3 Russian, 2 Western.
UDC 615.339:578.245].012
Preparation of Purified, Concentrated Human
Interferon from Namalwa Cells
907C0550H Moscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 12 Dec 88) pp 711-714
[Article by N. L. Melnikova, N. R. Shukhmina, E. R.
Pille, V. V. Zverev, L. V. Isayevich, T. I. Kuzmina, A. I.
Shchipanova, Yu. F. Maychuk and 0. G.
Andzhaparidze, Scientific Research Institute of Viral
Preparations, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences;
Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases
imeni Helmholtz]
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
[Abstract] Previously described techniques were
employed for the preparation and concentration of
human interferon from Namalwa cells [Shukhmina, N.
R., et al., Molekul. Genetika, No 6: 30, 1984; Cantell, K.,
et al., J. Gen. Virol., 39: 541, 1978]. In the final analysis
interferon was obtained with an activity of 105 to 106
IU/ml and a specific activity of 1[106-3"106 IU/mg of
protein. A 500-fold concentration resulted in a 1000-fold
increase in specific activity and a 3000- to 5000-fold
reduction in the protein content. The average yield of
interferon was about 33 percent. Testing against tick-
borne encephalitis in a variety of cell cultures showed
that interferon activity was concentrated in the 15 and
23 kD fractions identified by polyacrylamide gel electro-
phoresis. Toxicity trials involving rabbit conjunctival
tests, tissue cultures, and suckling hamsters demon-
strated the preparation to be nontoxic and suitable for
clinical trials. Figures 2; tables 1; references 16: 3 Rus-
sian, 13 Western.
UDC 615.275.4.015.4:612.017.1].076.9
Interferon Induction by Immune Response
Modifiers
907C05501 Moscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 4 Apr 88) pp 717-720
[Article by E. B. Tazulakhova, N. N. Amitina, G. M.
Ignatyev, F. I. Yershov, Yu. B.Maurinsh and M. Yu.
Lidak, Institute of Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy,
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] A comparative study was conducted on inter-
feron induction by the immune response modifier inosi-
plex [sic] and its derivative, ASK, in 12-14 g male CBA
mice, in conjunction with natural (phage f2 dsRNA) and
synthetic inducers (poly-G:C). Maximum serum levels of
250 U were obtained when inosiplex was administered
in a dose of 25 mg/mouse 4 h before 100 pg/mouse of
poly-G:C, with interferon persisting at that level for 3
days. Even longer persistence of similar serum interferon
concentrations were obtained with ASK. In the latter
case high interferon titers persisted for 7 days when 25
mg/mouse of ASK was administered 4 h before 50
pg/mouse of poly-G:C. Figures 5; references 16: 6 Rus-
sian, 10 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Laser Bioeffects
UDC 615.849.19.015.4.076.9
Susceptibility of Animals to CO 2 Laser Radiation
907CO510H Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
nNo 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received 10 Nov
88) pp 45-47
[Article by I.N. Ushkova, L.A. Pokrovskaya, L.P. Rodi-
onova, G.N. Kuzminskaya, L.L. Goncharova, I.N.
Makarova, N.Yu. Malkova and G.N. Sergeyeva, Scien-
tific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupa-
tional Diseases; Sanitary Hygienic Medical Institute,
Leningrad]
[Abstract] Male chinchilla rabbits were utilized for fur-
ther assessment of the biological effects of CO 2 lasers
(10.6 gim wavelength) currently finding wide medical
21
acceptance. The trials were conducted with LGN-703
laser, employing a corneal threshold dose (21 J/cm 2, 71
sec, 2.5 cm diameter coverage) and a dose equivalent to
1/7th of the threshold dose. Monitoring of the animals
for 30 days after the threshold dose revealed irreversible
corneal changes and hypertension, cardiac and hepatic
hyperemia, reduction in reticulocytes at days 5 and 10,
and recovery of reticulocyte counts by day 30. In addi-
tion, blood chemistries indicated depletion of antioxida-
tive mechanisms. The subthreshold dose induced cor-
neal damage in 50 percent of the rabbits, hypotension,
and other analogous but less pronounced changes seen
with the higher dose. The basic mechanism of action of
the laser was attributed to thermal effects on the nerve
endings in the cornea, resulting in systemic alterations
via the central nervous system. Tables 2; references 3
(Russian).

22 Marine Mammals
UDC 591.513.5:599.537
Ability of Bottle-Nosed Dolphins To Generalize
by Relative Sign
907C0624A Moscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY
NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI L P. PA VLO VA
in Russian Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90 (manuscript
received 4 Jan 89; after revision 13 Sep 89) pp 44-51
[Article by D. A. Fless, Yu. D. Starodubtsev, and Ye. M.
Starodubtseva, Chair of Physiology of Higher Nervous
Activity, Moscow State University imeni M. V.
Lomonosov]
[Abstract] The ability of two female bottle-nosed dol-
phins (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) to isolate and gen-
eralize according to a spatial relative sign was studied.
SI
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
The dolphins were tested for the ability to orient them-
selves by the relative position (right-left) of two identical
objects, one of which was an irritant, and remember the
signal significance of the relative sign in changing con-
ditions, and for the ability to abstract, isolate, and
generalize the sign of any other pair of objects in the
same spatial arrangement without new training. In the
second stage of experiments, the initial objects were
replaced by others differing from the former in their
shape, size, material, etc. The dolphins were able to
differentiate as a signal the relative spatial sign "right-
left" in changing conditions, indicating that they have a
high level of integrative brain activity. They also mani-
fested the maximum degree of abstraction and generali-
zation thought possible by an animal: the ability to
choose between two objects "to the right and to the left
in general". Figures 2; references 20: 19 Russian, 1
Western.
I I I
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Medicine
UDC 615.477.8:615.281.03].07
Sanitary-Chemical Study of Polyvinylstyrene
Antimicrobial Films
907c0279b Moscow
KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY ZHURNAL
in Russian Vol 23 No 8, Aug 89 pp 979-982
[Article by Z. K. Baykova, L. I. Petrova, V. Ya. Bogo-
molnyy, Okhtinsk "Plastpolimer" Scientific-Production
Association, Leningrad]
[Abstract] Viniplen, a polymer film made from polyvinyl
alcohol and used to treat donor sites in skin transplant
been found
operations, has protctin I mets ashea film
quite effective
o wondsandburn.
for
equre-
protection of wounds and burns. It meets the require-
meats of limited swelling and solubility in water. This
article studies PVS films containing dioxidin and cat-
apol, to determine their suitability for medical use. The
main criteria used in the study were the content of
substances used or formed in their manufacture in
extracts from the films, such as vinyl acetate, acetic acid
and ethanol, which could have biological effects. The
films were found to have satisfactory sanitary-chemical
properties similar to Viniplen, which does not contain
the antimicrobial substances,
UDC 616.594.14-02:615.2/.3
Toxic Alopecia in Chernovtsy
907C0607A Kiev VRACHEBNOYE DELO in Russian
No 1, Jan 90 (manuscriptreceived 24 Jan 89)
pp 102-104
[Article by L. D. Kalyuzhnaya, L. A. Dereveyanko, and
0. V. Snitsarenko, Department of Pediatric Dermatov-
enerology (Head - Docent L. D. Kalyuzhnaya), Kiev
Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians]
[Text] Hypotrichoses are classified into congenital
(hereditary ectodermal dysplasias, structural hair alter-
ation such as monilethrix, trichoclasia, etc.) and
acquired types. The more frequently encountered forms
are acquired hypotrichoses which are in turn divided
into cicatricial (scleroderma, Brock's pseudoalopecia,
discoid lupus erythematosus, atrophic lichen planus,
mucinous alopecia, scalp traumas) and non-cicatricial
forms. Among the non-citracicial alopecias, one should
distinguish the symptomatic alopecias, alopecia areata
as well as often encountered trichotillomania, children's
inclination to hair-pulling. Alopecia areata is the most
prevalent form of alopecia and is found in 5 to 15
percent of children. Symptomatic alopecia may be a sign
of various kinds of intoxication (severe infectious dis-
eases, poisoning by heavy metal salts, ingestion of drugs
such as anticoagulants, cytostatics, borates, thyreostat-
ics, cholesterol-reducing preparations, and hypervitami-
nosis A).
During August through November 1988, there were
cases of diffuse alopecia in children whose onset
23
occurred within one to three days. As a rule, the role of
chemical substances in alopecia has been underesti-
mated. At the same time, the possible effect of chemical
substances should always be considered to be a probable
reason for inexplicable hair loss. Mercury, thallium,
boron, and bismuth poisonings are most frequently the
cause of symptomatic hair loss.
Mercury poisoning occurs accidentally in the course of
everyday activities or through the use of cosmetics. For
example, some bleaching creams contain mercury and
when they are applied to the skin there can be significant
transcutaneous absorptionbyresulting
that can be accompanied in diffuse
such systemic hair loss
symptoms as
weight loss and excitability. In afflicted children, usually
mnt toitwo yearsite condion begins
aged foms
aged from six months to two years, the condition begins
with an inexplicable fever, excitability, and hypotony.
The palms, feet, and nose swell, redden, and soon after
begin to peel. There is profuse perspiration and hair loss
which can become pronounced. Finger and toenails may
also be shed [2]. The mercury level in the urine can be
used to establish a proper diagnosis.
Salts of thallium are used in rodent control, in the
manufacture of luminescent compounds, and can be
used to increase the octane number of gasoline. Thallium
compounds that enter the body through the small intes-
tine, the respiratory pathway or through the skin rapidly
accumulate in the muscles, liver, small intestine, and at
a rather slow rate (over a period of three to sixteen
weeks) in the hair. Thallium attacks the central nervous
system, the digestive tract, and kidneys, and causes hair
loss. A toxic dose of thallium is 8 mg/kg. Symptoms of
such poisoning include polyneuritis with hyperalgesias,
convulsions, insomnia, disturbance of the digestive
tract, psychic disturbances, cataracts, inflammation of
the iris, scotoma, and loss of vision.
Thallium salts have been used to control profuse perspi-
ration in tuberculosis patients in which case the depila-
tory action of the compounds has been manifested. The
salts have also been used in the treatment of trichomy-
cosis, either as an external plaster or administered orally.
Following total baldness, hair again begins to grow in the
pilose areas of the head [1]. In animal experiments
alopecia started two to three weeks after the ingestion of
thallium. Signs of thallium poisoning include nausea,
vomiting, lassitude, ataxia, tremors, alopecia, fatigue,
and pain in the feet. When small doses of thallium are
present alopecia may be a diagnostic symptom regardless
of whether it is combined with other manifestations.
Boron compounds may frequently enter a body acciden-
tally such as during the intensive application of patented
agents for mouth washes. There have been descriptions
of alopecia resulting from the vocational contact with
sodium boride. Alopecia develops gradually in boron
poisoning and is diffuse in nature.
Bismuth preparations that are used in the treatment of
syphilis are believed to induce diffuse alopecia. There-
fore, in October, when two to six children were afflicted

24 Medicine
every day, on the basis of an analysis of the case histories
and the clinical picture we presumed the children were
poisoned by an active chemical agent.
At the end of October the children were hospitalized at
pediatric clinics in Moscow and Kiev. Toxic alopecia
was identified in 132 children. Eighty-three children who
came from Chernovtsy to the Kiev Scientific Research
Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology were
under our observation. Large groups of the patients were
hospitalized from October 26 to November 25. We had
the impression that the morbidity was not decreasing.
However, upon examining the children and questioning
the parents, we found out that the number of children
with the hair diseases who were being brought to the
clinics abruptly increased as the alarm of the city's
residents became greater. Among the admitted children
were 18 with various forms of alopecia areata, two with
trichotillomania, and one without any hair loss (fear on
the part of the mother).
Sixty of the admitted patients were diagnosed as suf-
fering from toxic diffuse alopecia. A little girl who was
brought into the clinic on November 25 had lost her hair
on October 20 but her grandmother did not take her to
the doctor. There were many more cases where children
were not taken to a physician until five to fourteen days
after losing their hair. This led us to doubt the analysis of
the morbidity rate that was compiled on the basis of the
frequency of visits to physicians. The medical history
and clinical picture had characteristic features in toxic
alopecia. In children the hair was loss was intensive on
the pilose part of the scalp. Upon touching the hairs they
could easily be removed from the follicles. Over a period
of one to three days the long hairs fell out completely.
Therefore, the morbidity rate had to analyzed within
precise periods of hair loss, and not by the frequency of
visits to physicians. Our analysis allowed us to conclude
that the last case of toxic alopecia was recorded on
November 14, and not on December 1, was recorded in
the reports.
The clinical picture was the same for all of the 60
afflicted children aged three months to 10 years for
whom the presumed diagnosis was toxic alopecia. The
overall health of the patients was not impaired. The
pilose portion of the scalp was devoid of long hairs while
lanugo was retained on the trunk and head. Bristly hairs
did not fall out. Fine hairs 0.5 - 3 cm in length were
retained on the border of the pilose region of the scalp
and around the temples in all of the patients. Some of the
patients exhibited leukonychia. Upon a close examina-
tion of the hair that remained after an injection of
unithiol, we could see black inclusions which appeared
under the microscope to be flask-shaped or spindle-like
in form that were located on hair shoots at a distance of
one to five millimeters from the skin surface. When the
hairs were pulled they easily broke off at the level of the
darkened areas. When the hair was tested for thallium
content in order to confirm the diagnosis of thallium
alopecia, the results were negative inasmuch as the tests
were made on the hairs that had fallen out on the first
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
day and on the cut free edge of the nail plates. Therefore,
much depended upon the correct selection of materials
for study. Following a careful depilation procedure,
thallium was detected by the atomic absorption method
on November 8 in an eight-year old male patient who
was admitted the clinic on October 26, 1988. Following
the first positive reaction by the epilatory method,
examination material was taken from children with
initial growth of hair as well as shavings of nail plates in
the growth region of children in whom hair loss had
begun two months ago.
In order to establish the degree of intoxication the
children were seen by a pediatrician, a gastroenterolo-
gist, an allergist, an otorhinologist, a stomatologist, a
neuropathologist, a psychiatrist, a toxicologist, an infec-
tious disease specialist, and endocrinologist. A detailed
study was made of immune status, hemograms, and
kidney function. Remote thermography, electroenceph-
alography, rheoencephalography and ultrasonic exami-
nation of the liver and pancreas were undertaken as well
as the measurement of daily catecholamine excretion
and blood thyrotropic hormone. The results of these tests
indicated a few cases of cholecystoangiocholitis, reactive
hepatitis, gastroduodenitis, bronchitis, and eosinophilia.
Hallucinations were short-term in three children with
childbirth trauma or encephalopathy. The amount of
thallium that entered the body could be considered so
insignificant that alopecia turned out to be the first and
only symptom of the disease. In the case of negative
findings (absence of thallium in the hair), poisoning was
induced by another active chemical agent (possibly
boron or its compounds). If the patient was given
unithiol two days after the onset of hair loss, a small
amount of hair was retained. This indicates that heavy
metal salts were the cause of alopecia.
The patients received the following treatment at the
clinic: methionine (which elevates the blood level of
cystine and facilitates the removal of a chemical agent),
geroton, phytin with calcium glycerophosphate, essential
oil, ATP, aloe, massage of the pilose region of the scalp,
external application of naphthalane alcohol, and Kena-
log. Two to three weeks after the hair loss, the hair
spontaneously was restored, which is also typical of
thallium alopecia.
The considerable number of patients with alopecia
areata who were admitted to the clinic and subsequent
calls for consultation to other cities of the Ukraine
necessitated a study of this pathology. Alopecia areata
can begin at any age. One or several initiating areas
about the size of a five-kopeck coin appear on the pilose
part of the scalp. The skin in the initial affected area is
not altered, but is pale and around the skin is a "zone of
loosened hair" up to 1 cm wide. The foci grow around
the periphery and converge among themselves. Sponta-
neous regression can take place in 45 percent of the
children. In severe cases the disease progresses and
becomes total. When long hairs are absent, the lanugo,
eyebrows and eyelashes fall out and sometimes onychod-
ystrophy follows. The disease may be associated with
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Medicine
chronic foci of focal infection that are frequently tonsil-
logenic an odontogenic, helminthic invasion, and endo-
crinopathies. The disease may also follow stress, emo-
tional experiences, and severe influenza. A neurotrophic
version of primarily hypothalamic syndrome is observed
in the case of total alopecia. Therefore, such patients
should be examined for enterobiasis and toxoplasmosis,
and should be seen by an otorhinologist, stomatologist,
psychoneurologist, and endocrinologist. In the case of
helminth poisoning, the foci could be small, up to 1 - 15
kopeck coin, resembling "moth-eaten fur" in syphilis
cases. In addition, children may also exhibit trichotillo-
mania where a child, involuntarily, without a pen or
pencil in hand, twists hair around his finger and pulls the
hair and pulls or breaks off eyebrow or eyelash hairs. The
25
thinning sections of hair can reach considerable dimen-
sions. In the course of establishing a diagnosis attention
should be given to the characteristics of the course (rate
of hair loss) and clinical aspects (absence of long hairs
only) of toxic alopecia. Only a dermatologist should
establish the final diagnosis in any case of alopecia.
Bibliography
1. Kishkin, P. N., "Dermatomykozy" [Dermatomy-
coses], Medgiz, Moscow, (1950).
2. Ruk, A. and Dauber, R., "Bolezni volos i volosistoy
chasti golovy" [Diseases of the Hair and Pilose Region of
the Head] (trans. from English), Moscow, (1985).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatelstvo "Zdorovya", "Vrachebnoye
delo", 1990

