1074 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No.

10, October 2015

Modal Analysis of Frequency Selective Surface Containing Ring Loops

Mehran Shamaei Samani, Reza Sarraf Shirazi, and Gholamreza Moradi

Department of Electrical Engineering
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Mehranshamaey@aut.ac.ir, Sarraf@aut.ac.ir, Ghmoradi@aut.ac.ir

Abstract Modal analysis of frequency selective surface
(FSS) containing ring loops arranged periodically along
any two skewed coordinates, will be calculated. In
proposed modal analysis, a compatible set of
orthonormal mode functions used for ring loops in
addition to Floquet modes which are used in every
infinite two dimensional arrays. This set of modes
provides faster convergence in solving integral equation
in accordance with this boundary condition problem.
Calculations are compared with results of CST (Finite
Integration Technique) and HFSS (Finite Element
Method) full-wave simulators and they are in good
agreement with each other.
convergence, in this paper, the fields of ring loop are
expanded to a set of orthonormal mode functions which
are compatible with geometry of ring loops and satisfy
loop boundary conditions [7-8].
In this paper, thin perfectly conducting loops
distributed periodically along any two skewed
(nonorthogonal) coordinates is exposed with a plane
wave of arbitrary polarization incident from any
oblique angle like whatever seen in Fig. 1. The distance
between loop elements should be less than /2. In the
following parts of this paper, all the details of this
method will be described and results are compared with
simulations of CST and HFSS.

Index Terms Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), y

ksinT
ring loop, Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW), TE
s2
and TM polarizations.

I. INTRODUCTION
Frequency selective surface (FSS) as spatial filter
[1-2], should have low insertion loss in passband and dy D
a
sharp roll-off rejection in out-of-band. However, these b
two characteristics are sufficient in filter designing, in dx x or s1
spatial form of filters, stability of these characteristics
about polarization and angle of incident is more
important [3]. One of the significant parameters in this
stability is symmetrical geometry. As circular loop is Fig. 1. Geometry of FSS with ring loops.
the most symmetrical object in all candidate elements in
FSS designing, it is preferred to implement a stable FSS II. THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
[4]. According to Fig. 1, array of ring loops which is
For the analytical calculation of electromagnetics distributed periodically along skewed coordinates s1
problems such as boundary value conditions, modal and s2, is illuminated by a plane wave with propagation
analysis is the inseparable part of computations [5-6], vector, k . The angle between k and the normal to the
so in the analysis of this paper, modal method is surface is and between s1 and projection of k is .
utilized to extract reflection coefficient. Near the array of FSS, the electromagnetic fields
Boundary value problem of open ended circular must satisfy the periodicity condition of Floquet
waveguide phased array, were solved generally by theorem. By employing this theorem, the scalar wave
Amitay and Galindo [5]. They used the Ritz-Galerkin equation (the time dependence is eliminated) is in the
method to solve the integral equation. form of [7]:
For the case of ring loops or apertures, if the  j (U x V y W z )
method similar to Amitay and Galindo is utilized, the \ pq e pq pq pq , (1)
convergence is so slowly [7]. To speed up the where

Submitted On: October 26, 2014

Accepted On: June 18, 2015
1054-4887 2015 ACES
SHAMAEI-SAMANI, ET AL.: MODAL ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE CONTAINING RING LOOPS 1075

2S p ) *pqr is the complex conjugate of ) pqr . The boundary

U pq k sin T cos M  , (2)
dx conditions then force that:
2S q 2S p E i  E s 0 over each loop , (14)
V pq k sin T sin M   , (3)
dy dx tan D 2 z u ( H  H ) K over each loop .
i s
(15)
k T 2
for k ! T
2 2 2 Substitution (9), (10) and (13) into (14) yields the
pq pq
Wpq , (4) integral equation:
 j Tpq  k
for k 2  Tpq2
2 2
2

