METALURGI FISIK

Rekristalisasi

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 Rekristalisasi
Rekristalisasi ;
Proses pertumbuhan kristal baru yang
bebas tegangan dan Equiaxed (Ukuran
sama pada setiap sumbu)

Type Rekristalisasi :
1. Rekristalisasi Primer
2. Rekristalisasi Sekunder
3. Rekristalisasi Statik
4. Rekristalisasi dinamik
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 Continuous Casting & Integrated Mills & Minimills
Continuous casting
Advantages

Highly automated

Reduces product cost

Companies are converting over to this type of casting

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Figure 6.11
Continuous
casting. Steel is
poured into
tundish and
flows into a
water-cooled
continuous
mold; it solidifies
as it travels
down in mold.
Slab thickness is
exaggerated for
clarity.

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Flat-Rolling Practice

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 Rolling Mill Configurations

a) two high b) three high c) four high

d) cluster mill e) tandem rolling mill
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 Rolled Sheet & Rail

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Flat-Rolling Practice

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 Cold Working
Cold roll to pancake grains

Increases hardness and strength at the expense

of ductility.

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 - before rolling - after rolling

Adapted from Fig. 8.11,

Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
rolling direction (Fig. 8.11 is from W.G. Moffatt,
G.W. Pearsall, and J. Wulff,
235 m The Structure and Properties
of Materials, Vol. I, Structure,
- isotropic - anisotropic p. 140, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1964.)
since grains are since rolling affects grain
approx. spherical orientation and shape.
& randomly
oriented.

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 EFFECT OF HEATING AFTER Cold Working
1 hour treatment at Tanneal...
decreases TS and increases %EL.
Effects of cold work are reversed!

Annealing Temperature (C)

1 00 3 00 5 00 700
6 00 60
tensile strength
50
5 00
40

4 00 30
n(etht gnert s

ductility 20 Adapted from Fig. 7.20, Callister 6e. (Fig.

7.20 is adapted from G. Sachs and K.R. van
300 R
( ytilit c ud
Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied
eco Rec Gra
very ryst in G Metallurgy, and the Industrial Processing of
) aelPi s M

alliz row Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys,

atio th American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.)
n
) LE %

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24
 RECOVERY
Annihilation reduces dislocation density.
Scenario 1 extra half-plane
of atoms Disl.
annhilate
atoms
diffuse and form
a perfect
to regions
of tension atomic
plane.
extra half-plane
of atoms
Scenario 2
3 . Climbed disl. can now R
move on new slip plane
2 . grey atoms leave by
4 . opposite dislocations
vacancy diffusion
meet and annihilate
allowing disl. to climb
1. dislocation blocked; obstacle dislocation
cant move to the right
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25
 RECRYSTALLIZATION
New crystals are formed that:
--have a small disl. density
--are small
--consume cold-worked crystals.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.19 (a),(b),
Callister 6e.
(Fig. 7.19 (a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.
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26
 FURTHER RECRYSTALLIZATION
All cold-worked crystals are consumed.

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.19 (c),(d),
Callister 6e.
(Fig. 7.19 (c),(d)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds

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27
 GRAIN GROWTH
At longer times, larger grains consume smaller ones.
Why? Grain boundary area (and therefore energy)
is reduced.

0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.19 (d),(e),
Callister 6e.
(Fig. 7.19 (d),(e)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 8 s, After 15 min,

580C 580C

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28
 Perubahan Butir Dgn Rekristalisasi

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 Direct Extrusion

Fig : Schematic illustration of direct extrusion

process.
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 Process Variables in Direct
Extrusion

Fig : Process variables in

direct extrusion. The die
angle, reduction in cross-
cross-
section, extrusion speed,
billet temperature, and
lubrication all affect the
extrusion pressure.

Fig : Method of determining the

circumscribing-circle
diameter (CCD) of an
extruded cross-section.

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 Types of Metal flow in extruding with square
dies.

Fig : Types of metal flow in extruding with square dies. (a) Flow
Flow pattern obtained at low friction, or in
indirect extrusion. (b) Pattern obtained with high friction at the
the billet-
billet-chamber interfaces, (c)
Pattern obtained at high friction, or with cooling of the outer regions of the billet in the chamber.
This type of pattern, observed in metals whose strength increases
increases rapidly with decreasing
temperature, leads to defect known as pipe, or extrusion defect.
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 Dynamic Recrystallization
Followed by Grain Growth

Large Grain Transforms

Austenite Ferrite/Pearlite

Dynamic Recrystallization
Pinned Grain Boundaries

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 Perubahan struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik logam
terdeformasi selama proses rekristalisasi
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TR = recrystallization
temperature

TR

Adapted from Fig. 8.22,

Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

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