26 Microbiology
UDC 582.282.123.2:620.193.8
Probability Nature of Conidia Aspergillas Niger
Adhesion to Polymer Surfaces
907C0385B Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89
pp 39-44
[Article by I. V. Kaznacheyev, K. Z. Gumargaliyeva, Yu.
V. Moiseyev and S. N. Mironova; Institute of Chemical
Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Institute
of Microbiology, BSSR Academy of Sciences, Minsk]
[Abstract] A study of the probability nature of adhesion
of the microscopic fungus Aspergillus Niger var. Tiegh to
polymer surfaces involved growing A. niger on a Chapek
medium at 30 degrees C for 14 days, producing a
suspension by washing in distilled water, collecting on
membrane filters and drying at room temperature.
Polymer materials of different degrees of hydrophilicity
(polyethylene and cellophane) served as a base to which
a conidia suspension (titer 106/ml was applied by a
microdoser. Samples were centrifuged at different
angular velocities of rotation of the centrifuge and the
number of adherences was counted. Adhesion of A. niger
had a probabilistic nature because of the size heteroge-
neity of the conidia and the heterogeneity of the polymer
bases. The distribution of conidia according to forces of
adhesion followed a Gaussian pattern. The quantitative
nature of the process of interaction of the microscopic
fungi and the solid polymer surfaces may serve as a
criterion of microdestruction of materials. Figures 7:
references 7 (Russian).
UDC 579.881.11
Biological Properties of Bernet Rickettsia Isolated
in the Northwest of the UkSSR
907C0385C Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89
pp 60-67
[Article by N. D. Klimchuk and Z. G. Kushnir; Scientific
Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology,
Lvov]
[Abstract] A 1987 study of Q fever in the Northwest of
the UkSSR (Volyn Oblast and Rovno Oblast) in natural
foci of this disease revealed 2 strains of Bernet rickettsia.
Strain "Politsky" was isolated from the common vole
near the village of Politsy in Vladimiretskiy Rayon,
Rovno Oblast and strain "Gishin" was found in ixodid
ticks in the village of Gishin in Kovelskiy Rayon, Volyn
Oblast. Study of the biological properties of these strains
of the Q fever pathogen, found for the first time in this
region, showed that strain "Gishin" was highly virulent
for guinea pigs and white mice while strain "Politskiy"
was much less virulent in this respect. Corpuscular
antigen of phase I, prepared from rickettsia strain
"Politskiy" was highly active in revealing the corre-
sponding antibodies in blood sera of laboratory animals
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
which made it possible, later, to use it to diagnose Q
fever in humans. The highly-sensitive indirect immun-
ofluorescence reaction indicated the possibility of deter-
mining antibodies to phase I of the pathogen by the 17th
day after infection. The presence of the Q fever pathogen
with different degrees of virulence confirmed the neces-
sity of sound diagnosis and isolation of Q fever patients
among persons with febrile diseases. Circulation of the
"Politskiy" strain, with lesser virulence, requires etiolog-
ical interpretation of Q fever among persons with
flaccid, subclinical diseases, especially cardio-vascular
disease, liver disease and pathologies of pregnancy. Fig-
ures 2; references 18: 16 Russian; 2 Western.
UDC 579.264
Effect of Aerococcus Viridans, Bases of New
Therapeutic-Prophylactic Drug "M-Bacterin", on
Biological Properties of Staphylococcus Aureus
907C0385D Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89 77-81
[Article by M. L. Gorbunova, Ye. 1. Lobanova, T. Ye.
Drozd et al.; Dnepropetrovsk Medical Institute]
[Abstract] The collective of the chair of Microbiology of
Dnepropetrovsk Medical Institute has developed a new
therapeutic-prophylactic drug "M-bacterin" from a live
lyophilized culture of bacteria-antagonists Aerococcus
viridans No. 17. Studies on experimental models have
shown the antagonistic effect of aerococci on pathogenic
staphylococci. The Committee of Vaccines and Sera at
the USSR Ministry of Health demonstrated the harm-
lessness and effectiveness of "M-bacterin" in treatment
of acute purulent diseases of the skin and mucous
membrane of the mouth which are predominantly of
staphylococcal etiology. The aerococci had an antago-
nistic effect on staphylococci in a wound, demonstrated
by the significant reduction of the number of pathogens
in the secretion from the wound. This study of the
mechanism of antagonistic action of aerococci in rela-
tion to Staphylococcus aureus showed that combined
cultivation of staphylococcus and aerococci in meat
peptone broth produced a progressive decrease in the
number of viable staphylococcus cells with each passage
with survival of only individual cells after the 7th
passage and death of all cells after the 8th passage.
Stapphylococcus clones, subjected to the effect of Aero-
coccus viridan No 167 in vitro and in vivo, formed small
colonies with slight pigmentation in comparison with the
control. Electronograms indicated deep changes in the
cell ultrastructure. Changes in the ultrastructure
increased as a function of the duration of contact of the
staphylococci with the antagonists in vivo and in vitro.
The study revealed the anti-staphylococcal action of
Aerococcus viridansNo 167 upon which is based the new
drug "M"-bacterin. Figures 3; references 11: 9 Russian; 2
Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Microbiology
UDC 579.841.017.7
Accumulation of Poly-B-Hydroxybutyric Acid by
Some Oligotrophic Polyprosthecate Bacteria
907C0544B Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscriptreceived 6 Apr 88)
pp 923-926
[Article by A. M. Semenov, A. Ganzlikova, and N.
Tenov, Institute of Microbiology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Moscow; Institute of Microbiology, Czecho-
slovak Academy of Sciences, Prague]
[Abstract] In view of the growing importance of poly-B-
hydroxybutyric acid (PBHBA)-based biodegradable
materials, the polyprosthetic bacteria Labrys, Prosthe-
comicrobium, and Stella were assessed for accumulation
of PBHBA and potential use in the control of environ-
mental pollution. The study demonstrated that S.
humosa, P. pneumaticum and S. vacuolata accumulated
PBHBA to levels equivalent to 36, 38, and 28 percent,
respectively, of their dry weight, a process that was
essentially independent of their growth stage. Accumu-
lation was growth-stage dependent in the case of L.
monachus and P. hirschii, with total accumulations of,
respectively, 25.8 and 23.1 percent occurring largely in
the stationary phase. In the final analysis, these findings
demonstrate that the bacteria in question may have
promise in the treatment of nontoxic effluents, and may
have greater utility when employed in mixed cultures.
Figures 2; references 9: 5 Russian, 4 Western.
UDC 579.8.017.7:550.72
Microbial Leaching of Bauxite Elements
907C0544C Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscriptreceived
15 Dec 88) pp 956-962
[Article by L. V. Ogurtsova, G. I. Karavayko, Z. A.
Avakyan and A. A. Korenevskiy, Institute of Microbiol-
ogy, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] Sixty-three microbial strains representing 15
genera were tested for their efficiency in leaching kaolin-
ite-hematite-bemite bauxite components in order to
assess their industrial applications. Comparison of the
levels of SiO2, A12 0 3 , and Fe 2 0 3 in sterile solutions and
those containing the various microorganisms showed
that, over an equivalent period of time, mycelial micro-
mycetes increased leaching 9.7- to 165-fold, yeasts 3- to
11-fold, and heterotrophic bacteria 3- to 10-fold. Nitri-
fying bacteria were ineffective, while Thiobacillus
thiooxidans was the sole sulfur bacterium to promote
leaching, particularly of aluminum oxide. In general, the
mycelial micromycetes and the heterotrophic bacteria
were more efficient in silicon and iron recovery, while
yeasts promoted aluminum extraction. However, certain
yeasts also were efficient in iron extraction. Figures 3;
tables 4; references 7: 4 Russian, 3 Western.
27
UDC 579.841.11.083
Colonization of Fibers by Ethylene
Glycol-Degrading Bacteria
907C0544D Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript received
1 Nov 88) pp 995-999
[Article by N. F. Mogilevich, P. I. Gvozdyak, L. V.
Nevinnaya and 0. A. Zakordonets, Institute of Colloid
Chemistry and Water Chemistry imeni A. V. Dumanskiy
and Institute of Botany imeni N. G. Kholodnyy, Ukrai-
nian Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences,
Kiev]
[Abstract] Growth kinetics were compared for the eth-
ylene glycol-degrading Pseudomonas aureofaciens in
solution and when colonizing glass and capron fibers.
The results demonstrated that under normal conditions
of cultivation (pH 8) the growth rate on the fibers was
twice as great as in the capron fibers or in liquid-phase
cultivation, while under adverse conditions (pH 9)
growth occurred only on the glass fibers. In all cases
growth was superior on glass fibers in comparison with
capron fibers. In the case of the fibers a bacterial
monolayer film was formed after 24 h, reaching a biofilm
thickness of 0.2-0.5 mm after 12 days. Figures 2; tables 1;
references 3: 2 Russian, 1 Western.
UDC 579.843.4.017.7
Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of
Hereditary Variants Arising in Photobacterium
Leiognathi Population
907C0544E Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscriptreceived 7 Jul 88)
pp 1000-1006
[Article by A. N. Shenderov, I. Yu. Videlets, N. I.
Lutskaya, V. B. Gurevich and A. V. Svetlakov, Institute
of Biophysics, Siberian Division, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Krasnoyarsk; Krasnoyarsk State University]
[Abstract] An analysis was conducted on the luminescent
system in five spontaneous variants arising in Photobac-
terium leiognathi 54 with a frequency of 10-3 to 10'. The
study demonstrated that the variants differed from the
parental wild type and among themselves in terms of
colonial morphology, growth requirements, patterns of
nitrogen, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, glucose
repression, and control of gene expression of the lumi-
nescent system components. Accordingly, the data indi-
cate that Photobacterium leiognathi possesses several
alternative genetic programs for gene expression and
metabolic regulation with epigenetically determined
switching mechanisms. However, DNA splitting studies
using eight restrictases failed to reveal any differences to
date, nor have plasmids been implicated in the observed
physiological and biochemical differences. Figures 3;
tables 1; references 9: 5 Russian, 4 Western.