which
A
r 1
00 r ) 00 r
(16)
Tpq2 2
U pq  V pq2 , 2
K pqr ) pqr z uH
s
) *
pqr da.
p and q are Floquet indices. Wpq, the modal propagation p q r 1 Loop
constants, is positive for propagating modes and
Here we replace the induced current,  z u H s with
negative imaginary for evanescent modes. The space
another set of orthonormal mode functions which are
between elements and the direction of k, determine the
compatible to geometry of loops and satisfy boundary
number of propagating modes. The electric field
conditions, as:
components transverse to the z axis (TE and TM mode 2
functions), then can be expressed in terms of as:
Vpq U pq
 z u H s ( B \ mnl )  BTEM\ TEM .
mnl (17)
1 m n l 1
) pqTE ( x  y )\ pq TE modes, (5) l=1 and l=2 designate TE and TM mode
d x d y Tpq Tpq
respectively, then mnl and TEM for a ring loop can be
1 U pq Vpq expressed as [9]:
) pqTM ( x  y )\ pq TM modes. (6)
d x d y Tpq Tpq n
\ mn
TE
U Z n (kcmn '
U ) sin nM
These fields are related to each other by modal U (18)
impedance, as: M kcmn
'
Z n' (kcmn
'
U ) cos nM ,
kK0
K pqTE , (7) \ mn
TM
U kcmn Z n' (kcmn U ) sin nM
Wpq
n (19)
WpqK0 M Z n (kcmn U ) cos nM ,
K pqTM . (8) U
k
1
A plane wave with unit intensity electric field and \ TEM > x cos M  y sin M @ , (20)
in direction of (, ), can be expressed as the sum of U ln b a
two E and H polarized plane waves. These plane waves, which [10]:
correspond to TE and TM Floquet modes with p,q=0.
So we have for incident electric and magnetic fields:
SH n
Zn
2 '
J n (kcmn b) 2 n n
Ei Ar 1
00 r ) 00 r , (9) 2 ( '
J n (kcmn a)
) (1  ( ) 2 )  (1  ( ) 2 )
a b
2
A00 r u(Yn' (kcmn
' '
U )  J n' (kcmn
' '
U )),
Hi K ( z u ) 00 r ), (10) a) J n (kcmn a )Yn (kcmn
r 1 00 r
SH n
In the above expressions, r designates TE and TM Zn
modes. A00r is the magnitude of component. With Rpqr J n (kcmn b)
2 ( ) 1
as the reflection coefficient, the scattered fields can be J n (kcmn a)
expressed as:
2
u(Yn (kcmn a) J n (kcmn U )  J n (kcmn a)Yn (kcmn U )),
E s
R
p q r 1
pqr ) pqr , (11) kcmn is the mth root of:
Yn' (kc' ) J n' (kc' b )  J n' (kc' )Yn' (kc' b ) 0.
2 R pqr a a
Hs  ( z u) pqr ). (12) And kcmn is the mth root of:
p q r 1 K pqr
The unknown reflection coefficient, Rpqr, according Yn (kc ) J n (kc b )  J n (kc )Yn (kc b ) 0.
a a
to orthonormality of modes is: If both sides of (16) multiplied by the complex
Rpqr K pqr z uH s )*pqr da, (13) conjugate of mnl and TEM, after that the products are
Loop integrated over the ring loop, the results are [7]:
1076 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 2015

2
C TEM \ TEM M TE
A 00 r
*TEM
C00 r
pq1 pq

r 1
2 jS V U
cos MT  sin MT ^ J1 (Ta)  J1 (Tb)` ,
2
(21)
K pqr C *TEM
pqr  z uH
s
) *
pqr da, ln( b ) T
a
T
p q r 1 Loop
2 C TEM
pq 2 \ TEM M TM
pq

A 00 r C* MNL
00 r 2 jS U V
r 1
(22) cos MT  sin MT ^ J1 (Ta)  J1 (Tb)` ,
2 ln( )
b T T
K pqr C *pqr
MNL
 z uH
s
)*pqr da, a
p q r 1 Loop n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
H n21 (1) S1
2
( n odd )
where T 2  kcmn
' 2

X1 ,
\ )*pqr da,
MNL
C*pqr (23)
MNL 2 j (1) n 2 S bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a ( n even)
Loop
1
T 2  kcmn
' 2

\ )*pqr da.
TEM
C*pqr (24)
TEM
n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
H n21 (1) S 2
Loop 2
( n odd )
The integral equation can be rewritten as: T 2  kcmn' 2

X2 ,
ZMNL
mnl
> Bmnl @ > Dmnl @. (25) 2 j ( 1) n  2 2 S bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a (n even)
2
T 2  kcmn' 2
Which Z is a square matrix in which the row index
is designated by M,N,L and the column index is bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
n 1
designated by m,n,l. As there is no mn=00 mode, the H n21 (1) C1
2
(n odd )
TEM mode is called 00 mode (Dont care l) in matrix T 2  kcmn
' 2

Y1 ,
implementation. The matrix elements are given by: 2 j (1) n 2 C bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a (n even)
2
1
T 2  kcmn
' 2
Z MNL
mnl
K pqr
MNL mnl
C *pqr C pqr , (26)
p q r 1
n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
H n21 (1) C2
2
and (n odd )
2 T 2  kcmn
' 2

Y2 ,
> Dmnl @ A00r C00*mnlr . (27)
2 j (1) n  2 2 C bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a (n even)
r 1
2
T 2  kcmn
' 2
C mnl
is the coupling coefficient between modes in
pqr

the both sides of interface and it can be seen as scalar n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
H n1 (1) 2 S1 (n odd )
products of these modes. Keep in mind that: 2 T 2  kcmn 2
r=l=1 related to TE modes. X1 ,
n bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
2 j (1) S1 T 2  k 2
2
r=l=2 related to TM modes. (n even)
mn=00 related to TEM mode. cmn

After a lot of mathematics calculations the close n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
form of these integrals extract as bellow: H n1 (1) 2 S2 (n odd )
2 T 2  kcmn 2
mn1
C pq \ mn
TE
M TE X2 ,
1 pq
n2 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
2 j (1)
2
S2 (n even)
'
V
kcmn U T 2  kcmn 2
( )( X 1  X 2 )  ( )(Y1  Y2 ) ,
2 dxdy T T n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
H n1 (1) 2 C1 (n odd )
C mn1
pq 2 \ TE
mn M TM
pq 2 T 2  kcmn 2
Y1 ,
'
U
kcmn V n bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
( )( X 1  X 2 )  ( )(Y1  Y2 ) , 2 j (1) C1 T 2  k 2
2
(n even)
2 dxdy T T cmn

mn 2
C pq \ mn
TM
M TE n 1 bBn 1,b  aBn 1, a
1 pq H n1 (1) 2 C2 (n odd )
2 T 2  kcmn 2
kcmn V U Y1 ,
( )( X 1  X 2 )  ( )(Y1  Y2 ) ,
n2 bB  aBn 1, a
2 dxdy T C2 n 1,2 b
2 j (1)
T 2
(n even)
T  kcmn 2
C mn 2
pq 2 \ TM
mn M TM
pq '
Bn r1, ri TJ n  2 (Tri ) Z n r1 (kcmn ri )
U
kcmn V n
( )( X 1  X 2 )  ( )(Y1  Y2 ) ,
2 dxdy T T kcmn
' '
J n r1 (Tri ) Z n  2 (kcmn ri ) (ri a, b) ,
n
SHAMAEI-SAMANI, ET AL.: MODAL ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE CONTAINING RING LOOPS 1077

1
Bn r1, ri TJ n  2 (Tri ) Z n r1 (kcmn ri )
n
0.9
kcmn J n r1 (Tri ) Z n  2 (kcmn ri ) (ri

Reflection Coefficient
a, b) ,
n
0.8
S1 S sin  (n  1)MT  ,
S2 S sin  (n  1)MT  , 0.7
C1 S cos  (n  1)MT  ,
0.6 Modal Analysis
C2 S cos  (n  1)MT  , CST Simulation
0.5 HFSS Simulation
V
MT
tan 1 ( ).
T 0.4
To calculate the reflection coefficient Rpqr, first, the 8 9 10 11 12 13
Frequency (GHz)
unknown coefficient Bmnl and BTEM should be evaluated
from (25) and then these values substituted in (17). The
number of modes for each region should be chosen Fig. 2. Comparison of reflection coefficient between
carefully which only the significant modes are assigned modal analysis, CST and HFSS simulation.
[7].
1