28 Microbiology
UDC 579.23:579.842.24
Preparation and Fusion of Erwinia Chrysanthemi
Spheroplasts
907C0544FMoscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript received
18 Aug 88) pp 1037-1051
[Article by N. A. Troitskiy and K. N. Yakovenko,
Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Belorussian Soviet
Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences, Minsk]
[Abstract] Studies with Erwinia chrysanthemi ENA-49
VY4951 and VY0206 demonstrated ready induction of
spheroplast formation in hypertonic media with 3 per-
cent glycine and a conversion rate of 99 percent. On
selective hypertonic media better than 10 percent of the
spheroplasts reverted to the rod form. Polyethylene
glycol-mediated fusion with a 1:1 mixture of the two
spheroplast population in the glycine medium led to the
recovery of the two parental strains and five recombi-
nant strains, with phenotypic studies showing that 21.83
percent of the primary clones were represented by
hybrids. Figures 2; tables 2; references 8: 3 Russian, 5
Western.
UDC 579.841.11-252.5
Genetic Determination of Degradation of
Ampholytic Surfactants
907C0544G Moscow MIKROBIOLOGIYA in Russian
Vol 58 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript received
27 Sep 88) pp 1043-1044
[Article by L. F. Ovcharov, L. A. Taranova and P. I.
Gvozdyak, Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water
Chemistry imeni A. V. Dumanskiy, Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences, Kiev]
[Abstract] Studies on the genetic factors underlying the
biodegradation of ampholytic surfactants led to the
identification of the plasmids pDX4 and pDX5 in
Pseudomonas putida 141 and Ps. stutzeri AT. In the
former case pDX4 is responsible for the metabolism of
alkylamino-bis-propionate and in the latter case pDX5 is
responsible for the degradation of amidobetaine. Degra-
dation of cyclimide by Ps. desmolytica C37 is evidently
governed by the bacterial chromosome, as is metabolism
of ampholytic surfactants by Pseudomonas sp. 1 and
Citrobacter freundii TO. Tables 1; references 7: 4 Rus-
sian, 3 Western.
UDC 579.68:579.22.547.91
Surfactant Properties of Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing
Bacteria
907C0599A Moscow VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO
UNIVERSITETA: BIOLOGIYA in Russian No 1,
Jan-Mar90 (manuscript received 2 Jun 89) pp 14-18
[Article by T. V. Koronelli and S. G. Yuferova]
[Abstract] The advantages of biosurfactants-stability
over broad ranges of temperature, pH, salinity, degrada-
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
tion, and nonpollutant character-led to an assessment
of the surfactant properties of Rhodoccus marls MST-
32, R. erythropolis AR-25, 92A, 94A, 57A, 57AVG, R.
luteus 77A, Arthrobacter ceroformans 2F, and Acineto-
bacter calcoaceticus 6915. Each of the strains in question
was demonstrated to produce biosurfactants, either cell-
bound or secreted into the culture medium. The cell
suspensions, culture fluids, and/or supernatants served
as emulsifiers of hydrocarbons in water and precluded
the formation of stable water-oil emulsions. In general,
biosurfactant efficiency was genera- and species-
dependent. However, rhodoccocal surfactant was cell-
bound and efficiency was strain- rather than species-
dependent. Tables 2; references 9: 5 Russian, 4 Western.
UDC 575.224:582.232
Synechocystis 6803 Cyanobacterium Mutants
Resistant to Photosynthesis Inhibitors
907C0599B Moscow VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO
UNIVERSITETA: BIOLOGIYA in Russian No 1,
90 ( IOLOGrYAin 10 No 1,
Jan-Mar 90 (manuscript received 10 Oct 88) pp 42-46
[Article by 0. A. Koksharova and S. V. Shestakov]
[Abstract] Extensive use of herbicides in agriculture
prompted studies on the construction of herbicide-
resistant plants via genetic engineering. Herbicide-
resistant cyanobacteria may find use as a ready source of
genes for such purposes. Accordingly, a series of mutants
of Synechocystis 6803 were identified, the photosystem
of which was not affected by diuron, dinoseb, or
parachloromercuribenzoate. The mutants did not differ
from the parental wild type in the photoautotrophic
growth rate, oxygen evolution, or carbon dioxide fixa-
tion. In addition, DNA derived from the mutants trans-
formed the wild type to diuron, dinoseb, and parachlo-
romercuribenzoate resistance at a low frequency (0.1 10-
7 to 6-10-") that was, however, higher than the frequency
of spontaneous mutations (10' to 10-9). Figures 1; tables
3; references 14: 4 Russian, 10 Western.
UDC 579.63
Pseudomonas Microorganisms That Degrade
Pseudomonas Micr n
Oxypropylated Glycerin
907C0631A Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 52 No 1, Jan-Feb 90
(manuscriptreceived 3 Jan 89) pp 28-32
[Article by 0. N. Zambrzhitskiy, M. V. Budris, A. K.
Kabashnikov, S. P. Kovalenko, Institute of Microbiol-
ogy, Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of
Sciences, Minsk]
[Abstract] The waste water of a factory producing simple
oligoesters was studied with the intent of finding micro-
organisms that use oligoesters as a source of carbon and
energy and thus purify waste water. Only five percent of
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Microbiology
the 120 bacterial clones obtained from'a synthetic nutri-
tive culture metabolized the substrate in less than 24
hours. The rate of oxypropylated glycerin degradation by
the bacterial strains is not related to the amount of
biomass forming, but is rather associated with the total
dehydrogenase activity of the cell. Pseudomonas sp. 66
was selected from the six most active strains for further
research. Its optimum pH was between 7.0 and 8.0,
though it was viable from 3.0 to 11.0. The temperature
substantially affects the duration of the growth phase, as
indicated by the fact that decreasing the fermentation
temperature from 30*C to 22C results in a 73 percent
increase in the yield of biomass. Increasing the cultiva-
tion temperature to 38C is accompanied by biochemical
alterations in the cell membrane with a decrease in the
secretion of some proteins and subsequent accumulation
of them in the cells. The microbial purification of local
industrial waste water can be organized, with the bio-
mass obtained used as fertilizer. Figures 1; tables 2;
references 5 (Russian).
UDC 579.841.11.083.3
Specificity of Immune Serum to Exocellular
Lipopolysaccharide Pseudomonas Wieringae
907C0631B Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 52 No 1, Jan-Feb 90
(manuscript received 23 Mar 89) pp 44-47 ~
[Article by L. M. Yakovleva, G. M. Zdorovenko, R. I.
Gvozdyak, I. Ya. Zakharova, and T. M. Averkiyeva,
Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences, Kiev]
[Abstract] A specific immune serum was isolated based
on extracellular 0-antigenic substances of Pseudomonas
syringae phytopathogenic bacteria as part of a con-
tinuing search for serologically specific substances from
bacteria, the antisera to which would be specific for
certain groups of microorganisms. The extracellular
lipopolysaccharide from P. wieringae 7923, which was
found to be related to P. syringae, was the subject of
research. In agglutination reactions of strains of P.
syringae pathovars with sera of various origins, 84.03
and 89.7 percent were positive, while 15.97 and 10.3
percent were negative. Research also showed that other
bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas as well as strains of
bacteria from the genera Erwinia, Bacillus, Xanthomo-
nas, Corynebacterium, and Klebsiella did not react pos-
itively with the extracellular lipopolysaccharide of P.
wieringae. The extracellular lipopolysaccharide is immu-
nogenic with an antigen specific for P. syringae, indi-
cating that the immune serum isolated is species specific.
Tables 2; references 17: 5 Russian, 12 Western.
UDC 579.841.4:622
Adhesion of Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria to Rocks
in Coal Mines
907C0631C Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 52 No 1, Jan-Feb 90
(manuscript received 5 Jan 89) pp 73-77
[Article by I. K. Kurdish, V. N. Kravchuk, 0. V.
Yegorov, V. I. Karpenko, and Yu. R. Malashenko,
29
Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences, Kiev]
[Abstract] The application of a suspension of methane-
oxidizing bacteria, Methylomonas rubra and Methylo-
coccus thermophilus, to rocks in coal mines has been
suggested as a means of eliminating the methane gas that
accumulates in the mines. The number of bacteria
adhering to the rocks increases in time, reaching 60-90
percent at 3 hours of contact, with Mm. rubra demon-
strating more mobility than Mc. thermophilus. The
smaller-sized particles were much more adhesive than
the larger ones, and the total number of particles that
adhered to the rocks was proportional to the concentra-
tion of cells in the suspension. The methane-oxidizing
bacteria adhere more quickly to coal than the rocks.
More effective means of immobilizing methanotrophs
on rocks need to be sought for oxidizing methane in coal
mines. Figures 4; references 17:13 Russian, 4 Western.
UDC 579.69:620.193.8
Destruction of Emulsion and Semisynthetic
Lubricants and Coolants by Fungi and Bacteria
907C0631D Kiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIY
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 52 No 1, Jan-Feb 90
(manuscriptreceived 7 Jul 88) pp 77-83
[Article by Z. M. Kartavtseva and N. M. Matsynina,
Central Laboratory of Lubricants and Coolants, Kama
Motor Works, Naberezhnyye Chelny]
[Abstract] The vulnerability of some lubricants and
coolants (Ukrinol-1, Akvol-11, Karbamol P-I, and
Avtokat) manufactured in the Soviet Union to fungi and
bacteria was determined, and growth aspects of the fungi
and bacteria in them were studied. All of the fluids were
infected with the fungi and bacteria at varying rates, with
Ukrinol infection proceeding most slowly. There is an
inverse relation of the rate of plating of fungi from the
lubricants and coolants in the agarose culture to the rate
of formation of fungi biomass. Suppression of bacteria
growth was demonstrated to markedly increase the
growth of fungi. The fungi in the lubricants and coolants
compete with the bacteria if the concentration of the
latter is less than 107 cells/ml, and are not found at
bacteria concentrations greater than 10' cells/ml. Fungal
concentrations of 102_103 cells/ml are dangerous for the
lubricants and coolants and will clog filters and tool-
holders. In contrast to fungi, the number of bacteria in
the lubricants and coolants depends directly on the pH of
the emulsion. The growth aspects of both fungi and
bacteria need to be considered jointly in developing a
means of protecting lubricants and coolants with bio-
cides. Tables 5; references 19: 14 Russian, 5 Western.

30 Nonionizing Radiation Effects
UDC 614.7:[613.164+613.167]:629.73
Health Regulation of Physical Factors in
Residential Areas Generated by Neighboring Civil
Aviation Installations
907C0510A Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 24-26
[Article by V. N. Soldatchenkov, Kiev Scientific
Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene
imeni A.N. Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Special assessment was conducted on the
health aspects of various forms of electromagnetic fields
produced by civil aviation installations, particularly as
they affect adjacent residential areas. The study concen-
trated on medium, high, very high, ultra high and super
high frequencies, and was designed to determine max-
imum permissible intensities of electromagnetic fields in
relation to energy, frequency, and estimated duration of
exposure. Extensive monitoring, in conjunction with
animal experimentation, led to the conclusion that the
maximum permissible intensities in residential areas for
medium, high, and very high frequencies should be set at
14, 12, and 4 V/m, respectively. In addition, a compre-
hensive evaluation of the health aspects of such installa-
tions on the local population must include assessment of
the noise factor. Tables 1; references 6 (Russian).
UDC 613.647+613.167/.168]:621.397.13
Health Regulation of Electromagnetic Fields
Created by Telecommunication Installations
907C0510B Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscriptreceived
4 Oct 88) pp 26-29
Insti-
[Article by I.I. Karachev, Kiev Scientific Research
tute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] In order to better assess the potential health
effects of telecommunication installations on the local
population, comprehensive studies were conducted on
the biological effects of long-term exposure of albino rats
to very high (VHF) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF)
electromagnetic fields. The animals were exposed to the
14-96 V/rn VHF (80 and 202 MHz) and UHF (546 MHz)
fields for 14 h/day for 120 days. Evaluation of physio-
logical, biochemical, hematologi, immunologic, and
cytogenetic parameters led to determination of innoc-
uous exposures and formulation of the maximum per-
missible intensities. For example, the maximum permis-
sible intensity for 48.4 MHz VHF electromagnetic field
was calculated at 5 V/m, while for a 300 MHz UHF field
a value of 2.5 V/rn was derived. Tables 1; references 12:
9 Russian, 3 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
UDC 613.647:621.37
Health Risk Assessment and Standardization of
50 Hz Magnetic Fields
907CO510C Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscriptreceived
4 Oct 88) pp 30-32
[Article by L.F. Zyubnova, V.B. Karamyshev and V.G.
Shestakov, Kharkov Scientific Research Institute of
Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases]
[Abstract] Human observations and animal studies were
conducted to assess the biological consequences of expo-
sure to magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz, in view
of the extensive industrial use of appliances and equip-
ment producing such fields. The study was based on
comprehensive physiological evaluation of 180 welders
and individuals in related occupations, as well as on
male rats subjected to 75-7500 A/m magnetic fields for 2
to 7 months. In general, the resultant data revealed
similarities in the adverse effects, with the degree of
deterioration dependent on temporal and energy param-
eters of exposure. The effects were more profound with
an increase in the intensities, duration of exposure, and
a decrease in the interval between exposures. These
observations indicate that each appliance or piece of
equipment has to be evaluated on an individual basis
depending on the energetic and temporal characteristics
of the magnetic field that is being produced. References
6 (Russian).
UDC 613.168-07
Health Risk Assessment of Complex Spectrum
Low Frequency Magnetic Fields
907CO510D Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscriptreceived
24 Oct 88) pp 32-36
[Article by V.M. Shtemler, R. Sudibye, N.M. Sokolov,
and A.N. Kuznetsov, Scientific Research Institute of
General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N. Sysin,
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] Evaluation of the low-frequency magnetic
fields produced by various domestic appliances such as
electric shavers, mixers, juicers, etc., revealed consider-
able spectral heterogeneity, a fact calling into question
the validity of current methods of health risk assessment.
As a result, it appears that estimation of the root-
mean-square value of the intensity of the variable field
produced by an appliance does not provide a valid
indication of health risk because of the spectral com-
plexity of the field. Rather, in view of the spectral
heterogeneity, assessment should preferably be based on
the root-mean-square value of the rate of field induction.
Tables 1; references 12: 8 Russian, 4 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Nonionizing Radiation Effects
UDC 614.7:613.6471-07
Physiological Criteria for Developmental Health
Risk Assessment of 2750 MHz Electromagnetic
Field
907C0510E Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 36-39
[Article by N.S. Polka, Kiev Scientific Research Institute
of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Prepubertal rats, 35.5 gm in weight, were
selected for studies on the effects of 2750 MHz electro-
magnetic field (EMF) in order to assess the possible
health effects of radar on the developing organism. The
2 UDC 613.647-092.9-07:616.8-091.8
animals were exposed to 50, 100 or 200 jsW/cm EMFs
for 16 h/day for 4 months, with monthly monitoring of a
number of psychophysiological, metabolic, and hemato-
logic parameters. The study demonstrated that during
the first two months of exposure to the 2750 MHz EMF
the neurological corellates were indicative of activation
of the central nervous system (CNS), followed by atten-
uation of CNS processes in the last two months. Con-
comitantly, metabolic changes demonstrated that EMF
enhanced glycogenolysis and inhibition of respiratory
enzymes. Hematologic changes consisted of a reduction
in erythrocyte concentration beginning with the second
to third month, a marked drop in the hematocrit during
the second month, and elevation of reticulocyte counts
after the first month. In general, these changes persisted
for a month after exposure was discontinued. In addi-
tion, a tendency to leukopenia and a shift to the right
were also noted. Finally, the animals lagged in weight
gain in comparison with control animals. On the basis of
regression analysis the threshold limit value for the 2750
MHz EMF was set at 15 gW/cm 2. Tables 2; references 4
(Russian).
UDC 613.647-07
Biomedical Aspects of Modulated High Frequency
Emissions
907C0510FMoscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 39-41
[Article by T.V. Kalyada and V.N. Nikitina, Leningrad
Scientific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene and
Occupational Diseases]
[Abstract] Examination of personnel at radiotransmit-
ting installations has shown that 44.3 percent suffer from
central nervous system (CNS) disturbances and 34.7
percent from cardiovascular disorders, considerably
higher than the statistics for control cohorts (8.9 and 6.7
percent, respectively; p < 0.001). There were also more
frequent complaints of headaches and chest pain.
Accordingly, to further define the effects of long-term
exposure to high frequency electromagnetic radiation,
31
albino male rats were exposed to code-modulated and
unmodulated 13 MHz, 500 W/m electromagnetic fields.
Monitoring of a number of hematologic parameters
revealed that low-entropy animals, i.e., animals with low
baseline motor activity, responded with a statistically
significant reduction in reticulocytes, total leukocytes,
segmented neutrophils, and monocytes, while eosino-
phils showed a significant rise following unmodulated
electromagnetic radiation. Low-entropy animals
responded with a fall in reticulocytes and an increase in
the total number of leukocytes, and a decrease in the
number of eosinophils. Intermediate rats were found to
be refractory. In addition, these observations also dem-
onstrated that modulated electromagnetic radiation
exerted a much more profound hematologic effect in the
susceptible animals than did the unmodulated radiation.
Figures 1; tables 1; references 4 (Russian).
Experimental Analysis of Microwave Bioeffects:
Systemic, Ultrastructural and Neuronal
Mechanisms
907C051OG Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 41-45
[Article by N.N. Vasilevskiy, N.B. Suvorov and M.V.
Medvedeva, Scientific Research Institute of Experi-
medvedicinetiScResemychfInstitue ociEnces,
mental Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences,
Leningrad]
[Abstract] Cats were employed in an analysis of central
nervous system (CNS) effects of 500 giW/cm 2 2375 MHz
electromagnetic fields (EMF) as part of a collaborative
USSR-USA program. The experimental approach
entailed evaluation of EEG patterns and correlations
among different formations, and ultrastructural exami-
nation of the lateral area of the hypothalamus. The
animals were irradiated for 8 h/day for a total of 200 h.
EEG monitoring showed that exposure to EMF resulted
in synchronization of the 6-10 and the 12-16 Hz bands.
Ultrastructural evaluation revealed extensive cellular
disorganization, decreased synaptic areas, and concen-
tration of synaptic vesicles in the center of the presyn-
aptic regions. Although the changes were even more
pronounced 3 months after irradiation was discon-
tinued, after 6 months reversal was apparent. Although
none of the changes could be described as specific to
microwaves, they reflected the effects of prolonged expo-
sure to EMFs. Tables 1; references 21: 15 Russian, 6
Western.
UDC 613.167/.168:614.4
Health Risk Assessment of Electromagnetic
Fields Caused by Meteorological Radars
907C0510I Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
10 Feb 89) pp 48-50
[Article by N.G. Nikitina and D.S. Ivanov, Ukrainian
Scientific Hygienic Center, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic Ministry of Health, Kiev]

32 Nonionizing Radiation Effects
[Abstract] The health risks associated with meteorolog-
ical radar may be controlled in two ways. In one
approach technological improvements are intended to
provide superior radar capabilities without an increase
in the strength of the electromagnetic field (EMF) in a
given vicinity. In the second approach the probability of
a health risk is correlated with the strength of the EMF in
setting acceptable limits on the latter. Under the best of
circumstances, introduction of a new radar installation
may actually reduce the risk if it replaces older equip-
ment that was not engineered with current safety stan-
dards in mind. Additional calculations are presented for
the case of two channel meteorological radars, demon-
strating that the net biological effect may be additive,
synergistic, or antagonistic. Figures 2; references 5 (Rus-
sian).
UDC 613.647:621.37
Calculation of Health Risk Probability of
Electromagnetic Fields
907C0510K Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 73-75
[Article by D. S. Ivanov, Kiev Scientific Research Insti-
tute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Presentation is made of the mathematical
treatment of statistical data for the calculation of health
risk probabilities of electromagnetic fields. The
approach taken involves determination of the maximum
innocuous level of the electromagnetic field based on
animal studies, with extrapolation to humans based on
correlation of animal exposure times to equivalent time
values for humans. The innocuous animal threshold is
then converted to human threshold limit values. This
approach does not replace assessment of threshold limit
values based on morbidity patterns, but rather consti-
tutes a complementary technique. Tables I; references 5
(Russian).
UDC 613.647-07:612.82
Central Nervous System Function in Health Risk
Assessment of Industrial Frequency Electric Field
907C051IOL Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 78-79
[Article by I. S. Bezdolnaya, Kiev Scientific Resarch
Institute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Thirty male students 20-25 years of age were
employed in a study designed to test the central nervous
system (CNS) health risks involved in exposure to a 50
Hz (industrial frequency) 15 kV/m electric field. The
results demonstrated that exposure for 60 or 90 min per
day for 20 days led to predominance of excitatory over
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
inhibitory processes, reduction in the ar-index, the latent
period for ar-rhythm desynchronization, and in the latent
periods of conditioned responses to simple sensory
motor stimuli. None of the memory parameters were
affected. In the case of 90 min exposure variable changes
were also noted in function of cutaneous cold receptors.
These observations underscored the unique lability of
the CNS vis-a-vis 50 Hz electric fields, and that fact that
with longer exposures higher hierarchical levels of the
CNS are involved. References 12 (Russian).
UDC 613.647-07:612.112.94.015.1
Effect of Industrial Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields on Lymphocyte Enzymology in Animals
Following Assessment of Adaptational Reactions
907C051IOM Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4Ot8)p 08
[Article by V.D. Dyshlovoy, A.S. Yanovskaya and T.S.
Chaplinskaya, Kiev Medical Institute]
[Abstract] Male and female BALB and C57BL/6y mice
were exposed to industrial frequency 750 kV/m electro-
magnetic fields in order to determine whether lympho-
cyte enzymology may be used as an indicator of suscep-
tibility. The animals were subjected to l to 30 exposures,
each lasting 5 h, followed by determination of several
dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, and RNA concentra-
tion. Cytochemical data revealed species differences as
well as the fact that the C57BL/6y mice were more
susceptible to the effects of irradiation than the BALB
mice, indicating that lymphocyte enzymology may be
used as a susceptibility indicator. In addition, the data
also revealed a dose-related lymphopenia, although some
reversal was noted toward the end of the experiment. In
addition, lymphohistiocytic infiltration was noted in
perivascular spaces, myocardium, liver, kidneys, and
other organs. The thymus had a large number of dam-
aged lymphocytes. References 6: 5 Russian, 1 Western.
UDC 612.821+612.76].014.426
Functional Asymmetry as Indicator of Biological
Activity of Super High Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields
907C05 JON Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 81-82
[Article by Ye. F. Stoyan, Kiev Scientific Research
Institute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] An analysis was conducted on functional
asymmetry in children undergoing therapy for non-
specific respiratory diseases with super high frequency
(SHF) fields directed at the thorax (Luch-2 apparatus,
12.6 cm wavelength, 2375 MHz, 5 W output, 10 mmn/day
for 10 days). Examination of the children demonstrated
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Nonionizing Radiation Effects
that the therapeutic modality in question resulted in a
significantly greater increase in skin temperature on the
right side of the chest in comparison with untreated
children, while the temperature on the other side was
unaffected. The latter phenomenon was interpreted to
reflect activity of cardiovascular reflex mechanisms
intended to prevent overheating of the cardiac area. The
tactile sensitivity of the right hand was also shown to be
more susceptible to the SHF field than the left hand, and
the diastolic blood pressure in the left hand was signifi-
cantly lower than in the right. In addition, right handed-
ness was replaced by ambidexterity during irradiation,
These observations indicate that changes in functional
asymmetry under the influence of low level SHF fields
may be a useful parameter in health risk assessment of
such physical factors. References 10 (Russian).
UDC 613.647+614.875]-07:612.76
Locomotion Parameters of Animals in Health
Risk Assessment of Microwave Radiation
907C05100 Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in RussianOct
No 810, Oct 89 (manuscript received
in4Ru, 9( p r d study revealed certain time-dependent changes, con-
4 Oct 88) pp 82-85
[Article by M.A. Navakatikyan and S.I. Nogachevskaya,
Kiev Scientific Research Institute of General and Coin-
munal Hygiene imeni A.N. Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Female Fisher rats (150-250 g) were used in
open-field and maze tests to assess the effects of micro-
wave irradiation (2450 MHz, 1 mW/cm 2 , 7 h/day for
10-45 days) on locomotor activity. The data showed that,
in general, motor activity was depressed in a dose-
dependent manner in both tests. However, animals irra-
diated for 30 days in the open-field or free-running trials
reflected some degree of activation of locomotor
activity, a trend reflected to a lesser extent in the maze
studies. The factors responsible for the apparent activa-
tion remain enigmatic and point to the need for further
research along these lines. Tables 3; references 22: 11
Russian, I1 Western.
UDC 613.647-07:[612.235+612.261].014.49
Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Adaptive
Reactions of Blood Oxygen Transport System
907C55l0P Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
4 Oct 88) pp 85-87
[Article by V.P. Artyukh, Kiev Scientific Research Insti-
tute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N.
Marzeyev]
[Abstract] Outbred male rats, 200-250 g in weight, were
subjected to microwave irradiation (2450 MHz, 10 mW/
cm , 7 h exposure) in order to assess the effects on
oxygen transport. Acid hemolysis studies showed that
irradiation led to a 50 percent reduction in hemolysis
time, and that older cells were more sensitive. The
33
microwave mechanisms of action evidently involve a
direct effect on the erythrocyte membrane as well as
indirect mechanisms via the neuroendocrine axis. Fig-
ures 1; references 20: 10 Russian, 10 Western.
UDC 613.647:621.319]:[612.26+612.015.1].014.424
Effects of Long-Term 120 kY/m Electrostatic
Fields on Monoaminergic Systems and Energy
Metabolism Enzymes in Rats
907C0510Q Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
12 Oct 88) pp 89-90
[Article by F.G. Portnov, A.P. Iyerusalimskiy, L.F.
Vorobyeva, B.L. Dundure and Yu.M. Porozov, Depart-
ment of Biomedical Problems of Electrical Engineering,
All-Union Scientific Research Engineering and Techno-
logical Institute of the Cable Industry, Yurmala]
[Abstract] Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were selected to
assess the effects of long-term exposure to 120 kV/m (1.7
gA/m2) electrostatic fields on the monoaminergic system
and ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes. The
sisting of, for example, a 47 percent reduction in the
dopamine/norepinephrine ratio in the diencephalon
brain after 3 months. One month after 4 months of
exposure most of the changes in the dopaminergic and
noradrenergic neurons approached baseline values. A
transient elevation of
stem, diencephalon andserotonin
the basal was noted
ganglia in 3the
after brain
months,
2
while erythrocyte membrane Mg -ATPase activity was
significantly depressed after 2 and 3 months. These
findings provide additional proof that health safety
standards need to be established for common electro-
static fields. Tables 1; references 9: 6 Russian, 3 Western.
UDC 613.647+613.168]:621.396
Analysis of Current Production of Soviet
Publications on Biological Effects of
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
907C0510R Moscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscript received
12 Oct 88) pp 90-92
[Article by G.I. Leonskaya, M.Yu. Antomonov, V.I. Bezzub
and L.P. Munina, Kiev Scientific Research Institute of
General and Communal Hygiene imeni A.N. Marzeyev]
[Abstract] An analysis was conducted on the rate of
appearance of Soviet publications dealing with the bio-
logical and health aspects of radiofrequency electromag-
netic fields. The data, covering the 1975-1985 time-
frame, encompassed monographs, collected works,
journal articles, conference proceedings, patent litera-
ture, discoveries, and so forth. The analysis demon-
strated that research papers are being published in 59
journals, with the most productive journals identified as
VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII I
LECHEBNOY FIZICHESKOY KULTURY,
GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA, and VRACHEBNOYE
DELO. Although access to information contained in
 JPRS-ULS-90-016
34 Nonionizing Radiation Effects 2 October 1990

these three journals presents no problem for the spe- patients in the early stages of cerebrovascular insuffi-
cialist, reliance on these journals alone deprives a scien- ciency. The magnet was positioned in a manner designed
tists of 50 percent of the available information. In to impart an intravascular induction of 20-30 T in the
general, the flow of publications has remained more or internal carotid artery, with the south pole applied to
less steady during the timeframe in question, with a precerebral segment of the artery perpendicular to the
moderate increase largely limited to works dealing with
discoveries. The data indicate that in the foreseeable longitudinal axis of the artery. The clinical and labora-
future the rate of production of publications dealing withtory evaluations demonstrated that 76-93 percent of the
radiofrequency fields will remain at the present level, patients responded favorably for a month when treated
Figures 1; tables 1; references 7 (Russian). unilaterally for 24 h per day for 7 days. The improve-
ments in regional hemodynamics were attributed to
UDC 616-073.8:[616.13/14+616.8] normalization of hemostatic indicators and rheologic
Novel Applications of Constant Magnetic Fields parameters. An alternative approach consisting of mag-
in Neuroangiology netic therapy for 15-120 min per day for 7 days involved
IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NA UK a greater degree of circadian fluctuations in hemody-
907C0533C
L TVIYVEYS
0
LATVIYSKOY CARiga
SSR Sin
inEI TY No 2,
Russian 2,Feb90namics and was of less clinical benefit. After one month
Feb 90imrvmnswenodinnl83pcntfth
(manuscriptreceived 19 Jul 89) pp 95-104 improvements were noted in only 83 percent of the
patients in the latter group. Figures 3; tables 1; references
[Article by G. I. Eninya, I. P. Logina, V. A. Chernyakov 25: 23 Russian, 2 Western.
and I. Kh. Mayore, Riga Medical Institute]
[Abstract] Therapeutic trials were undertaken with a
cylindrical samarium-cobalt magnet for managing 180
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Pharmacology, Toxicology
UDC 616.835.56
Symptoms of Acute Trichloronitromethane
Inhalation Lesions
907C0607B Kiev VRACHEBNOYE DELO in Russian
No 1, Jan 90 (manuscript received 2 Nov 87) pp 104-106
[Article by I. K. Asaulyuk]
[Text] Trichloronitromethane (CC13NO 2) is a powerful
chemical poison and is often used for rat and insect
extermination procedures [2]. The preparation is a col-
orless, oily liquid with a sharp, irritating odor and is
highly volatile (0.184 g/l at 200). Its minimal active
concentration is 0.002 mg/l, and its intolerance dose is
0.05 mg/l (2 minutes). It is easily absorbed and desorbs
very slowly, particularly at low temperatures [3]. At a
concentration of 0.009 mg/ml it is a very epiphoric and
irritating. A concentration of 2 mg/I and exposure for 10
- 15 minutes results in toxic pulmonary edema and death
[1]. In addition, trichloronitromethane possesses neuro-
reflexive and resorptive activity. Mild, moderate, or
severe pulmonary lesions can result from exposure
depending on the concentration of trichloroni-
tromethane vapors and the condition of the exposed
organism. The course of poisoning is marked by three
periods: irritation or reflex responses (at the moment of
trichloronitromethane contact), a latent period (average
of two to five hours), and the onset of pulmonary edema,
We observed 13 persons who developed trichloroni-
tromethane poisoning in the course of treating work
areas. The victims were on the premises for four to 15
minutes: Two persons were exposed less than five min-
utes, 10 persons were exposed from five to ten minutes,
and one person was exposed less than 15 minutes. Eleven
persons were found to have a severe form of intoxica-
tion, and two persons had a mild form. All of the patients
exhibited ocular colic, lacrimation, burns on the neck,
axillary region, and hands, and a burning sensation in
the mouth, tickling in the throat, a distressing unproduc-
tive cough, an unpleasant taste in their mouths, and
nausea. Nine patients had moderate pains behind their
sternum.
Within the first 30 to 50 minutes after they left the
premises these phenomena almost disappeared in four
persons and were significantly reduced in nine persons.
However, after two to three to five hours all of them
again exhibited intensive cough, pronounced sternal
pain, difficult breathing, dyspnea, increasing general
weakness, and rapid fatigue. In addition, the cases of
severe poisoning were accompanied by nausea, vom-
iting, diarrhea, stomach pains, headache, tachycardia,
cyanosis, hyperemia of the face, neck, ocular mucosa,
scleral injection, puffiness of the face, and emotional
instability,
Pulmonary auscultation throughout the entire period
demonstrated dry, disperse, sibilant, and droning bilat-
eral rales that became more intense with forced
breathing and slight physical exertion.
35
Thus, the phases of injury symptomatics comprising
irritation, the latent period, and the development of
symptoms were observed in all of the patients. The latent
period, however, was shorter or absent in the severely
afflicted persons. The symptomatics of the first and
second periods were similar in all of the victims, whereas
the clinical picture of intoxication after the second
period (2-3-5 hours) manifested itself in different ways.
The gravity of the condition was determined by the
degree to which the pathological process had spread in
the lungs as well as by concomitant lesions of the air
passage ways and other organs and systems (toxic hepa-
titis, nephropathy, myocarditis). Thus, diffuse dry, sibi-
lant, and droning rales were heard over the entire lung
area in 10 of the 13 patients as well as prolonged
expiration. There was loss of resonance in the lower rear
regions. Auscultation there demonstrated harsh
breathing that was somewhat weakened and a few fine
and medium bubbling rales. In a background of emphy-
sematous lungs and a magnified bronchovascular x-ray,
there were small, medium, and macrofocal shadows with
uneven, blurred borders.
After intensive therapy in the first minutes of poisoning
and for a period of 12 to 16 hours the toxic pulmonary
edema that was observed in 11 severely afflicted persons
was arrested within twenty-four hours. This made it
possible to reduce significantly oxygen insufficiency. A
special clinical feature of toxic pulmonary edema was the
absence of intensive frothing in the trachea and bronchi
which was apparently related to the timely application of
intensive therapy. Irritable bronchospastic syndrome of
variable intensity was correlated with the degree of
lesion severity in all 13 patients.
The clinical picture of toxic pneumonia was marked by a
rather rapid inverse development of clinical (after 36 to
48 hours) and x-ray (three to five days) signs. This was
interpreted as an abacterial course and no transforma-
tion to bacterial pneumonia was found in any of the
patients. Toxic pneumonia in all of the patients occurred
at a temperature reaction in the subfebrile range (37.3 -
37.7C).
A significant role in the clinical manifestations of
trichloronitromethane poisoning that caused hypoxia
was played by circulatory disturbances due to reflex
disturbances as well as hypoxia, elevated blood viscosity,
and the accumulation of incompletely oxidized meta-
bolic products in the blood.
All of the patients complained of pains in the heart
region and palpitations. First degree atrioventricular
block was noted in the ECG of two of the 11 patients
with severe poisoning. Tachycardia was demonstrated in
nine patients, and bradycardia was found in two
patients. T-wave was flattened or smoothed in nine
patients. Signs of pronounced ischemia were found in
one, and sinus arrhythmia in two patients. In nine
patients auscultation demonstrated muffled tones. The
first, tone was segmented and had a dull accentuation
(like "hitting an empty barrel"). During the first hours