III. RESULTS 0.9

According to the formulation achieved in the
previous section, and for the case of geometry of Fig. 1, Reflection Coefficient 0.8
and for all Floquet modes which Tpq (transverse wave
number) in them are less than 10 times the k (wave 0.7
number) and for 12 lowest modes for circular loop, the
reflection coefficient, is calculated. Increasing the 0.6 TE 1o
number of modes cause to obtain more accurate TE 15o
response in the expense of times (Because the output of 0.5 TE 30o
integral equation is a multiterminal network and there TE 45o
are a lot of nested loop in it, therefore it grows rapidly). 0.4
8 9 10 11 12 13
For a new geometrical parameters and frequency band, Frequency(GHz)
sometimes it is time consuming procedure to find the
optimized number of modes (often up to 9 and less than Fig. 3. Reflection coefficient for some angles of
14). But by determining the optimized number, for a incidence and TE polarization.
wide range of parameters and frequency bands in the
vicinity of that case, it can be ok. 1
The geometrical parameters of a sample FSS array
are described in Table 1. 0.9
Reflection Coefficient

Table 1: Geometrical parameters for FSS array 0.8

Parameter Value Parameter Value
a 5 (mm) b 6 (mm) 0.7
dx 15 (mm) dy 15 (mm)
0.6 TM 1o
90
TM 15o
The results are plotted in Fig. 2, for normal 0.5 TM 30o
incidence (TE or TM plane wave) in compare with CST TM 45o
and HFSS simulators. In Fig. 3, the reflection 0.4
8 9 10 11 12 13
coefficient for some and TE polarization is plotted. Frequency(GHz)
Also in Fig. 4, it is repeated for TM polarization. As it
is clear in both polarizations, by increasing the Fig. 4. Reflection coefficient for some angles of
resonant frequency reduced somewhat. incidence and TM polarization.
1078
IV. CONCLUSION
Modal analysis of a FSS containing ring loops is
formulated and calculated. For this geometry, a set of
orthonormal mode functions compatible with circular
loop were defined to replace the induced current. This
replacement and setting an optimized number of modes
can cause to faster convergence than a simple integral
equation with just Floquet modes.
The results were compared with CST and HFSS
simulators and relatively good agreement was achieved.
Also, as the ring element has the best geometrical
symmetry, the frequency response for proposed FSS
has stable characteristics about incident polarization
and angle up to 45.
REFERENCES
[1] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces:
Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2000.
[2] R. Mitra, C. H. Chan, and T. Cwik, Techniques
for analyzing frequency selective surfaces-a
review, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 76, no. 12,
Dec. 1988.
[3] J. Shaker and L. Shafai, Removing the angular
sensitivity of FSS structures using novel double-
layer structures, IEEE Microw. Guided Wave.
Lett., vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 324-325, Oct. 1995.
[4] E. A Parker and S. M. A. Hamdy, Rings as
elements for frequency selective surfaces,
Electronics Letters, 1981.
[5] N. Amitay and V. Galindo, The analysis of
circular waveguide phased array, Bell Syst. Tech.
J., vol. 47, pp. 1903-1932, Nov. 1968.
[6] G. V. Borgiotti, Modal analysis of periodic
planar phased arrays of apertures, Proceedings of
the IEEE, vol. 56, no. 11, Nov. 1968.
[7] C. C. Chen, Scattering by a two-dimensional
periodic array of conducting plates, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 660-665,
Sep. 1970.
[8] C. C. Chen, Transmission through a conducting
screen perforated periodically with apertures,
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 18, no. 9,
pp. 627-632, Sep. 1970.
[9] N. Amitay and V. Galindo, On the scalar product
of certain circular and Cartesian wave functions,
ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 2015
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory and Tech., vol. 16,
no. 4, pp. 265-266, Apr. 1968.
[10] N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide Handbook, first edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951.
Mehran Shamaei was born in
1984 and received the B.S. and
M.S. degrees from the Amirkabir
University of Technology (Tehran
Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran, in 2008
and 2010, respectively, all in
Electrical Engineering. He is
currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree at same university. His research interests include
frequency selective surfaces and reflect array antennas.
Reza Sarraf Shirazi was born in
Yazd, Iran in 1958. He received the
Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering
from Amirkabir University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2006.
His main research interests are
numerical Electromagnetics and
radio wave propagation. He is
currently an Assistant Professor with the Electrical
Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of
Technology. He has published several papers in the
refereed journals and international conferences.
Gholamrreza Moradi was born in
Shahriar, Iran in 1966. He received the
Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering
from Amirkabir University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2002.
His main research interests are
numerical Electromagnetics, antennas,
active microwave and mm-wave
circuits and systems. He is currently an Associate
Professor with the Electrical Engineering Department,
Amirkabir University of Technology. He has published
several papers in the refereed journals and international
conferences.