36 Pharmacology, Toxicology
after exposure seven of the patients exhibited elevated
arterial pressure up to 150/100 - 160/100 mm Hg which
was apparently due not only to the stress situation but to
bronchospastic syndrome and reflex constriction of the
pulmonary vessels. Injury to the heart was evaluated as
toxic myocarditis.
Eleven patients exhibited external respiration distur-
bance (lowered VC and FVC, expiratory pressure, ratio
of maximal pulmonary ventilation to required maximal
pulmonary ventilation, and other indices). Restoration
began after 18 to 20 days. Toxic hepatic injury (toxic
hepatitis) was indicated by elevated blood levels of total
bilirubin (to 24 - 26 ntmoles/1), especially conjugated
bilirubin (up to 6.7 gt moles/l, elevated aminotransferase
- ALT - activity up to 1.28 mmoles/(h/L) and AST - up to
0.94 mmoles/(h/L) and lowered glucose-6-phosphatase
levels. Toxic renal injury was indicated by elevated
blood urea (up to 9.2 gxmoles/I and creatinine (up to 260
gt moles/l as well as by changes in the urine (slight
proteinuria and cylindruria).
On the second and third days following exposure there
was an increase in the prothrombin index of up to 110 -
140 percent and fibrinogen content (4.3 g/l and more)
which indicated hypercoagulation resulting from fluid
loss and pachyemia. During the first three days the
elevated red blood cell count was more than 5 101/1 and
the hemoglobin count was up to 163 g/l in eight persons.
Moderate leukocytosis (10 109/1 to 16" 10' was observed
in 11 persons and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation
rate was observed in six persons.
The dynamics of certain acid-base indices for the blood
were examined in severely poisoned persons during the
first days of their exposure and were evaluated as a
manifestation of moderately pronounced respiratory aci-
dosis (pH - 7.34 - 7.35; pCO 2 - 41.3 - 45.0). Strict bed rest
was prescribed for all of the patients along with the
extensive use of oxygen in order to eliminate oxygen
starvation, acidosis, pulmonary edema, and circulatory
disturbances.
Euphylline, furosemide or lasix, and glucose were
employed in the case of pulmonary edema. Agents used
to decrease vascular permeability included calcium chlo-
ride or gluconate, ascorbic acid, and vitamin P. Cardiac
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
glycosides (corglykon or strophanthin) and analeptics
(Cordiamin and Corazol) were prescribed to improve
cardiovascular function.
Acidosis was arrested by the use of sodium bicarbonate.
Broad
Bodsetu spectrum polysynthetic
oyytei antibiotics
niitc were
eepe pre-
scribed to prevent bacterial pneumonias.
Various symp-
tomatic agents were used as required, including isopren-
aline spray, corticosteroids, and antibiotics to eliminate
bronchial spasms, local inflammatory phenomena, and
to prevent infection complications.
The principal task during the reflex period was to elim-
inate the irritation of mucous respiratory pathways.
Prescribed for this purpose were sodium bicarbonate
gargles for the mouth and nasopharynx, inhalation of
ephedrine and Euphylline sprays, etc. Codeine and dio-
nine were prescribed to reduce coughing. All of the
patients exhibited clinical recovery following treatment.
The average hospital stay was 15 days for persons with
mild cases of poisoning and 27 days for the severe cases.
Thus, the principal sign in acute trichloronitromethane
inhalation poisonings is bronchospastic syndrome. In
severe poisoning, the principal sign is toxic pulmonary
edema. In addition, trichloronitromethane has a direct
toxic and resorptive effect on the liver, kidneys, and
cardiovascular system. Clinical recovery was observed in
all the victims upon the application of the indicated
complex of therapeutic measures.
Bibliography
1. Karakchiyev, N. I., "Toksikologiya OV i zashchita ot
oruzhiya massogo porazheniya" [Toxicology of Inflam-
mable Substances and Protection Against Mass-
Destructive Weapons], Meditsina, Tashkent, 1973.
2. Ludwig, R. and Los, K., "Ostryye otravleniya" [Acute
Poisonings] Trans. from German), Meditsina, Moscow,
1983.
3. "Neotlozhnaya pomoshch pri ostrykh otravleniyakh:
Spravochnik po toksikologii" [First Aid in Acute Poison-
ings: Toxicology reference manual], Ed. Academician of
the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences S. N. Golikov,
Meditsina, Moscow, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatelstvo "Zdorovya", "Vrachebnoye
delo", 1990.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Physiology
UDC 612.821.2+612.8.015
Effect of Local Injection of
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and 6-hydroxydopamine
Into Neocortex on Learning and Investigatory
Behavior of Rats in Open Field
907C0098A Moscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY
NERVNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI I. P. PA VLOVA
in Russian Vol 39 No 3 May-Jun pp 548-555
[Article by Kh. Yu. Ismaylova, G. G. Gasanov, T. P
Semenova, N. V. Bobkova, I. V. Nesterova and Ye. A.
Gromova; Institute of Physiology imeni A. I. Karayev,
Academy of Sciences AzSSR, Baku, Institute of Biolog-
ical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, Pushchino:
"Effect of Local Injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
and 6-hydroxydopamine Into Neocortex on Learning
and Investigatory Behavior of Rats in Open Field"]
[Abstract] Experiments were performed on 32 male
Wistar rats (weight 220-240 g) placed in one of four
groups: I- control rats (12) with brain intact, 2- pseudo-
operated rats (4), subjected to implantation of a cannule
and receiving intracortical injections of physiological
solution, 3- rats (8) receiving an injection of 5,7-
dihydroxytryptamine, a toxin which destroys serotonin-
ergic terminals and 4- rats (8) injected with 6-
hydroxydopamine, a toxin which destroys
catecholaminergic terminals. Rat behavior was assessed
according to indicators of learning and investigatory
behavior. Bilateral local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine
(12 microg/4 microl) into the neocortex weakened inves-
tigatory activity of the rats in an open field and increased
the time of fulfillment of a formed conditioned-reflex
food-reinforced reaction. Bilateral local injection of 5,7-
dihydroxytryptamine (24 microg/4 microl) into the neo-
cortex intensified investigatory activity of the rats in an
open field and reduced the time of fulfillment of the
formed conditioned reflex food-reinforced reaction,
Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the neocortex
reduced the catacholamines level in the frontal region of
the neocortex and hippocampus. An equal injection of
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine reduced the level of 5-HT and
its metabolite significantly in these structures and
changed the catecholamines level, indicating the lesser
specificity of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
than that of 6-hydroxydopamine. Damage to structures
of the serotoninergic or catecholaminergic systems of the
frontal cortex and hippocampus caused by local injec-
tion of the toxins produced differently-directed changes
of behavior of the rats. Figures 4; references 24: 9
Russian; 15 Western.
UDC 612.821.6+612.8.015
Characteristics of Water and Sodium Chloride
Solution Lapping by Rats After Litorin Injection
Into Lateral Ventricle
907C0098B Moscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY
NER VNOY DEYA TELNOSTI IMENI 1. P. PA VLOVA
in Russian Vol 39 No 3, May-Jun 89 pp 561-563
[Article by A. I. Yesakov, deceased and P. A. Ishanov,
Institute of Normal Physiologyy imeni P. K. Anokhin,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow: "Character-
37
istics of Water and Sodium Chloride Solution Lapping by
Rats After Litorin Injection Into Lateral Ventricle"]
[Abstract] Study of the effect of central injection of the
bombesin-like peptide litorin on characteristics of water
and sodium chloride solution lapping involved 50 mon-
grel rats (weight 250-300 g). After 48 hours of depriva-
tion of water, rats were placed in a test chamber with
water or a 1 percent solution of sodium chloride being
available. Litorin was injected in the test chamber into
the lateral ventricle via a microsyringe in a dose of 5
microl. One series of experiments involved injection of
50 ng of litorin per rat and another series involved
injection of 500 ng per rat. Intact rats and rats injected
with a physiological solution made up the control group.
Results were assessed by the numbe of lappings, the
volume of liquid ingested within 5 minutes and the
interval between individual lappings. Litorin injection
levelled the previously established differences in fre-
quency of lappings of a colored salt solution and of an
uncolored solution. Litorin injected reduced the total
number of lappings during the experiment and decreased
the volume of water and salt solution consumed, indi-
cating a satiating effect of the peptide. Motor activity of
the rats (tremor of the front extremities, excess grooming
and "wet dog" type of shaking has been associated with
the effect of bombesin and litorin on monoamines,
especially dopamine, metabolism in rat brain. The effect
observed in this study indicated specific changes in
mechanisms of taste analysis and consummator activity
due to the effect of the peptide on monoamines metab-
olism in the brain. References 5: 1 Russian; 4 Western.
Physiology
UDC 612.821.2+612.8.015+612.821.6
Compensation of Behavioral Disorders in Rats Neonatally
Administered 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine by Transplantation
of Embryonal Raphe Nucleus Tissue
907C0624B Moscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY
NER VNOY DEYA TELNOSTI IMENI . P. PA VLOVA
in Russian Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90 (manuscript
received 20 Feb 89; after revision 12 Apr 89) pp 156-164
[Article by T. P. Semenova, Ye. A. Gromova, N. I.
Grishchenko, I. V. Nesterova, A. G. Bragin, 0. S.
Vinogradova, A. V. Kulikov, G. N. Smirnova, and T. M.
Tretyak, Institute of Biological Physics, USSR Academy
of Sciences, Pushchino]
[Abstract] The potential for employing transplantation
of embryonal raphe nucleus tissue to compensate for
behavioral disorders caused by dysfunction of the sero-
toninergic system in the brain was studied. The activity
of the serotoninergic system was chronically depressed in
62 male Wistar rats by administering 5,7- dihydrox-
ytryptamine (DHT) on a daily basis shortly after birth.
Transplantation of the embryonal tissue was performed
at 1.5 months using tissue from 17-18 day old Wistar rat
embryos. The behavior of the rats was characterized by
their activity in an open field, sensory attention, and
discrimination among emotionally positive influences.
Histologic examination of the rat brains demonstrated
that the transplants were still in place and functional
with most of the transplant material surrounded by scar

38 Physiology
tissue, though there were areas of direct fusion of the
transplant and recipient tissues. A slight increase in the
serotonin content of the brain and neocortex is probably
due to the growth of serotonin fibers from the transplant.
The transplanted neurones of the raphe nuclei compen-
sated for the instinctive behavior disturbed by the sero-
tonin deficit as well as complex forms of exploratory and
emotional behavior. Transplantation of the embryonal
raphe nucleus tissue into the neocortex of rats that were
neonatally administered 5,7-DHT almost completely
restores the orientation reaction of the animals to soma-
tosensory and visual stimuli, exploratory activity, and
emotional activity to their original levels. These findings
confirm the concept of the role that serotoninergic
innervation of the neocortex plays in the regulation of
sensory attention and reactivity. Figures 4; tables 1;
references 22: 10 Russian, 12 Western.
UDC 612.821.6+612.822.3
Effect of Transplantation of Embryonal Brain
Tissue (Early Periods) on Avoidance of Artificial
and Zoosocial Stimuli in Rats
907C0624CMoscow ZHURNAL VYSSHEY
NER VNOY DEYATELNOSTI IMENI I. P. PA VLOVVA
in Russian Vol 40 No 1, Jan-Feb 90 (manuscript
received 12 Jan 89; after revision 21 Apr 89) pp 179-182
[Article by N. G. Mikhaylova, A. V. Zukhar, Ye. V.
Loseva, and I. V. Yermakova, Institute of Higher Ner-
vous Activity and Neurophysiology, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] The effects of nerve transplantation of embry-
onal tissue of the frontal cortex and hippocampus
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
("informational pair") and the tonsils and hypothalamus
("motivational pair") were studied on 50 two-month-old
male rats weighing 200-250 g to determine whether there
were any effects on the individual behavior of the rats
after the transplant, and whether the effects differed for
the two sets of structures used. The rats were tested for
their "emotional resonance" - whether they would
choose between 1) a spacious, well-lighted chamber, or a
"house", 2) the chamber or a "house" whose floor was a
pedal that automatically irritated a partner rat within
hearing distance, and 3) the chamber or a "house" whose
floor switched on a tone and additional light. The rats
were assessed for the average amount of time they spent
avoiding the house as well as the average number of
entrances into the house. The sounds made by the
partner rat when the rat entered the second house had a
much more pronounced effect on the latter in the moti-
vational group, while the tone in third house affected the
informational group much more strongly, indicating that
transplanting the tonsils and hypothalamus had a much
more marked effect than that of the frontal cortex and
hippocampus. Transplantation of embryonal nerve
tissue caused alterations in the individual behavior of
the animals, depending on the brain structures involved.
The neurochemical factors secreted by the transplant
disturb the activity of the structures of the same name in
the rat brain. Figures 2; tables 2; references 4: 2 Russian,
2 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Public Health
Genetic Counseling Center Opens in Panevezhis
907C0044A Vilnius SOVETSKAYA LITVA in Russian
01 Sep p 4
[Article by U. Chesayte under the "News" rubric:
"Genetics Office Opens in Panevezhis"]
[Text] The opening of a specialized genetics center is
evidence of the great concern being shown about the
health of future generations of Panevezhis citizens. The
center is located in the building of a women's clinic.
Algirdas Utkus, the physician working here, is helping
future parents to look into whether some hereditary
disease threatens their progeny, and he counsels them
about how they may avoid it. At the moment, the doctor
has little equipment, but in the very near future, his
arsenal will be supplemented with advanced apparatus,
and the work of the section, which is so necessary in the
city health care system, will be placed on a firm founda-
tion.
UDC 616-001.28-036.11-085.273,3:546,34
Therapeutic Trials With Lithium Carbonate As
Leukocyte Stimulant in Acute Radiation Sickness
18402002B Moscow GEMATOLOGIYA I
TRANSFUZIOLOGIYA in Russian Vol 34 No 3,
Mar 89 (manuscriptreceived I Mar 88) pp 16-23
[Article by V.G. Chotiy and A.Ye. Baranov]
[Abstract] Therapeutic trials were conducted with
lithium carbonate as a stimulant of granulocytopoiesis in
17 males, 22 to 63 years old, suffering from radiation
injuries as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
explosion. A control group consisted of 33 subjects with
an age range of 17 to 72 years that had undergone
identical radiation exposure. Based on blood lymphcyte
levels 6 days after the accident and subsequent determi-
nations of dicentric chromosomal aberrations, the range
of exposure in the experimental and control subjects
varied from 0.5 to 5.7 Gy gamma rays. In the experi-
mental group conventional antimicrobial and supportive
management was supplemented with 900 mg lithium
carbonate tablets, t.i.d., for an average of 35 days,
commencing 9-10 days after irradiation. Monitoring
neutrophil counts in both groups demonstrated that, in
distinction to certain other conditions, in patients with
radiation sickness lithium carbonate was without benefit
in correcting neutropenia. The failure in these patients
was tentatively attributed to depletion of hemopoietic
stem cells, the presumed target cells of lithium car-
bonate. Figures 2; tables 1; references 19: 4 Russian, 15
Western.
39
UDC 616-001.28-036.11-089:616.419-089.843-
089.168-07
Bone Marrow Transplantation After Whole-Body
Irradiation in Chernobyl
18402002A Moscow GEMATOLOGIYA I
TRANSFUZIOLOGIYA in Russian Vol 34 No 3,
Mar 89 (manuscriptreceived 26 Nov 87) pp 3-16
[Article by [R.P. Gayl], A.K. Guskova, Ye.K. Pyatkin, R.
Champlin, G.D. Selidovkin, L.I. Muravyeva, P.
Terasaki, Y. Reisner, N.B. Danilova, L.V. Yevseyeva,
L.N. Petrosyan, S.G. Pushkareva, M.V. Konchalovskiy,
A.A. Gordeyeva, T.D. Toporkova, T.G. Protasova and
L.A. Suvorova, Institute of General Physics and No 6
Clinical Hospital, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow;
University of California School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, U.S.A.]
[Abstract] An assessment was conducted on the outcome
of bone marrow transplantations performed on 13 vic-
tims of the Chernobyl disaster, subjected to whole-body
gamma-irradiation with 6.6 to 11.9 Gy. Internal dosage
from 1-131 and Cs-137 did not exceed 1-3 percent of the
total dose (with the exception of two patients). Patient
selection was based on irreversible bone marrow depres-
sion, with siblings or parents serving as the donors. On
the basis of irradiation the patients were divided into
three clinical groups: [greater than] 9 Gy, 6.6 to 8.7 Gy,
and 4.4 to 6.4 Gy. Seven of the patients succumbed
following transplantation, with the deaths attributed to
the difficulties involved in early diagnosis of the severity
of radiation injuries in patients subjected to high levels
of irradiation. The clinical assessment indicated that
acute radiation injuries of the skin, gastrointestinal tract,
and the lungs in the immediate (7-10 days) post-
radiation period lead inevitably to death despite bone
marrow transplantation. It appears that bone marrow is
not indicated in such patients when they display second
the third degree beta-radiation burns over 30-50 percent
of the body surface. An additional factor pointing to the
futility of transplantation in such patients is the appear-
ance of diarrhea 6-8 days after whole-body irradiation.
In addition, four patients were lost because of graft-
versus-host reactions and herpesvirus infections within
34 to 91 days (27 and 79 days after transplantation). Two
survivors (5.6 and 8.7 Gy) demonstrated chimeric bone
marrow patterns and eventually recovery of
myelopoiesis ca. 27-28 days after irradiation. These
observations demonstrated that a careful evaluation
needs to be conducted of the indications for bone
marrow transplants with various degrees of histocompat-
ibility, in view of the fact that supportive therapy alone
may ensure 100 percent survival even with 6-9 Gy
whole-body irradiation. Figures 7; tables 1; references
20: 4 Russia, 16 Western.

40 Radiation Biology
New, Portable Dosimeter Developed
907C0044B Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 25 Aug 89
Morning Ed p 1
[Article by A. Pokrovskiy: "A Dosimeter for Everyone";
first paragraph is source introduction]
[Text] Specialists of the All Union Nuclear Power Scien-
tific Research Institute and the USSR Ministry of Health
have developed a dosimeter-indicator,and plans callfor it
to be put into series production in 1990.
IZVESTIYA more than once has written that a readily
available, cheap dosimeter is needed for the population.
In response to our publication about the state of affairs
in regions contaminated by radiation, people who must
live in them wrote things like, "We are ready to buy
dosimeters even if they cost 300 rubles! If we have to,
several families will pool their resources to acquire them.
Otherwise, we'll be imagining the danger of contamina-
tion everywhere. And how can it be verified without
instruments?" This anxiety is completely well-founded:
people are tired of the long silence about the real
condition of things, the endless reassurances, and, plain
and simple, the deception, and many no longer believe
the specialists. They want to get the facts themselves,
And a dosimeter is one method of finding out for sure
whether there is radiation danger in your home. The
need for such instruments is felt especially acutely in
those regions of the Ukraine, Belorussia, and the RSFSR
that found themselves in the zone of radioactive contam-
ination after the Chernobyl accident. And the instru-
ments are also needed in regions in which nuclear power
plants are operating.
And so, there is a new dosimeter. It is compact, weighs
360 grams, and works on an ordinary Krona battery. One
can use it to register the radiation conditions outside, in
the home, and in the workplace.
The sensitivity of the dosimeter makes it possible to
measure the radiation level from 12-15 microroentgens
per hour (natural background) to 1,000 microroentgens
per hour.
This dosimeter has different ranges of measurements,
The first range is divided into sections-green, yellow,
and red. The green section corresponds to the value of
natural background radiation. The yellow section corre-
sponds to a radiation level somewhat higher than back-
ground. And the red, it indicates a serious situation that
may be related to additional radiation. However, this is
not always the case. If, for example, the dosimeter is
switched on in an airplane at an altitude of about 10
kilometers, the radiation level will be 160-180
microroentgens per hour, and the arrow will point to the
red section. Why? The additional radiation in this case is
related to cosmic radiation,
The range of the instrument that has been developed is
such that it can be used for evaluating radiation condi-
tions when there is an accident,
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
The price of the instrument will not exceed the cost of a
transistor radio.
UDC 616-001.28-02:613.648]-07:613.731]-037
Clinical Psychological Assessment and Prognosis
of Mental Fitness and Work Fitness of Individuals
Suffering From Minor-Degree Acute Radiation
Sickness
907C0123 Moscow GIGIYENA TRUDA I
PROFESSIONALNYYE ZABOLEVANIYA in Russian
No 7, Jul 89 (manuscriptreceived 13 Apr 88) pp 13-16
[Article by F. S. Torubarov and 0. V. Chinkina]
[Text] It is known that, for specified periods in the
recovery period, most patients suffering from minor-
degree acute radiation sickness do not manifest any
somatic illnesses caused by the effect of ionizing radia-
tion that could have a negative effect on 1-3the victims'
functional mental state or fitness for work.
Nevertheless, the experience of expert examination has
uncovered a wide variety of functional states and levels
of fitness for work among the specified contingent that
create additional difficulties in making expert decisions
and further work and rehabilitation recommendations.
The existence of this variety becomes understandable if
the functional condition of patients during this period is
viewed not solely as the outcome of the acute radiation
sickness, but also as the outcome of a whole system of
extreme (including psychological) effects that are typical
of an accident. This includes the pattern of the disease
itself, which imposes increased demands on a human
being's adaptation capabilities. These capabilities are in
turn linked to the patient's personality traits and levels
of overall and occupational training in the preaccident
period.
Four cases occurring after the accident at the Chernobyl
AES are used as examples to demonstrate the possibility
of using data from a clinical psychological examination
in making expert occupational medicine decisions and
developing rehabilitation recommendations. The com-
prehensive clinical psychological examination of the
specified cohort included a conversation about attitudes
toward the accident and the illness that had resulted; a
self-assessment of condition; plans and prospects; reac-
tions to group injury; and the presence of social prob-
lems. It also included analysis of complaints; a study of
the disease history; specific observation; and a set of
psychological test techniques (a differentiated self-
assessment of condition test, Ch. Spilberg's reactive and
personality anxiety scale, a standardized method of
analyzing personality [the MMPI], an analysis of simple
sensorimotor response, an analysis of complex sensori-
motor activity [i.e., a proofreading test on a PFK-01
device], and an attention span test).
Minor-degree acute radiation sickness from relatively
uniform 03-and y-radiation was diagnosed in the cases
presented.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Radiation Biology
Observation 1. The patient is a 44-year-old reactor room
chief. From the beginning of the accident, he took part in
analyzing the situation, controlling the systems and
equipment, and supervising personnel. He has no com-
plaints at the present time. His behavior while doing his
job is calm and steady. The calculated time indicators
from the analysis of his simple sensorimotor responses
are as follows: functional system level, 4.61; response
stability, 1.56; level of functional capabilities, 3.27.
These levels correspond to the average level of the norm
for the functional status of the CNS.
The indicators of the productivity and reliability of his
activity and the principle properties of his attention and
short-term memory are within the range of the norm. His
average productivity on the analysis of complex sensori-
motor activity amounted to 53.5 operations per minute,
with an average time of t = 1.96 seconds spent per
operation at a = 0.358 seconds. The dynamics of the
analysis of his complex sensorimotor activities did not
change, and he acquires skills successfully. His self-
assessment of condition is adequate and corresponds to
the norm (state of health, 5.4; activity, 5.3; disposition,
5.8). An isolated increase in his reactive anxiety is noted
with moderate personality anxiety (reactive, 47; person-
ality, 36); some signs of internal stress and intensifica-
tion of volitional control of activity are socially caused
and are adequate for his life situation. A rather high level
of functional mental state has been established. This case
may serve as an example of a good recovery after
minor-degree acute radiation sickness in a patient with
appropriate occupational training and good personality
traits,
Observation 2. The patient is a 33-year-old senior unit
control engineer. During the first hours following the
accident, he was at the unit switchboard and performed
the duties of the senior turbine control engineer. He
complains of pronounced weakness, distraction, forget-
fulness, and irritability. His calculated time indicators
for the analysis of his simple sensorimotor responses are
as follows: functional system level, 4.97; response sta-
bility, 2.4; level of functional capabilities, 4.02-which
corresponds to a high level of the norm for the functional
status of the CNS. The indicators for the principal
features of his attention and short-term memory when
performing small tasks are high. As he performed the test
of complex sensorimotor activities at a rapid pace, he
demonstrated a pronounced unevenness in productivity
(productivity, 41 operations per minute; t = 1.623 sec-
onds with a = 0.483 seconds) and reliability of activity
(10 percent erroneous operations). By the seventh
minute, monotony develops, as does a reduction in work
efficiency that is accompanied by autonomic manifesta-
tions. His self-assessment of. condition is low (state of
health, 3.8; activity, 3.6; disposition, 3.1). He manifests
a high reactive and personality anxiety (personality, 60;
reactive, 54). After the accident, he developed a fear of
online work. He feels that he has become overly cautious
at work and does not take risks as before,
41
Signs of quick exhaustion at work, emotional instability,
a tendency to fixate on failure and to painstakingly check
what he has done (out of fear of missing a mistake), and
attitudes of conformity and dependency as a reaction to
the situation he has lived through are objectively evi-
dent. A somewhat lowered level of his functional mental
state that is caused by high anxiety and excessive stress
have been established.
Above all, this case demonstrates the disruption of an
operator's fitness for work as a result of a sustained
pronounced state of psychoemotional stress.
Observation 3. The patient is a 27-year-old military man
who is an inspector at a checkpoint. He complains of
weakness, headaches, and increased fatigue. His calcu-
lated time indicators for the analysis of simple sensori-
motor reactions are as follows: functional system level,
4.6; response stability, 1.96; level of functional capabil-
ities, 3.56. This corresponds to the mean level of the
norm for the functional status of the CNS. His produc-
tivity and reliability as measured on the analysis of
complex sensorimotor activity are adequate (productiv-
ity, 37 operations per minute; t = 1.849 seconds with T=
0.685 seconds), and he acquires skills successfully. The
indicators of the principal features of his attention and
short-term memory are within the range of the norm.
His self-assessment of condition is very low, particularly
with regard to disposition (state of health, 3.6; activity,
3.2; disposition, 1.6).
He manifests high degrees of reactive (score, 49) and
personality (score, 58) anxiety. He is experiencing
acutely painful difficulties in making decisions regarding
his future. Some toughness in his thinking and thorough-
ness are evident. He manifests a pronounced state of
emotional discomfort, instability, and uncertainty in
himself with a high motivation to reach his goals, a
tendency toward reactions of rejection, and difficulties
in social adaptation.
His excessive self-criticism and the large rift between his
actual and ideal "I" have led to a marked state of
internal stress and low mood background. This neurotic
conflict, which is inherent to his personality, has been
intensified and reinforced by his poor grasp of his illness
and the prognosis regarding the state of his health, the
circumstances of his irradiation (he stood guard to no
apparent benefit), and his protracted inability to help his
own actual self-assessment or to test his strengths (for the
past 9 months he has spent most of his time in the
hospital and has not worked). This case thus demon-
strates a pronounced neurotic conflict and a steadfast
state of frustration in an emotionally labile personality
(psychoasthenic traits) in the presence of a rather high
level of basic mental functions.
Observation 4. The patient is a 30-year-old operator of a
nitrogen-oxygen station. During the accident, he was at
his workstation close to the accident site. He heard the
roar and saw the flash. He completed his shift. He

42 Radiation Biology
presents a wealth of complaints regarding constant head-
aches, depressed mood, nightmares, poor noise endur-
ance, irritability, fatigue, and a reduction in memory and
attention span, as a result of which he cannot watch
television or concentrate on reading. He is listless, for-
getful, and fixated on the details of the history of his
illness. He has difficulty recalling the sequence of events
during the accident and begins stuttering. He notes that
in the sanatorium the roar of aircraft remind him of the
accident and then he "becomes afraid." He feels that
nobody needs him. He has no plans for his future way of
life or activities, saying "I have thought about it in
general but quickly forget about it." His calculated time
indicators for his simple sensorimotor reaction analysis
are as follows: functional system level, 2.43; response
stability, 0.92; level of functional capabilities, 0.11. This
corresponds to a third-degree shift in functional status.
His productivity on the analysis of complex sensorim-
otor activity is reduced (productivity, 26 operations per
minute; t = 2.556 seconds with a = 0.944 seconds), and
his activation period has not been determined. The main
features characterizing his attention and his self-
assessment of condition are also reduced (state of health,
2.9; activity, 3.5; disposition, 4.5). He is experiencing
anxiety (reactive, 43; personality, 46). He manifests signs
of disintegration of his emotional and intellectual
spheres and a marked fixation on the state of his health,
as well as chaos and the absence of a proper system for
analyzing phenomena. His functional mental state has
been diagnosed as low, and asthenoneurotic syndrome
has been established.
Thus, in the first case, proceeding from the results of the
clinical psychological examination, the patient may be
deemed fit for work without any restrictions. As for the
second case of the ill, but fit-for-duty engineer who had
been working in his specialty, it is not recommended that
he be used for operator duties, including those without
any contact with ionizing radiation. This could lead to a
disruption of work and to a reduction in the operating
safety of equipment, on the one hand, and an increase in
the risk of the occurrence of psychosomatic pathology in
the patient, on the other hand. The third patient needs
psychological correction of the neurotic conflict under-
lying his psychoasthenic state (by giving him additional
information about his state of health and a prognosis,
helping him plot a life's program for the near future, and
including him in work-related activity as quickly as
possible). Treatment and psychotherapeutic assistance
are needed in the fourth case. Only then can the question
of his fitness for work and efficient job placement be
answered.
Conclusions. 1. The different mental states and levels of
fitness for work in patients suffering from minor-degree
acute radiation sickness during the recovery period are a
result not only of the features of the illness they have
had, but also of a set of psychological factors specific to
the accident and of the patient's personality traits and
level of general and occupational knowledge.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
2. Identifying the feature of patients' psychological state
and objectivizing possible deadaptation disorders may
provide needed material for expert assessment and prog-
nosis of their health status and fitness for work, their
occupational suitability, and the implementation of cor-
rective and rehabilitative measures.
Bibliography
1. Blagoveshchenskaya, V. V., Malakhova, V. V.,
Torubarov, F. S., et al., "Aktualnyye voprosy klin-
icheskoy meditsiny" [Urgent Matters in Clinical Medi-
cine], Moscow, 1979, pp 8-15.
2. Guskova, A. K., and Baysogolov, G. D., "Luchevaya
bolezn cheloveka" [Radiation Sickness in Humans),
Moscow, 1971.
3. Denisova, A. Ye., and Soldatova, V. V., "Ekspertiza
trudosposobnosti, meditsinskaya i trudovaya reabili-
tatsiya pri professionalnykh zabolevaniyakh" [Expert
Evaluation of Fitness for Work and Medical and Occu-
pational Rehabilitation During Occupational Illnesses],
Moscow, 1977, p 132.
COPYRIGHT: "Gigiyena truda i professionalnyye
zabolevaniya", 1989
UDC 616-001.28-036.11-07+616-001.28-036.11-08
Diagnosis, Clinical Picture and Treatment of
Acute Radiation Sickness in Victims at the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Report II.
Nonmedullary Syndromes of Radiation Injury and
Their Treatment
907C0226 Moscow TERAPEVTICHESKIYARKHIV
in Russian Vol 61 No 8, Aug 89 (manuscriptreceived 3
Jul 88) pp 99-103
[Article by A. K. Guskova, A. Ye. Baranov, A. V.
Barabanova, A. A. Moiseyev, Ye. K. Pyatkin, G. D.
Selidovkin, and N. A. Metlyayeva (Moscow)]
[Text] By virtue of the unique conditions of exposure to
ionizing radiation in the Chernobyl AES [nuclear power
plant] accident, there was significant external exposure
of the skin to beta and gamma radiation from a distance,
as well as contact irradiation from particles of radioac-
tive dust that settled on the skin and from wet clothing
saturated with contaminated water and steam. For this
reason, extensive radiation injuries to the skin caused by
beta rays were a distinctive feature in victims of this
accident.
Radiation burns in firefighters and casualties among the
plant's personnel were observed only in combination
with radiation injury to hemopoiesis; thus, they were a
component part of the clinical syndrome of acute radia-
tion sickness (ARS). This situation can be viewed as a
variant of extremely uneven body-depth distribution of
absorbed energy, when the dose to the skin was 10-20
times greater than the radiation dose to bone marrow.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Radiation Biology
This was confirmed by the existence of a certain paral-
lelism in severity of injury in these two critical systems.
The table presents the distribution of cases of radiation
bums to the skin in groups presenting with varying
degrees of severity of the medullary syndrome (MS) of
ARS.
Distribution of cases of radiation burns to the skin in the
presence of varying degrees of severity of ARS medullary
Ssyndrome
Extent of body surface involved
Severity Number 50% 11-50% 1-10% Total
of
patients
IV 20 9 10 1 20
III 21 3 15 3 21
II 43 1 9 2 12
I 31 0 1 2 3
Totals 115 13 35 8 56
As can be seen in the table, more than half of all ARS
cases had radiation injury to the skin, whereas every
patient with the MS of grades III and IV severity has
such injury to the skin.
The contribution that radiation skin injuries made to the
severity of the overall clinical ARS syndrome was due
not only to the extensiveness of the process, but also to
the markedness of pathological changes, as well as to the
duration of the course, with unique recurrences of the
pathological process.
As a rule, each patient had burns over different parts of
the body. The most frequent locations in the early period
were the hands, face, neck and feet; later, there were
burns on the chest, back, followed by injuries on the
lower and upper legs and the buttocks. In some cases, the
sequence was different.
Evolution of visible injuries was similar to that described
previously by other authors,2 but was more severe. The
extensive hyperemia that occurred at first (primary
erythema) was followed by a latent period by the third or
fourth day. Secondary erythema developed on the fifth
or sixth day in the most serious cases and between the
eighth and 21st days in the majority of patients.
Depending on the degree of injury, it ended with either
dry (first-degree radiation burn) or moist (second-degree,
with formation of blisters) epidermitis, or there was
development of ulcerative-bullous and ulcerative-
necrotic dermatitis (third- and fourth-degree burns).
Epithelization of desquamative-erosive surfaces con-
tinued for 2-3 weeks after the appearance of visible skin
changes. In six patients, healing of burns on areas of deep
necrosis of the skin did not begin until the end of the
second month. Appearance of secondary waves of
erythema starting at the end of the fourth week of ARS
(after the 21st day) to the 45th-60th days was a typical
burn feature we were able to fully monitor in this group
43
of victims. These changes were characterized by hyper-
emia on previously unchanged parts of the skin or
intensification of clinical manifestations at the sites of
"old," healing burns. For example, late secondary
erythema appeared over the malleoli and feet or on the
thighs and buttocks of patients who had "blooming"
burns on the lower legs in the first three weeks. By the
time this late erythema appeared, earlier erosions often
were epithelized. Late erythema was usually accompa-
nied by edema of subcutaneous fatty tissue, which was
particularly noticeable when localized on the lower leg; it
was painful to walk. Palpation of the skin and underlying
tissues (muscles, tendons) was painful. In the most
serious cases, fever and worsening of general condition
were observed. Late secondary erythema was resolved
within two weeks with topical therapy only. But in the
most severe cases, one had to resort to additional thera-
peutic measures-for example, prescribing glucocorti-
coids, which eliminated rather rapidly both systemic and
local manifestations of dermatitis.
As can be seen in the table, the extensiveness of burns in
the ARS patients ranged from 1 to 100 percent of the
body surface. It should be noted that when there were
relatively early (on the fifth or sixth day) second- to
third-degree burns over at least 30-40 percent of the
body, with subsequent spread of hyperemia, they
resulted in death. In 19 out of 56 patients with burns, the
latter were, without question, fatal. With the appearance
of early secondary erythema over more than 40 percent
of the body, there was consistent development of, first,
febrile-toxemic syndrome and then renal-hepatic insuf-
ficiency and encephalopathic coma with cerebral edema,
which led to death 14-48 days after exposure to radia-
tion. The pathogenetic link between fatal renal-hepatic
insufficiency and cerebral coma, on the one hand, and
skin burns, on the other, is confirmed by the fact that a
similar evolution of these syndromes was also observed
in several patients who had neither a serious MS nor the
intestinal syndrome (IS). In most cases, however, fatal
burns were combined with both extremely severe MS
and severe acute radiation enteritis (IS).
IS was one of the most terrible manifestations of ARS.
This syndrome began to develop between the fourth and
eighth days in 10 patients. This was indicative of brief
exposure to whole-body gamma radiation on the order of
10 Gy or more; all 10 patients died within the first three
weeks after irradiation. Appearance of diarrhea after
eight days (in seven individuals) was indicative of less
severe injury. With intensive fluid-electrolyte-protein
maintenance therapy, the manifestations of radiation
enteritis that were present from the 10th to 25th days
could not have been the sole or chief cause of death.
The buccopharyngeal syndrome (BPS)-acute radiation
mucositis of the mouth and pharynx-was found in 80
patients. Its mildest manifestations (grades I and II
severity) were characterized by desquamation and
edema of the mucosa in the buccal and tongue region
and by separation of the gums from the teeth. These
symptoms were observed between the eighth and 25th

44 Radiation Biology
days. Erosions and ulcers of the oral mucosa, severe
pain, and profuse gummy mucus that sometimes blocked
the laryngeal vestibule and hindered breathing were the
chief manifestations of more severe BPS (grades III and
IV). The first symptoms appeared earlier, on the third or
fourth day, and reached a peak on the 10th day,
regressing after the l8th-20th day, with agranulocytosis
still present. The process did not have selective localiza-
tion, as is inherent in erosive-ulcerative injuries in the
region of the palatine tonsils and gums in the presence of
agranulocytosis. However, in a considerable number of
cases, radiation cass,
mucositis
aditiowas
muosiis as complicated
ompicaed byy secondary
sconary
bacterial and viral infection, which prolonged its course.
The primary, early appearance (on the third or fourth
day) of eruptions similar to herpes, which formed mas-
sive scabs on the lips
80 and
th prcet
caesface, was evee
o ith typicalad
in etreely
almost 30
re and percent
severe MS, respectively. In this group of patients, mainly
with grade IV ARS, we also observed marked radiation
parotitis with impaired salivation and high blood amy-
lase levels between the first and fourth days. The
enlarged parotid salivary glands reverted to normal size
without special therapy, but restoration of secretion took
more time.
Acute radiation pneumonia, which has been described in
connection with whole-body therapeutic gamma irradi-
ation of leukemia patients,4 was observed in our situa-
tion in seven patients with grade Ill-IV ARS. Rapidly
increasing dyspnea was a typical sign of this condition;
with auscultation, pulmonary rales "rattled" like "a tin
roof in the wind"; respiratory insufficiency progressed
for two or three days; and there were lethal outcomes due
to hypoxemic coma. Autopsy revealed large cyanotic
lungs with marked interstitial edema, but without signs
of destruction of the mucosa of the trachea or bronchi.
Interstitial pneumonia usually developed a few days
before death; it was combined with extremely severe
injuries to the skin and intestine. Death occurred 14-30
days after irradiation.
All patients with grade III-IV MS had severe radiation
burns. The incidence of other nonmedullary syndromes
increased as the dose of whole-body radiation increased.
Among patients whose illness led to death, the outcome
could have been due to skin injuries in two-thirds of
them (19 patients). However, in 14 patients, there was a
combination of several serious syndromes, each of which
could have been the cause of death. Five patients had
neither radiation enteritis nor irreversible myelodepres-
sion, and the dose of whole-body exposure did not
exceed 6 Gy. Thus, their death should be interpreted as
being the result, exclusively, of radiation injuries to
extensive parts of the skin. Radiation skin injuries are a
typical manifestation of ARS as a result of severe expo-
sure to nonuniform gamma and beta radiation. In this
situation, the nonuniformity is due to the high dose
gradient between the surface of the skin and the entire
body.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
Interstitial radiation pneumonia (in 7 patients) compli-
cated by, apparently, secondary viral infection that was
difficult to identify before death was of sole or leading
significance.
IS and BPS were combined with other severe injuries in
all patients of this group and had no independent signif-
icance in terms of the fatal outcome.
In six cases, death was due to irreversible radiation
aplasia of hemopoiesis (cytopenia and its inherent infec-
tious
marrowcomplications)
transplantationor (BMT).
to complications after bone
We are referring to a
m aro transpantation (mT).oWe r
iar ingrtora
secondary illness-paa set of immunological disorders
related to acceptance of the transplant with retention of
the patient's
sion own myelopoiesis----or
of myelopoiesis and immunity byto additional depres-
toxic components
of the transplantation program.
Bleeding was the cause of death in only one case
(hemothorax and hemoperitoneum triggered by mechan-
ical trauma when catheterizing the subclavian vein).
In virtually all cases, shortly before death there were
marked manifestations of severe endogenous intoxica-
tion as a result of extensive radiation destruction of
tissues, aggravated by infectious and septic complica-
tions. This was manifested by functional insufficiency of
the liver and kidneys, signs of dyscirculatory and toxic
encephalopathy combined with respiratory and vascular
insufficiency.
Treatment of radiation bums and other nonmedullary
syndromes and their complications was a difficult and
multifaceted problem.
A total of 15 hemoperfusion procedures were adminis-
tered between the second and eighth days of illness to 13
patients with the most severe skin injuries. Three
patients exposed to whole-body radiation of 2-4.6 Gy
survived; they were treated by hemoperfusion once
between the fifth and eighth days, i.e., considerably later
than is recommended for treatment of the MS. This
method of therapy did not affect duration or severity of
pancytopenia.
During hemoperfusion-particularly by the end of the
procedure-many patients reported brief (for several
hours or a day) improvement of well-being, attenuation
or disappearance of pain in involved limbs, as well as
decrease in tissue edema. It is impossible to rule out the
effect of the medication that accompanied the proce-
dure.
Wider use was made of plasmapheresis in order to
counteract the consistent development of renal and
hepatic insufficiency and fatal encephalopathic coma.
Severe beta-radiation burns to 30-40 percent of the body
or more were an indication for it. Plasmapheresis was
performed on 17 patients from the 18th day through the
37th day. Some were treated daily with this procedure as
many times as six times a day.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Radiation Biology
The beneficial effect of repeated plasmapheresis was
manifested by a reduction in bilirubinemia and transam-
inasemia and lower levels of nitrous sludge in the blood
in the presence of burn-induced renal-hepatic syndrome.
Some sessions of plasmapheresis were accompanied by
mild reactions, in the form of chills and fever; there were
no fatal complications. Infusion of 1000 ml fresh-frozen
plasma against the backdrop of around-the-clock hep-
arinization (1000 U/h), with fluid loading (2-6 I/day) and
forced diuresis matching the administered volume of
fluid, was another procedure used for burn-induced
toxicosis. This was done on the assumption that subclin-
ical or even sublaboratory (no typical coagulation-
related disturbances) disseminated intravascular clotting
was the chief cause of development of encephalopathy
and the renal-hepatic syndrome. This methods was used
in its strictest version on two patients, for 7-15 days.
These patients survived somewhat longer than did the
others with burns of similar severity and extensiveness.
They had less marked renal-hepatic insufficiency; how-
ever, death due to encephalopathic coma could not be
prevented.
A large team of surgeons and nurses was needed to apply
dressings for topical treatment of burns. Various anti-
inflammatory, bacteriostatic agents that stimulated
regeneration were used. Lyoxanol aerosol, a burn oint-
ment based on hydrocortisone with topical antibiotics,
the Baliz-2 solution, and collagen coverings (combutec,
an adhesive-remissive, and others) proved themselves
well. In each individual case, medication was changed in
accordance with the stage of the pathological process.
Special mention should be made of experience with
bactericidal fabric used both as dressing material and
additional bed linen for patients with extensive burns,
Other authors have also reported the beneficial proper-
ties of this material.'
Control of the pain syndrome was rather difficult, as it
always is with radiation injuries, and it required much
attention on the part of the physicians. It should be
noted that local anesthetics were often ineffective.
Total parenteral feeding (based on alvesin hydrolysate or
an amino acid mixture-aminon and 40 percent glucose
as energy-supplying material)-had some beneficial
effect in cases of serious radiation stomatitis and enteri-
tis. Treatment was administered according to the guide-
lines and rules described by S. Dudrick and R. Ruberg. 3
We tested and tried the method for several years in the
clinic, with good results, particularly in the case of
whole-body therapeutic irradiation at a dose of 1000 rad
for BMT. The main hazard, which was perhaps not fully
assessed, was the probability of a hyperosmolar status in
some seriously ill patient (in a coma). For this reason, it
is absolutely mandatory to monitor osmolarity of plasma
in the program of total parenteral feeding in the treat-
ment of such patients.
clinical
In most patients with MS grades I-II, the phase of
recovery ended by the third or fourth month. Individuals
with serious radiation burns and sequelae of grade III-IV
45
MS required longer treatment. By the end of the fourth
month following irradiation, a few patients remained in
a specialized hospital with changes in the skin (areas of
dystrophy and ulcerations with edema of subcellular
fatty tissue, mainly on the lower legs and feet). They were
treated with disaggregants and agents to improve local
circulation and tissular trophies. Four patients had deep,
extensive ulcers on the arms and other parts of the body,
and they required repeated plastic surgery.
Some surviving patients with severe or extremely severe
MS continued to show laboratory signs of an immune-
deficient status, in particular, a low helper/suppressor
ratio when subpopulations of T-lymphocytes were
assayed using monoclonal antibodies. During this time,
they did not develop any serious or life-threatening
infections. In some cases, immunocorrective therapy
with Tactivin and B-activin was tried.
Treatment of ARS patients required much effort on the
part of hospital personnel with experience in managing
such patients. Moreover, it became necessary to call
upon the staff of other medical institutions, particularly
mid-level personnel. There was a dramatic increase in
the need for platelet concentrate and other blood prod-
ucts (albumin, plasma). It was necessary to quickly outfit
some isolation wards with the most elementary devices
to assure aseptic patient management.
Organization of the receiving room was a seriously
difficult task because so many victims arrived whose
clothing and integument were contaminated to varying
degrees. It was necessary to set up optimal flows of
arriving victims: those requiring decontamination, and
those to be immediately hospitalized in the wards. It was
also necessary to replenish supplies of detergents, dispos-
able bedding and gowns for patients, footwear and
clothing for personnel. A large amount of polyethylene
film was needed to cover the floors of the receiving
room, departments, wards and offices.
Personnel were equipped with thermoluminescent
dosimeters to measure external radiation doses, and
contamination of clothing, body and instruments was
checked regularly. The radiation doses to which per-
sonnel were exposed did not exceed permissible levels.
Gradually, appropriate behavior of staff and prescribed
work regimen were achieved under conditions of real,
though insignificant, radiation contamination.
In such a situation, it was very helpful that this medical
institution had experience in managing such patients
and skills in working in sterile wards, and mid-level
personnel were trained in carrying out intensive care,
including programs of BMT with irradiation of patients
at doses of up to 10 Gy. Essentially, this clinic's physi-
cians headed the work dealing with care of victims of the
Chernobyl AES accident. In each department formed,
the staffs of other institutions worked along with its own
personnel.
The on-duty staffs were reinforced so that there would be
a separate around-the-clock nurse and physician for

46 Radiation Biology
every 3-4 patients with grade III-IV ARS, particularly at
the height of illness. Medical personnel worked in the
evenings under the supervision of an experienced duty
officer. Twice a day, the clinic chief or his deputy held a
briefing for the personnel coming on duty and analyzed
the most important aspects of the constantly changing
clinical situation. This was also particularly important
because physicians from various institutions were
involved in the treatment process. In addition to the
need for strict standardization of all procedural
approaches and guidelines for assessing the response to
therapy, the systematic analyses and examination at the
end of the visits of physicians in the specialized hospital
made it possible to provide the necessary advanced
professional training to almost 200 physicians in 2-3
months.
Bibliography
1. "Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Human Body:
Report on Injuries to Residents of the Marshall Islands
and to Americans Accidentally Exposed to Radioactive
Fallout, and Description of Radiation Injury in Man,"
translated from English, Moscow, 1960.
2. Zubarev, R. P., Sergeyuk, Ye. M., Zagvozkin, V. N.,
and Prokhorenko, A. S., KHIRURGIYA, 1985, No 5, p
131.
3. Dudrick, S. J., and Ruberg, R. L., GASTROENTER-
OLOGY, 1971, Vol 61, pp 906-910.
4. Keane, T. I., Van Dyke, I., and Rider, W. D., INT. J.
RADIAT. ONCOL., 1981, Vol 7, pp 1365-1370.
COPYRIGHT: "Terapevticheskiy arkhiv", 1989
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
UDC 613.648+614.73](048.8)
Scientific Basis for Health Norms and Risk
Assessment of Combined Radiative and
Nonradiative Factors
907C0510JMoscow GIGIYENA I SANITARIYA
in Russian No 10, Oct 89 (manuscriptreceived
6 May 88) pp 67-70
[Article by V.Ya. Golikov, Ye.P. Yermolina, and V.I.
Usoltsev, Central Order of Lenin Advanced Training of
Physicians Institute, Moscow; Leningrad Advanced
Training of Physicians Institute imeni S. M. Kirov]
[Abstract) The Soviet Union has taken the lead in
establishing safe exposure standards to various noxious
agents, with special attention accorded to ionizing radi-
ation. The current standards covered in the NRB-76/87
regulations take into consideration simultaneous mul-
tiple internal and external exposures, but are limited to
radiative factors. Actually, however, workers and others
are generally exposed to various adverse factors encom-
passing, in addition, noise, vibration, electromagnetic
fields, electrical charges, chemicals, products of radioly-
sis, and so forth. Safety standards for nonradiative
factors are based on the threshold concept, which in the
case of radiative factors is applicable only to nonsto-
chastic effects. However, with stochastic effects dose-
effect relationships are employed. Consequently, it may
well be that overall morbidity may constitute the best
indicator of the combined action of ionizing radiation
and other factors. References 30: 27 Russian, 3 Western.
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990 Virology
AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
907C0385EKiev MIKROBIOLOGICHESKIYE
ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 51 No 5, Sep-Oct 89
pp 97-98
[Article by V. P.
. Shirobokov, A. Yevtushenko, N. M.
Kovaleva et a!.]
[Abstract] This book, reviewed by G. K. Paliy and A. A.
Chesnokova, is the first monograph on AIDS published
in the USSR. The book consists of an introduction, 6
sections, a conclusion and a list of 704 references. The
introduction presents a detailed description of the global
nature and complexity of AIDS and the universal ten-
dency of the spread of the disease. Section 1 describes
basic stages of the history of the discovery of the AIDS
virus, the origin and evolution of the pathogen and a
detailed description of its structure. Chapter 2 describes
the epidemiology of AIDS. The section "Pathogenesis
and Immunity" presents data concerning the location of
the AIDS pathogen in the body, mechanisms which play
a role in development of immunity, and hypotheses
explaining pathogenetic mechanisms of AIDS. Factors
which promote immunosuppression during AIDS are
discussed. The book presents extensive materials con-
cerning the taxonomic position of pathogens of oppor-
tunistic infections of different etiology during AIDS. It
describes clearly the clinic, criteria of diagnosis of AIDS,
stages of development of the disease, diagnosis and
treatment. The section "Laboratory Diagnosis" assesses
methods of indicating the AIDS virus, detecting anti-
virus antibodies and determining specific changes in the
immune system. The book describes measures of non-
specific prophylaxis in detail. The complete legislative
documents (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet USSR "Measures For Preventing Infection by the
AIDS Virus", 1987 and "Rules of Medical Examination
to Detect Infection by the AIDS Virus", 1987) are found
in the book. Protective measures for attending medical
personnel are given. The conclusion briefly formulates
the most important regularities of the pathogenesis of
AIDS and reports on development of effective thera-
peutic and prophylactic drugs both in the USSR and
abroad.
UDC 578.832.1.083.22
Isolation and Characterization of Cloned Variants
of Influenza A/USSR/13/81 (H1N1-N3) Virus
907C0550A Moscow VOPROSY VIR USOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 1 Aug 88) pp 669-675
[Article by L. M. Fursova, Z. K. Chuvakova and Ye. S.
Isayeva, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Kazakh
Soviet Socialist Republic Academy of Sciences, Alma-
Ata]
[Abstract] The cloning of influenza virus A/USSR/ 13/81
(HIN1-N3), isolated postmortem from a pediatric case,
in chick embryo and MDCK cells yielded three clones
47
that differed in their antigenic, biological, and physico-
chemical properties. Extensive serologic analyses
revealed that the hemagglutinin in the case of one clone
was antigenically similar to that of virus A/PR8/34 while
neuraminidase was analogous to the N3 subtype. A
second clone shared hemagglutinin with A/WS/33 and
neuraminidase was of the N1 subtype, and the third
expressed the hemagglutinin of the isolate and
neuraminidase subtypes of the other two clones. The
isolate A/USSR/13/81 was thus shown to consist of a
heterogenous population of viruses. Figures 3; tables 2;
references 18: 13 Russian, 5 Western.
UDC 616.98:[578.828.6:578.74]-092.9-078.73
Experimental Masking of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Antigen by Specific
Antibodies
907CO550CMoscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 11 Aug 88) pp 679-684
[Article by G. N. Trushinskaya, V. E. Berezin, S. Yu.
Klyushnik, S. S. Marennikova, and V. M. Zaydes, Insti-
tute of Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy and Scientific
Research Institute of Viral Preparations, USSR
Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] In vitro studies relying on competitive immu-
noenzyme assay technology were used to assess antigenic
masking phenomenon of human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and anti-HIV antibodies. The use of an
immunoenzyme assay system with a sensitivity of 1
ng/ml demonstrated that patient serum in dilutions of
1:50 to 1:200 masked the antigen. The antibody concen-
tration that resulted in masking was far lower than that
in the plasma levels observed in patients, and may
account for clinically false-negative cases. Subsequent
seroconversion to a positive status may be due to a fall in
antibody titers due to debilitation and generalized
immunodeficiency. Figures 4; references 20: 3 Russian,
17 Western.
UDC 578.833.26:578.74].083.3
Immunofluorescent Antigenic Analysis of
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses Using
Monoclonal Antibodies
907C0550D
in Moscow
Russian Vol 34 NoVOPROSY
6, Nov-Dec VIRUSOLOGH
89 (manuscript
receivedi Dec 88) pp 684-689
[Article by S. Ya. Gaydamovich, N. A. Sveshnikova, D.
R. Stephenson, J. M. Lee and Ye. E. Melnikova, Institute
of Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy, USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences, Moscow; Center for Applied Microbi-
ology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Great
Britain]
[Abstract] Immunofluorescence studies with 18 IgG
monoclonal antibodies against the E and NS 1 antigens of

48 Virology
tick-borne encephalitis virus when tested against tick-
borne encephalitis complex viruses, revealed a greater
degree of cross-reaction with anti-E antibodies than with
anti-NS I antibodies. The study also revealed that release
of the NS1 antigen from cells began 18 h after infection
and that the release continued throughout the entire
replicative period. The E antigen, on the other hand,
continued to accumulate in the cytoplasm. These obser-
vations also suggest that the anti-E and anti-NS 1 mono-
clonal antibodies may be used as diagnostic reagents.
Tables 4; references 14: 6 Russian, 8 Western.
UDC 616.98:578.833.26]-092.9-036-02:615.281.8]-07
Effects of Specific and Nonspecific Transfer
Factors on Experimental Tick-Borne Encephalitis
907C0550E Moscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGI!
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 5 Oct 88) pp 689-694
[Article by V. V. Pogodina, L. S. Levina, N. P. Pere-
pechkina and A. N. Mats, Institute of Poliomyelitis and
Viral Encephalitides and Scientific Research Institute of
Vaccines and Sera imeni I. I. Mechnikov, USSR
Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] Therapeutic trials were conducted with spe-
cific and nonspecific transfer factors in Syrian hamsters
infected with tick- borne encephalitis virus. Specific
transfer factor was derived from the lymphocytes of
patients recovering from tick-borne encephalitis, while
nonspecific preparations were obtained from lympho-
cytes secured during tonsillectomy in patients residing
outside an endemic area. The four- week old animals
were infected subcutaneously, followed by either foot-
pad administration of nonspecific transfer factor or
intraperitoneal administration of specific transfer factor,
In general, transfer factor treatment led to exacerbation
of the pathologic process and reduction of survival
times. Nevertheless, in certain experimental administra-
tions of transfer factor 72 h after the viral challenge
JPRS-ULS-90-016
2 October 1990
survival times increased by 2.0 to 4.3 days and mortality
diminished. Additional observations included reduced
viral titers in the brain and especially in the spleen.
These findings demonstrated that the clinical effects of
transfer factor in tick-borne encephalitis were variable
and for the most part adverse. However, with certain
dosage and time combinations beneficial effects may be
anticipated. Figures 3; tables 3; references 21: 8 Russian,
13 Western.
UDC 578.833.26:578.1:577.112].083.2
Changes in Biological Properties of Tick-Borne
Encephalitis Virus Following Cleavage of
Disulfide Bonds in Protein E
907C0550FMoscow VOPROSY VIRUSOLOGII
in Russian Vol 34 No 6, Nov-Dec 89 (manuscript
received 16 Nov 88) pp 698- 701
[Article by M. F. Vorovich, A. V. Timofeyev, D. G.
Maldov, V. I. Khaustov and L. B. Elbert, Institute of
Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, USSR Academy
of Medical Sciences, Moscow]
[Abstract] A study was conducted on the biological
sequelae of cleavage of the disulfide bonds in protein E
of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Reduction was accom-
plished by treatment of the virus with dithiothreitol in
tris-HCI buffer for I h at 37C. Although ultrastructural
analysis of the treated tick-borne encephalitis virus
failed to reveal any changes, the virus lost antigenic
specificity, infectivity, and hemagglutinating activity.
The loss of infectivity was attributed to failure of the
virus to interact with cell receptors. Attempts at recovery
of activity by incubation in 0.1 percent human serum
albumin for 3 days at 4C in air or nitrogen were
unsuccessful, demonstrating that the conformational
changes in protein E were too profound to be reversible.
These findings point to the importance of the tertiary
structure of protein E in tick-borne encephalitis virus
biology and as a factor in vaccine preparation. Figures 2;
references 14: 5 Russian, 9 Western.
 ...j

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